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Co Do Hoa Lu Lich Su Va Danh Thang
Co Do Hoa Lu Lich Su Va Danh Thang
Co Do Hoa Lu Lich Su Va Danh Thang
CO DO HOA LU*
LICH Sir VA DANH THANG
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CO DO HOA LU *
Cd D6 Hoa hd la kinb do d&u tien trong n§n van
minb Dai Vi&t cua d^n t5c, nen phong kien tap quyen d
nifdc ta. ,, ' •. V
N6'u du kbacb mudn tbam Cd Do Hoa hd, tuf Ha Noi
xuoi pbia Nam tbeo ducrng qudc lo lA hdn 90km, de'n
C§u Huyen thuoc xa Ninh MI re phai vao diTcfng Tien
Yet, di khoang 5km v& phia Tay la de'n. Do la mot di6n
tich trai rong khoang 300ha bao trum len xa Trufcfng
Yen, huy&n Hoa Lu, tinh Ninh Binh.
Trung tam Co Do Hoa Lu la khu vUc HAI NGOI DEN
T H d VUA DINH TIEN H O A N G VA VUA LE DAI
HANH thu6c xa TrUcmg Yen.
Nam 968, Dinh B6 Linh len ngoi Hoang de, gpi la
Dinh Tien Hoang, dat ten nUdc la Dai Co Viet.
Dinh Tien Hoang chon Hoa h\i (xa Tn.fcrng Yen,
huyen Hoa Ltr ngay nay) la viing nui non ki thu nhiftig
bi6m trd de lam tbtj do — "Kinh Do Da".
Sach "Dai Viet stjf Ivfdc" (khuyet danh thcJi Trin) co
ghi: "Den ndm thU nhdt nien hieu Khai Ban (968) ddi
vua Trieu Id Tdng Thdi To, Vucfng xung Hodng de d
LA DANG BAT
dgng Hoa Lu (1). Roi dung cung dien, che trieu nghi,
sdp dot trdm quan, lap xd tdc vd ton hieu Id Dgi Thdng
Minh Hodng de" (2)
Nha stjf hoc Le Van HuM (1230 — 1322), trong cudn
"Dai Viet siif ki", khi ban ve Dinh Tien Hoang co viet:
"Tien Hodng vdi tax nang sdng sudt hcfn ngUdi, ddng
lugc bgc nhdt thien ha, ddm ducfng luc nudc Viet ta
khong cd chu, cdc hiing trudng cdt cU khdp ncfi, mot ldn
cd sU, mUdi hai sii qudn deu than phuc het. The roi md
nudc, dung do, doi nien hieu, xung Hodng de, dot tram
quan, lap sdu qudn, che dp gdn du" (3)
Nguyin Trai (1380 — 1442) la b^c dai thi hao dau
tien cua dan toe, trong cudn "Dia dd chi" cung ghi:
"Dinh (Dinh Bp Linh) gpi nudc Id Dgi Co Viet, dong
do d Hoa Lu... Hoa Lu xUa Id Dgi Hodng, bdy gid Id phu
Trudng Yen" (4)
Tai day, ong cho xay cung dien, dat trieu nghi, dap
thanh, dao bao, dUa vao the nui xay dutig mot c6ng trinh
(D'Dpng khbng co nghia la hang dong, ma la tfen di gpi m6t khu vuc
cu tru cua dong bao mten nui. Thdi Dinh Bp Linh chac Hoa Lu la
khu VUc cu tni ciia dong bao Mudng, va lai khi % cung chua co su
phan hoa ro ret giUa ngucri Mudng vdi ngudi Kinh nhu tir th&' ky XIV
trd di (theo Dinh Gia Khanh trong cud'n "Truy&n hay nudc Vi&t" —
NXB Thong tin — Ha Noi — 1988.
(2) "Dai Vi&t su lupc" — NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh — 1993 —
Trang 90.
(3) "Van tha Li - TrSn" — Tap 2 — Quyin thudng — NXB KHXH —
Ha Ndi — 1988 — Trang 361.
(4) "Nguyin Trai toan tap" (in Ian thd 2) — NXB KHXH — Ha Ndi
— 1976 — Trang 216. . '
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CO DO HOA LU"
phong ngU kien cd nhU mot phao dai hiem, biet lap vdi
ben ngoai.
Kinb do Hoa Lu nam gon trong dia phan xa Tnfcmg
Yen ngay nay, dUcfc bao quanh bdi bang loat nui da vong
cung, canh quan hiing vl. Khoang trdng giu'a cac su'cfn
nui dxiOc xay kin bang da't ken gach, chan thanh co gach
bo, dap kha cao tOf 8 de'n 10 met — co doan phia trong
xay gach, phia ngoai dap dat, co doan dap da lan dat va
CO doan dap toan bang dat. Do la nhiJng doan tifdng
thanh nhan tao. Hien nay dau vet cua mtfcri tuyen ttfcfng
thanh vin con. Dinh Tien Hoang da rat chu y den yeu td
"Thanh" de bao ve kinh 46. Phia Bac thanh nam ben
s5ng Hoang Long cho nen dUcfng giao thong thuy rat
thuan tien. Day la trung tam chinh tri, kinh te', van boa
va la mot quan thanh vilng chac.
"Dai Nam nha't thdng chi" co vi§'t: ' ' ' ' '
"Do cd nhd Dinh, nhd Le d xd TrUdng Yen Thuang
vd Trudng Yen Hg.... cd Npi Thdnh vd Ngogi Thdnh".
Ngoai hai khu thanh do, con co thanh Nam (thanh d
phia Nam tu" hang Ludn trd vao trong, nkm ddi dien va
ndi lien vdi khu Thanh Ngoai). 0 day, xung quanh co
nui cao bao hoc, an ngu" phi'a Nam kinh thanh, bao ve
mat sau - td day, bang duTcftig thiiy co the nhanh chong
nit ra ngoai. Thanh Ngoai rong khoang 140 ha thuoc dia
phan th6n Yen Thu'dng va thon Yen Thanh, xa TrvTcfng
Yen. Day la cung dien chinh, ma khu vu'c Jen Dinh, den
Le la trung diem, la ncfi Dinh Tien Hoang cam ccf nu'dc.
LA DANG BAT
Trudrc cung dien cd NUI MA YEN, T U O N G TRUYEN,
VUA DINH TIEN HOANG LAY NUI NAY LAM AN. d
thon Yen Thanh co nhieu chua va den, hien nay vin
con, la mot phan kien tnic trong khu cung dien chinh.
Do la CHUA NHAT TRU, Du'de XAY TU" Ddi VUA LE
DAI HANH. TRUdC CT^A CHUA CO COT KINH
BANG DA HINH TAM CANH, K H A C BAI KINH
L A N G NGHIEM. Cach chua Nha't Tru mot doan la DEN
PHAT KIM (thcf cong chiia Pha't Kim — con gai ciia vua
Dinh Tien Hoang).
Lui ve phia Tay Bac co chua Dia nam trong mot dong
nho cf liftig c h i ^ g nui Dia. NgUcfi xtfa da lay dong lam
chua, trong dong bay nhfeu tifcfng Phat tren cac be xky.
Dong cao so vdi chan niii khoang 30 met. Mudn len chua
phai men theo sUcfn mii biidc len gian 60 bac da. Cac
vach dong co nhfeu nhii da chay dai vdi cac hinh hai
dep. Xung quanh "CbCia", tren cac vach niii nhieu cky si
ldn cung cac cay dai thu vUcfn canh bao phu mot mau
xanh. Re cac cay si tha xudng nhif nhu'ng "bo rau" ciia
thdi gian tren da lam cho chua cang them co kinh, trang
nghiem. Hien nay "ngoi chua da" do vin con.
Phia Bac kinh do Hoa h\X, gan sdng Hoang Long (cf vi
tri ^ n cdng de Tru'dng Yen - each den thcf vua Le Dai
Hanh khoang 2 km) la chua Thap (bien nay khdng con),
CO thap Bao Thien.
Cling ^ n song Hoang Long, each chiia Thap ve phia
Dong 200 met la chua Ba Ngo, da difdc xay dung lai,
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CO DO HOA LLT
hien con giu" dUdc mot bia da bdn mat (cao hcfn 1 met, be
ngang 0,5 met) deu cham khac chii" Han ghi cong diic
nhu'ng ngudi da cung tie'n xay dung chiia.
Chua Dia, chiia Thap, chiia Ba Ngo deu diTdc xay
dung tii thdi nha Dinh. )-• •'.';
(Nam 1963, trong khi tri thuy song Hoang Long,
nhan dan da dao ducfc mot cot kinh Phat hinh bat giac,
cham khac chii Han, cf do co ghi: Dinh Lien da lam 100
toa kinh Phat de dang len chua).
Thanh Noi cf phia Tay Bac co dien tich tUdng dUcfng
vdi Thanh Ngoai, thuoc thon Chi Phong, xa TrUdng
Yen, CO ten la Thd Nhi Xa hay Khd Nhi Xa, la ncfi nuoi
tre em va lam kho. Goi Thanh Noi, Thanh Ngoai la goi
tCf phia trong ra phia ngoai, chu' khong phai chi cac
vong thanh phia trong hay phia ngoai. ciing khong mang
y nghia la khu thanh phu hay khu thanh chinh.
Thanh Noi va Thanh Ngoai la hai khu vUc each biet
nbUng cf sat canh nhau va co the qua lai dUcfc de dang
nhcf mot ngacb niii an thong goi la Quen Vong. 0 hai
khu CO cdng ldn x^y bang da, co hao sau, bac ngang qua
bao sau la nbiJng chiec cau ciing bang da. Do la cau
Dong, cau Ren... Cau Dong lam bang da phien (hien nay
lam thay bang xi mang cdt thep), bac ngang qua song
Sao Khe chay tiif sdng Hoang Long ve, nam cf phia Bac
niii Hd. Hien con hai chii" Han ldn: "Dong Kfeu" cham
khac ndi d vach da nui Ho. Cau each den thd vua Le Dai
Hanh ve hudng Bac khoang 600 met nkm d pbia Dong
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LA DANG BAT
kinh do Hoa Ld, nen goi la cau Dong. Cau Ren ciing lam
bang da (hien nay lam thay bang xi mang cdt thep) bac
ngang qua song Sao Khe lui ve phia Bac each cau Dong
khoang 500 met.
Ben ngoai khu thanh co nhfeu tram gac bao ve. Kinh
thanh nam giiia nhiJng qua mii ldn bao hoc xung quanh,
mang nang tinh chat quan sii. Day la mot vi trf kin dao
thuan ldi cho viec phong thu, tie'n cong, mat khac lai xa
bien thiiy ai Bac — giac phddng Bac kho khan trong
viec tim bieu de mcf nhiing deft ta'n cong chdp nhoang.
Phia Dong Bac thanh eo niii Cot Ccf, xUa la ndi vua
Dinh cam cd nddc. Niii cao hdn 200 met, nhd mot cot cd
thien nhien khong 16, vl dai. Phia Dong Nam thanh cd
Ghenh Thap la mot mom mii thap nho ra sat sdng Sao
Khe (gan Xuyen Thiiy Dong). Mom niii nay, tddng
truyen la ndi vua Dinh, vua Le thu'dng difng de duyet
thiiy quan. SONG SAO KHE CHAY QUA HANG LUON
(XUYEN THUY DONG) L A Ndi CAC DdN VI THUY
QUAN CUA VUA DINH LUYEN TAP THl/dNG
XUYEN.
.;; .1 • .. .. n . , , • ^(pl -...iiioa m imA
Cling cf phia D6ng Nam khu Thanh Ngoai con co
DONG AM TIEN 0 LU>JG C H L T N G NUI LA Ndi VUA
DINH NUdi NHOT H 6 BAO DE TRLTNG TRI N H I T N G
KE CO TOI. Dddi chan niii Dia nam ve phia Bac khu
Thanh Ngoai co mot ao ldn, ten la Ao Giai. Tddng
truyen, Ao Giai la ndi vua Dinh nuoi giai de nem nhiing
ke CO toi xudng ao eho giai an thit. Ngoai ra con cd hang
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CO DO HOA LU
Mudi la kho tich mudi, hang Tien la kho tni" tien, va mdt
thung lung kha r6ng d phia trong hang Quan la ndi
qu^n si cua vua Dinh thddng den tap luyen, nen dan dia
phddng goi la "Dau dong quto". Tat ca niii song va khu
vdc thanh cd nhip nhd do thien tao va nhan tao da hinh
thanh m6t qu^n the kien tnic trang nghiem, dd sd,
khoang dat ma khong mdt kinh do cd nao cd dddc.
Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da rit quan tam den viec x^y
dufng kinh thanh Hoa Ld.
Song song vdi vi&c dd vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn td
chiie bd may Nha nddc tddng ddi hoan chinh, djnh
pham ham cho cac quan van, vd; phong Nguyen Bac lam
Dinh qudc cdng, giii" chdc Thai Te (ddng sau vua); phong
Dinh Dien gid chiic Ngoai Giap (trong coi ngoai kinh
thanh), phong Le Hoan, gid chdc Thap Dao tddng
quan... Ngoai ra, vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn td chdc qimn
ddi ra't chat che, chia lam 10 dao, mdi dao cd 10 quan,
mdi quan cd 10 Id, mdi Id cd 10 tdt, mdi tdt cd 10 ngu.
Nhdng tdi nam 979, mdt tai hoa ldn da den vdi nha
Dinh: Dinh Tien Hoang va con trai ca Dinh Liin bi Dd
Thi:^b am hai. Dinh Tien Hoang cf ngdi dddc 12 nam
(968 — 979), tho 56 tudi. The la trong trfeu cd nhieu vu
xung dot xay ra. Trieu dinh phai dda ngddi con trai thii
ciia Dinh Tidn Hoang la Dinh Toan mdi 6 tuoi l§n lam
vua. Khi dd, trong nddc noi bd trieu dinh luc due, ngoai
nddc nha Tdng (Trung Qudc) thda dip tie'n hanh mdu dd
thdn tinh nddc Dai Cd Viet — Dit nddc dang ddng
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CO DO HOA LLT
(1) (2) — "Dai Vi&t su lutfc" — NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh — 1993
— Trang 100, 101.
IS
LA DANG BAT
Le hien nay, cdn gpi la ndi Long Trieu (Dai nam nhit
thdng chi), dan dia phddng gpi la nui Phi Van da xay
ddng dien Bach Bao Thien Tue. Dieu dd chdng td kinh
dd Hoa Ld ed quy md be the, dep de, uy nghi, trang
hoang long lly, hda nhap vdi thien nhien hung vl (1)
Nam 1005, vua Le Dai Hanh qua ddi tai dien Trddng
Xuan, d ngdi 25 nam (980 — 1005), thp 64 tudi. Con thd
ba eiia vua Le Dai Hanh la Le Trung Tdng len lam vua
dddc 3 ngay. Le Long Dinh (Le Ngpa Trieu) la eon thd 5
cua vua Le Dai Hanh va la em trai eung me ciia vua Le
Trung Tdng, da eddp ngdi, giet vua Le Trung Tdng len
ngdi nam 1006. Nam 1009 vua Le Ngpa Trieu mit. Nhd
vay nha Tien Le cf ngdi dddc 29 nam (980 — 1009). Hien
nay, du khach den day khdng cdn nhin thay nhu'ng cung
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CO DO HOA LLT
2-CDHL 17
LA DANG BAT
18 i.n-, o
CO DO HOA LU"
(1) Dpc "Nui Due Thuy" cua La Dang Bat — NXB The gidi — Ha Ndi
— 1 9 9 8 . ' - J i"" I • ' - . '.- . -'•','. ••
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LA DANG BAT
ddi do den Thdng Long deu diing theo cdc danh hieu
dy" (I) .r' '^- "^ , A >L ' .ypn--
Sud't 42 nam tdn tai (968 — 1010) kinh dd Hoa
Ld chu yeu la dai ban doanh ciia hai vi vua kiem
tdng td lenh quan dpi: vua Dinh Tien Hoang va vua
Le Dai Hanh. .OIL H-MI ;•
Cd Dd Hoa Ld sang mai vdi ten tudi Dinh Tien
Hoang va Le Dai Hanh. Dinh Tierk Hoang la ngddi cd
cdng md diu, ngddi khai pha va dat hen mdng cho
kinh dd Hoa Ld — dng td phuc hdng thd'ng nha't
qud'c gia. Le Dai Hanh la ngddi chien diu va bao ve
kinh dd Hoa Ld, eung cd nghia la bao ve hen ddc l^p
td chu cua da't nddc. Hai con ngddi dd da cd cudc ddi
kiet xuit, huy hoang sang chdi, nhd mdt sd bit diu,
mdt sd ke thda de khang dinh, td diim cho Cd Dd
Hoa Ld rdc sang mudn ddi, di vao Ijch sd nhd mdt
ban anh hung ca bit hu.
Chinh vi the, sad nay Bang nhan Vu Duy Thanh
(1807 — 1859), ngddi lang Kim Bdng, phii Yen
Khanh (nay la xa Khanh Hai, huyen Yen Khanh, tinh
Ninh Binh I da viet bai "Phu cd kinh danh thing" ca
ngdi Cd Dd Hoa Ld, trong dd ed doan:
20
CO DO HOA LLT
at
LA DANG BAT
Thd rang:
,„ Da trai bao nhieu cuoc be dau, ,
Khien nay con nhd chuyen cof lau. ,
Mot vung sao rang thanh guTcfm bau,
Nam sac may phong bo ao chau.
Cong ca liTu truyen trong tam coi,
Khi thieng phang phat difdri nghin thau.
Trang An mieu cu hiTofng nghi ngiit,
Sung bai ai ai cung cui dau".
•'• .::\^': ^•'1•S ^ n >n^<?-; * ,. f-u^
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CO DO HOA LU
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LA DANG BAT
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CO DO HOA LU
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LA DANG BAT
26
CO DO HOA LLT
Bui Van Khue), sau khi bo nha Mac theo nha Le (ddi vua
Le Kinh Tdng (1600 — 1619), nien hieu Than Dde thd
nha't (1600)) (1), da xay ddng lai hai ngdi den nhd cu,
nhdng chuyin hddng, quay hddng Ddng. Nam ay Bui
Thdi Trung la quan Dd dde Hieu ldc Td ve qimn vu sd bd
Ll. Nam Hoang Dinh thd 7 (1606) da ddng bia ghi lai
dfeu dd.
Sang ddi vua Le Hi Tdng (1676 — 1705) nien hi§u
Vinh Tri thd nhat (1676), nhan dan xa Trddng Yen dai
tu lai hai ngdi den. ••,;^ .;,n , - h nki . ij
Ddn nha Nguyin, ddi vua Nguyin Thanh Thai (1889
— 1907), ni§n hieu Thanh Thai thd 10 (1898), dng Ba
Kenh tdc Dddng Ddc Vinh (1850 — 1909) (2), ngddi
(1) Bui Thdi Trung la con Mi QuSn Cdng Bui Van Khe va Nguyin Thi
Nien Bui Van Khue la dung tudng, nha Mac phong Sdn Quan Cdng.
Sau quy thuan nha Le, lap cdng Nha Le phong Bui Van Khuh la
Nghia Quan Cdng. phong Biii Thdi Trung la Ll Qukn Cdng, lam
tudng dao Sdn Nam, sau di tu. ("Dai nam nhat thd'ng chi" — Tap 3
— NXBKHXH — Ha Ndi — 1971 — Trang 264)
(2) Cu Hau Te la than sinh ra dng Duang Due Vinh. Khi da ngoai 60
tudi, cu Hau Te cd 6 ngudi eon gai. nhung van ehua ed eon trai, n&n
phai di le cSu tu d chua Thap (Bao Thien Thap Tu) (trude day o vi
tri gan ben dd Trudng Yen - nay khdng cdn i Den nam cu 63 tudi
mdi sinh dupe dng Duong Diirc Vinh Gia dinh rat \-ui mirng, nhung
sd khd nudi, nen khi sinh ra. dem dng Vinh de o cdng Ho (cdng da
each den thd vua Le Dai hanh ve phia B4c hdn 50 met i. sau dd mdi
dem ve nha nudi va dat ten la Cdng. Ve sau gpi chech la Kenh Ong
Vinh sau nay lam Chanh tdng, dudc nha Nguyen phong tudc Ba,
nen ngudi ta quen gpi dng la Ba Kenh. Ong tham gia phong trao
Van Than, Giac Phap truy liing dinh bit. nen dng phai xudng Nha
thd dii Phat Diem lan trdn. Thdi gian o day da lam dngnay ray dinh
tdn tao den thd \aia Dinh Tien Hoang eao len bkng da. Luc da yen
dn, dng tro ve lang, khdng lam Chanh tdng niia. ban bac vdi dan
Trudng Yen ThUdng tdn cao den Dinh len De thu nghiem, dng lam
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LA DANG BAT
Tham den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang, vao cdng cudn
pbia Bac gpi la Ngp Mdn Quan (cdng ngoai), du khach
nhin thay bd'n chd Han "Bic Mdn Toa Thdde" (Cda Bac
khda chat). Qua cdng, quay nhin lai, du khach lai thay
bdn chd Han nda la "Tien Trieu Phddng Cac" (Ci^a
phddng trfeu trddc).
Di thing vao ehinh gida, du khach thay cd sap da
nhd, hai ben ed hai con nghe da chau dddc cham khic
rat dep bing da xanh nguyen khdi. Tiep dd la Nghi Mdn
Ngoai (eda ngoai), ba gian. ddng bing gd lim, IcJp ngdi,
Du khach di theo dddng Chinh dao lat gach de'n Nghi
Mdn Ndi (ciia trong) cung la ba gian, xay ddng bing gd
lim, lap ngdi. Dfeu dpc dao la Nghi Mdn Ndi kien true
theo ba bang chan cdt - dang kien true sdm nhit d nddc
ta. Bd'n gdc ngoai eua Nghi Mdn Ndi cdn xay bdn cdt tru
cao. '"
Vin di theo dddng Chinh dao lat gach, ben tay phai
du khach la mot vddn hoa, tiep dd la nam gian nha Vpng
- ndi cac cu ban viec te le. d gida vu'dn hoa cd hdn non
bd "Hinh nhan bai tddng" (Con ngu'di ngddng vpng) nhd
dang mdt cu gia, tdc bac dai bat ve pbia sau, mat dang
ngdde len nhd nhin xem trdi dit the nao? Ban tay trai
ciia cu dudi ra gid len gan mat, de nhin ddOc rd. Tay phai
cu cam gay chd'ng cho vdng ehlc.
Ben tay trai du khach, dang ddi theo dddng Chinh
dao cung la mdt vddn hoa, tiep dd la nam gian nha Khai
•Thanh - ndi xda kia thd cha me vua Dinh Tien Hoang.
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CO DO HOA LLT
d giua vddn hoa cung cd mdt hdn non bd l(5n "Cufu long
tranh chau" (9 rdng tranh ngpc), cao gin 3 met. Vi la
d6n thd vua nen nhan dan tao ddng hdn non bd nay. Ndi
ddn vua la ndi ddn Kdng - con vat tddng trdng cho thanh
cao, quyen quy. Nhdng day la 9 con rdng (theo quan
ni&m ciia dao Phat, sd 9 la txiOng trdng cho vd cung)
dang quay quan, quan quyt cung vdn mdt hdn ngpc quy.
Chin con rdng bing da td nhien ud'n Iddn rit uyen
chuyen, mem mai nhd mdt tac phim dieu khic gd tuy&t
xao!
Hai hdn non bd cf hai vddn hoa ciia den, mdt hdn bilu
td(Jng cho linh thi§ng, cao quy, mdt hdn la hinh dang
mdt con ngddi binh thddng td tin, nhin trdi cao, bieu
td(?ng cho khat vpng va sdc manh ciia eon ngddi.
Tiep dau hdi phia Tay nha Khai Thanh (ben tay trai
du khach), la Nha Bia thip (da dddc trung tu lai), du
khach vao phai cui dau, ben trong ddng 3 tim bia da.
Dac biet tim bia cf gida cham khac nam Chinh Hda thd
17 (1696) ghi: "Bai ki bia cdng ddc d mieu Dinh Tien
Hoang trfeu trddc", chan bia cham khac ndi rd con cua
(cf gida), hai ben la hai con chudt. Hai d n g to ldn qua cd
nhd khang dinh sdc manh cua cua trddc hai con chudt.
Du khach qua hai cdt ddng tru cao to nda la de'n san
rqng. Tren san rdng ngay trddc gian gida ciia Bai Dddng
cd sap Long Sang bang da xanh nguyen khdi rat ddc dao.
Day la mdt Long Sang da dep nhat, cd gia tri nhit cf nddc
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LA DANG BAT
ta, bdi tai nghe cham khic da dieu luyen cua cac nghe nhan
da tao ddng Long Sang.
Long Sang ed hinh khdi hop chd nhat, dai 1,80 met,
rong 1,40 met. eao 0,95 met (kl ea be). Chpn dddc nhdng
tang da xanh nguyen khdi nang khoang tren 20 tan dda
ve day da la mdt ki cdng!
Dfeu ki dieu la khdi da dd lai dddc deo gpt, cham khic
lam thanh mot chie'c giddng rdng ngoan muc. Mat Long
Sang cham khic ndi mdt con rdng ldn, cd than map, dudi
thing, phd vly ddn. Dau rdng nglng cao, hai tum bdm bay
ngdde len, cdn hai dai rau lai tha long phia dddi. Ma rdng
edn ed hai hang rau trai deu nhd hai canh phdcfng. Con
rdng cd dang khde, rau bdm tua tiia, sac nhpn nhd nhdng
tia chdp, bilu tddng khat vpng ciia eon ngddi, mudn mda
thuan gid hda dl cay cay thuan ldi.
Vao nhdng ngay trdi mda rdi tanh, nhin mat Long Sang
bdng nddc, vay rdng lip lanh nhd dat bac. Con rdng nhd
dang udn Iddn bdi trong bl nddc in bdng may trdi tuyet
dep.
Rdng la con vat linh thieng tddng trdng cho Vua -
dang thien td tdi cap dddc cham khac d mat Long Sang.
Cdn diem Long Sang lai ddpc cham khic cac eon vat rit
binh thddng cua que hxiong sdng d dddi nddc, tren can
nhd: tdm^ eua, ea va chudt. Nhdhg con vat nay tddng
trdng cho nhan dan. Dieu ddc dao d day la, tit ca nhdng
con vat deu nhd sd'ng hda quyen, cung nhau bdi ldi, nd
gidn rat vui ve va thda man. t
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LA DANG BAT
N h d the Long Sang khdng ddng ddc lap mdt minh, xung
quanh cdn cd nhulig dd thd va nhu'ng con vat thd khac.
Ta't ca n h d hai hda. bd sung cho nhau. cd cao. cd tha'p, cd
khdi h i n h manh me, n h d n g cung ed nhu'ng dddng net ra't
mem mai, u y i n ehuyin tao t h a n h mdt tdng the dieu khic
da tdn t h e m ve dep long lay cua Long Sang.
Den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang cd ba tda: Bai Ddd'ng,
Thieu Hddng: va Chinh Cung.
T d san Rdng bddc len eao 0,5m la Bai Dddng, nam gian.
Kien true eua Bai Dddng ddc dao, cda lui vao tan hang cdt
eai, tao t h a n h cac mang chdng rddng de cd eac bde dfem
cham k h i c t r a n g tri, ddng thdi lam cho hien cua Bai Dddng
rdng them.
N g i m nhin cac bde dfem, du khach se bi cud'n hut bcfi
nghe t h u a t cham k h i c gd d day dat den trinh dp dieu luyen,
phong phu. Cac md tip cham khac gd la: Iddng long chau
la de, Iddng long chau nguyet, chim phddng chau mat
nguyet, lan chau la de... Mat nguyet co them c h d "Van"
n h a Phat, tioae chd "Ngpc". Chim phddng trdng n h d con
sao. Con lan dang n h d nhoai ve phia trddc.
Ngddi nghe nhan da kheo kdt hc/p gida cham ndi va
cham long lam eho cac mang cham khic gd rat sinh d()ng.
tai hoa.
Cung tai hien eua Bai Dddng. du kharh cdn choang
ngap bdi n h d n g cdt gd Um cao to cd dudng kinb khoang
0,5 met dddc dat tren n h d n g tang d;i cd bdng ldn. Alu'di
hai cdt gd lim trdn cua hai hang cdt sdng .sdng du'ng tri-n
da rat \Ting chai. be the va hien ngang Dac hipt. nguTyn-
34
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cda cua Bai Dddng dddc lam toan bing da xanh nguyen
khdi va cham kbie cac hpa tiet trang tri rit nghe thuat.
Ngddng eda gian gida, cham khac Iddng long chau nguyet,
bai gian hai ben cham khie td linh, tiep hai gian nda cham
khic sung kiem, cudn thd va but mdc.
Khdng chi d hien Bai Dddng ma trong Bai Dddng, Thieu
Hdcmg va Chinh Cung cdng deu cd nhdng cdt lim trdn cao
to dat tren cac tang da vudng, ed bdng va deu dddc scfti son
thiep vang rdc rd. Mau dd ndi \Sn bilu hien sinh khi ciia
con ngddi, tao cam giac linh thi§ng, gdi lai ehdn cung dien
xda nguy nga ldng lly vang son.
Dieu ddc dao nda la, ta't cl cac tang da vudng, cd bdng
va nhdng phien da xung quanh (J ca ba tda, cung deu dddc
cham long, cham ndi nhdng hpa tiet trang tri theo cac de
tai quen thudc nhd: Td linh (long, li, quy, phddng), tdquy
(thdng, mai, true, cue hoac mai, sen, cue, true), Iddng long
chau nguyet, long hi thiiy, long ham thp, tung bac, cud'n
thd, kiem sung, hoa la sen... Mdt sd phong canh cua qud
hddng Trddng Yen cung dddc cham khic nhd: cau Ddng,
cau Ren, chiia Thap, Ghenh Thap...
Phai chang, nhdng ngddi nghe si dan gian tai hoa da
tdng lam nen cdng trinh kien true ddc dao ciia dan tdc -
Nha thd da Phat Diem, nay lai den day tdn tao den thd vua
Dinh Tien Hoang? Dddng net cham khic da cua hp tinh
vi, mem mai, hoan hao, dep la-thddng, khien du khach phai
ngdi ca, than phuc. Se la mdt thieu sdt, neu tham den thd
vua Dinh Tien Hoang, du khach khdng thddng thdc nghe
thuat cham khic gd d hien Bai Dddng va nghe thuat cham
khic da tren cac ngu'dng cda da va nhdng tang da c6 bdng.
35
LA DANG BAT
(1) Dao vien: Lay diin Luu Bi. Quan Vu va Trupng Phi ddi Tam Qud'c
ke't nghia lain anh em o dudi cav dao ... . . .
36
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111 O Nghi Mdn Ndi den Dinh tren qua guuig l)en phai itheo hudng di
vao) cd bifc cham trd ghi lai chuyen do Tay phiii Dinh Bd Linh n.'un
dudi, tay trai (iam do;ui mia vdt nhpn dam hd.
37
LA DANG BAT
38
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thdng minh ciia cac ngh§ si dan gian Viet Nam d thd ki
XVII trong nghe thuat cham khle gd.
Di hdt tda Thi§u Hddng, du khach bddc vao Chinh Cung
nam gian, cung cd cac ngddng ciia da. Gian gida Chinh
Cung thd tddng vua Dinh Tien Hoang bang ddng nhdng
dddc sdn son thiep ving, dau dpi mu Binh Thien, mac ao
Long Cdn, ngdi trong ngai, dat tren sap rdng da, dang rit
uy nghi, dddng b§ (1).
Hai ben sap rdng da (be thd bang da xanh nguyen khdi)
dl tddng vua Dinh Tien Hoang, cd hai con rdng chau bing
da ban than, tac theo kilu yen ngda gidng nhd hai con
rdng chdu b&n Long Sang d ngoai san rdng. Nhdng hai con
rdng nay lai dep hdn nhieu, cd nhdng net rit dpc dao. Dddi
bung con rdng da ben phai tddng vua Dinh Tien Hoang,
tac them con ca chep dang bu rdng. Nhd the con rdng nay
la rdng cai, cdn bilu td(Jng cho tich "Ca hda long" (ca chep
hda rdng). Cd den ngay 8 thang 4 (am lich) hang nam, ca
chep lai vddt vu mdn dl hda rdng:
"Mong bon cd di dn the,
.,7 M, _ .i.. .•••<,•
Dddi bung con rdng ben trai tddng vua Dinh Tien
Hoang lai cd con ca trim dang ddp con tdm, nom rit ngd
nghinh. Phai chang, cac nghe si dan gian mud'n thi hien
sd hda quyen gida eon vat linh thieng vdi nhdng con vat
(1) Tuong do eu HSu Tfe t h ^ sinh ra dng Dudng Diie Vinh due bing
ddng.
39
LA DANG BAT
4Q
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4r
LA DANG BAT
ddy, nhdn lua dn yen ban dem. say ndm d trong sdn. Thich
ben giet, lgi giet ca Nam Viet Vi/ctng Lien. Khi dy vice bdt
hung thu rat nggt. Thich trdn d tren mdng nUdc trong
cung, qua ba ngdy khdi qud, gap trdi mUa lay tay hiing nudc.
mUa udng. Bpn cung nU thdy vay mdi bdo vdi Dinh Quoc
Cong Nguyen Bgc. Bgc sai ngUdi bdt dem chem, dap ndt
xUdng vd bdm thit ra tirng manh... "(Dgi Viet sU ki toan
thu) (1).
Cdn theo truyen thuyet dan gian thi ke: Dd Thich d
trong trieu la quan ndi giam. Mdt dem bin md thiy sao rdi
vao mom eho la minh se len lam vua, ben cho thudc dpc
vao ldng l(?n. tie't canh dl eho vua an, ngd ddc chet. Vi the
trong cac le vat cung te vua Dinh Tien Hoang d den khdng
bao gid ed mdn long lOn va tiet c^nb. (2)
(1) Tap 1 - NXB KHXH - Ha Ndi — 1972 — Trang 168.
(2) Dl giai thich thdi gian d ngdi cua Nha Dinh ng4n ngui, chi dupc 13
nam, dan gian cdn luu truyen mdt truyen thuyet sau: Mdt hdm, me
Dinh Bp Linh ra sdng tam. gap mdt con rai ca. Khi ve. ba cd thai
sinh ra dng. Sau dd it lau, ngudi ta bat dudc con rai ca ay. dem giet
lay thit an. xUang dupc vut vao mdt bui ram. Me Dinh Bd Linh
thudng tinh. dpi den dem len ra bui ram. nhat het xUdng eua con
rai ca bd vao mdt cai mo cau rdi dem giau tren gae bip. Thdi gian
trdi qua, Dinh Bd Linh ldn len trd thanh chu be cd tai bdi lan nhu
rai ea, cd the lan rat lau dudi day sau dl bat ca va ba ba. Mdt hdm,
cd mot thay dia li ngudi Tau den vung nay dl tham dd dat dai. Di
theo sdng Dai Hoang, lao gap mdt \-uc nude xoay rat manh 'Vi la
mdt nha phong thuy nen lao tiiet ngay o day cd huyet de vuong, lien
gpi bpn tre chan trau dang chdi dua gan do hoi: "Cd chu nao lan
dupe xudng day \T.rc nudc. xem cd gi khdng l&n kl lai, ta se thudng
tien cho" Bpn tre lae dau le ludi Rieng Dinh Bp Linh ciing d trong
dam tre trau nhan ldi Dinh Bp Linh hup mot hdi lan xud'ng tdi day
VUc va rat ngac nhien thay cd mdt con rdng da mom dang ha to nhu
chuc nudt nhung ai den gan nd. Dinh Bd Linh vdi nhoai ngudi len
bd ke lai cho thay dia li nghe. Lao mimg rd thudng tien eho Dinh
Bd Linh va hen 10 ngay sau se trd lai nhd Dinh Bd Linh lan xudng
42
CO 0 0 HOA LU
mdt Ian nOca. Y hen, dung 10 ngay sau, lao din, mang theo mdt cai
bpe budc r^t chat va nang, bao Dinh Bd Linh: "Hay lan xud'ng chd
cu, diit cai bpe nay vao mi&ng eon rdng da rdi Ifen ngay, ta se thudng
eho 10 nen bac". Dinh Bd Linh lan xud'ng va nan cai bpe, hiiu ngay
d&y la hai cdt cua bd'-lao ta dem tang vao mi&ng rdng da, ben lifeng
cai bpe dd ra day sdng, sau dd len bd tra ldi da lam xong vi&c. Lao ta
cdn hdi th&m; "Eong da cd ngSm mi^ng lai khdng?" Dinh Bd Linh
thdng minh tra ldi ludn: "Kdng da ng^m mi&ng lai ngay". T h i la lao
thudng 10 nen bac eho Dinh Bd Linh rdi hi himg ra ve, dinh ninh
la minh se dUdc l&n lam vua. Dinh Bd Linh chay v& nha hoi me:
"Me di! Md bd' con d d^u?" Bi hdi bSt ngd, ba me Dinh Bd Linh buc
minh gat: "0 trdn gac bIp ay!". Dinh Bd Linh vao gac bep tim thSiy
mdt bpe gdi bang mo cau, dm chay ra chd vUc xoay, lan xud'ng bd
ludn vao midng rdng da. Qua nhi&n mieng rdng da ng2tm lai ngay.
Thay dia li Tau vd nudc, xem phong thuy thSiy huy&t dl vUdng khdng
phat vd minh ma lai iing vao chu be dd, ndn lai sang nude ta tim
Dinh Bd Linh bao: "Nay mai chu se ldn lam vua. Nhung mudn cho
vung bdn l^u dai, chu hay dem hai thanh gUdm nay dl ldn co con
rdng da dd". Dinh Bd Linh tudng th^t c ^ hai thanh gUdm da budc
vao nhau, lan xudng dat ldn cd rdng da. 'Y dd tham hiiu cua thay
dia li Tau la khi nude chay hai thsuih gUdm se cp xat vao cd rdng da,
mdt thdi gian sau cd rdng da gay, nhu t h i Dinh Bd Linh ldn ngdi
vua se khdng dudc l^u. DSy chi la cau chuydn dim gian mang mau
s4e hoang dudng dl giai thich hidn tuong Dinh Bo Linh d ngdi vua
ngan ngili ma thdi.
43
LA DANG BAT
Khu vuc den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn cd cac cay
dai thu. cay an qua, cay canh. cay boa dan xen, hda quyen.
bd sung cho nhau, tao nen sd he the, hoanh trang, tdn
n g h i e m . (1) . • .•' •.>. , , w - j - h r:'.-,,f^ A n i>r.> , - -r-;!-. nvM
(1) Co tham khao bai "Den vua Dinh" cua Nguyen Van Trd in trong
sach "Danh than-j Ninh Binh " - Tap 1 — So Van hda — Thdng tin
va The thao Ninh Binh — 199.3. , .,
44
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45
LA DANG BAT
46
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47
LA DANG BAT
p h d d n g " khdng fd da dau tren minh Con rua ldn. dau rua
quay vao nha Tien Bai. cd du cac chan va dudi. Nap dddi
con p h d d n g mua la mdt con lan nho. Nhin mdt gdc than
nui se thay dang mdt con rdng dang udn Idpli. The nui
" T d linh"" thdd"ng chi cd d den thd vua.
Ben tay phai nha Tfen Bai cua '"rd Vd, d mat tien, cdn'
dat hdn non bp "Hd phuc " gan gdc cay dudi t h a n to, ed 9
mui, da cd tudi thp tren 300 nam. Ben trai n h a Tien Bai
la hdn non bd cd dang "Voi quy", dddc k h l e hai chd
Han: "Bat di". Voi quy, hd phuc la bieu tddng trddc
t h a n h than, ai cung phai quy phuc tdn nghiem.
Hai hdn non bp nay deu cd chieu eao tren mdt met,
b a n g da xanh nguyen khdi tu" nhien, khdng cd tac ddng
va sd gia «5ng, deo gpt cua nghe nhan. Dieu ki dieu eiia
cac h.nn non bd la d chd dd. Thien nhien deo gpt, con
ngu'di pluit hien ra de sd dung.
Tbeo true du'd'ng Chinh dao, ddi xu"ng vdi T d Vu, ben
tay phai du khacli la mdt hd nu'dc rdng. Du khach qua
Nghi Mdn Ndi (cda trong), cdng ba gian, theo dddng
C h i n h dao. kien true dang dd'i la hai vu'dn boa. sau dd la
bai day nha \'()ng (no'i xda kia i.^ac cu ban viec te le). mdi
day ba gian. Cf giua \'u"nn hoa ben tay phai du khach c6
hdn non bo [-"hdong a'p". ()' giu'a vu'dn hoa ben tay trai
du khach i:: h u i non bo "Long Ma" (minh ngxi'a. dtiu
rdng). • _, • : ,„,,^,-: T a .c. -. •n^.i j.u<^r •• m n .,ni!
D i qua hai cot t r u ca" !•' I.'i I'l'i san rdng. S;it vc'Jl "6c
phia Bai \.\ [ihi.-i .Xam cuu .-:;ih c IIL; IM iiai nha liin. TI-(IM<'
48
CO DO HOA LLT
bai nha bia, dat cac bia da cham khle rat tinh xao ghi
cdng lao cua nhdng ngddi cd cdng xay ddng den.
O san rdng, ^ n gian gida ciia Bai Dddng, cung cd
Long Sang da nhdng khdng dep bing Long Sang da d
den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang. Hai ben sap Long Sang
cung cd cac hang chan cdt da dl elm cd, bat bilu, vu khi
trong cac ngay hdi, tddng trdng eho nhdng thd bac ciia
cic quan van vd.
Den thd vua Le Dai Hanh cung cd ba tda: Bai Dddng,
Thieu Hddng, Chinh Cung. Tit cl cac xa, cdt eung dddc
sdn son thiep vang. Den thd vua Le Dai Hanh thip, cd
nhfeu bde dai td s(Jn son thiep vang, nen tao cam giac
trang le h(Jn, tdi hdn, mang tinh chit huyen lo hdn.
Bai Dddng den thd vua Le Dai Hanh eung nam gian,
hang cda cung lui vao hang cdt cai nhd den thd vua
Dinh Tien Hoang. Mddi bai cdt gd lim cua hai hang cdt
cung cao to sdng sdng. Hien cua Bai Dddng cung rdng
nhd d den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang. Dieu ddc dao d day
la tren gian ciifa gida cd treo bde hoanh phi, trong dd cd
nhdng ddng chd Han:
"Nhat mong lien hoa sinh, ' '""' ' "'
, • '^^ . .,;d
Vgn co luu huang Trdng Xudn dien.
Bdn dg Hodng Long ung,
uc nien di dnh Dgi Van ldu".
Nghia la: "Nhdn md thdy hoa sen md sinh ra Le
Hodn. Tir vgn co tieng thdm con lUu rndi tren dien
4 - CDHL 49
LA DANG BAT
Trudng Xudn. Nua dem rong vdng xudt hien. Ngdn ndm
hinh dnh cu con luu lgi d tren lau Dgi Vdn".
Bde hoanh phi nay mudn gdi cho du khach nhd den
truyen thuyet ba me Le Hoan n h a n md t h i y hoa sen ma
sinh ra dng, ddng tbdi cung k h I n g dinh cdng lao ciia Le
Hoan da xay ddng nhieu cung dien nguy nga, trong dd
CO dien Trddng Ximn va lau Dai Van. • -••
Cung n h d d den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang, du khach
n e n ddng chan d hien Bai Dddng d l n g i m n h i n cac bde
edn, dfem, xa, biy, chdng rddng...
Cac mang chdng rddng (each xay ddng b i n g gd cd he
t h d n g dat n h d n g doan gd chdng len nhau tren cau dau
ket t h a n h vi dl ganh hoanh mai) d day r i t dep, la sd hdi
t u cua nghe t h u a t cham k h l e gd. Dac biet sau chiec biy
cham k h l e n h d sau con rdng dang vddn len cung vdi cac
m a n g cham a xa ngang tao t h a n h eac the: rdng hd gap
nhau, rdng p h u n Ida, rdng ngam ngpc. Cd vien ngpc
dddc cham k h l e t h a n h mdt bdng hoa cue. Ngoai ra d cac
m a n g t r a n g tri khac cung cham k h l e rdng: hai rdng
chai^ ngam ngpc, dan rdng, rdng chau... Cac con rdng
dddc cham long, rau tdc tua tua, nhpn sic. Dddng net
cham gd dat den trinh dp dieu luyen, tia tdt, cdng phu.
Dieu dac biet d hien Bai Dddng la chu yeu cham khic
n h d n g hinh tddng cac cay va con vat gan lien vdi eac
truyen thuyet ve vua Le Dai Hanh. • • =
Ao sen dddc cham k h l e ba Fan trong cac tru diu: mdt
ao sen khdng cd ea, mdt ao sen cd ca rd dang nhay l&n
50 JHQO -
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51
LA DANG BAT
Hau nhd tit ea cac xa, diu tru, bay, diem, cdn deu dddc
cham khic. tj (*'>gm ' ' ' '
Thddng thdc nghe thuat cham khle gd d hien Bai
Dddng xong, du khach hay bddc vao trong Bai Dddng,
thiy cd ba tim bien ldn sdn son thiep vang. Tim biin d
gian gida de bd'n chd IMn: "Trddng Xuan Linh Tich"
(Diu tich dien Trddng Ximn). Tim biin gian ben phai de
ba chd Han: "Dddng Than Vu" (Bilu dddng than vu).
Tim biin gian ben trai de ba chd Han: "Xuit Thanh
Minh" (Xuit hien bac thanh minh). Trong Bai Dddng cd
cac cau dd'i c:a ngdi vua Le Dai Hanh:
- "Th"an vu thiep td lan, thinh Tdng, eddng Chiem
thii nhat.
Tinh linh tdn thi§n c6. Long giang, Ma true chi gian".
(Thdn vu. dpng bdn ben, trong luc Tong cUdng, Chiem
thinh.
Thieng lieng con muon thud, trong viing song Long
(Hodng Long), nui Md (Md Yen)).
- "Thuy van cam vu Thien hdu ngddng.
Tac tinh canh dien De ldc chi".
(Mdy Idnh mUa ngpt an Tien De,
Ddo gieng vd edy rupng la sUc ciia Nhd vug) (1)
Nhin len gian gida trong Bai Dddng du khach cdn
thiy ddi "xa nga voi" rat dep vda dd mai vda che cac dau
(1) Nam Dinh Hoi (987) vua Ld Dai Hanh da bat dau cay rudng tich
didn. Day la rudng danh ridng cho nha vua di cay dku xukn.
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hoanh nhd d den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang. Bd'n dau dd
d trong Bai Dddng cung dddc cham khic thanh bdn dau
rdng. Bai Dddng thd cdng ddng.
Tiep theo Bai Dddng la Thieu Hddng - kien true theo
kilu dng mudng (gida dat nhang an thd, hai ben ed ldi di
hep ndi Bai Dddng vdi Hau Cung). Trong Thieu Hddng
thd td tru trieu Tien Le: Pham Cd Lddng, Li Cdng
Uin... (J day cam bat bilu thd va cung cd mdt nhang an
kha dep.
Thai hdu thdy tinh nguifi vui thudn mdi sai lay do Long
Con khoac len minh Le Hodn vd xin ngdi len ngoi" (\)
Td dd Pham Cd Lddng dd'c long tdn phu, sat canh
cung Le Hoan chien diu chd'ng quan xam Iddc Tdng, lap
nhieu chien cdng hiin hach, trd thanh vi tddng tai gioi,
dddc vua Le Dai Hanh phong den chdc Thai Uy.
(1) "Dai Vidt su lUdc" — NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh — 1993 —
Trang 9'7, 98
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Lai mdt lan nda, vddt len tren nhdng ngddi phu nd
dddng thdi, dam td quyet doan tinh cam rieng td. tbeo
tiing gpi eua con tim, ba chia se hanh phuc vdi Le Hoan.
Tiep dd, ba da cung Le Hoan gdp phan xay ddng dit
nddc sau chien thing. Den nam Canh Ti (1000) ba qua
ddi, thp 49 tudi. ' •*
Vua Dinh Tien Hoang cd 5 ba Hoang hau. Vua Le Dai
Hanh cung co 5 ba Hoang hau. Bdn ba Hoang hau khac
ciia vua Dinh va bdn ba Hoang hau khac ciia vua Le, d&u
khdng dxxac tac tddng thd cf trong hai den, duy nhit chi
cd Dddng Van Nga la dddc tac tddng thd d den Dinh
cung vdi tddng Dinh Tien Hoang dat trong Chinh eung.
Den thdi Hau Le, cd dng quan bach rang: "Xuit gia tdng
phu" (lay chdng thi phai theo chdng) theo thuyet "Tam
tdng", nen nhan dan da rddc tddng ba sang den thd vua
Le Dai Hanh.
Tddng Dddng Van Nga de quay mat vie phia dfen Dinh
(quay mat ve phia Nam), vdi y nghia: Tinh cam ciia ba
vdi vua Dinh Tien Hoang rat sau nang va mang nhieu
duyen nd. Ba dddc tac tddng thd, la thi hien sd danh gia
cdng lao va tinh cam ciia nhan dan ddi vdi ba.
Taang Ddcfng Van Nga la mdt pho tddng dep. Khudn
mat ba bau binh, nddc da hdng hao, cd ddi mit bd eau
duyen dang. Day la dang net cua mdt ngddi phu nd Viet
Nam cd sic dep, tran day sdc sd'ng. Chide ao ngoai ciia ba
dddc tac rd tu^g nep gap deu dan, budng thdng xudng,
dl hd chide ao ben trong mdng dinh che bd ngdc nd
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nang nhd bao phu nd thanh xuan kiem diim khac. Cd le,
ngddi xda mud'n tao ddng hinh anh ba la mdt phu nd
xinh dep, quyen ru, sd'ng sdi ndi manh liet, day tai nang.
Tdcfng truyen, Dddng Van Nga la ngddi d xa Van
Long, ddng Hoa Ld (nay la xa Gia Van, huyen Gia Vien),
ket duyen vdi Dinh Bd Linh td thud hai ngddi cdn ban
vi. .,.•* .V . 1 ,Vl , L, , — •,..
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Den ngay Tan Hdi, thang 10, mua ddng, nam Ki Dau
(1009), vua Le Ngpa Trfeu qua ddi tai phdng ngu trong
dien, thp 24 tudi, d ngdi vua dddc 4 nam.
Tit ca cac tddng d Chinh Cung deu tac bang gd mit,
dddc sdn son thiep vang. Van bia d den thd vua Le Dai
Hanh cham khic cf nien hieu Hoang Dinh thd 12 (1611)
ddi vua Le Kinh Tdng (1600 - 1619) eho biet: "Den ngdy
19 thdng 6 ndm Tdn Hgi thi Hung cong tgc thdnh tugng
vua Le Dgi Hdnh, Hodng Thdi Hau Bdo Quang, vua
Ngpa Trieu. Ngdy tdt 24 thdng 6 ndm Nhdm Ti thi
xong...".
Den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang va den thd vua Le Dai
Hanh mai mai la bieu tddng cho sd tdn kinh, biet dn eua
nhan dan (^ nddc ddi vdi hai dng vua da ed cdng ldn d
the ki X eua dan tdc. (1)
li.- • .;n,A.i i l pi ^..y'/. :^\-y I'•'.*X''\'i' '>!•: ":"in
(1) Cd t h a m khao bai "Den vua Ld" ciia N g u y i n Van Trd in t r o n g sach
" D a n h t h a n g N i n h B i n h " — T a p 1 — Sd Van hda — Thdng tin va
T h i thao N i n h Binh — 1993.
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Vl vay, sau khi vua Dinh Tien Hoang bang ha, nhan
dan da dda thi hai dng an tang tren dinh nui nhd mudn
khang dinh sd nghiep cao ca cua Ong td phue hdng
thdng nha't qudc gia phong kien dau tien trong lich sd
dan tdc Viet Nam. Con ngddi vinh hing, bit td dd vin
nhd cdn ngdi tren yen ngda dl cdu dan, giup nddc.
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Mudn len dinh Ma Yen, du khach phai treo 265 bac
da (dddc siia sang lai td nam 1960). Nhieu bac da mdn
ldm, vi hang nam biet bao ngddi len chiem ngddng da
dat chan tdi. Len tdi day, du khach mdi biet may trdi
tuyet dep va cdi ldng ling xud'ng de tha bay trong gid
nhdng lo toan tran tuc nhd lang lang, thoang nhe, sang
khoai, ddi dao cam hdng. Vao budi sang sddng mu bay
phii nhieu, ngpn nui luc an lue hien trdng rat huyen bi.
Lang vua Dinh Tien Hoang xay chinh gida dinh nui.
Thien nhien kien tao hay con ngddi tao diitig thanh
vung da tning xudng, bing phIng, rdng den vai tram
met vudng dl xay lang. Lang bang da, cd mdt bd thd,
tren dat mdt Id hdcmg da. Trddc lang ddng mdt bia da,
mat trddc khac sau chd Han: "Dinh Tien Hodng De chi
long", b^n canh cd ddng chd nho: "Minh Menh nhi thgp
nhai nien, ngu, nguyet, sa nhi nhat phung sdc kien".
Mat sau bia khic ddng chd: "Hdm Nghi nguyen nien,
cihi nguyet, nhi thgp tU nhat triing tu Tien de long". Cd
nghia la: Lang vua Dinh Tien Hoang dddc xay bing da
nam Minh Menh thd 21 (1840), ngay 2 thang 5 va ddn
nam Ham Nghi thd 1 (1885), ngay 24 thang 9 trung tu
lai
'• • i,^i .' • .\ -A. - n ""tuji t.
Hcfn mpt thd ki rddi trdi qua, nhd thach thdc vdi thdi
gian, nhdng net chd trdn bia da vin khdng md.
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Nhd the viec an tang thi hai vua Dinh Tien Hoang
tren dinh Ma Yen td nam Ki Mao (979), lang md da cd
td nam dd. De'n nam 1840 nhan dan mdi xay du'ng lang
bing da nhd bay gid.
Ndi day la sd ling dpng, yen tinh nhit ciia cudc ddi,
nhdng lai bdng sang, ngdi len dng anh nhd ngpc niem
td(ifng nhd cdng dn to ldn ciia vua Dinh Tien Hoang.
Trddc anh linh Ngddi, du khach thip hddng tddng
niem. Hddng thdm tren dinh nui tda bay, lan xa cung
ngao ngat hddng ddng gid ndi mdt vung non nddc Hoa
Ld. Khdi hddng bay nghi ngut, tram tdcfng nhd hddfng
tam hdn du khach hay nhd ve cdi ngudn dan tdc. nC)
Tren dinh Ma Y&n Sdn cd nhfeu cay lau hoa nd trang
xda. Nhin hoa lau, du khach hdi tddng ve qua khd xa
xda, nhd den hinh anh tudi thd ciia Dinh Bd Linh. Ngay
ngay di chan trau cho dng chu rudt Dinh Thue Dd, Dinh
Bd Linh thddng eung cac ban chdi trd danh tran gia. Dpi
quan chan trau chia lam hai phe, bao gid Dinh Bd Linh
cung cam dau mdt phe. Dinh Bd Linh da lly hoa lau lam
cd. Mdi khi phe ciia Dinh Bd Linh thing phe kia, cac
bdng hoa lau tren tay ciia quan tddng lai dddc phit len
tung bay trddc gid va Dinh Bd Linh dddc cac ban ket tay
lam kieu, rddc di vdng quanh bai tran. Tdcrtig truyen,
mdt hdm Dinh Bd Linh "thing tran rat oanh liet", da
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giet mdt con trau beo nha't trong dan trau cua dng chu
dl khao quan si. Ong chu biet tin ben vac gddm chay
bang bang ra bai tha trau tim Dinh Bd Linh dl hdi tdi.
Thiy chu td ding xa, Dinh Bd Linh lien lly cai dudi trau
chda kip an thit cam vao mdt khe nui da va binh tinh
chd chu den ma tra ldi ring: "Con trau da chui vao khe
nui da, chau keo ra khdng ndi, nhd chu den keo giiip".
Ong chu td(Jng that, hai tay nim chat dudi trau, ddng
dang chan cheo keo. Khdng ngd dng nga ngiia, dau dieng
ngddi. Biet minh bi mic ldm, dng cang dien tiet hdn,
cam ludn gddm dudi theo Dinh Bd Linh.
Dinh Bd Linh chay vd phia nui Trddng Yen de trdn
tranh, nhdng bi ddng sdng chin ngang khdng di qua
du'de. Dinh Bd Linh ben gpi anh Long la ngddi cheo dd
luc dd de chd minh sang sdng. Anh cheo dd khdng ra,
bit cbdt mdt eon Rdng Vang ndi len ngang sdng dl Dinh
Bd Linh di tren ldng sang ben kia sdng.
T b % vay dng chu kinh hoang, elm gddm xud'ng dit
lay nhd te sao. Con sdng dd sau dddc gpi la Hoang Long.
Qua nui cd gddm eiia dng Dinh Thuc Dd cam dddi chan
nui, sau dddc gpi la ndi Cim Gddm. Con dddng td lang
ra den bd sdng, cung dddc gpi la dddng Bai Yet. Ben dd
ay gpi la Hoang Long Dp. Thda rudng ^ n chan nui gpi
la Kiem Dien. ' "u-n
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( DTheo "Dai Nam nhat thdng chi" - Tap 3 - NXB KHXH • Ha Ndi -
1971 -Trang 237
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Lang vua Le Dai Hanh dddc xay ddng td khi dng mit.
Den nam Minh Menh thd 20 (1839) lang dddc tu siia va
ddng bia (4).
(1) (4)Theo "Dai Nam nha't thd'ng chi" - T^p 3 - NXBKHXH - Ha Ndi
- 1971-Trang 238, 256
(2) l,3)Theo "Ninh Binh toan tinh dia chi khao bidn" ciia Nguydn Tu
Mlin.
5 -CDHL ^^
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Hai ben lang vua Le Dai Hanh cd hai qua ndi chau lai
nhd hinh tay ngai, gpi la Long Chau, Hd Phuc.
Nui eao la gach ndi gida trdi va da't. cung la chd'n linh
thieng mi le.
Phai chang. Ma Yen Sdn cung vay, cd lang Tien De
tren dinh ngay dem long gid, nhd khang dinh mdt eon
ngddi bat hii, ldn len, trddng thanh, lap nghiep, xay
ddng kinh dd td nui - "Kinh dd da" va khi mat di, lai tni
ve vdi nui vinh hing. „.r»
•9»i
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DONG AM TIEN «
Tham lang vua Dinh tren nui Ma Yen xong, ddn ben
dd sdng Sao Khe n ^ i thuydn xudi hddng Nam (Dddng
thiiy di tham Xuyen Thiiy Ddng) khoang 500m rdi ldn
bd, hoac di bp theo con dddng rai da rdng song song vdi
sdng Sao Khe 500 jn, thiy cd mdt cay da a chan nui phia
b§n tay trai each dddng vai chuc met, du khach re trai,
di vao con dddng nho ^ n 100m ni2a den cai quen thip
mang ten Am Tidn, cd chidu cao so vdi mat rudng 15m,
la ldi di vao ddng Am Ti&n.
Quen nay dai 20m, hai dau la hai vach nui cao nhd
cai cdng khdng Id ciia tao hda. Dddng l&n quen qua 55
bac da. Ldn den dinh ddc, phia bdn tay phai du khach cd
am dd ba chd Han d tren "Nhac Thin Giang" (Ndi thd
than nui). Hai bdn am cd ddi cAu dd'i:
"Nhi scfn ngddng chi canh hanh hanh chi.
Hdu Tidn tac danh hdu long tac linh"
Tam dich:
"Len ndi ngita mat nhin cdnh dep di di lgi lgi.
Cd Tien chdc cd tieng cd rong se co linh thieng"
Trddc khi vao ddng, du khach hay thap hddng khin
thin nui phu hd cho chuyen di du ngoan tdt dep, may
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( l ) 6 n g Thi nhan Dinh Gia Thuyet goi nui cd ddng Am Tidn la nui
"Hang Rdng".
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Hai ben Fau ghi cau ddi: ' '-' "' •''• '••'
Ngpn but ldm phdm hdm". r.j" / rji> ' . .. n<n v.l.
Bdn trai fau thd P h a t la mdt wiie'u nhd dat tddng thd
Nguyen Minh Khdng d tren ghi ba chd Han: " H i i n
Thanh Td" (Mieu thd H i i n Thanh), Hai ben mieu eung
ghi eau ddi:
( 1) Ve ddi nay cua dng Ta Ao, ngvrdi lang Ta Ao. huydn Nghi Xuan tinh
Ha Tinh. la mot nha dia li (phong thuyi cua nudc ta thdi xua.
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Phia sau Fau thd Phat, cudi ddng cdn cd mdt eai hang
sau tham tham xud'ng dat, tdi om, cda hang chi bing
mieng thung, ngddi xda gpi la "Hpng Rdng". Cd le, vi
the ndi nay dddc gpi la nui "Hang Rdng". "Hpng Rdng"
dddc eoi la "ldi xudng am phu". Chda cd ai dam di xud'ng
hang sau bl an nay! .-r,, ...'--,t -, ..^
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khach de'n vang canh nhfeu. Ddng trd nen mpt ehdn Am
Tien, bdi the mdi ed ten la ddng Am Tien, hay chua Am
Tien, * , ,., . -. '
Dl tddng nhd cdng lao cua Thien sd Nguyen Minh
Khdng, ngddi ta da xay them mieu thd Nguyen Minh
Khdng d trong ddng. ,, ,_^.
Nguyin Minh Khdng sinh ngay 15 thang 10 (am lich)
nam 1065, ngddi xa Dam Xa, phu Tru'dng Yen (nay la xa
Gia Thing, huyen Gia Viln, tinh Ninh Binh), ten 1;d la
Chi Thanh. Nam 11 tudi dng xua't gia, thu giao dao Phat
vdi Td Dao Hanh ('? - 1117). ngu'di lang Yen Lang (nay
thudc ngoai thanh Ha Ndi) la bac cao tang ndi tie'ng thdi
bay gid.
Trd thanh nha tu hanh, Thien sd Nguyin Minh
Khdng da lap ra nhieu ehua va tru tri d eac chda: Chua
Quynh Lam (xa Ha Ldi, huyen Ddng Trfeu, tinh Quang
Ninh), chua Pha Lai.... Ong la mdt nha tu hanh ldn thdi
biy gid, CO dao hpe uyen bac. "Dai Viet sd ki toan thd"
cd ghi: "Qud'c su Minh Khong... rat linh iing, phdm khi
CO thuy hgn tai hpa gi cdu ddo deu linh nghiem cd".
Nguyen Minb Khdng cdn la mdt danh y thien tai. Vua Li
Than Tdng (1128 - 1138) bdng td nhien mic trpng
benh. Cac danh y ndi tieng khip ndi deu dddc trieu ve
kinb dd de chda benh, cho Vua. nhdng benh tinh vin
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Ldng Diem Giang (Ddm Xd, - xd Gia Thdng, huyer
Gia Viin) sinh Thdnh, tUc Thien sU Nguyin Mini
Khdng). , 1^ ^^^_,.. r.
Nhd vay ddng"Am Tien thd ca Phat, ca Tien. Tien (
day la Thidn sd Nguyin Minh Khdng. Phat dddc thd dc
Nguyin Minh Khong lap chua td thdi Ll.
Du khach de'n dpng Am Tien se khdng phai tddng
tuong ve Bdng lai, Tien canh nhieu bdi dd la canh than
tien hien gida cdi tran, ngay trong cudc sd'ng ciia chiing
ta. '':V.'^
f.i';ri-
\\i\
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6-CDHL ^^
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cd lue gian dd, gao thet, sdi sue, cd luc lam lanh ngay
n g i t t i n h yeu vinh ciiu tao ra. Ngdi thuydn du khach cd
cam giae n h d dang lac vao ddng Tien, n h d n g y nghi lo
toan, bdc doc cua cuoc ddi, de'n day h i n h n h d deu tan
bien' het, mudn di n d a d lau trong canh sdn thiiy hdd
t i n h nay.
Trong h a n g cdn ed nhieu khdi n h u da tron li, nddc td
day ti tach rd xudng ddng sdng n h d n h d n g b i u sda me
dem ngpt ngao sinh khi cho ddi.
C h i n h vi vay, mua ddng nam Canh D i n (1770), dcfi
vua Le Canh H d n g (1740 - 1786), chua Trjnh Sam -
T i n h Dd Vddng (1767 - 1782) di tuan t h u cdi Tay (vung
T h a n h Hda trd vao) lue quay thuyen trd ve, tdi dat
T r d d n g Yen, da de'n t h a m Hang Ludn va da cd mdt bai
thd vinh H a n g Ludn, hien cdn k h l e tren vach niii Xuyen
Thiiy Ddng. Bia cao 1,55 m, rdng 2,42 m, each mat nddc
luc b i n h t h d d n g khoang 4m. T i t ca cd 13 ddng chd Han
viet t d phai sang trai, t d tren xud'ng dddi vdi td'ng 142
chil. Nguyen van npi dung bia (phien am) n h d sau:
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(l)Theo tu lieu cua Bao tang Ha Nam Ninh do Dang Cdng Nga cdng
bo'. -j;i . K, J,..;.
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iNgoai bai tho khle d vach nui Xuyen Thuy Ddng nay,
cdn cd bai thd Ndm "Vjnh Hang Ludn" cua Hoang Giap
Pham Van Nghj (1805 - 1881), ngddi lang Tam Dang,
nay la xa Yen Thing, huyen Y Yen, tinh Nam Dinh. Ong
dd Hoang Giap ddi vua Td Dde nen thddng gpi la Hoang
Tam Dang. (Dng da vao Ddng Lien Hoa d td thang 7 nam
1874. (Qua Xuyen Thuy Ddng mdi den Ddng Lien Hoa).
' 11 i2)Hai ngon nui nay o phia ngoai Xuydn Thuy Ddng
131 Chi mot tiiini da rdng b.ang phang khi Pham Van Nghi ve a an trong
Ddng Lidn Hoa thudng ngdi eau ca a dd
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Vung Chao. Giac Ngd (giac Minh) cdng nga theo. lam
sat ea mdt vat nui khac. td dd cdng gpi la Vung Ngd
Nga. Nhu'ng ten gpi nay hien nay dan dja phddng van
dung de gpi eac vat nui dd.
Tbam Xuyen Thiiy Ddng, tha'y may che Ip nui, cay
cdi mpe xanh tddi. hoa rdng thdm ngat, cd ddng sdng
Iddn quanh eo nhd tam lua giang luc an luc hien, lai cd
chim ea. vu'dn hdt, de keu,., hang cay tren nui ngan gid
ri rao, that la mdt canh sdn ki thuy tu. Ban hay mdt Fan
trong ddi de'n vdi Xuyen Thuy Ddng - Mdt ve dep ki thu
ma thien nhien da ban tang cho da't nddc va ngddi Hoa
Ld.
1 ''' ' : ' '• / '" f.!i : g ; : ' i ; x n j r i f l '^CSXi'lMil
•'• • ' • : :' . • •• '' ..Ci .c^U •} ../(. ,^Vi '^\\v^ \\bS.\"
•''i' :.-> . .., " •' > • ' ( ' •;vu*\'n'l ^-Afin\'joo
• "• ' f i ' - ' ; .." ••"'''_ •'' >:;i'i'^ ,!':• jiu^ ifH ijiri/i
I"' • -'• • ' • " , ' • '" ;-; .'"lyn .iT't't ife rf-mriji ub
" ' :' ' •. liy.: '•' y. . (rr'- ,j nniAinq L'.b nk(\
' ••• ''' .'"•'•'' '"•'• "-^ft ./Af^ (I^I'MJ ^I'lid-i Ri }bijn
' '• •"' '• ' . ! r.") ..li ,; ..uj fdj dji^a rnoH it;fi
• : „;j>f--i. - -/tf
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Ngoai chua chinh. trong khu \ai"c chua edn cd nha thd
Dja Tang (Bd Tat) va thd' Miu. nhi thd Td dl thd nhdng
vj tang ni ddi trddc d chua da mat. Try Tri la ndi nha sd
d, Phddng Trddng la nha tiep kbacb va mdt sd thap - ndi
ehdn cat cac nha sd da try tri va mat tai day. • ,,
De'n tbam chua, du khach bddc vao tien dddng (nha
phia trddc) d cda ben trai. Tai day ed be thd dat tddng Ddc
Ong mat do. Ddi dien ben phai tien dddng la be thd dat
tddng Ddc Thanh Hien (Dd'c A Nam). Trong tien dddng
cdn treo mdt qua chudng ld"n. Ll Ddc Ong xong, du khach
mdi de'n ll d ban thd ehinh gida, nim d chua trong - "chudi
vd". Day la chd thd Phat cd bd'n ban thd td cao xudng thip,
la bd'n hang trdng bay eac tdpng Phat dddc sdn son thiep
vang long lly va cac thd dd thd nhd dinh hddng, cay den...
Hang tren cung la Tam The Phat (qua khd, hien tai, vj
lai). Hang thd bai la Di Da Tam Tdn. Tddng Di Da d gida.
Ben phii Di Da la tdcfng Dai The Tri Bd Tat. Ben trai Di
Da la tddng Quan The Am Bd Tat. Hang thd ba la hai tddng
Thd Dja va Thanh Tang. Hang thd td la tda Cdu Long, tdc
Thich Ca Sd Sinh - tdcfng mdt chu be ddng tren tda sen,
mac quin cdn edn, tay phai chi xudng dit, tay trai chi len
trdi. Xung quanh tddng nay ed chin con Rdng. Chin con
Rdng ay dem toan bd nddc linh thieng cho Phat tim.
Dieu dac biet, ddc dao cua chua Nhit Try la cd mdt cdt
Kinh Da ddng d phia trddc chua, hdi lui ve hddng Ble.
Day la cdt Kinh Da do vua Le Dai Hanh (980 - 1005)
lam d nien hieu iTng Thien thd 2, nam 995 dl dang nha
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Phat, vi nha Vua rit tin vao dao Phat, tin vao sd linh dng
cua Kinh Phat.
Cdt Kinh Da cd chieu eao tinh tdtang den chdp la 4,16
m gdm sau bd phan da dddc ga lip thanh.
Bd phan thd nhit la mdt tang da hinh vudng, moi chieu
1,4 m, day 0,3m. Dieu dac biet d tang da nay la dddc cham
khac mdt vdng canh sen gdm 22 canh dcfn bao quanh de
cdt vdi dddng kinh vdng sen 1,07m. Canh sen thon. Co le,
day la loai hoa van canh sen xuat hien sdm nhat d Viet
Nam trong nghe thuat cham khic da. Hoa sen theo quan
niem cua dao Phat la bilu tddng ciia cdi Niet ban, bieu hien
cho tri tue, cung la bilu tddng ciia am. Vi the tang da mdi
cham khle canh sen. Ld mdng ciia tang da d gida, cd dddng
kinh 29 cm, sau 5,5 cm. •'
Bd phan thd hai la de trdn, tren to, dddi nhd, dddng
kinh tren 76 cm, dddng kinh dddi 66 cm, cao 3,32 cm. Ben
dddi de cd ngdng trdn dl vao lo mdng ciia tang da. Ben tren
cung cd Id mdng.
Bd phan thd ba la than cdt, hinh bat giac (8 canh), tren
to, dddi nhd bing da xanh nguyen khdi cao gan 2,4m, sd
do qua tam hai mat ddi dien nhau, phia tren la 65cm, phia
dddi 61-62 em. Hai dau than cdt deu ed ngdng dl elm vao
de va thdt bat giae, ngdng dddi cd dddng kinh 16cm, dai
5 cm, ngdng tren cd dddng kinh 18 cm, dai 6 cm. Day la
bd phan chinh cua cdt Kinh. Tam mat deu dddc mai nbln
li, cham khle khoang 2.500 chd Han. Hien nay, do nddc
chay da mdn, tbdi gian lam md nhieu chd d phin tren va
dddi, chi cd the dpc dddc khoang 1.200 chd. Ndi dung ban
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(l)Theo tu lieu cua Dang Cdng Nga trong "Van hda Ninh Binh" sd 3
nam 1996. . . .
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hau. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn cho con trai ca eua minh
la Dinh Lien lay em gvii Ngd Nhat Khanh. Vua Dinh
Tien Hoang lam n h d vay. vi biet ddpc tai thao lu'dc cua
Ngd N h a t Khanh, ddng thdi mudn thu phyc de Ngd
N h a t K h a n h k h d n g chdng ddi minh, khdng khdi phyc
dddc ddng hp Ngd. Didu dd the bien sd gin bd gida hai
ddng hp Ngd va Dinh. • ,.,j.:;l ^y
Nhu'ng van sd Ngd N h a t K h a n h cdn cd kha nang sinh
bie'n chdng lai, nen vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn quyet djnh
ga con gai yeu quy eua minb la cdng chua P h i t Kim cho
Ngd Nhat Khanh. Ngd N h a t Khanh da trd t h a n h phd
ma c:ua vua Dinh Tien Hoang. The la me, em gai va ban
than Ngd N h a t K h a n h da la n h d n g ngddi g i n gui than
thiet nhat eua vua Dinh Tien Hoang, thu'dng xuyen gap
nhau, lue nao cung gin bd. Cac cap vd chdng nay dan
cheo nhau trong mdt gia dinh tddng n h d khdng bao gid
chia lia ra dddc.
96
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ki toan thd). Sau dd, Ngd Nhat Khanh nit gddm xeo ma
cdng chua Phit Kim. Mac cho ngddi vd dau ddn, Ngd
Nhat Khanh bd chay sang dau vien vua Chiem Thanh dl
ve danh vua Dinh Tien Hoang.
Trddc sd phan bdi, bit nghia ciia ngddi chdng, cdng
chiia Pha't Kim rit dau budn trd ve kinh dd Hoa Ld.
Chay chda thud'c thang, thit cat tren ma da lanh, nhdng
vdt seo vin cdn tren mat, lam cho cdng chiia Phat Kim
vd eung budn ba.
Lai mdt tin dau thdcfng vd ban ap de'n lam cdng chiia
Phit Kim bang hoang, dau ddn: Vua cha va ngddi anh ca
Dinh Liln bj am hai.
Ngay sau dd, "Pho md Ngo Nhat Khdnh ddn hcfn
nghin chiec thuyen thuy qudn cua Chiem Thdnh vdo
cUdp bde, muon ddnh thdnh Hoa Lu qua hai cUa bien Dgi
Ac (Nghia Hung, Nam Dinh) vd Tieu Khang (Yen Mo,
Ninh Binh). Qua mpt dim gap gio ldn noi len, thuyen
deu chim ddm. Nhdt Khdnh vd ngitdi Chiem deu chet
dudi, duy co thuyen cda vua Chiem dugc troi ve nitdc".
(Dai Vidt suf ki toan thd).
"Hpa vd ddn chi", bao dau ddn, tiii nhye da den cung
mdt luc, lam cho cdng chiia Phit Kim that vpng. Phit
Kim da nhay xudng gieng nddc d Fau Vpng Nguyet nam d
phia Bic kinh dd Hoa Ld td van.
Chie'c gieng dd ngay nay vin edn, d ngay trddc ciia
den. Gidng ed dddng kinh 5 met, xay hinh bat nguyet (8
canh). Gieng khdng bao gid can, nddc luc nao cung trong
97
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vat nhd lpc, t h i hien mdt tam long trung hieu sang
trong ciia cdng chua P h i t Kim, tha chet chd khdng chju
tbeo giac chdng lai vua cha.
Den nam d day tren hen eung Vpng Nguyet, cd gid'ng
nddc ngan nam van cdn dd. Am dddng ddi dai, den cao,
gieng sau nhd khang djnh mdt ngddi cdng chiia "Tidt
liet trung trinh" ciia vua Dinh Tidn Hoang, ddng thdi
cung la mdt trong nhdng di tich cdn lai ciia kinh dd Hoa
Ld xda.
fij:;' (is? , ." .>
i;n:'o 'V;t)
lt\i:i J'.n.\
98
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99
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^°° . • iHOO-d^
CO DO HOA LU
nay, lang Nghia Chung xay bang da van cdn, nim d phi'a
Ddng Nam, each ddng Hoa Sdn chdng 150 met. Nha vua
cung truyen cho quan sd tai d p 2 mau rudng d phia Ddng
Ble ddng, giao cho nhan dan dja phddng trdng d y hang
nam, lay lddng thdc de cung te trong chua. gpi la rudng
Phu Td.
Cda ddng Hoa Sdn cd may vdn, sddng phii linh thieng,
nddc rdi ti tach quanh nam td cac nhu da. Khi binh minh
anh len, vach nui cda ddng la mdt mau tim nhat, thdc mP
huyen dieu bao phii. Day chinh la cda tien cua ddng, chieu
ngang dai 12 met, chieu cao khoang 20 met, cd cay Da Ba,
re tha trddc cda ddng trdng rat dep. Ben trai eda tfen ed
chiec khanh da to, gd vao nghe trim bdng ngan nga nhd
tie'ng chieng, • -. -:.
r • r
Net ddc dao ciia ddng Hoa Sdn la chieu dai ciia ddng
bang chieu ngang eda nui, dai khoang 100 met, xuyen qua
nui, cd 3 hang lien nhau, tam d p , td tha'p len eao la: hang
Ha, hang Trung va hang Thdcfng.
Vao cda tfen, bddc len cao gin 3 met mdi den bang Ha.
Hang Ha chinh la "mdt ngdi chua" thien tao. O day thd
Phat, cd nhieu tddng Phat nhd: Tam the. Thien phu Thien
nhdn, Phat ba Quan am, Quan am Thi Kinb, Ddc dng, Ddc
Thanh hien. Ddc Thd dia. Ddc Thanh tang.. . va hai tu'p'ng
Hd Phap cao to ddng sdng sd'ng hai ben. edn gpi la hai
tddng Kim Cu'dng hay Ong Thien va Ong Ae (khuyen thien
va trd ae). Tdpng dng Thien tay elm qua dao trddng thp
nhd mudn ban cho du khach lam nhieu dieu thien de dddc
tru'dng sinh. Tddng dng Ac tay d m thanh gu'dm nhd mud'n
101
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trdng trj nhdng ke sdng bac ac d tren dd'i. Tit ca cac bat
hddng d "chua" deu lam bing da. Cd mdt nbangan da cham
khle "lddng long chiu nguyet".
Vach hang ben trai treo mdt qua chudng nho due td khi
lap "chda". Mdt eau ddi d "chiia" da mieu ta ve ddng nhd
sau:
. "Canh tu anh linh thien cd tai. • •
"i: •• Hoa Sdn tien ddng de nien tien".
(Cdnh dep thieng lieng tU thien co.
...' :.-'•• ' r/l/fl
Dpng Hoa Son eo tU ngdn ndm trUdc).
Hai ben "chua" la hai ldi di len bang Trung, Du kbacb
bddc len 10 bac da, cao gan 6 met la den hang Trung, Mac
du hang Ha va hang Trung lien nhau nhdng eiia bang
Trung van thdt lai, Vao hang Trung la mdt d n h sic thien
tao tuyet vdi.
Hang Trung gidng nhd mdt ngdi nha vdm eao rdng, ed
chieu cao khoang tren 30 met. Trin hang la nhu'ng khdi
da hinh vdm nhim li nhd danh bdng. Tran va thanh hang
ben trai cd mdt sd nhu da. Ndi nay nhd dam may ngu sic,
ndi kia nhd rdng bay, phddng mua. Cdn day la voi chau,
hd phue, sd td nim. Vdi tri tddng tddng phong phd, thi
hien mdt cai nhin tri tue, ed gia trj tham mi va nhan van,
du khach se cd ngay nhdng nhu da de dat ten, mdi ten gpi
ghi nhan mdt tac phim nghe thuat dieu khle tii hoa ciia
tao hda, cua thdi gian tren da, gdi hinh, gdi cam, day sdc
quyen ru ma khdng mdt ban tay nao cua eon ngddi cd thi
lam dddc. Cd the ndi, day la mdt "Cung dien" long lly,
nguy nga nhd trong cac truyen thin thoai khien du khach
102
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103
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104
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105
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Ddi dien vdi Nha Bia la cdng da vao ddng Thien Tdn,
mai ldp ngdi, hai tang, ben tren d i p ndi ba chd Han:
"Dung Ddcfng Sdn" la ten gpi eua nui nay cd ddng Thien
Tdn. "Dung" la nddc chay t d tren xud'ng. "Dddng" la
can lai, c h i n lai. "Sdn" la nui.
vm
CO DO HOA LU
ddng nddc vi dai da lam nen gieng Tien trong rudt nui,
nddc gieng Tien lai chiy qua ldng dat di ra sdng, ra
biin (1). Td khi phat hien ra ddng, trong ddng ed gieng
Tifen, ngddi ta gpi nui nay la Dung Dddng Sdn hay Vu
Dddng Sdn. Ten gpi nay cdn bit ngudn td mdt huyen
thoai ve vj thin Thien Tdn tu luyen d nui Dung Dddng
ben Trung Qud'c (xem doan sd tich t h i n Thien Tdn d
•dddi). ' '"' '^f- - •
(1) Theo tu lidu ciia Hoang Giap d Vien nghien ciiu Han Ndm trong bai
"Ddng Thidn Tdn" - Tap ehi "Van hda Thd thao Ninh Binh" - Sd I
- Nam 1993.
107
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ngoai cdn gpi la hang Sang. Rat hiem cac hang ddng
trdng gidng mieng rdng nhd the. rTtr • •.M'ii..i • r'ft
Dien tich hen hang ngoai rdng khoang 400 m2, cd sdc
chda hang tram con ngddi.
Chinh gida hang ngoai cd mdt ciia hang hdi trdn, eao
khoang 2 met. Dd la ciia hang trong an sau vao rudt niii,
tao thanh "chudi vd". Vi ciia hang hep, nen hang trong
tdi om, cdn gpi la hang Tdi.
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Sat hai vach da, ddi didn nhau td ciia hang trong dddc
xay d c bd thd bing gach chay dai hai ben, tren dat 18 vi
La Han, gpi la thap bat La Han, de tac bing da dddc sdn
son thidp vang. Vach da phia Ddng cdn xay be thd dl hai
tddng ldn ^ n nhau la hai dng Nam Tao va Ble Diu
trdng coi vide sinh, tii ciia con ngddi.
Vach da phia Tay, d tren cao treo mdt qua chudng ldn
nang gan 3 ta, due td ddi vua Le Hien Tdng, nien hieu
Canh Hdng (1740 - 1786). Phii chang, hang ngoai thd
Phat, cd treo chudng va la mdt "ngdi chiia" thien tao?
Xem xong hang ngoai, du khach di vao hang trong,
gpi la hang Tdi, ngay cda hang, sau be da thd la mpt
Long Dinh lam toan bing da. Bd'n cdt da trdn d bd'n gdc
cao 2,2 met deu cham khic ndi rdng may quan quanh
cdt. Nhin nhdng con rdng mem mai ndi rd, nbln bdng
nhd mai dm vao than cdt, trdng dep tuyet vdi, du khach
se cd d m giac nhd chda tdng dddc nhin thay d dau. Mai
109
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Long Dinh vdng cung dp xudng eung lam bing da. hai xa,
ben bang da cham khle thanh hai eon rdng. Dae biet la
hai ben Long Dinh d dddi dy'ng hai eon rdng da ban
than, cham khle thdng phong, than ca chudi, mat ldi,
chan nam mdng, theo kilu rdng nha Li, trdng r i t dep.
Pbia sau Long Dinh cdn dat bde van da cham ndi hai
eon rdng chiu mat nguyet.
Dfeu ddc dao d ddng Thien Tdn la tat d eac dd thd
deu lam bing da va nhdng con rdng dddc cham khle chii
yeu theo kilu rdng thdi Li uyen chuyin, mem mai, dang
thanh tu, tao nha. Dddng net cham khle tren da rit
tinh vi, tinh te nhdng sdng ddng la thddng. Dd la nhdng
khdi da cd hdn, t h i hien tai nang, sang tao, tri thdng
minh va ddi bin tay vang ciia d c nghe nhan thdi xda.
Hp da thdi hdn vao da, hdn ciia da cung bay bdng nhd
hdn ngddi, d't len tieng ndi rieng cua da. Da la nhdng
hien vat viing ben ludn ludn thach thdc vdi thdi gian va
thdi tie't mdi ton tai, trddng sinh, bat tii d trong cac
hang ddng dddc. Day eung la mpt net van hda ddc dao d
vung dit Co dd Hoa Ld Ijch sii.
Trong tda Long Dinh da, chi dat mdt tddng thin
Thien Tdn bing ddng dang dam da, cao 1,7 met, nang
khoang 350 kg, ddng tren ldng con rda. O cd con rua cd
mdt eon rin tring (bach xa) dang ngdc diu nhin ldn.
Tddng dddc trang tri bing nhieu mau sic rdc rd: mat
tring, mdi son, may xanh, mat sang, minh mac ao bao
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CO EX3 HOA LU
dd, dau dpi mu kilu dao si, chan di hai tring dap quy, xa
(rua, rin) trdng rat uy nghiem.
Hai tay thin dl trddc ngdc, nim ehlc dd'c kiem thin,
chdng mui kiem xudng ldng eon rua.
^ Neu nhd hang ngoai la "ngdi ehua ldn" thd Phat, thi
hang trong la Hau Cung - "chudi vd" chi dl mdt tda
Long Dinh da thd tddng thin Thien Tdn. Vi the ddng
du'de gpi la ddng Thien Tdn, ndi Dung Dddng dddc gpi la
nui Thien Tdn, ehua d day eung dddc gpi la chiia Thien
Tdn. Ngddi ta da lly ten thin dl gpi ddng, chua, nui
vung nay. Cung bdi le dd cai ten "Dung Ddcfng Sdn" it
ngddi bie't den.
Thien Tdn la ten gpi nhdng vj than tdi eao d tren
Thien dinh.
Theo quan niem ciia ngddi xda, tren trdi cd nhieu
Thien Tdn. Ngdi cao nha't la Tam Thanh Nguyen Thuy
Thien Tdn. Sau dd la Dieu Lac Thien Tdn, Dang Ma
Thien Tdn.
Truyen thuye't kl rang, khi xda Huyen Thien Thddng
De Dang Ma Thien Tdn do cd ldng tham, mud'n chiem
doat cay dao tien ed bay mau sic, chieu sang khip vu
try, nen bj Ngpc Hoang day xudng tfan gian tu luyen.
Thin da dau thai nhieu kiep de tu luyen, nhdng vin
khdng die dao. Sau dd thin dau thai lam Hoang tiif d
Tjnh Lac Qud'c. Khi ldn len, Hoang td quye't djnh bd Fau
vang dien ngpc va trieu dinh di vao Vu Ddcfng Sdn
(Dung Dddng Sdn) d Trung Qud'c de tu luyen. Lan nay.
111
LA DANG BAT
t h i n die dao. Ngpc Hoang ben sai Dieu I^ae Thien Tdn
va hai thien thin nda xud'ng nui Dung Ddolig du'a Hoang
td ve trdi. Hai thien t h i n phai md byng Hoang td lly
bet rudt, tim phdi ra rdi vu't vao khe da, dl trong byng
Hoang td khdng cdn nhd bin d tran gian nda. Hoang td
ve Trdi dddc Ngpc Hoang trao cho an ngoc; kiem thi|tT,
phong lam Ngpc Hd Sd Tddng, Huyen- Thien Thu'dng
De, Kim Khuyet hoa than Dang Ma Thien Tdn. Sau dd
Ngpc Hoang sai Dang Ma Thien Tdn xud'ng tiian gian trd
diet ydu ma.
Lai ndi, sau khi Hoang td die dao ve trdi, thi tim phoi
viit vao khe da lai hda thanh quy tinh (rua), rudt bien
thanh xa tinh (rin). Riia va rin chuyen di gay hai d
vung nui Vu Dddng (Trung Qudc). Day la hai con vat
ddc hai do chinh Dang Ma Thien Tdn gay ra. Vi vay vide
trddc tien ciia t h i n la phai dung kiem thin thu phuc
quy tinh va xa tinh theo minh. Rin va rua biet dddc tdi
ldi nen da hang phyc thin. Thin phong rin lam Hda
thin, phong rua lam Thuy thin. Td dd Hoa thin va
Thiiy t h i n ludn d bdn canh Dang Ma Thien Tdn dl trCf
diet yeu ma.
Thin cdn dddc gpi la thin Chan Vu, thin Trin Vu,
Ong Ble, thddng quen gpi la Thien Tdn hay Trin Vu
Thien Tdn (Huyen Thien Thddng De).
,iJl
Thin Thien Tdn la thien thin, bieu tddng cho sdc
manh vd bien trd diet yeu ma cdu giup dan chung. Sach
"Chan Vu quan lye" cd ghi ve thin nhd sau: "Trdi dot
112
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hon dpn, truyen phdp gido chu, tu chan ngp dgo gidc ngp
qudn me, pho hue chung sinh, tieu trU tai ngn, cd 82
phep bien hoa, td sU tam gido, dgi tU dgi bi, citu kho citu
ngn".(l)
Sd tich huyen thoai thin Thien Tdn d Trung Qud'c da
sang Viet Nam. Thin cung trd thanh vj thin eua ngddi
Viet Nam. Cho nen nhan dan vung nay da thd thin
ddng trong tda Long Dinh d ddng nui Dung Dddng.
Than khdng chi dddc thd d day, ma cdn dddc thd d
nhieu ndi khac trong ca nddc ta nhd: ' ' ^'Wl '^'I'i'* ^^^AI
— Chan Vu Quan d phddng Tnic Bach, quan Ba
Dinh, Ha Ndi.
— Huyen Thien Cd Quan d phddng Ddng Xuan, quan
Hoan Kid'm, Ha Ndi. , .UTV- •,w,/•.
— Huyen Thien Dai Quan d xa Xuan Ldi, huyen Ddng
Anh, Ha Ndi,
— Den Trin Vu d xa Yen Cd, huyen Gia Ldc.
— Den Ong Bic d thj xa Long Xuyen, tinh An Giang.
Cf nhdng ndi nay, tddng thin dddc tac d td the ngdi,
tay chd'ng len kid'm, mdi kiem dat tren ldng rua, rin
quan len than kiem. Day la td the dpc than chu sau khi
thin da diet trd xong toan bd yeu ma d trin gian. (2)
Ngay 3 thang 3 (am Ijch) la ngay sinh ciia thin. *'^ *^
(1) l2)Theo tu lidu eua Hoang Giap o Vidn nghidn cuu Han Ndm trong
bai "Ddng Thidn Tdn" - Tap ehi "Van hda The thao Ninh Binh" -
Sd I - Nam 1993
113
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(1) Theo tu lieu cua Hoang Giap d Vidn nghien eijfu Han Ndm trong bai
"Ddng Thien Tdn" - Tap ehi "Van hda Thd thao Ninh Binh" - Sd I
- Nam 1993.
114
CO DO HOA LU
Tdi khao cUii su tich ldm bdi vdn khde vdo dd de truyen
lgi ldu ddi".
Xem xong tda Long Dinh va tddng thin Thien Tdn d
ngay eda hang, du khach hay thip nen di vao hang
trong, nhin len tha'y trin hang cao vdi vdi, vdng cung,
khdng bing phlng. Dien tich hen hang hdi trdn, nen du
khach cd cam giae dang dddc ddng trong mdt qua
chudng da khdng Id up xud'ng. Anh sang trong hang
huyen ao, chda day dieu bi an. Be ngang cua hang 11
met, be dpc dai hdn, khoang 15 met.
Td Long Dinh da. du khach di khoang hdn 10 met,
tha'y mdt eai gieng trdn, phia Ble 11 vach da; phia Nam
xay bao lan, d gida cd bac xud'ng lam bang gach dai 3
met, gpi la "Gieng Rdng", sau tham tham, quanh nam cd
nddc. Nddc gieng lai trong vlt, an thdng ra de'n sdng
Gian. Ngddi xda da lly mdt qui bdng to cd elm them con
dao bau nhd vao de danh da'u, rdi tha xud'ng gieng nay,
may ngay sau thiy qua bdng dd trdi d nga ba sdng Gian.
Do vay dan gian cdn ldu truyen: :-rir^".
"Trong dpng cd tugng De qudn, • "'^ '• "''^'
1 K:Uii
Cd cdi gieng nude nhieu phdn hiem sdu.
/IJlij
Don rdng bdng cdm dao bdu, - ,^., , ;,
Troi ra song Gidn phdi ddu chuyen diia". •'"•' •
Hang trong ed Gieng Rdng, nddc edn dddc chay n ^ m
dddi long dit dai hang miy d y sd dd ra sdng Gian, Hang
ngoai lai cd khoang Id thien dai, nhin thiy trdi cao. Dd
115
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116
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1971
LA DANG BAT
Td'ng cay tdoi td't. lam cho hang ngoai luc nao cdng mat
me, thoang dang, khdng kl.i t.-cng lanh. mang phong
canh tinh lang cua mdt vung que.
Bddc sang san pbia Nam cua ngdi ehua, du kbacb
nhin xa se thiy eon dudng Tien Yet la dddng di vao kinh
dd Hoa Ld xda - dddng Tru'dng Yen, tu' day vao de'n Cd
dd Hoa Ld cdn khoang 5 km nda. Gan phia Nam dddng
Tien Yet cdn cd nui Nddng Sdn. Phia Ble nui Dung
Ddcfng la nui Voi. Ba ngpn nui: Dung Dddng, Nddng Sdn
va Tddng Sdn hdp lai nhd mdt cdng thanh da vu'a hung
vi, vda tuyet ml bao ve kinh thanh Hoa Ld.
Khdng nhu'ng the, ddng Thien Tdn edn gin lien vdi
ten tudi Dinh Bd Linh td thud chda len ngdi Hoang de.
Khi mdi ddng dau mdt sd quan, trddc luc dem quan di
dep loan 12 sd quan, Dinh Bd Linh nghe ddn dpng Thien
Tdn thd thin Trin Vu Thien Tdn rat thieng, da sda le
vat vao eau dao trong ddng de mong dddc than giiip dd.
(Dng hda trddc thin, neu dep loan xong, len ngdi vua se
sda lai den thd va td tddng bing gd. Tddng truyen, ldi
ciu eua Dinh Bd Linh rat linh dng, thin Thien Tdn da
giup dng danh tan dddc 11 sd quan khac.
Sau khi len ngdi Hoang de nam 968, Dinh Tien
Hoang lien cho sda den. td tddng, ddi ten den la den An
Qudc (da't nddc binh yen) va sic phong eho thin la "An '
Qud'c Tdn Thin" (Thin gid gin dit nddc binh yen). Nha
vua cdn cho xay d't khu nha Tfen Te va Kfnh Thien Dai
(nha te trdi dat) d khu vdc phia Tay ddng Thien Tdn, dd
118
CO DO HOA LU
khach thap phdcfng cd chd nghi ngdi va te' le. Day eung
dung lam ndi tiep ddn cac sd thin nddc ngoai (nhd nha
khach cua Chinh phu) trddc khi nha vua eho vao be'
kien. (Nam 1978 Ti Van hda - Thdng tin Ha Nam Ninh'
khao sat tai khu vdc ddng Thien Tdn da dao dddc hai
loai gach: Mdt loai gach tren mat cd ddng chd "Dai Viet,
qud'c quan thanh vien" (loai gach lam d ddi nha Dinh) va ,
mdt loai gach ghi chd "Giang Tay quan" (loai gach do
quan si Giang Tay thdi Dddng ddng d nddc ta sin xuit
ra)).
Dieu dd khang djnh khu vdc ddng Thien Tdn la mdti
tien ddn quan trpng dau tien cua Kinh dd Hoa Ld, da
nim trong qiiln thi di tich Cd Dd Hoa Ld.
Den thdi Trin, vua Tran cung de'n ddng Thien Tdn
d u td va tu sii'a den. Bia khle d eda ddng da ghi lai sd
viec dd.
11'9f
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120
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121
J AC-' ^
' i> . . .
122
MUC LUC
'• , ' Trang
L Ldi gidi thieu -^^T^p„3,j 5
2. Cd Dd Hoa Ld 7
3. Ddn thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang 23
4. Den thd vua Le Dai Hanh 45
\ As-^r.S \i,iV-)
5. Ma Yen Sdn 59
^' 6. Ddng Am Tien '«^^ n . i a • g^
7. Xuyen Thiiy Ddng '''•''' 79
8. Chua Nhat Try \'^^ '«••' >^A^ - :• mii A(\k 89
9. Den thd cdng chua Phat Kim 95
10. Ddng Hoa Sdn :'\s '.'^ •> ^:\..•^ 99
11. Ddng Thien Tdn 105
DA IN :
Danh Thing Ninh Binh Tap I So Van hoa Thong tin
Ninh Binh - 1993 (in chung) - Tai ban 1994.
Truang Han Sieu - Nha van Ion thdi Tran, Danh nhan
Van hoa dan toe - Hpi Van hoc Nghe thuat Ninh Binh - 1994
(in ehung).
Ve vdi Vjnh Ha Long can - Sd Van h d Thdng tin
Ninh Binh - 1995 -Tai ban 1996.
Tam Coc - Bich Dong • Cdng ti Du lieh Tam Cdc - Bich Dpng
- 1996,
Tho Van xua vmh canh dep Ninh Binh (Suu tam. Bien soan)
- So Du lich Nmh Bmh - 1996,
Thang canh Van Long - Cdng ti khach san Du lich Hoa Lu
-1997.
Canh dep Ninh Binh - Nha xuat ban The gidi - Ha Npi - 1997.
Chua Djch Long - So Du lich Nmh Binh - 1997
Danh nhan Van hoc Ninh Binh Tap I Cdng ti sach va
thiet bi taidng hoc Nmh Binh - 1998 (in chung).
Nui Due Thuy - Nha xuat ban The gidi Ha Ndi - 1998
Co Do Hoa Lir • Nha xuat ban Thanh men - Ha Ndi - 1998