A review study of ChatGPT applications in
education
2023 International Conference on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA) | 979-8-3503-3890-4/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/INISTA59065.2023.10310439
1st Marwa Zaabi 2rd Walid Hariri
CEM Laboratory Labged Laboratory
ENIS, Sfax University Badji Mokhtar Annaba University
Tunisia Algeria
marwa.zaabi@isimg.tn hariri@labged.net
Abstract—Recent advances in large-scale language models have
pushed the boundaries of natural language processing and set
new performance standards. It is amazing how convincingly
artificial intelligence can imitate human behavior and writing
style. Deep learning and natural language processing (NLP)
have recently driven the development of large language models.
One of these models is ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained
Transformer), created by OpenAI in 2022 for chats with open-
ended questions. Numerous fields such as education effectively
used ChatGPT in several applications to create exam questions
and answers, customise learning experiences, and facilitate online
dialogues, among other things. It is an effective tool for natural
language processing due to its adaptability and precision. An
overview of ChatGPT in the educational space is given in
this article. We review the recent innovations and powerful of
ChatGPT in many education tasks, and future challenges.
Index Terms—ChatGPT, artificial intelligence, education
I. I NTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally altered many
industries and the way people interact with technology. Natural
language processing (NLP), which entails the creation of
models and algorithms that can comprehend and produce
human language, is one of the most exciting applications of
AI. One of these NLP tools, ChatGPT, was created by OpenAI
and is available to the public. It is based on the GPT language
model technology.
ChatGPT is a useful tool in our daily life because it has
been effectively used in a number of real-world applications.
An application example is the development of chatbots for
customer service, technical support and virtual assistants.
Customers can communicate with these chatbots in a natural
and human-like fashion, receiving information and having their
inquiries answered. For instance, the National Health Service
(NHS) chatbot in the UK uses ChatGPT to give people health
advice and information.
The implementation of ChatGPT in the creation of content,
like news articles and product descriptions, is another example.
The model can automatically produce high-quality, pertinent
content by being trained on relevant data. ChatGPT is utilized
by the Associated Press to produce financial news pieces, and
OpenAI’s GPT-3 language model has been used to produce
everything from computer code to poetry [1]. Figure 1 shows
how ChatGPT functions.
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3nd Nadia Smaoui
CEM Laboratory
ENIS, Sfax University
Tunisia
nadia.smaoui@isimg.tn
Fig. 1. Process Flow Diagram for GPT Implementation
Additionally, ChatGPT has been used for tailored sugges-
tions, language translation, and medical diagnosis and treat-
ment. For instance, by analyzing a sizable amount of medical
data, ChatGPT has been used to create a model that may
diagnose medical disorders or suggest suitable treatments.
In effect, the Transformer architecture, a neural network
architecture made exclusively for NLP tasks, served as the
foundation for the development of ChatGPT. Figure 2 shows
the evolution from transformer architecture to ChatGPT.
ChatGPT does have several restrictions despite its wide
range of uses. For instance, if it is not trained on inclusive
and varied data, it may produce biased replies and perpetuate
detrimental linguistic trends. As a result, while using ChatGPT
in practical applications, ethical considerations must be taken
into account.
We can use this great weapon more wisely and efficiently in
our daily lives if we have a better knowledge of its potential.
In this article, we will explore the use of ChatGPT in the field
of education.
This paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we present
an overview about ChatGPT in the education domain. Section
III explains the main advantages and limitations of ChatGPT
in NLP and education. Section IV ends the paper.
II. OVERVIEW OF C HAT GPT IN EDUCATION
Due to the wide range of applications that huge lan-
guage models provide, it has been determined that this is
a prospective area of study. The use of these models will
 Fig. 2. Evolution from transformer architecture to ChatGPT
provide chances to improve learning and teaching experiences.
Additionally, given that every person has different learning
styles, aptitudes, and demands, huge language models present
a special chance to deliver tailored and efficient learning ex-
periences. Both teachers and students can utilize ChatGPT as
a learning tool to help them find knowledge and information.
ChatGPT has been utilized to create intelligent tutoring pro-
grams that may offer students individualized learning expe-
riences. According to the findings in [2], ChatGPT may be
able to address the most difficult issues in science learning
by developing assessments, grading assignments, providing
learning support, and recommending educational resources
automatically (Figure 3).
Fig. 3. Automatic learning guidance via ChatGPT
In [3], a study entitled Artificial Intelligence for Education
was written using ChatGPT as the pilot. According to the
piloting results, ChatGPT can assist researchers in producing
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papers that are systematic, accurate, informative, and coher-
ent. The essay was completed in 2 to 3 hours with very
little assistance from the author’s professional experience.
Overall, ChatGPT epitomizes cutting-edge AI and is crucial
in the improvement of education. This piloting investigation
demonstrates that ChatGPT is capable of accurately, quickly,
systematically, and informatively processing information. It
greatly lessens the workload for human intellect and might
be able to meet the market’s demand for qualified people.
Using Rogers’ perceived theory of attributes as a theoretical
framework, Raman et al. [4] conducted a study involving 288
university students to further our understanding of the effects
of ChatGPT on students. The study’s goal was to identify the
factors that influence students’ intentions to use ChatGPT in
higher education. The study looked at Relative Advantage,
Compatibility, Ease of Use, Observability, and Trialability
as the five parameters that affect the adoption of ChatGPT.
According to the study’s examination of data by gender, male
students give compatibility, usability, and observability top
priority when deciding whether to utilize ChatGPT. When it
comes to deciding whether to embrace ChatGPT, however, fe-
male students place more value on elements like compatibility,
convenience of use, relative advantage, and trialability.
In their study, AlAfnan et al. [5] look into the benefits
and drawbacks of using the ChatGPT chatbot for academic
purposes. The writers’ goal is to offer advice to academics
who work as instructors in schools and universities. Three key
inquiries are the focus of the study: (1) How might employing
ChatGPT in academic settings be advantageous? (2) What
drawbacks are there to using ChatGPT in a classroom setting?
Secondly, what suggestions may be made to teachers who
employ ChatGPT in their lessons? The similarity index of
text created by ChatGPT and sentences that were paraphrased
using Turnitin was also assessed by the authors in this study.
Cooper [6] has also examined the application of ChatGPT in
science instruction by addressing three issues: (1) How do
 you reply to questions about science education on ChatGPT?
(2) How may instructors include ChatGPT into their science
instruction? (3) How was ChatGPT used in this study, and
what conclusions did the author draw from using it as a
research tool? Impressively, ChatGPT’s output often aligned
with key themes in the research. It is likely to be a useful tool
for educators designing science units, rubrics, and quizzes.
Additionally, due to ChatGPT’s ability to write articles on
a variety of subjects, questions have been raised about its
effect on education. To gauge its capabilities, from a class
on scientific denial at George Washington University, it has
been given an exam and a final project. It was able to locate
factual solutions, although its scholarly writing abilities may
use some work. This may inspire teachers to reconsider their
lesson plans and homework in order to foster creativity and
critical thinking rather than depending solely on AI. Figure 4
shows an example response from ChatGPT [7].
Fig. 4. The response from ChatGPT regarding how to write a chatbot
introduction
Moreover, the study revealed that many users found Chat-
GPT’s capacity to deliver precise and pertinent information on
a range of subjects, including science, history, business, health,
and technology, to be helpful. This could lessen the work-
load of teachers and give students immediate feedback. For
instance, Temara et al. [8] examined how ChatGPT might be
used to obtain valuable reconnaissance data using a case study
technique. When it comes to particular targets, ChatGPT may
produce a wide range of intelligence, including Internet Pro-
tocol (IP) address ranges, domain names, network topology,
vendor technologies, ports, services, and even the operating
systems the target is using. Although, some users had problems
with ChatGPT’s response accuracy and its limited capacity to
provide specific contextual information [9]. There were some
instances where ChatGPT offered contradictory responses to
earlier answers given on the same subject. According to Teo
Susnjak [10], the ability of ChatGPT to demonstrate analytical
thinking skills and write extremely convincing language in the
setting of exams makes it a potential threat to the validity of
online assessments, particularly in higher education contexts
where such exams are becoming more prevalent.
Besides, Brady D. Lund’s [11] study of ChatGPT’s effects
on academia, scholarly publishing, and research revealed that
ChatGPT could serve as a model for automated essay prepara-
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tion and the creation of other kinds of scientific manuscripts. It
is important to make sure that ChatGPT are utilized ethically
and responsibly for scholarly research and publishing even
if they represent significant developments in artificial intel-
ligence. On the other hand, with its ability to quickly return
knowledge on diverse medical topics, ChatGPT has the poten-
tial to alter the way students learn about biomedical sciences.
For example, it can respond to inquiries and offer explanations
pertaining to anatomy, histology, and other medical topics
in a way that is simple to access and comprehend. Despite
ChatGPT’s current advantages and potential in the future, the
main challenge is ensuring the accuracy and dependability of
the data the AI system provides because medical education
demands a high level of precision [12]. Regarding plagiarism,
Halaweh [13] argues that using ChatGPT to compose an article
while properly attributing the concepts discovered by reverse
searching is not considered plagiarism. Without ChatGPT, it is
still possible for students or researchers to plagiarize, but now
they can do it much more quickly. However, this shouldn’t be
used as a justification to avoid using ChatGPT. It is the users’
job to utilize it responsibly by being adequately informed and
trained on how to do so, whether they are students or teachers.
This study also provided an overview of the concerns regarding
the use of ChatGPT as shown in Figure 5.
Fig. 5. The concerns of using ChatGpt
The authors in [14] looked at how well ChatGPT does when
asked to respond to sample questions from a software testing
course. They discovered that ChatGPT can answer 77.5%
of the questions they looked at. According to this research,
ChatGPT may be used to lead students through a series of
exercises to help them better understand the subject matter. In
[15], V. Božić showed that the use of ChatGPT in education
has the potential to completely transform the educational
process by allowing for individualized and interactive learning
and giving students access to a wealth of information and
knowledge. Also, they demonstrated that using GPT technol-
ogy has drawbacks and restrictions, such as worries about data
privacy, prejudice, and cheating. With regard to producing a
 research paper, the study of E.M. Ferrouhi [16] intends to TABLE I
evaluate the quality of ChatGPT’s responses and investigate ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF C HAT GPT
its potential to help researchers with scientific writing. The Advantages of ChatGPT Limitations of ChatGPT
findings show that ChatGPT could give inaccurate information Language Flexibility: ChatGPT is Bias and harmful language pat-
for a literature review. The outcomes also demonstrate that linguistically flexible since it can terns: ChatGPT is trained on a
be trained using data from a variety massive amount of data that may
ChatGPT needs human help and post-transaction verification of languages and dialects. include negative stereotypes and
of the veracity of the information provided. prejudiced language. This might be
In [17], ChatGPT is examined also as a teaching and a concern in chatbot applications
because the responses might rein-
learning tool looks into ChatGPT as a teaching and learning force negative stereotypes and con-
resource. It examines the opportunities that ChatGPT offers to tinue prejudice.
the students in communication, business writing, and com- Better Response Quality: Chat- Response time: Despite the fact
GPT can deliver responses of a that ChatGPT typically responds in
position courses as well as the instructors. Following the high standard because to its exten- a reasonable and trustworthy man-
completion of 30 tests, it was discovered that ChatGPT has sive training and capacity to pro- ner, it has been noted that the Chat-
the potential to replace search engines by giving students duce human-like responses. GPT occasionally makes errors and
has limited information available
accurate and trustworthy information (It was discovered that (as of 2021, according to OpenAI),
ChatGPT gives students a venue to prepare for submissions depending on the user request.
and review various examples). The study in [18] used a three- Enhanced Efficiency: ChatGPT Limited comprehension of con-
can help simplify natural language text: ChatGPT could find it dif-
stage instrumental case study methodology that included social processing activities like text sum- ficult to comprehend a message
network analysis of tweets, content analysis of interviews, marization and language transla- or discussion the same way a hu-
and user experience research to investigate the issues with tion. man would. For instance, ChatGPT
might not be able to fully compre-
using ChatGPT in the classroom. The findings showed that hend the context of a query that
even though ChatGPT is an effective educational tool, it still is confusing or unclear and give a
needs to be utilized with greater prudence, and more rules suitable answer.
Scalability: ChatGPT can swiftly Requires a lot of training data:
regarding how to do so should be set. Moreover, the potential and effectively analyze enormous For ChatGPT to perform at the
of ChatGPT-generated justifications for offering transparent volumes of natural language data. highest level, a lot of training data
and comprehensible evaluations was demonstrated in [19] as This qualifies it to handle complex is needed. Additionally, it’s crucial
language processing jobs. to consider the data’s quality. The
they studied the implementation of ChatGPT in student re- training data must accurately re-
sponse assessment. Three prompt tactics with varied degrees of flect the language and be free of
reasoning difficulty are examined together with the proposed biases and errors that can affect the
model’s accuracy.
framework for rational development. The results are more Accessibility: People with differ- Cybersecurity risks: The imple-
accurate than human annotations highlighting the need for ent levels of linguistic proficiency mentation of ChatGPT entails a
automated response assessment models. can utilize ChatGPT. For those who number of cybersecurity vulnera-
find it difficult to communicate or bilities that need to be addressed.
The authors in [20] looked into how students used ChatGPT be understood while using tradi- If a user receives a malicious link
and perceived it. According to their findings, the majority tional written or spoken language, or file over chatGPT, their device
of students had excellent experiences using ChatGPT for it can help. may occasionally become infected
with malicious malware.
personal, academic, and essay-writing needs. They unveiled
RECIPE, a cutting-edge language learning platform that makes
use of ChatGPT to meet the demands of students and im-
prove their abilities with two different sorts of prompts. They across a range of applications, it’s critical to comprehend these
concluded that a strong paradigm for integrating ChatGPT in constraints. In addition to the study presented in Table 1, in
academic settings might be developed using interaction data education, ChatGPT offers advantages such as personalized
collected with RECIPE. On the other side, in [21], the authors learning support and 24/7 availability for students, supple-
examined Twitter data (16,830,997 tweets from 5,541,457 menting classroom teaching and aiding language practice [22].
users) to better understand how people felt about ChatGPT in However, its limitations include potential misunderstanding of
relation to education. They gave a summary of international context, lack of emotional intelligence, and ethical concerns.
perceptions and responses to ChatGPT regarding education It may not replace human educators but can serve as a useful
based on subject modeling. Education was the subject matter supplementary tool in education.
that received the most tweets in response to ChatGPT.
IV. C ONCLUSION
III. A DVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF C HAT GPT In conclusion, ChatGPT is a potent artificial intelligence
Table 1 shows the main advantages and limitations of technology that has important societal ramifications. This
ChatGPT in connection with NLP domains. analysis demonstrates how its capacity to produce human-like
Even while ChatGPT has many benefits and has been language has already given rise to a wide range of practi-
successfully used in many real-world situations, there are cal applications, including chatbots and language translation
still some restrictions and potential difficulties to take into software. To ensure that technology has a positive impact on
account. To assure the efficient and moral usage of ChatGPT society, however, possible ethical issues must be addressed,

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 just like with any other technology. [19] J. Li, L. Gui, Y. Zhou, D. West, C. Aloisi, and Y. He, “Distilling
The potential for bias and bad language patterns to be main- ChatGPT for Explainable Automated Student Answer Assessment.”
2023.
tained through ChatGPT is one of the most crucial ethical [20] J. Han, H. Yoo, Y. Kim, J. Myuang, M. Kim, H. Lim, J. Kim, T.Y. Lee,
issues. It is crucial that ChatGPT’s creators and users take H. Hong, S. Ahn, and A. Oh, “RECIPE: How to Integrate ChatGPT into
action to reduce these risks and make sure the technology is EFL Writing Education,” 2023.
[21] T. Fütterer, C. Fischer, A. Aleksseva, X. Chen, T. Tate, M. Warschauer,
used morally and responsibly. On the other hand, ChatGPT and P. Gerjets, “ChatGPT in Education: Global Reactions to AI Inno-
has the potential to improve communication and collaboration vations, ” 2023.
across a wide range of areas, from healthcare and education [22] Hariri, Walid. Unlocking the Potential of ChatGPT: A Comprehen-
sive Exploration of its Applications, Advantages, Limitations, and
to business and entertainment, by enabling more natural and Future Directions in Natural Language Processing. arXiv preprint
intuitive interactions with technology. There is no doubt that arXiv:2304.02017, 2023.
the tool will play a significant part in determining the future
of human-computer interaction as it develops and gets better.
Finally, the caliber of the input prompts has a significant
impact on ChatGPT’s performance. In order to direct the
system to provide correct and pertinent outputs while simul-
taneously addressing any limitations and biases, clear and
explicit prompts are essential. For ChatGPT to perform to
its full capacity in natural language processing applications,
prompts must be used properly.

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