NUCLEUS,CYTOPLASMIC

INCLUSIONS
&CYTOSKELETON
Prepared by
DR.JAVERIA.M.ARIF
Clinical pharmacist/Lecturer
PHARM-D,M-phil (pharmacy practice)
  It controls all the cellular activities including
reproduction of the cell.

NUCLEUS  Most of the cells are uninucleated except few

types of cells like skeletal muscle cells which
are multinucleated.
  The nucleus consists of:
1. Nuclear membrane
Nucleus 2. Nucleoplasm
structur
e 3. Nucleolus
  The nuclear membrane is double layered
porous structure having a 40,270 nm
wide space called perinuclear cistern.
 The outer layer of the nuclear membrane
NUCLEAR is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum.
MEMBRANE
 The exchange of materials between the
nucleoplasm and cytoplasm occurs through
the nuclear membrane.
  The nucleoplasm or the nuclear matrix is a
gel-like ground substance containing a
large quantity of genetic material in the
form of DNA.
 When a cell is not dividing, the
NUCLEOPLAS nucleoplasm appears as dark staining
M thread-like material called nuclear
chromatin.
 During cell division, the chromatin
material is converted into rod-shaped
structures, the
chromosomes.
 There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in all
the dividing cells of the body.
 Chromosomes are composed of three components:
 DNA
 RNA
NUCLEOPLASM other nuclear proteins.
 The nuclear DNA carries the genetic
information which is passed via RNA into the
cytoplasm for synthesis of proteins of similar
composition.
  The nucleus may contain one or
more rounded bodies called nucleoli.
 The nucleoli are the site of synthesis
NUCLEOLUS of ribosomal RNA.
 The nucleoli are more common in
growing cells or in cells that actively
synthesize proteins
  Stores and transmits genetic information
in the form of DNA.
 Genetic information passes from
FUNCTIO the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
N OF
NUCLEUS  Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.
 CY O
 The cytoplasmic inclusions are the
temporary components of certain
cells. These may or may not be
CYTOPLASMIC
enclosed in the membrane. A few
INCLUSIONS
examples of cytoplasmic inclusions
are:
 LIPID DROPLETS. These are seen
in the cells of adipose tissue, liver and
adrenal cortex.
  Glycogen It is seen in the cells of liver and
skeletal muscles.
CYTOPLASMIC  Proteins as secretory granules are seen in
INCLUSIONS
the secretory glandular cells.
 Melanin pigment is seen in the cells of
epidermis, retina and basal ganglia.
 The cytoskeleton is a complex network of
fibers that maintains the structure of the
cell and allows it to change shape and
CYTOSKELETON
move. It primarily consists of:
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
  Microtubules are long hollow tubular
structures without limiting membrane
MICROTUBULE about 25 nm in diameter.
S  These are made up of two globular
protein subunits α- and β-tubulin.
 The bundles of tubulin give structural
strength to the cells. Microtubules form
the transport system of the cells.
  Kinesin and dynein known as molecular
motors help in the movement of
molecules through the microtubules.
 The cilia and flagella are also composed of
MICROTUBULES microtubules enclosed in the plasma
membrane and are active in the
locomotion of the cells. Present in
respiratory mucosa and fallopian tubes
 NE
 Intermediate filaments are filamentous
structures about 10 nm in diameter. Connect
INTERMEDIATE the nuclear membrane to the cell
FILAMENTS
membrane.
 It mechanically integrate the cell organelles
within the cytoplasm. In their absence,
cells rupture more easily; and when they
are abnormal in human, blistering of the
skin is common.
  Microfilaments are long solid filamentous
structures having a diameter of 6–8 nm.
These are made up of contractile proteins,
MICROFILAMENTS actin and myosin. They help generate
movement and provide mechanical support.
With respect to movement, microfilaments
are involved in muscle contraction, cell
division, and cell locomotion.
 Microfilaments also provide mechanical
support for cell extensions called
microvilli.

MICROFILAMENTS

Microvilli are abundant on cells involved in

absorption, such as the epithelial cells that
line the small intestine.
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