UNIT 5

Gender and the Workplace

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 LESSON 5.1
The Productive and Reproductive Divide

Lesson Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you should have:

a. described the complementary significant role of women and men in
the productive and reproductive divide; and
b. appreciated the reproductive role of women.

Activate

Before we start, let us first see your idea about what this lesson will cover.
Identify five (5) works usually performed by women and men.
WOMEN MEN

Carefully examine what you have enumerated, what do you notice about the work
of each of the sexes?

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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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 Introduction

The roles of women and men are vital in the promotion of the general
economic welfare of the state. Identifying the role of a particular gender in relation
to production and reproduction is a way of recognizing the contribution of every
individual in the society. In the social world, women and men have different duties
and responsibilities to perform in the home and in the workplace. These social
and economic obligations are based on gender roles and societal expectations
which sometimes create a conflicting view as to the superiority and inferiority of
task performed and salary received by a particular gender. Hence, for a thorough
understanding of the differences among women and men in domestic and
employment spheres, the labor force participation rate is presented and analyzed.

Acquire

The exact nature of work designated to men and women varies

from culture to culture. In the Philippines, women are expected to be doing the
household chores and men are expected to do all the works outside of the house
in exchange of money. This perception of gender roles and expectations related
to work has been changed. Today, it can be observed that in some families, the
husband is in-charge of the household chores while the wife goes to work locally
and even outside the country. In some cases, for a career-oriented couple, both
work as employees earning a salary or operate a business for profit.
In sociology, work is defined as the carrying out of tasks, which involves
the expenditure of mental and physical effort, and its objective is the production of
goods and services that cater to human needs. An occupation, or job, is work that
is done in exchange for a regular wage or salary (Crossman, 2020).

The traditional sociological definition of work has limited its meaning to

activities that generate salary or income only for the family. In essence, an act is a
work if the individual doing it is employed, involve in the production of goods and
services and receive a compensation. Thus, the household work usually done by
women and some men who are considered “home managers,” being unpaid
makes their contribution invisible in the management of resources. This unclear
conceptual definition of work makes the effort of women and men in the domestic
sphere unrecognized.

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 The issues of what constitutes work and who is considered as the
household head with reference to income might be eliminated by exploring the
productive and reproductive divide. This will explain the equal relevance of
women and men in utilizing the economic resources as a household manager.

Time Out 1
Apply

Can a female be considered household head? Justify your answer.

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The Origin of Productive and Reproductive Divide

The evolution and development of society from traditional subsistence

agriculture to knowledge- based economy created the productive and
reproductive divide. Men being in charge of production and women being in
reproduction.

In rural areas, there may have been division of labor by age, sex, and
social class but a little or no distinct separation between production and
reproduction. Example in agricultural rural areas, men and women work together
in the cultivation of land from planting to harvest. The same also with the “female
farming system” in which almost all farmers are composed of women with full
responsibility in all the farming processes. But the role of a wife being a partner of
her husband in farming does not excuse herself from devoting extra amount of
time and energy in doing household chores because no one will accomplish this
work for her family. This become a “double burden of work” for women.

In contrast to this, urban areas

where industrialization and
modernization take place and the
need for a labor force increase, a clear
distinction between productive and
 women are confined to the
private concerns of the HOME
and FAMILY
 outside work are extensions
of their domestic functions

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reproductive divide can be observed. In towns and cities, mostly men work in the
public sphere and women remain in the private sphere performing the household
chores and child care. It is because the nature of work in some industrial societies
are suited only for men, who are capable of working intensively for a long period
of time each day including overtime.

The Concept of Production and Reproduction

Production generally refers to the organization of production of goods and

services through the market or through the public sector as commodities (or
possibly as public goods such as roads or telecommunications infrastructure) in
the economy. At the national level, this is measured by the Gross National
Product (GNP), the total quantity of goods and services produced in a country, a
measure that can be determined reasonably accurately.

Production is patriarchal in nature and occur in economic realm. It is

dominated mostly by men who are employed and part of the labor force, thus
receiving salary for their family. Their work is focusing on the production of goods
and service for household and business consumption.

Consequently, finding a descent and high paying job as well as profitable

business among men seems a pressure in their part as a success object. Men
are expected to provide status and security for their partners. They work under
constant fear and tension as they strive for promotion and success. However,
earning for a living is not just for men, women are capable also of working in the
production sphere. The fact that more women graduated from college, it suggests
that they have better opportunity in employment. It’s just that women begin only to
join in the labor force after their child bearing and rearing age because having a
family and being pregnant for women means staying at home until the child is
capable enough to be lift at home under the guidance of a housemaid or trusted
relatives.

Reproduction means "producing again" or "making a copy." Likewise,

reproduction is the action or process of copying something
(https://www.lexico.com, 2020). Thus, discussion on reproduction encompasses
women as biological being, the only sex that bears a child; and women as a social
status, occupying a particular social structure in the society.

Reproduction as a biological function of woman includes childbearing,

childbirth, breastfeeding, and childcare which are predominantly done by the
females. To bear a child is the special and distinctive role of a woman to create
continuity in the existence of human race. Men as a husband also have a role to
play in the reproductive divide, these are giving supports to his wife during the
pregnancy and sharing a responsibility in rearing a child.

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In sociology, this concept of reproduction is use with reference to the social realm
called social reproduction -denoting reproduction as matriarchal in nature.
Social reproduction refers to the set of processes by which the classes in
an unequal society tend to replicate their status from one generation to the next
and to the way various social institutions such as education, politics, and the
economy tend to ensure such replication (Clark & Carter, 2020). Mostly, social
reproduction occurs in the household, in the form of time and energy spent in
taking care of oneself and the family. Some also take place in public
institutions such as schools and hospitals.

Social reproduction on the household realm remains essential but usually

unpaid activities such as cooking and cleaning, child care, care of the sick and
elderly and community-based activities. These provisions of basic household
goods and services are made invisible and ultimately considered as non-work. As
a response to this misconception of work, the concept of care economy has been
developed to create social reproduction as a meaningful social activity. Even
though, most activities under the care economy are performed within the
domestic sphere, in some public and private institutions such as schools,
hospitals, and restaurants services are paid.

In the contemporary world, there is a reciprocal in the gender role between

men and women, the concept of “House Husband” came into existence where
men assume the responsibilities women inside the house and women assume the
responsibility as a provider to her family. This happens in the case when the wife
work in abroad, while leaving the family and child care for the husband. This
phenomenon is not just all about the exchange of responsibilities, but a significant
change that proves a complementary role of women and men as a household
managers and part of the social system functioning for the fulfillment of the family
as a basic social institution.
Suggested Readings:

'Production' and 'reproduction' in feminism: Ideas, perspectives and concepts. By

Lingam, L. & Paltasingh, T. (June 2014). DOI: 10.1177/2277975214523665.
Access:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671479_'Production'_and_'Reprodu
ction'_in_Feminism_Ideas_Perspectives_and_Concepts

Assess

Name ___________________________________ Score ______________

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Section _________________________________ Date _______________

ESSAY
1. How does sexual division of labor complement and separate men and
women from their economic roles?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the productive and reproductive divide that you can observe in
your family.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Can the males do other reproductive functions performed by the females?

Justify your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 LESSON 5.2
Gender Issues and Concerns in the Workplace

Lesson Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you should have:

1. explained gender issues and concerns affecting women and men in
the workplace; and
2. Identified factors that contributed to issues affecting women and
men in the workplace.

Activate

Instruction: Take a look at the picture.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=trafficking+in+persons+philippines

Question: Choose 1 question from the picture and write your answer below.

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_________________________________________________________________
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Introduction

Illegal acts such as harassment in the workplace and human trafficking as

well as labor laws and issuances that protect them will be the focus of this lesson.
It is hoped that through the discussions here, you will come to realize your own
full desirable potential as a man or a woman who will help accelerate growth for
sustainable development of the Philippine economy.

Acquire

LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION

The World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Gender Report 2018 rank the
Philippines to 8th place as the top-performing countries in closing the gender gap.
The country’s ranking is cause by gender equality in education and the narrowing
gap in health. However, it is also noted that the country still needs to resolve the
gender gap in economic opportunities and political empowerment.

The Philippine Statistics Authority conducts a quarterly Labor Force

Survey (LFS) to 51,000 sample households nationwide. The date below
explained gender gap in Labor Force Participation in the Philippines.

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Employment Dynamics of Men and Women

The table below shows the selected labor market indicators by gender (%).

Male Female
Indicator
2007 2017 2007 2017

Share of college graduates in the working-age population 9.5 10.2 13.9 14.8
Labor force participation rate 78.8 76.2 49.3 46.2
Employment to working-age population ratio 72.9 71.6 45.9 43.8
Unemployment rate 7.5 6.0 7.0 5.2
Underemployment rate 24.2 19.7 16.6 14.7
Share of part-time workers 37.4 35.0 38.6 35.0
Share of workers in vulnerable employment 41.9 31.4 46.1 38.1
Share of low-paid employees 21.3 18.3 34.7 28.6
Source: Explaining the Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation in the Philippines. Japan Labor
Issues, vol.3, no.17.

From the table, the following may be concluded:

 Women, on the average, are better educated than men, but they appear to
be less likely to become employed and, if employed, more prone to poorer
working conditions.

 Women’s labor force participation rate is lower than that of men. It seems
that despite being more educated, women still find household or non-
market activities more valuable than doing paid work.

 The lower unemployment rate of women may suggest that if women do

decide to join the labor market, they would likely find a job more quickly.

 Underemployment rate of women is lower than that of men. It implies that

the larger share of women obtains jobs with adequate working hours.

 The number of both gender working in vulnerable employment decrease

but the share of women is still higher than men. Similar can be observed
with the share of low-paid employees: female wage- and salary-workers
appear to be more prone to receiving low wages.

Summary:

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 The result suggests that gender roles still appear to greatly influence the
decision to do market work: men assume the role of providing for the family
financially and women assume the role of doing domestic duties.

Time Out 1
Apply

Based on the Filipino culture, is it possible to eliminate gender gap in the labor
force? Support you answer.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE

Harassment is a form of discrimination. It includes any unwanted physical

or verbal behavior that offends or humiliates you. Generally, harassment is a
behavior that persists over time. Serious one-time incidents can also sometimes
be considered harassment (Canadian Human Rights Commission, 2020).
Enright (2020) define Harassment as verbal or physical conduct that
denigrates or shows hostility or aversion toward an individual because of that
person's (or that person's relatives', friends', or associates') race, skin color,
religion, gender, national origin, age, or disability, and that:
 has the purpose or effect of creating an intimidating, hostile, or
offensive work environment

 has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with the

individual's work performance

 otherwise adversely affects the individual's employment opportunities

Harassing conduct includes:

 epithets; slurs; negative stereotyping; or threatening, intimidating, or
hostile acts that relate to race, color, religion, gender, national origin, age,

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 or disability (including jokes or pranks that are hostile or demeaning with
regard to race, color, religion, gender, national origin, age, or disability).

 written or graphic material that denigrates or shows hostility or aversion

toward an individual or group because of race, color, religion, gender,
national origin, age, or disability and that is displayed on walls, bulletin
boards, or other locations on your premises or circulated in the workplace.
11 Types of Workplace Harassment
Katie Yahnke, a Marketing Writer at i-sight.com identified 11 Types of
Workplace Harassment.
1. Discriminatory Harassment- All unlawful workplace harassment is
discriminatory in nature; however, discriminatory harassment is
directed towards a particular social class and status. Discriminatory
harassment takes several forms:
A. Racial Harassment- discriminatory harassment based on
a person’s race, ethnicity, customs, beliefs, clothing, skin
color, ancestry, origin country or citizenship.

Racial harassment often looks like:

a. racial slurs
b. racial insults
c. racial jokes
d. degrading comments
e. disgust
f. Intolerance of differences

B. Gender Harassment- discriminatory behavior towards a

person gender. It is usually a negative gender
stereotype about men and women.

Some examples are:

a. A male nurse faces harassment for having what is
perceived as a woman’s job.
b. A female banker hits the glass ceiling and taunted for
not being “leader material.”
c. A male colleague displays material (comics, posters)
that’s degrading to women.

C. Religious Harassment- discriminatory harassment based

on a person’s religious beliefs and practices.

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 An individual with a religion that differs from the “norm” of the
company may face workplace harassment or intolerance in a
variety of ways:
a. Intolerance toward religious holidays
b. Cruel religious jokes
c. Intolerance toward religious traditions
d. Degrading stereotypical comments
e. Intolerance toward religious customs
f. Pressures to convert religions

D. Disability-Based Harassment- discriminatory

harassment based on a person’s
disability.

Example of Disability-Based Harassment:

a. Suffer from a disability themselves
b. Are acquainted with a disabled person or people
c. Use disability services (sick leave or workers’ comp)
d. A person with a disability may experience harassment
in the form of harmful teasing, patronizing
comments, refusals to reasonably accommodate or
isolation.

E. Sexual Orientation-Based Harassment- discriminatory

harassment based on a person’s sexual orientation
(heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual, etc.).

For example: A homosexual man may face harassment on a

construction site whereas a heterosexual man may be teased
for working in a salon.

F. Age-Based Harassment- discriminatory harassment

based on a person’s age. Usually, this harassment occurs if
the person is the youngest among workers. Thus, he/she
may be treated as novice attributed to lack of experience.

A person facing age-based harassment might be:

a. Teased and insulted
b. Left out of activities or meetings
c. Unfairly criticized

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 2. Personal Harassment- It is the basic form of workplace harassment
and it’s not illegal but can be damaging nevertheless.

Examples of Personal Harassment includes:

a. Inappropriate comments
b. Personal humiliation
c. Ostracizing behaviors
d. Offensive jokes
e. Critical remarks
f. Intimidation tactics

3. Physical Harassment-It is also often called workplace violence, in

which involves physical attacks or threats. In extreme cases, it may be
classified as assault.

Examples of Physical Harassment:

a. Direct threats of intent to inflict harm
b. Physical attacks (hitting, shoving, kicking)
c. Threatening behavior (shaking fists angrily)
d. Destroying property to intimidate

4. Power Harassment- It is a common form of workplace harassment

that’s characterized by a power disparity between the harasser and the
harassed.

In many cases, the harasser is a supervisor or manager who

victimizes the subordinates through power tripping.

Examples of Power Harassment:

a. Excessive demands that are impossible to meet
b. Demeaning demands far below the employee’s
capability
c. Intrusion into the employee’s personal life

5. Psychological Harassment- It is a form of harassment which has

a negative impact on a person’s psychological well-being as a person and
as a professional.
The damage to a victim’s psychological well-being often creates a
domino effect, impacting their physical health, social life and work life.
Examples of Psychological Harassment:
a. Isolating or denying the victim’s presence
b. Belittling or trivializing the victim’s thoughts
c. Discrediting or spreading rumors about the victim

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 d. Opposing or challenging everything the victim says

6. Cyberbullying- Employers are embracing new technology in order to

appeal to younger employees and reap the benefits of a digitally connected
world.
Cyberbullying and online harassment takes place in social media and other
digital platforms of communication. These are a serious concern for
employers.
Examples of Online Harassment:
a. Share humiliating things about the victim by mass
email or mass chat
b. Spread lies or gossip about the victim on social media
c. Send harassing instant messages or text messages
directly to the victim

7. Retaliation- It occurs when a person harasses someone else to get

revenge and to prevent the victim from behaving in such a way again.
This type of harassment typically has three parts:
a. Employee A files a complaint about Employee B.
b. Employee B finds out about the complaint and who
made it.
c. Employee B harasses Employee A to get revenge
and deter them from filing further complaints.

Employee B, in this case, would be harassing Employee

A as retaliation.

8. Sexual Harassment- It is a harassment that is sexual in nature and

generally includes unwanted sexual advances, conduct or behavior.

Examples of Sexual Harassment:

a. Sharing sexual photos (pornography)
b. Inappropriate sexual touching
c. Posting sexual posters
d. Inappropriate sexual gestures
e. Sexual comments, jokes, questions
f. Invading personal space in a sexual way

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 9. Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment- Quid pro quo, translated to “this for
that”, is a type of exchange-based sexual harassment.
Examples of Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment
In exchange for romantic or sexual services, the victim may:
a. Receive a job offer
c. Receive a raise
e. Avoid a demotion
b. Receive a promotion
d. Receive opportunities
f. Avoid termination

10. Third Party Harassment- A type of workplace harassment that’s

perpetrated by a “third party” – someone from outside of the organization.
Victims are often young adults in “low-status” or “low-power” jobs.
Their position in the company, their lack of experience and their
reluctance to cause a scene make them ideal victims.

11. Verbal Harassment- It is a harassment committed by someone who is

angry or disappointed. This can lead to verbal abuse and it is damaging to
person self-image since it goes unnoticed and unresolved.
Examples of Verbal Harassment:
Obvious verbal harassment behaviors include things like
threatening, yelling, insulting or cursing at a victim in public or in
private.

Time Out 2
Apply

Among the types of harassment in the workplace, which do you think is the
most common and considered as the most threatening? Explain.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING

The United Nations defines human trafficking as: “The recruitment,

transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of exploitation.”

Trafficking in person is consider nowadays as a modern-day slavery and a

violation against human rights. It is one of the major problems face by every
nation around the world. Trafficking can occur within a country or may involve
movement across borders. Transnational trafficking is an organize crime involving
foreigners and Filipino counterpart syndicate. The role of the local syndicate is to
recruit, promising the victims of a good job opportunity abroad while the
foreigners are in-charged of illegal transportations. Based on the report of the
Philippine National Police Commission, Filipinos are trafficked to countries of
Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Middle East countries, Malaysia,
Brunei, Kuwait, Italy, USA, Taiwan, Jordan and countries within Europe.
According to United Nations (2014), women, men and children are trafficked for a
range of purposes, including forced and exploitative labour in factories, farms and
private households, sexual exploitation, and forced marriage.

The root cause of human trafficking includes poverty, homelessness,

structural or interpersonal violence, gender identity, insecurity related to armed
conflict, or economic inequality (https://combathumantrafficking.org, 2020). Thus,
many Filipinos are victims of this crime because they attract to recruitment for job
placement in search of a high paying job.

Types of Human Trafficking

The International Criminal Police Organization have identified 5 types of

Human Trafficking.

1. Trafficking for forced labor

This type of trafficking requires the victim to work in a harsh

condition by means of enticement, violence, intimidation or threat and use
of force or coercion with no way out of the situation.

Victims can be engaged in agricultural, mining, fisheries or

construction work, along with domestic servitude and other labour-
intensive jobs.

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 2. Trafficking for forced criminal activities

This type of trafficking used the victims to carry out criminal

activities to generate income.

These can include theft, drug cultivation, selling counterfeit goods,

or forced begging. Victims often have quotas and can face severe
punishment if they do not perform adequately.

3. Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation

This prevalent type of trafficking makes women and children coming

from developing countries more vulnerable. Most of the victims are lured
by promises of decent employment into leaving their homes and travelling
to what they consider will be a better life.

Victims are often provided with false travel documents and an

organized network is used to transport them to the destination country,
where they find themselves forced into sexual exploitation and held in
inhumane conditions and constant terror.

4. Trafficking for the removal of organs

This type of trafficking is considered a lucrative crime. Victims are

recruited for organ extraction making their lives at risk as operations may
be carried out secretly with no medical follow-up. The removed organ will
be transplanted to a desperate patient who paid large amount of money to
the traffickers in exchange of finding a potential donor.

5. People smuggling

Smuggling is closely connected to human trafficking as many illegal

and even legal migrants are victim of forced labor in other countries.
Smugglers may force migrants to work in cruel conditions to pay for their
illegal passage across borders.

Suggested Readings:

RA 9208 as amended through RA 10364 (see Appendix)

145
Explaining the Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation in the Philippines by
Epetia, M. C. (2019). Japan Labor Issues, vol.3, no.17. Access:
https://www.jil.go.jp/english/jli/documents/2019/017-04.pdf

Gender equality in the labor market in the Philippines by the Asian Development
Bank (2013). Access:
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31194/gender-equality-labor-
market-philippines.pdf

Trafficking in Human Beings from the Philippines: A Survey of Government

Experts and Law Enforcement Case Files by the National Police Commission
(n.d.). Access:
https://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/human_trafficking/Exec_Summary_NAPOLCOM
.pdf

Assess

Name ___________________________________ Score ______________

Section _________________________________ Date _______________

TEST I. ENUMERATION

1. What do you think are the top 3 reasons why there is a gender gap in the
workplace?
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Harassment happens in the workplace. Who do you think are the victims of
this harassment? List down three.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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3. What do you think are the top 3 reasons why people become victims of human
trafficking?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Name ___________________________________ Score ______________

Section _________________________________ Date _______________

TEST II. ESSAY

1. How is poverty related to a high case of human trafficking in the country?

2. How can you help narrow down, if not eradicate, gender gap in the labor force?

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2. From the preceding discussion, it was stressed that harassment in the
workplace is detrimental both to the person and the organization. Can you
suggest ways on how to stop harassment in the workplace? Write your
suggestions in the box.

Name ___________________________________ Score ______________

Section _________________________________ Date _______________

TEST III. Slogan Making

Instruction: Create a campaign slogan to support the fight against human
trafficking.
A slogan is a memorable motto or phrase used in a clan, political,
commercial, religious, and other context as a repetitive expression of an idea or
purpose, with the goal of persuading members of the public or a more defined
target group. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as "a short and
striking or memorable phrase used in advertising." A slogan usually has the
attributes of being memorable, very concise and appealing to the audience
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan#cite_note-1).

NOTE: Write your campaign slogan inside the scroll. Be creative.

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 References

Canadian Human Rights Commission (2020). What is harassment? Retrieved

July 23, 2020 from https://www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca/eng/content/what-
harassment-1

Enright, M. (2020). Identifying and preventing harassment in your workplace.

Retrieved July 21, 2020 from https://www.bizfilings.com/toolkit/research-
topics/office-hr/identifying-and-preventing-harassment-in-your-workplace

Epetia, M. C. (2019). Explaining the gender gap in labor force participation in the
Philippines. Japan Labor Issues, vol.3, no.17. Retrieved July 20, 2020 from
https://www.jil.go.jp/english/jli/documents/2019/017-04.pdf

International Criminal Police organization (n.d.) Types of human trafficking.

Retrieved July 24, 2020 from https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Human-
trafficking/Types-of-human-trafficking

Laboratory to Combat Human Trafficking (2020). Human trafficking: A human

rights violation. Retrieved July 24, 2020 from
https://combathumantrafficking.org/2018/12/human-trafficking-human-
rights-violation/

National Statistics Office (n.d.) Technical notes on the labor force survey.
Retrieved July 18, 2020 from http://www.psa.gov.ph/article/technical-
notes-labor-force-survey2012-08-16-1659

United Nations (2014). Human rights and human trafficking. Fact Sheet No. 36.
Retrieved July 25, 2020 from
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS36_en.pdf

Yahnke. K. (January 17th, 2018). 11 Types of Workplace Harassment (and How

to StopThem). Retrieved July 19, 2020 from
https://i-sight.com/resources/11-types-of-workplace-harassment-and-how-
to-stop-them/

https://sf-hrc.org. (n.d.) What is human trafficking? Retrieved July 23, 2020 from
https://sf-hrc.org/what-human-trafficking#What%20is

https://www.google.com/search?q=trafficking+in+persons+philippines

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