1.

Purity:
 Meaning: The quality or state of being pure, uncontaminated, or untainted. It can
refer to the absence of impurities, pollutants, or elements that would diminish the
quality of something.
2. Sheer Bulk:
 Meaning: The sheer size or volume of something, emphasizing its vastness,
magnitude, or quantity. It highlights the overwhelming or impressive nature of a
mass without necessarily considering its specific characteristics.
3. Stratum (Plural: Strata):
 Meaning: A layer or level of a substance, often one of several parallel layers. In a
figurative sense, it can describe social or economic classes, each considered as
distinct layers within a society.
4. To Transplant:
 Meaning: To transfer or move something, such as a plant, organ, or idea, from
one place to another. It involves relocating an entity to a different environment
or context.
5. Stratification:
 Meaning: The process or result of arranging or forming layers or strata. It can also
refer to the division of a society into different social classes based on various
factors like wealth, power, or education.
6. Maritime:
 Meaning: Relating to the sea or navigation on the sea. It describes anything
associated with maritime activities, such as maritime law, maritime trade, or the
maritime climate.
7. Plunder:
 Meaning: The act of looting, robbing, or stealing valuables, typically during a war
or conflict. It can also be used more broadly to describe the act of taking goods
by force or through illegal means.
8. Trapper:
 Meaning: An individual engaged in trapping, which involves capturing wild
animals, usually for their fur. Historically, trappers played a significant role in the
fur trade.
9. Vernacular:
 Meaning: The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular
region or country, as opposed to the formal or literary language. It encompasses
the everyday speech or writing of a community.
10.. Comment on the words of George Bernard Shaw: George Bernard
Shaw, an Irish playwright and critic, was known for his wit and sharp
observations. Without specifying a particular quote, I can speak in
general about his often satirical and thought-provoking remarks. Shaw's
words were crafted with precision, challenging societal norms and
promoting critical thinking. His plays, essays, and wit addressed various
social issues, making audiences reflect on their beliefs and values.
 Shaw's contribution to literature lies not just in his creative works but
also in his ability to use language as a tool for social commentary.
11.2. How did it happen that the language brought by Pilgrims from
the "Mayflower" hardly represented English? The Pilgrims who
arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 spoke a form of English that was
influenced by the Elizabethan English of the late 16th and early 17th
centuries. Over time, as these early settlers established themselves in the
New World, their language evolved independently from the changes
happening in England. The isolation, the need to adapt to a new
environment, interactions with Native American languages, and contact
with diverse groups of settlers led to linguistic changes. As a result, the
language brought by the Pilgrims gradually diverged from the evolving
English spoken in their homeland, forming what would become
American English.
12.3. What's the origin of the word 'yankee'? The origin of the word
"Yankee" is uncertain, but it likely has Dutch origins. In the 17th century,
Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam (present-day New York) referred to
English colonists as "Jan Kees," a common name combined with a Dutch
diminutive. Over time, this term may have evolved into "Yankee." During
the American Revolutionary War, the British used "Yankee" as a
derogatory term for American colonists. However, Americans eventually
embraced the term, and it became a colloquial name for residents of the
United States.
13.4. What was the reason for borrowings from Native Americans?
Early European settlers in North America, including the Pilgrims and
subsequent waves of immigrants, often encountered Native American
tribes and their languages. The need for survival, trade, and cultural
exchange led to a mutual borrowing of words and concepts. Native
American languages contributed words related to flora, fauna,
geography, and cultural practices. English, in turn, borrowed words like
"canoe," "tomahawk," "moccasin," and many others. This linguistic
exchange reflects the intercultural interactions between Native
Americans and European settlers during the early years of colonization.
14. Canoe: A word borrowed from the Arawakan languages. Canoes were essential
watercraft for many Native American tribes and became integral to the water
transportation systems used by early European settlers.
15. Tomahawk: Derived from the Powhatan Algonquian word "tamahaac." A
tomahawk is a type of axe or hatchet that was traditionally used by Native
Americans and later adopted by European settlers.
 16. Moccasin: From the Algonquian word "mockasin." Moccasins are soft,
comfortable shoes or slippers originally made from animal hides, commonly worn
by Native American tribes.
17. Squash: Derived from the Narragansett word "askútasquash." Squash is a type of
vegetable that was cultivated by Native American tribes and later introduced to
European settlers.
18. Totem: Derived from the Ojibwe word "odoodem" or the Algonquian word
"totem." Totems are carved symbols representing animals, plants, or other natural
elements, often with cultural or spiritual significance.
19. Powwow: From the Narragansett word "pau wau," meaning a gathering or
spiritual ceremony. A powwow is a Native American gathering or celebration that
involves singing, dancing, and socializing.
20. Wigwam: Derived from the Algonquian word "wīkwām." A wigwam is a dome-
shaped dwelling traditionally used by some Native American tribes, often made
from poles and covered with bark or hides.
21. Papoose: Derived from the Narragansett word "papoos." A papoose is a Native
American term for a baby or young child. It is also used to describe a traditional
baby carrier used by some tribes.

These borrowed words highlight the significant influence of Native American cultures on
the early European settlers and the integration of indigenous knowledge and practices
into the English language