Week 1

Introduction to
Agriculture and
Fisheries
Reynaldo N. Regucera
nursery
Nursery, place where plants are grown
for transplanting, for use as stock for
budding and grafting, or for sale.
Commercial nurseries produce and distribute woody
and herbaceous plants, including ornamental trees,
shrubs, and bulb crops.

While most nursery-grown plants are ornamental,

the nursery business also includes fruit plants and
certain perennial vegetables used in home gardens

https://www.britannica.com/science/arboriculture
Preparing nursery tools, farm
implements, and simple
equipment rowing Media
A. Digging Tools
Digging
• Digging the legitimate opening is
a significant piece of planting.
With shallow or too little
openings, you would rather not
choke out the roots or smother
the plant’s development.
Garden beds, along these lines,
give exceptional outcomes in
profound openings.
 TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Spade
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Spade
Used in cultivation, terracing,
contouring, and aid in such tasks as
drainage and more

First of all, a spade has a short handle that is

usually about 4 feet (1 m.) long and a flattened,
rectangular blade as opposed to a shovel’s
scooped blade.

Used for light cultivation not earth moving, and

the shape of the blade helps cut sod, reshape
beds and digging out deeper planting holes
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Shovel
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Shovel
• a tool with a long
handle that is
used for lifting
and moving earth,
coal.
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Hoe
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Hoe
•a long-handled
gardening tool
with a thin metal
blade, used
mainly for
weeding and
breaking up soil:
 TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Gardening Fork
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Gardening Fork
• Designed with several
sturdy tines, it is used
for loosening compacted
soil, breaking up clumps,
and turning over soil.
• The fork is particularly
useful for aerating the
soil and incorporating
organic matter like
mulch or compost
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Trowel
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Trowel
• a small handheld tool
with a pointed blade
and it is ideal for
precision work such
as digging small holes
for planting seeds or
seedlings, removing
weeds, and
transplanting delicate
plants
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Axe
Pick
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Pick Axe
• Pick axes consist of a shaft
with a strong two-pronged
metal head, the two long
working heads consist of one
flat and one spike pick, also
effective at digging the hard
and compacted ground.

• It swinging action of the

pickaxe can generate a lot of
force and focus it onto a
small area.
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Bar
Digging
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Digging Bar
• These digging bars enable
you to loosen tightly
rubble by exposing soft
gaps and prising them
open with mechanical
leverage, digging bars
with sharp edges are also
perfect for cutting
through roots and
splitting buried masonry.
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Mattock
•an agricultural
tool shaped like a
pickax, with an
adze and a chisel
edge as the ends
of the head.
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Knife
Digging
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS
Digging Knife
“hori-hori”
• tool for weeding,
transplanting, cutting
sod, and dividing
plants. Some garden
knives have a ruler
etched into the steel
that is useful for
measuring depths
when planting bulbs or
seeds.
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Post
Hole
Digger
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Post Hole
Digger
• As the name suggests, a post-
hole digger is designed
specifically for digging deep,
narrow holes for fence post,
tree planting or signposts.

• It consists of two long handles

with sharp, scooped blades at
the bottom, by thrusting the
blades into the ground and
squeezing the handles, the soil
is lifted out, creating a hole.
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Auger
Planting
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Planting Auger
• An auger, which is one of
the types of digging tools,
is a drill-like tool used to
bore large and deeper
holes in the ground.
• Commonly powered by
electricity, gasoline, or
manual force. This auger is
particularly useful for
digging holes for tree
planting, installing large
plants, or creating post
holes in hard soil or clay
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Shovel
Folding
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Tillers
Power
TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

Power Tillers
•a walking tractor
widely used for
rotary or revolving
cultivation in wet
puddle soil
Rake
Dull bolo
Dull bolo
•Used mainly for digging
roots and weeding
gardens, approximating
the functions of a
garden hoe
Sharp
Bolo
Used for cutting tall
grasses and weeds and
chopping branches of
trees
Preparing nursery tools, farm
implements, and simple
equipment rowing Media
B. Propagation Tools
PROPAGATION TOOLS

tools
Propagation
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Plant Propagation
• Plant propagation is the
process by which new plants
grow from various sources,
including seeds, cuttings, and
other plant parts. Plant
propagation can refer to
both man-made or natural
dispersal of seeds
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Propagation Dome
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Propagation Dome
• By creating a greenhouse-like
environment, they help retain moisture,
maintain consistent humidity levels,
and provide a stable temperature for
optimal germination and early growth.
• The increased humidity and stable
conditions created by the dome have
significantly improved germination
rates and overall growth
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Knife
Grafting
PROPAGATION TOOLS
Grafting/Garden
Knife
• Grafting knives are
pointed to enable you to
pry open the tissues and
line up the cambium
layers when grafting.

• ..preparing cuttings, but

either way it has to be
sharp
 PROPAGATION TOOLS

Pruning tools
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Pruning tools
• “Pruning” means the
precise cutting back of
infected, dead, or
dangerous branches or
stems from respective
plants
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Bonsai
Scissors
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Bonsai Scissors
• They are designed
specifically for
trimming and shaping
bonsai trees with
precision and care.
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Tray
Seed

Tamper
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Dibble
Dibber/
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Steel

Sieve
Garden
 PROPAGATION TOOLS

Set
PROPAGATION TOOLS

Markers and
LAbels
Seeder
pots
Sprouting
tray
PROPAGATION TOOLS
Harvesting
Tools
Sickle
Scythe
Used for mowing grass or
reaping crops
Fruit Harvest Blade with
Nylon Net
Secateurs
Curved
Knife
Reaper
Measuring
Tools
Tape
Measure
Tape Measure
• Use in Agriculture: Tape measures are
commonly used for measuring distances,
dimensions, and lengths in the field.
• Example: Farmers may use a tape measure
to measure the spacing between rows of
crops or to mark the distance for planting
seeds at specific intervals.
Ruler
Ruler
• Use in Agriculture: Similar to tape
measures, rulers are used for
measuring lengths and dimensions,
especially for smaller objects.
• Example: Agricultural researchers
might use rulers to measure the size of
leaves, insects, or other small
components relevant to their studies
Rope
rope
• Use in Agriculture: Ropes are versatile
tools in agriculture and can be used for
various purposes, such as marking
boundaries, tying plants for support, or
measuring irregularly shaped areas.
• Example: Farmers might use a rope to
create a perimeter for a designated planting
area or to provide support for climbing
plants like tomatoes
Stopwatch
• Use in Agriculture: Stopwatches are crucial
for timing various agricultural operations,
including irrigation, pesticide application, or
the duration of specific farming activities.
• Example: Precision farming practices may
involve using a stopwatch to time the
duration of irrigation to ensure optimal
water application
Weigh Balance
• Use in Agriculture: Weigh balances are
employed to measure the weight of
agricultural products, seeds, fertilizers, and
other materials.
• Example: Farmers may use a weigh balance
to measure the quantity of seeds before
planting, ensuring accurate seed placement
and optimal plant density
Soil
Moisture
Meter
Soil Moisture Meter
• Use: Measures the moisture content in the
soil, aiding in irrigation management and water
conservation.
• How it is Used in Agriculture: Farmers use soil
moisture meters to determine the moisture
content at different soil depths. For example, a
farmer might insert a soil moisture meter
probe into the soil and measure the moisture
level before deciding when and how much to
irrigate a particular crop
Ph Meter
pH meter
• Use: Determines the acidity or alkalinity of the
soil, crucial for optimizing nutrient availability
to plants. How it is Used in Agriculture: A pH
meter is crucial for assessing soil acidity or
alkalinity. Farmers collect soil samples, mix
them with water, and use a pH meter to
measure the pH level. Depending on the
results, they can make informed decisions
about which crops are best suited for the soil
or adjust pH through soil amendments
Anemometer
Anemometer
• Use: Measures wind speed, assisting in
assessing the risk of wind damage and
optimizing pesticide and herbicide applications.
• How it is Used in Agriculture: Farmers utilize
anemometers to measure wind speed. For
example, when applying pesticides or
fertilizers via aerial or ground application,
knowing the wind speed helps avoid drift,
ensuring that the application is targe
Farm implements
and simple
equipment
Water Pump
• A water pump is used to move water
from one place to another. There are
many different types of water pumps,
but the one most commonly used in
agriculture is the centrifugal pump.
This type of pump uses a rotating
impeller to draw water from a well or
other source and then force it out
under pressure
Hand
Tractor
Hand Tractor
• The hand tractor is a self-propelled
machine used for plowing, harrowing,
and leveling of field. It is designed to
pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural machinery and implements.

• Compared to animals/human, it is more

efficient and can perform better. It is
also suitable in both wet and dry soil
condition. Moreover, this multi-purpose
farm machinery can be used especially
for transport and hauling of farm
inputs.
Hand Tractor
• Feature:
• Operates in harder condition than
animal or human
• Suitable in both wet and dry soil
condition
• Fairly simple mechanical design
• Multi-purpose vehicle especially for
transport and hauling of farm inputs
plowing
• Plowing is one of the most important soil
management practices, used for centuries to create a
straight, grained, structural, and moist sowing layer.
Plowing is a simple, but effective farm practice that
cuts, granulates, and inverts the soil, creating furrows
and ridges. Depending on the depth and time of
plowing there a few types of plowing, including:
• Very shallow plowing
• Shallow plowing
• Pre-sowing plowing
• Undermining
Moldboard Plow
Moldboard Plow
• wing-shaped plow that
consists of a large curved
bottom attached to a frame;
it slices and inverts a layer of
soil leaving a rough soil
surface
Disk PLow
Disk PLow
• mounted large steel disks
cut through the soil turning
it over, in some cases they
break furrow slices
Ridge Plow
Ridge Plow
• consists of double
wings that raise the
soil into a furrow;
used for creating
ridges for particular
crops, such as
potatoes
• Switch plow; consists of a rectangular shaped plow body; used for the
plowing of light and medium soils

• Chisel plow; used for deeper tillage for loosening and aerating the
Unlike other plows, the chisel plow doesn’t invert or turn the soil
Sub-Soil Plow
• plows to a depth of 45- 75 cm and
breaks up the compacted layers of
soil without turning over the soil
Types of Plows According to
the Number of Furrows

• Single furrow plow

• Double furrow plow
• Multiple furrow plow
Harrowing
Harrowing
• A harrow is a farm implement that
farmers use to break up and level soil
before planting crops. It’s a crucial tool
that helps to create an ideal growing
environment for crops, and it’s been
used for centuries in agriculture.
Benefits of Using a Harrow in
Farming
1. Improved Soil Structure
2. Enhanced Water
Absorption
3. Weed Control
4. Cost Effective soil
Preparation
sprayer
Agricultural
Sprayers are the
equipment used for
applying liquid
substances to
plants.
Hand Operated
Sprayers
(backpack
sprayer)
Hand Operated Sprayers
(backpack sprayer)
• A backpack sprayer is a
hand-operated sprayer
carried on the
applicator’s back.
• These hand-operated
sprayers are for small
plant treatments or
small farm applications.
• It involves applying water or liquid chemicals in a small land area.
• Hand operated sprayer works through an air pump.
• The pump compresses air into the tanks and pressurizes the
liquid content.
• The spray pattern from the nozzle increases with a higher
pressure.
• Once the pressure in the sprayer decreases, the spray pattern is
slow.
• The applicator must pump the air before continuing to spray.
• The tank size of these types of sprayers can be up to ten liters
and operate at low pressures of 350 kilopascals or less.
• The backpack sprayer has a tank capacity as large as 20 liters, a
hand lever, and a spray nozzle.
 It is good for spraying It can also be used for
Advantages of hand- It is cheap, portable, and crops like paddy, cotton, spraying pesticides for a
operated sprayers convenient to use. and rhubarb when they garden or for indoor
are smaller in height. cultivation of tomatoes
and other varieties.

This low pressure makes

Hand-operated and
Disadvantages of hand- them slow and inefficient
backpack sprayers work
operated sprayers enough to use on large
with low pressures.
farms.
Tractor
Mounted
Sprayer
foggers
foggers
• You can use foggers to spray liquid pesticides in the form of air vapor.
• They are used in greenhouses or an area infested with a crop pest that
needs treatment.
• The electric motor of about 110-120 volt current serves as the power
source of foggers. Some of them use combustion engines powered by
petrol.
• Some larger foggers use a 12-volt horsepower electric motor.
• Their pumps operate at pressures up to 12,400 kilopascals with durable
spray power.
• Foggers are prone to drifting as a result of windy conditions.
• Meanwhile, the pesticides released in the form of vapor cause
environmental toxicity.