Module 1

The main energy level consists of sublevels of energy, with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle stating that
electrons are likely to be in an electron cloud, a region of negative charges surrounding the nucleus. Schrodinger's
Quantum Mechanical Model, which describes the electron cloud as a cloud of negative charges, also provides
information about electron energy and the principal energy levels.

Module 2
The modern periodic table organizes elements in such a way that information about the elements and their
properties are easier to understand and remember. For example, the vertical column of the periodic table is called
group, elements in the same group share common properties.

- At normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, covalent compounds may

exist in solid, liquid, or a gas, while ionic compounds exist only as crystalline
solids.
- ionic compounds generally have higher melting and boiling points while
covalent compounds have lower melting and boiling points.
- Ionic compounds are hard and brittle, while covalent compounds are soft and
flexible.
- Ionic compounds have high polarity, while covalent compounds have low
polarity.
- Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water, while covalent compounds
tend to be less soluble in water.
- Ionic compounds tend to be less flammable than covalent compounds.
- Ionic compounds conduct heat and electricity compared to covalent
compounds.

Module 3
 Module 4
Organic compounds are group of compounds that contain the element carbon and hydrogen.
-Organic compounds are divided into four types: hydrocarbons, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These
compounds perform various functions in living cells. While some are not polar particles, they often disintegrate in
water. Carbohydrates, such as sugar, are marginally polar and dissolve in water, while fats don't. However, fats
break down in other solvents like ethers. When in solution, these four types interact to form new compounds.
Carbohydrates are biochemicals made of simple sugar molecules, used as energy in living things. Lipids, such as
fats, oils, and waxes, are non-polar and store energy. Proteins, found in animal products and other sources, are
large, complex molecules essential for cell organization and regulation. Nucleic acids, also known as DNA and RNA,
are the main information-carrying molecules in cells, leading protein synthesis and controlling inherited
characteristics.

An inorganic compound is a compound that does not contain both carbon

and hydrogen.
-Inorganic compounds, which contain metals like alkali, alkaline, and transition, can conduct electricity. In the solid
stage, they are poor conductors, but in the liquid state, they are highly conductive, allowing electrons to move
freely. They are tightly held together due to ionic bonding, resulting in high melting and boiling points. Inorganic
compounds also have a distinctive color, often a color seen in firecrackers, due to the arrangement of 'd-block'
electrons. They are highly soluble in water, meaning they dissolve when dissolved. Additionally, inorganic
compounds can form crystals.

Module 5

Module 6
Alkanes. Alkanes are hydrocarbon
compounds where atoms only form
single bonds
with other carbon atoms.
Alkenes. Alkenes are hydrocarbon
compounds which have double
bonds between
carbon atoms.
Alkynes. Alkynes are hydrocarbon
compounds which have triple
bonds between
carbon atoms.
Hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are
organic compounds consisting
primarily of carbon
and hydrogen atoms.
Module 6
1) Molecular Formula
2) Empirical Formula - “simplest type of chemical
formula”
Example:
Molecular Formula of Glucose: C6H12O6
Empirical Formula of Glucose: CH2O
(Divide all subscripts by 6 to get the smallest, whole
number ratio.)
3) Structural Formula
a. Expanded Structural Formula- shows all the bonds
connected to all of the atoms within the compound.
b. Condensed Structural Formula- shows all the atoms
but omits some or all the vertical and horizontal
bonds, thus, making it easier to write in a single line.

Module 7
We know that the number of particles present
in 12 g of carbon is 6.02x1023.
This is known as Avogadro’s number. The
number of particles (atoms, molecules,
ions) is equal to Avogadro's number 6.02 x
1023 in honor of the scientist Amedeo
Avogadro.

Module 8