RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOURCE
Naiara Cayuela López

West Pomeranian University of Technology

2023-2024
Contents
1. HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLAR POWER PLANT ..................................................................................................... 2
A) CYCLE WITHOUT INTERNAL REGENERATION ................................................................................................ 2
MDM .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE ...................................................................................................................................... 4
TOLUEN .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
B) CYCLE WITH INTERNAL REGENRATION ......................................................................................................... 5
MDM .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE ...................................................................................................................................... 6
TOLUEN .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
C) SUPERCRITICAL CYCLE................................................................................................................................... 7
CYCLE A .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
CYCLE C .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
CYCLE B .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
2. LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT ........................................................................................ 10
∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 10 𝐾 .................................................................................................................................................. 10
∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 15 𝐾 .................................................................................................................................................. 11
∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 20 𝐾 .................................................................................................................................................. 12
∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 25 𝐾 .................................................................................................................................................. 12
∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 30 𝐾 .................................................................................................................................................. 13
∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 35 𝐾 .................................................................................................................................................. 13
GRAPHICS............................................................................................................................................................. 14

1
1. HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLAR POWER PLANT
A) CYCLE WITHOUT INTERNAL REGENERATION
In this first project we have to calculate the power of the power plant, the power of the turbine and the pump,
as well as the thermal efficiency and the flow rate of working fluid. All this must be calculated for 3 different
fluids.

W1-W2: Expansion in turbine

W2-W3: Isobaric in condenser

W3-W4: Compression in pump

W4-W5/W1: Isobaric heating and evaporation of the working fluid.

Pressure: Pw4 = Pw5 = Pw1; Pw2 = Pw3

Entropy: Sw3 = Sw4; Sw1 = Sw2

2
For the calculations to be carried out I have used the following data:

• Powe of solar receiver: 5000 kW

• Turbine inlet temperature: 260ºC
• Condensation temperature: 60ºC
• Internal turbine efficiency: 80%
• Internal pump efficiency: 70%

MDM
Entropy
Points Temperature (ºC) Pressure (Mpa) Enthalpy (kj/kg) Quality
(kj/kg*K)
1 260 0,88169 330,24 0,66893 1
2 194,54 0,0021901 231,95 0,66893 Superheated
3 50 0,0021901 -203,11 -0,54397 0
4 50,253 0,88169 -202 -0,54397 Subcooled
5 260 0,88169 246,82 0,51245 0

To calculate the following data, we use the following equations that we are going to use in all substances:
𝑁𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑇−𝑁𝑃
Thermal efficiency: 𝜂 = = ∙ 100
𝑇ℎ 𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑅

Power of turbine:𝑁𝑇 = 𝑚𝑛 ∙ (ℎ𝑤1 − ℎ𝑤2)𝜂𝑇

𝑚𝑤(ℎ𝑤4−ℎ𝑤3)
Power of =
𝑦𝑃
Pump:𝑁𝑃

𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑤(ℎ𝑤1 − ℎ𝑤4) so we can obtain the flowrate of working fluid from this equation

Qin 5000 kW

Flowrate of working
9,394258229 kg/s
fluid (Mw)
Thermal Efficiency
14,47585407 %
(Nth)
Power of turbine
738,6893131 Kw
(Nt)
Power of pump (Np) 14,89660948 kW

3
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE
Enthalpy Entropy
Points Temperature (ºC) Pressure (Mpa) Quality
(Kj/kg) (Kj/kg-K)
1 260 2,1217 600,17 1,2602 1
2 155,19 0,018436 425,48 1,2602 superheated
3 50 0,018436 -108,4 -0,31077 0
4 50,534 2,1217 -105,58 -0,31077 subcooled
5 260 2,1217 433,6 0,9478 0

Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of working
7,084661707 kg/s
fluid (Mw)
Thermal Efficiency
19,23109154 %
(Nth)
Power of turbine
990,0956429 Kw
(Nt)
Power of pump (Np) 28,54106574 kW

TOLUEN
Enthalpy Entropy
Points Temperature (ºC) Pressure (Mpa) Quality
(Kj/kg) (Kj/kg-K)
1 260 1,9282 566,77 1,1642 1
2 127,06 0,018436 389,39 1,1642 superheated
3 50 0,012288 -114,68 -0,32442 0
4 50,464 1,9282 -112,4 -0,32442 subcooled
5 260 1,9282 348,25 0,75431 0

Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of working
7,361927058 kg/s
fluid (Mw)
Thermal Efficiency
20,41416098 %
(Nth)
Power of turbine (Nt) 1044,686897 Kw
Power of pump (Np) 23,97884813 kW

4
 We can observe that the efficiency of the power plant change when the working fluid change. There is more
efficiency with toluene, then methylcyclohexane and finally MDM.

B) CYCLE WITH INTERNAL REGENRATION

For this part we have to calculate the same as in the previous case, using the same data as well, but we also have
to use an interna heat regenerator for the three fluids.

In the three fluids, for the actual calculation of the enthalpies od w4r and w2r we have to use the energy
balance equation and see which of the two produces more energy and thus calculate the new temperatures. In
all cases q4 > q2 so I calculate the new enthalpy of w4r and with it the new temperature.

W1-W2: Expansion in turbine

W2-W3: Isobaric in condenser

W3-W4: Compression in pump

W4-W5/w1: Isobaric heating and evaporation of the working fluid.

Pressure: Pw4 = Pw5 = Pw1; Pw3 = Pw2

5
Entropy: Sw3=Sw4; Sw1=Sw2

MDM
Enthalpy Entropy
Points Temperature (ºC) Pressure (Mpa) Quality
(Kj/kg) (Kj/kg-K)
W1 260 0,88169 330,24 0,66893 1
W2 199,11 0,003655 240,39 0,66893 Superheated
W2r 65,265 0,003655 14,273 0,10921 Superheated
W3 60 0,003655 -184,39 -0,48692 0
W4 60,265 0,88169 -183,26 -0,48692 Subcooled
W4r 172,5 0,88169 90,251 0,095685 Subcooled
W5 260 0,88169 246,82 0,51245 0

Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of
working fluid 20,83428824 kg/s
(Mw)
Thermal
70,26571429 %
Efficiency (Nth)
Power of turbine
1497,568639 Kw
(Nt)
Power of pump
33,63249387 kW
(Np)

METHYLCYCLOHEXANE

Enthalpy Entropy
Points Temperature (ºC) Pressure (Mpa) Quality
(Kj/kg) (Kj/kg-K)
W1 260 2,1217 600,17 1,2602 1
W2 162,15 0,027053 439,42 1,2602 Superheated
W2r 65,555 0,027053 261,98 0,80167 Superheated
W3 60 0,027053 -88,096 -0,24891 0
W4 60,555 2,1217 -85,246 -0,24891 Subcooled
W4r 139,52 2,1217 92,194 0,22687 Subcooled
W5 260 2,1217 433,6 0,9478 0

Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of working
9,842984708 kg/s
fluid (Mw)
Thermal Efficiency
124,5285714 %
(Nth)
Power of turbine
1265,807833 Kw
(Nt)

Power of pump (Np) 40,07500917 kW

6
TOLUEN
Entropy
Points Temperature (ºC) Pressure (Mpa) Enthalpy (Kj/kg) Quality
(Kj/kg-K)
W1 260 1,9282 566,77 1,1642 1
W2 127,2 0,01854 389,59 1,1642 Superheated
W2r 65,484 0,01854 302,54 0,92858 Superheated
W3 60 0,01854 -96,667 -0,26954 0
W4 60,484 1,9282 -94,367 -0,26954 Subcooled
W4r 106,33 1,9282 -7,317 -0,025291 Subcooled
W5 260 1,9282 348,25 0,75431 0

Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of
working fluid 8,709481316 kg/s
(Mw)
Thermal Efficiency
138,4582857 %
(Nth)
Power of turbine
1234,51672 Kw
(Nt)
Power of pump
28,61686718 kW
(Np)

C) SUPERCRITICAL CYCLE
For this case we have to calculate the effectiveness of a supercritical plant but only with one fluid, which in my
case is MM, and with the data from the previous sections.

We have to calculate the thermal efficiency, the power of the PP, the flow rate of the working fluid and the heat
production for the different pressures, so we will have three different cycles.

Heat supply:P1=P4=Pcr+∆P

Heat rejection: P2=P3

Entropy: S4=S3; S1=S

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CYCLE A
In this cycle, to calculate pressure 1 we have to find the critical pressure of the fluid and add the increase in
pressure which is 0.1

CYCLE A
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(Kj/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
1 260 2,039 443,57 0,95532 Superheated
2 182,57 0,026134 346,34 0,95532 Superheated
3 60 0,026134 -82,416 -0,23312 0
4 60,636 2,039 -79,645 -0,23312 Subcooled

Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of
working fluid 9,556300947 kg/s
(Mw)
Thermal
14,10996026 %
Efficiency (Nth)
Power of turbine
743,3273129 Kw
(Pt)
Power of pump
37,82929989 kW
(Pp)

Power of cycle
705,498013 kw
(Pc)

CYCLE C
To calculate pressure 1 in this cycle, we have to look for maximum entropy value and take the pressure value
associated with this

CYCLE C
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(Kj/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
1 260 2,4745 394,31 0,85886 Superheated
2 159,84 0,026134 303,48 0,85886 Superheated
3 60 0,026134 -82,416 -0,23312 0
4 60,769 2,4745 -79,048 -0,23312 Subcooled

8
 Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of
working fluid 10,5628298 kg/s
(Mw)
Thermal
Efficiency 14,3343033 %
(Nth)
Power of
767,537466 Kw
turbine (Pt)
Power of
50,8223012 kW
pump (Pp)

Power of cycle
716,715165 kw
(Pc)

CYCLE B
the pressure 1 of this cycle is the average of the previous two

CYCLE B
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(Kj/kg) (Kj/kg*K)
1 260 2,25675 423,66 0,91548 Superheated
2 173,12 0,026134 328,38 0,97495 Superheated
3 60 0,026134 -82,416 -0,23312 0
4 60,702 2,25675 -79,347 -0,23312 Subcooled

Qin 5000 kW
Flowrate of
working fluid 9,94021952 kg/s
(Mw)
Thermal
14,2820506 %
Efficiency (Nth)
Power of turbine
757,683293 Kw
(Pt)
Power of pump
43,5807624 kW
(Pp)

Power of cycle
714,10253 kw
(Pc)

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2. LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
In this project we have to carry out the calculations of the ORC geothermal power plant and for this we have the
following data:

• Flow rate of geothermal water (brine): mg = 10 kg/s, Cp,g = 3.8 kJ/kg*k

• Temperature of geothermal water: Tg1 = 95ºC
• Temperature of condensation of working fluid: Tn3 = 15ºC
• Temperature difference of geothermal water in evaporation: ∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 K
• Minimal temperature difference at any point of heating exchanger: ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5K
• Internal efficiency: 100%

As a fluid to work with I have to use R236ea and I have to calculate and represent the power of the power plant,
thermal efficiency, the flow rate of the working fluid and the final temperature of geothermal water (Tg3) as a
function of Tn1. The calculations must be carried out for all temperature differences.

To calculate the temperature of the point n1, we need to use the formula 𝑇𝑛1 = 𝑇𝑛5 = 𝑇𝑔1 −
𝛥𝑇evap – 𝛥𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛. So as the evaporation temperature increases, the temperature at point n1 will decrease. As we
know, the temperature of the point n3 is 15 due to initial data and is the same for all cases.

∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 10 𝐾
Atevap=10 K
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
n1 80 1,002 424,23 1,6712 1
n2 30,874 0,14326 393,32 1,6712 Superheated
n3 15 0,14326 218,55 1,0659 0
n4 15,278 1,002 219,12 1,0659 Subcooled
n5 80 1,002 303,75 1,3301 0

10
For calculated the flowrate of the working fluid, we need to do the energy balance:

And to calculate the following results we have used the following formulas:

Mg= 10 kg/s
cp,g= 3,8 kJ/kg*K
eff ORC= 14,7920628 % Tg1 Tg2 Tg3
Norc = 95,6938911 kW 95 85 77,9755976
Nt = 97,49169987 kW
Np = 1,797808765 kW
Qin = 646,9272908 kW
mn = 3,154050465 kg/s

∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 15 𝐾

Atevap=15 K
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
n1 75 0,88758 421,16 1,6677 1
n2 29,671 0,14326 392,26 1,6677 Superheated
n3 15 0,14326 218,55 1,0659 0
n4 15,24 0,88758 219,05 1,0659 Subcooled
n5 75 0,88758 296,78 1,3104 0

11
 Mg= 10 kg/s
cp,g= 3,8 kJ/kg*K
Tg1 Tg2 Tg3
eff ORC= 14,051754 %
95 80 70,6259045
Norc = 130,1495417 kW
Nt = 132,4409069 kW
Np = 2,291365171 kW
Qin = 926,2156295 kW
mn = 4,582730342 kg/s

∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 20 𝐾
Atevap=20 K
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
n1 70 0,78328 418 1,6641 1
n2 28,437 0,14326 391,17 1,6641 Superheated
n3 15 0,14326 218,55 1,0659 0
n4 15,205 0,78328 218,97 1,0659 Subcooled
n5 70 0,78328 289,9 1,2908 0

Mg= 10 kg/s
cp,g= 3,8 kJ/kg*K
Tg1 Tg2 Tg3
eff ORC= 13,26935638 %
95 75 63,9258392
Norc = 156,6869633 kW
Nt = 159,1787666 kW
Np = 2,491803279 kW
Qin = 1180,818111 kW
mn = 5,932864949 kg/s

∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 25 𝐾
Atevap=25 K
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
n1 65 0,68851 414,75 1,6604 1
n2 27,172 0,14326 390,06 1,6604 Superheated
n3 15 0,14326 218,55 1,0659 0
n4 15,173 0,68851 218,91 1,0659 Subcooled
n5 65 0,68851 283,1 1,271 0

12
 Mg= 10 kg/s
cp,g= 3,8 kJ/kg*K
eff ORC= 12,42340686 % Tg1 Tg2 Tg3
Norc = 175,5677934 kW 95 70 57,8104823
Nt = 178,1655906 kW
Np = 2,59779719 kW
Qin = 1413,201671 kW
mn = 7,216103304 kg/s

∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 30 𝐾
Atevap=30 K
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
n1 60 0,60267 411,43 1,6566 1
n2 25,876 0,14326 388,92 1,6566 Superheated
n3 15 0,14326 218,55 1,0659 0
n4 15,144 0,60267 218,85 1,0659 Subcooled
n5 60 0,60267 276,39 1,2512 0

Mg= 10 kg/s
cp,g= 3,8 kJ/kg*K
Tg1 Tg2 Tg3
eff ORC= 11,53286946 %
95 65 52,2171209
Norc = 187,4955569 kW
Nt = 190,0281398 kW
Np = 2,532582938 kW
Qin = 1625,749408 kW
mn = 8,441943128 kg/s

∆𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 35 𝐾 Atevap=35 K
ENTALPY ENTROPY
POINT TEMPERATURE PRESSURE QUALITY
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
n1 55 0,5252 408,04 1,6528 1
n2 24,583 0,14326 387,79 1,6528 Superheated
n3 15 0,14326 218,55 1,0659 0
n4 15,118 0,5252 218,8 1,0659 Subcooled
n5 55 0,5252 269,74 1,2313 0

Mg= 10 kg/s
cp,g= 3,8 kJ/kg*K
eff ORC= 10,56859015 %
Tg1 Tg2 Tg3
Norc = 192,3355025 kW
95 60 47,1084599
Nt = 194,7396963 kW
Np = 2,404193782 kW
Qin = 1819,878525 kW
mn = 9,616775127 kg/s

13
GRAPHICS

Looking at the graphic, we can observe that with more temperature, there is less power of the ORC but the
efficiency increase with the temperature.

Looking at this graphic, we can also say that TG3 increases with temperature while the working fluid decreases
as the temperature increases.

14