Unit 6

Expressing intentions and plans that changed: Was / Were going to and would
 S + was/were going to + V(inf)
I was going to get married (but I didn’t).
 S + thought/believed/said + S + would + V(inf)
She thought she would be a doctor (but she changed her mind).
Note:
 You can also use was / were going to in a noun clause after thought, believed, or said.
 Don’t use would + a base form alone. It must be used in a noun clause. Use was / were going
to instead.
Perfect modals: express feelings and beliefs about past actions and events
 Regrets or judgments: S + should have + past participle
I should have studied medicine. (But unfortunately, I didn’t.)
 Possibility: S + may have / might have + past participle
I may (OR might) have failed the final exam. It was really hard.
 Ability (OR possibility): S + could have + past participle
He was the driver. He could have prevented the accident.
 Certainty: S + would have + past participle
You should have gone to Rio. You would have loved it.
 Conclusions: S + must have + past participle
Beth isn’t here. She must have gone home early
Unit 7
Adjective clauses with subject relative pronouns who and that.
 Introduce adjective clauses about people with the relative pronouns who or that.
A mariachi singer is someone who (OR that) sings traditional Mexican music.
 Use that, not who, for adjective clauses that describe things
The parade that commemorates Bastille Dayis very exciting.
Note: Don’t use a subject pronoun after the relative pronouns who or that.
Don’t say: Thanksgiving is a celebration that it takes place in November.
Adjective clauses with object relative pronouns who, whom, and that.
 When a relative pronoun is an object of a clause, use who, that, or whom for people and that
for things.
 The people who(OR that / whom) you invite should bring gifts.
Note:
 When the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause, it can NOT be omitted.
Don’t say: The people are the guests should bring gifts.
 Do not use an object pronoun after the verb.
Don’t say: The people who you invite them should bring gifts.
Unit 8
Conditional Type II: Unreal conditional sentences describe unreal conditions—conditions
that don’t exist.
 If + S + V simple past tense, S + would/ could + (not) + V(inf)
 If + S + V simple past tense, would/ could + S + V(inf) ?
Note: Never use would in an if clause.
Don’t say: If you would be here . . .
Conditional Type III: The past unreal conditional describes past unreal or untrue conditions
and results.
 If + S + V past perfect, S + would/ could + have + (not) + V past participle
If she had rented a more economical car, she wouldn’t have spent so much money on gas
 If + S + V past perfect, would/ could + S + have + V past participle ?
Could they have prevented the accident if they had known the tires were so old?
Unit 9
Non-count nouns that represent abstract ideas
 NC nouns + V singular
Education is an important issue.
News about politics is always interesting.
Verbs followed by objects and infinitives
 S + V + O + to V.
The newspaper reminded all eighteen-year-olds to vote.
Unit 10
Prepositional phrases of geographical place
 In + Province/ Mountain/ Valley/ Desert/ Ocean/ State…
 On + Peninsula/ Island/ River/ Bay/ Coast/ Lake/ Gulf…
 South/ North/ West/ East… + Of + N
Too + adjective and infinitive: Give a warning or an explanation
 S + be + too + for someone + to V.
It’s too dangerous for children to go swimming there.