Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 8

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY

REPORT OF INVESTIGATION 125

Hydrogeological and Geochemical Controls on Radium and


Uranium in the St. Peter Sandstone Aquifer in the Middle
Illinois Water Supply Planning Region

Walton R. Kelly
Samuel V. Panno
Keith C. Hackley
Daniel R. Hadley
Devin H. Mannix

August 2021
References
Adams, J. A. S., & Weaver, C. E. (1958). Thorium to uranium ratios as indicators of sedimentary
processes: Example of concept of geochemical facies. Bulletin of the American Association of
Petroleum Geologists, 42(2), 387–430.
Adloff, J. P., & Roessler, K. (1991). Recoil and transmutation effects in the migration behavior of
actinides. Radiochimica Acta, 52–3, 269–274.
Ames, L. L., Mcgarrah, J. E., & Walker, B. A. (1983a). Sorption of trace constituents from aqueous-
solutions onto secondary minerals. 2. Radium. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31(5), 335–342.
Ames, L. L., Mcgarrah, J. E., Walker, B. A., & Salter, P. F. (1983b). Uranium and radium sorption on
amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide. Chemical Geology, 40(1–2), 135–148.
Andrews, J. N., & Lee, D. J. (1979). Inert-gases in groundwater from the Bunter Sandstone of England as
indicators of age and paleoclimatic trends. Journal of Hydrology, 41(3–4), 233–252.
Benes, P., Strejc, P., & Lukavec, Z. (1984). Interaction of radium with fresh-water sediments and their
mineral components. 1. Ferric hydroxide and quartz. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear
Chemistry, 82(2), 275–285.
Bethke, C., Yeakel, S., & University of Illinois. Department of Geology. Hydrogeology Program. (2009).
Geochemist’s Workbench : Release 8.0 Reactive Transport Modeling Guide. Golden, Colo.:
RockWare Inc.
Buschbach, T. C. (1964). Cambrian and Ordovician Strata of Northeastern Illinois (Report of
Investigations 218). Urbana, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey.
Cahill, R. A. (2017). Inorganic Chemical Composition of Illinois Soils (Circular 590). Champaign, IL: Illinois
State Geological Survey.
Carmody, R. W., Plummer, L. N., Busenberg, E., & Coplen, T. B. (1998). Methods for collection of
dissolved sufate and sulfide and analysis of their sulfur isotopic composition (No. Open-File
Report 97-234) (p. 91). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
Chapelle, F. H., Bradley, P. M., Thomas, M. A., & McMahon, P. B. (2009). Distinguishing iron-reducing
from sulfate-reducing conditions. Ground Water, 47(2), 300–305.
Clark, I. (2015). Groundwater Geochemistry and Isotopes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Collinson, C., Sargent, M. L., & Jennings, J. R. (1988). Illinois Basin region. In L. L. Sloss (Ed.), Sedimentary
Cover – North American Craton: U.S. The Geology of North America (Vol. D-2, pp. 383–426).
Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America.

48
Davidson, M. R., & Dickson, B. L. (1986). A porous flow model for steady-state transport of radium in
groundwater. Water Resources Research, 22(1), 34–44.
Dickson, B. L. (1990). Radium in Groundwater. In The Environmental Behavior of Radium. Vol 1. IAE
Technical Reports Series No. 310 (pp. 335–372). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
Emrich, G. H., & Lucas, J. (1963). Geologic occurrence of natural radium-226 in ground water in Illinois.
Hydrological Sciences Journal, 8(3), 5–19.
Fleischer, R. L. (1980). Isotopic disequilibrium of uranium - Alpha-recoil damage and preferential solution
effects. Science, 207(4434), 979–981.
Gilkeson, R. H., & Cowart, J. B. (1987). Radium, radon and uranium isotopes in ground water from
Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifers in Illinois. In B. Graves (Ed.), Radon, Radium, and Other
Radioactivity in Ground Water, Proceedings of the National Water Well Association Conference,
Somerset, N.J., April 7–9, 1987 (pp. 403–422). Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
Gilkeson, R. H., Cartwright, K., Cowart, J. B., & Holtzman, R. B. (1983). Hydrogeologic and Geochemical
Studies of Selected Natural Radioisotopes and Barium in Groundwater in Illinois (Contract/Grant
Report 1983-6). Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey.
Gilkeson, R. H., Cahill, R. A., & Gendron, C. R. (1988). Natural Background Radiation in the Proposed
Illinois SSC Siting Area (Environmental Geology Notes 127). Champaign, IL: Illinois State
Geological Survey.
Gordon, L., & Rowley, K. (1957). Coprecipitation of radium with barium sulfate. Analytical Chemistry,
29(1), 34–37.
Grundl, T., & Cape, M. (2006). Geochemical factors controlling radium activity in a sandstone aquifer.
Ground Water, 44(4), 518–527.
Grundl, T., Bradbury, K., Feinstein, D., Friers, S., & Hart, D. (2006). Combined Hydrologic/Geochemical
Investigation of Groundwater Conditions in the Waukesha County Area, WI (No. Final Report).
Madison, WI: Wisconsin Groundwater Research Program Final Report.
Hickman, J. (2013). Rough Creek Graben Consortium Final Report (Series XII No. Contract Report 55).
Lexington, KY: Kentucky Geological Survey.
Kay, R. T., & Bailey, C. R. (2016). Hydrogeologic Framework of LaSalle County, Illinois (Scientific
Investigations Report 2016–5154 No. Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5154). Reston, VA:
U.S. Geological Survey.
Kelly, W. R. (2008). Radium and Barium in the Ironton-Galesville Bedrock Aquifer in Northeastern Illinois
(Contract Report CR-2008-03). Champaign, IL: Illinois State Water Survey.

49
Kelly, W. R., Panno, S. V., Hackley, K. C., Hadley, D. R., & Mannix, D. H. (2018). Paleohydrogeology of a
Paleozoic sandstone aquifer within an intracratonic basin: Geochemical and structural controls.
Journal of Hydrology, 565, 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.09.004
Kirby, H. W., & Salutsky, M. L. (1964). The Radiochemistry of Radium. Springfield, VA: National Academy
of Sciences, National Research Council NAS-NS 3057.
Kolata, D. R. (2005). Bedrock Geology Map of Illinois. IMAP 14, Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological
Survey.
Kolata, D. R. (2010). Cambrian and Ordovician Systems. In D. R. Kolata & C. K. Nimz (Eds.), Geology of
Illinois (pp. 136–157). Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey.
Kolata, D. R., & Nelson, W. J. (2010). Tectonic history. In D. R. Kolata & C. K. Nimz (Eds.), Geology of
Illinois (pp. 77–89). Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey.
Korner, L. A., & Rose, A. W. (1977). Rn in Streams and Ground Waters of Pennsylvania as a Guide to
Uranium Deposits (No. Open-File Report GJBX-60 (77)). Grand Junction, CO: U.S. Energy
Research and Devlopment Association Open-File Report GJBX-60 (77).
Krishnaswami, S., Graustein, W. C., Turekian, K. K., & Dowd, J. F. (1982). Radium, thorium and
radioactive lead isotopes in groundwaters - Application to the in situ determination of
adsorption-desorption rate constants and retardation factors. Water Resources Research, 18(6),
1663–1675.
Ku, T.-L., Luo, S., Leslie, B. W., & Hammond, D. E. (1992). Decat-series disequilibria applied to the study
of rock-water interaction and geothermal systems. In M. Ivanovich & R. S. Harmon (Eds.),
Uranium-Series Disequilibria (pp. 631–668). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lamar, J. E. (1927). Geology and Economic Resources of the St. Peter Sandstone of Illinois (No. Bulletin
53). Urbana, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey.
Landa, E. R., Phillips, E. J. P., & Lovley, D. R. (1991). Release of Ra-226 from uranium mill tailings by
microbial Fe(III) reduction. Applied Geochemistry, 6(6), 647–652.
Langmuir, D., & Herman, J. S. (1980). The mobility of thorium in natural-waters at low-temperatures.
Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 44(11), 1753–1766.
Lucas, H. F., & Ilcewicz, F. H. (1958). Natural radium 226 content of Illinois water supplies. Journal of the
American Water Works Association, 50, 1523–1532.
Mathews, M., Gotkowitz, M., & Ginder-Vogel, M. (2018). Effect of geochemical conditions on radium
mobility in discrete intervals within the Midwestern Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system.
Applied Geochemistry, 97, 238–246.

50
McIntosh, J. C., Walter, L. M., & Martini, A. M. (2002). Pleistocene recharge to midcontinent basins:
Effects on salinity structure and microbial gas generation. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,
66(10), 1681–1700.
Meyer, S. C., Roadcap, G. S., Lin, Y.-F., & Walker, D. D. (2009). Kane County Water Resources
Investigations: Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Kane County and Northeastern Illinois (No.
Contract Report CR 2009-07) (p. 425). Champaign, IL: Illinois State Water Survey.
Michel, J., & Cothern, C. R. (1986). Predicting the occurrence of Ra-228 in groundwater. Health Physics,
51(6), 715–721.
Milvy, P., & Cothern, C. R. (1991). Scientific background for the development of regulations for
radionuclides in drinking water. In C. R. Cothern & P. A. Rebers (Eds.), Radon, Radium and
Uranium in Drinking Water (pp. 1–16). Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc.
Molofsky, L. J., Richardson, S. D., Gorody, A. W., Baldassare, F., Black, J. A., McHugh, T. E., & Connor, J. A.
(2016). Effect of different sampling methodologies on measured methane concentrations in
groundwater samples. Groundwater, 54(5), 669–680.
Murray, E. G., & Adams, J. A. S. (1958). Thorium, uranium and potassium in some sandstones.
Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 13(4), 260–269.
Nelson, J. W. (1995). Structural features in Illinois (Bulletin 100). Urbana, IL: Illinois State Geological
Survey.
Oden, J. H., & Szabo, Z. (2015). Arsenic and Rasionuclide Occurrence and Relation to Geochemistry in
Groundwater of the Gulf Coast Aquifer System in Houston, Texas, 2007-11 (Scientific
Investigations Report 2015-5071). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
Ostrom, M. E., Hopkins, M. E., White, W. A., & McVicker, L. D. (1955). Uranium in Illinois Black Shales
(Circular 203). Urbana, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey.
Panno, S. V., Hackley, K. C., Locke, R. A., Krapac, I. G., Wimmer, B., Iranmanesh, A., & Kelly, W. R. (2013).
Formation waters from Cambrian-age strata, Illinois Basin, USA: Constraints on their origin and
evolution. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 122, 184–197.
Panno, S. V., Askari, Z., Kelly, W. R., Parris, T. M., & Hackley, K. C. (2018). Recharge and groundwater
flow within an intracratonic basin, Midwestern United States. Groundwater, 56(1), 32–45.
Porcelli, D., & Swarzenski, P. W. (2003). The behavior of U- and Th-series nuclides in groundwater. In B.
Bourdon, G. M. Henderson, C. C. Lundstrom, & S. P. Turner (Eds.), Uranium-Series Geochemistry
(pp. 317–361). Chelsea, MI: Mineralogical Society of America.

51
Rasilainen, K., Suksi, J., Ruskeeniemi, T., Pitkanen, P., & Poteri, A. (2003). Release of uranium from rock
matrix - A record of glacial meltwater intrusions? Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 61(1–4),
235–246.
Regil, E. O., Schleiffer, J. J., Adloff, J. P., & Roessler, K. (1989). Chemical effects of alpha-decay in uranium
minerals. Radiochimica Acta, 47(4), 177–185.
Reynolds, R. L., & Goldhaber, M. B. (1983). Iron disulfide minerals and the genesis of roll-type uranium
deposits. Economic Geology, 78(1), 105–120.
Scott, R. C., & Barker, F. B. (1961). Ground-water sources containing high concentrations of radium. In
Geological Survey Research 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424–D (pp. 357–
359).
Siegel, D. I. (1989). Geochemistry of the Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System in the Northern Midwest,
United States (No. Professional Paper 1405-D). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
Siegel, D. I., & Begor, K. F. (1990). The geochemistry of the sandstone aquifer, southern Wisconsin. In L.
A. Swain & A. I. Johnson (Eds.) (Vol. Monograph 13, pp. 73–82). Presented at the Regional
Aquifer Systems of the United States, Aquifers of the Midwestern Area, American Water
Resources Association.
Siegel, D. I., & Mandle, R. J. (1984). Isotopic Evidence for glacial meltwater recharge to the Cambrian
Ordovician Aquifer, North-Central United-States. Quaternary Research, 22(3), 328–335.
Somayajulu, B. L. K., & Goldberg, E. D. (1966). Thorium and uranium isotopes in seawater and
sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1(1966), 102–106.
Stackelberg, P. E., Szabo, Z., & Jurgens, B. C. (2018). Radium mobility and the age of groundwater in
public-drinking-water supplies from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, north-central USA.
Applied Geochemistry, 89, 34–48.
Stueber, A. M., & Walter, L. M. (1991). Origin and chemical evolution of formation waters from Silurian-
Devonian strata in the Illinois Basin, USA. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 55(1), 309–325.
Stumm, W., & Morgan, J. J. (1995). Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters
(3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sturchio, N. C., Banner, J. L., Binz, C. M., Heraty, L. B., & Musgrove, M. (2001). Radium geochemistry of
ground waters in Paleozoic carbonate aquifers, midcontinent, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 16(1),
109–122.
Suksi, J., Rasilainen, K., & Pitkanen, P. (2006). Variations in U-234/U-238 activity ratios in groundwater -
A key to flow system characterisation? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31(10–14), 556–571.

52
Szabo, Z., dePaul, V. T., Fischer, J. M., Kraemer, T. F., & Jacobsen, E. (2012). Occurrence and
geochemistry of radium in water from principal drinking-water aquifer systems of the United
States. Applied Geochemistry, 27(3), 729–752.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002
Vengosh, A., Hirschfeld, D., Vinson, D., Dwyer, G., Raanan, H., Rimawi, O., et al. (2009). High naturally
occurring radioactivity in fossil groundwater from the Middle East. Environmental Science &
Technology, 43(6), 1769–1775.
Weaver, T. R., & Bahr, J. M. (1991). Geochemical evolution in the Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone
aquifer, Eastern Wisconsin. 1. Major ion and radionuclide distribution. Ground Water, 29(3),
350–356.
Willman, H. B., Atherton, E., Buschbach, T. C., Collinson, C., Frye, J. C., Hopkins, M. E., et al. (1975).
Handbook of Illinois Stratigraphy (No. Bulletin 95) (p. 261). Urbana, IL: Illinois State Geological
Survey.
Wilson, J. T. (2011). Water-Quality Assessment of the Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System in the
Northern Midwest, United States (Scientific Investigations Report No. 2011–5229) (p. 154).
Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
Young, H. L. (1992). Summary of Ground-Water Hydrology of the Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System in
the Northern Midwest, United States (Professional Paper 1405–A). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological
Survey.
Zhou, J. Z., Lundstrom, C. C., Fouke, B., Panno, S., Hackley, K., & Curry, B. (2005). Geochemistry of
speleothem records from southern Illinois: Development of (U-234)/(U-238) as a proxy for
paleoprecipitation. Chemical Geology, 221(1–2), 1–20.

53
Illinois State Water Survey
Prairie Research Institute
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2204 Griffith Dr.
Champaign, IL 61820-7463
(217) 333-2210
www.isws.illinois.edu

You might also like