thermal

energy

THERMAL
PHYSICS
matter

atoms 0

molecules

P R E PA R E D B Y /
ENG. H E B AT A L L A H S U LTA N
 Kes KINETIC THEORY
-

• All matters consist of tiny particle called molecules

• They have kinetic energy because they are moving and
potential energy because of the attractive force between
them . Collision → change in momentum

• The distance between them called ‘intermolecular

distance ‘
gas
 STATES OF MATTER
Solid Liquid Gas
Appearance Definite shape and Definite volume No definite shape
volume but no definite and volume
shape
Intermolecular Extremely small Greater Extremely large
distance
X
Intermolecular Strong Weaker force Extremely small
force d /negligible
e
Ordering Regular order No order No order
Mon
Type of motion
p Vibrate about Vibrate and Random
9 fixed position change position
 gain Temp↑

melting evaporation
Kke

Condensation
freezing

lose

Ice steam
water

i
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
BOILING AND EVAPORATION ?
Boiling Evaporation
Occurs at fixed temperature Occurs at any temperature
water boil

Quick process ← Slow process

Takes place throughout the liquid Takes place only at liquid surface
Bubbles are formed through the liquid No bubbles are formed through the
liquid

Temperature remains constant Temperature may change

Thermal energy supplied by an energy Thermal energy supplied by an
1g
source surrounding
\
 S

FACTORS INCREASING EVAPORATION

PROCESS:
• Increase its temp Temp?

• Increase its surface area

long
• Pass air across its surface faster
Tim

er
 THE COOLING EFFECT OF
EVAPORATION
Repeated

• During evaporation ,most energetic

moleculesescape from the surface .as the
liquid is losing molecules ,the average
kinetic energy reduced and liquid temp.
decreased as result .

l
gstate
BOYLE’S LAW
• The volume of a fixed mass of a gas is
inversely proportional to the gas
pressure at constant temp..
EXAMPLE
p

V2 Pz

P, V1 = P2 V2

77.8 ✗ 344 = 23.35 XV

26763.2= 23.35
V -1146.17cm³

V = 26763.2

23.35
EXAMPLE
V1

• A 1.5 L sample of methane gas exerts a pressure of 1650 p

mmHg . What is the final pressure if the volume change to
7L ? P2

T2

P, V, = P2 V2

1650 ✗ 1.5 = 71

7
7

P= 353.5 mmHg
V2
P, V1 = PzV2

(2×18×80) = 25 P
2) 25 640000 Pa
 Pi Vi = P2V2

4.8×104×250 = 912×10" V2

9.2×104
9,2 ✗ 104

130.4 cm³
 THERMOMETER AND TEMPEATURE
SCALE
• Temperature measured by liquid filled
thermometers as shown:
• The bulb contains (mercury or coloured
alcohol )
• Each scale depends on three features:
A- the lower fixed point
B- the upper fixed point
C- the scale
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
MERCURY AND ALCOHOL
Mercury
+ it doesn't cling to sides of the
tube
+ it conducts heat well so it
responds quickly to temp. change
+Mercury is easily seen
- mercury freezes at -39 °C
- Mercury is poisonous
- Mercury is expensive
Alcohol
+ alcohol freezes at -115 °C
+it expands more than mercury
so it has greater sensitivity
- It can’t measure high temp.
(B.P= 70° C)
- It should coloured to be seen
- It clings to the sides of tube
PROPERTIES OF THERMOMETER :
 the sensitivity :
it is the amount of liquid expansion corresponding to very small change in
temp. , it can be increased by :
a- increase the volume of mercury in the bulb
b- decreasing the diameter of the capillary
Change in length of liquid column per degree
 the range of temperature :
it is the difference between the highest and lowest value in the scale , it
increased by :
a- smaller volume of mercury
b- wider capillary
Linearity of the scale
The scale said to be linear when the expansion of the liquid due to
temperature increase of 1°C is the same at any temperature
Same change in length for all degrees
clinical thermometer
 it used to measure the temperature of human body
It scale ranges between 35°C and 42° C.
It has narrow constriction above the bulb to prevent mercury from
falling back
 THERMOCOUPLE
• It consist of two junction each made of two different metals (eg.
Copper &iron )
• One junction placed at cold medium (0°C) and the other junction
at medium whose temperature need to be measured .
• The voltage is produced is proportional to the difference in temp.
temperature.
ADVANTAGES OF THERMOCOUPLE

Wide temperature range

It can measure very high and very low temperature
Fast respond to rapid temperature changes
It measures temperature of very small objects
WE CAN MEASURE TEMP. BY USING

voltage of thermocouple
Color of metal
Expansion of solid
Expansion of liquid (thermometer )
THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER

• Energy transfer by the following methods :

1- conduction in solids
2- convection in liquids and gases
3- radiation in vacuum / liquid /gas
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

• The energy required per kilogram and per degree Celsius

to raise the temp. of substance .
 LATENT HEAT
• Energy required for substance to melt or boil.

A- specific latent heat of vaporization :

Energy required per kg to cause a substance to change state from liquid to gas .

B- specific latent heat of fusion :

Energy required per kg to cause a substance to change state from solid to liquid.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
HEAT ENERGY TRANSFER BY :

Conduction

Convection

Radiation
CONDUCTION
• When solid is heated conduction occurs because :
Solid temperature increased so that kinetic energy of molecules in the hot part
increases ,each molecule transfers its vibrational energy to adjacent molecule
until energy reaches the other end .
Metals are best conductor of heat
Non metals bad conductor of heat
Liquid &gas poor conductor of heat
Vacuum doesn't conduct heat by
Conduction .
 CONVECTION
• It occurs in fluids
• Fluids means any particles able to flow
which represent (liquid &gas).
• It depends on the density of fluids .
• As the water above the flame becomes
warmer( less density ) ,it expands and
becomes less dense and is pushed
upwards while the cooler(more density )
,more dense water around sinks to take
its place and start warm so cycle
repeated.
RADIATION
• Heat is emitted by all materials (solid
,liquid ,gas) and vacuum .
• Heat can be radiated as a form of
electromagnetic energy called
infrared radiation (IR radiation ).
• We receive heat from sun by
radiation .
• Microwave ovens use microwaves to
transfer heat to food by radiation .
IR RADIATION
a. All objects continuously emit and absorb
infrared radiation from their surface
whatever their temp.
b. Amount of radiation depends on :
(surface temp. And surface area of the
body )
c. Dark ,matt surface are good absorber and
good emitters of infrared radiation.
d. Light ,shiny surfaces are poor absorbers of
radiation .
e. Light ,shiny surfaces are good reflectors of
radiation .