Parts of speech

Group of words that follows syntax and has a proper meaning is speech.

There are eight parts of speech at basic

Noun, adjective, verb, adverb, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, preposition

1.Noun

Everything that exist is noun.

Cup, glass, city, though.

There are certain classification of noun.

I. Common Noun: A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea. Example: book, city, man.

II. Proper Noun: The specific name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are
capitalized. Example: Lahore, Taha, Pizza hut.

III. Concrete Noun: A noun that can be perceived by the senses (sight, taste, touch, hearing,
smell). Example: table, apple, music.

IV. Abstract Noun: A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object.
Example: love, happiness, democracy.

V. Countable Noun: A noun that can be counted. Example: book, tree, child.
 VI. Uncountable Noun: A noun that cannot be counted. Example: water, air, sugar.

VII. Collective Noun: A noun that represents a group of individuals, such as team, family, herd.

VIII. Compound Noun: A noun that is made up of two or more words. Example: firefighter,
basketball, swimming pool.

IX. Possessive Noun: A noun that shows ownership or possession. Example: John’s car, cat’s tail,
children’s toys.

2. Adjective

A word that defines a noun in any term is adjective.

There are several types of adjectives as well.

I. Descriptive/Qualitative Adjectives: These adjectives describe the characteristics or qualities

of a noun. Example: beautiful, tall, blue.

II. Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives describe the quantity or amount of a noun.
Example: some, many, few.

III. Demonstrative Adjectives: These adjectives indicate which noun is being referred to.
Example: this, that, these, those.

IV. Possessive Adjectives: These adjectives indicate ownership or possession. Example: my, your,
his, her, our, their.

V. Interrogative Adjectives: These adjectives are used in questions to ask about a noun.
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Example: which, what, whose.

Indefinite Adjectives: These adjectives do not specify a particular noun but refer to
nonspecific things or amounts. Example: some, any, all, several.

VII. Comparative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to compare two nouns. Example: taller,
more beautiful, less expensive.

VIII. Superlative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to compare three or more nouns. Example:
tallest, most beautiful, least expensive.

3. Verb

A word that refers an action happening or lying.

There are several types of verb as well.

I. Action /Dynamic Verbs: These verbs express physical or mental action. Example: run, jump,
think, believe.

II. Linking/Static Verbs: These verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement
that describes or renames the subject. Example: be, seem, become.

III. Auxiliary Verbs: These verbs are used with main verbs to form various tenses, moods, and
voices. Example: be, have, do.

IV. Modal Verbs: These verbs express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability. Example: can,
could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
V. Transitive Verbs: These verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning. Example:
eat, read, hit.
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Intransitive Verbs: These verbs do not require a direct object to complete their meaning.
Example: run, sleep, laugh.

VII. Regular Verbs: These verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding “-ed” to the
base form. Example: walked, talked, played.

VIII. Irregular Verbs: These verbs do not follow the regular pattern for forming past tense and
past participle. Example: go-went-gone, eat-ate-eaten, see-saw-seen.

4.Adverb

A word that presents description of a verb in any term is adverb.

There are certain types of adverb.

I. Adverbs of manner: These adverbs describe how an action is performed. Example: quickly,
slowly, beautifully.

II. Adverbs of time: These adverbs describe when an action takes place. Example: now, later,
yesterday.

III. Adverbs of place: These adverbs describe where an action takes place. Example: here, there,
everywhere.

IV. Adverbs of frequency: These adverbs describe how often an action takes place. Example:
always, often, rarely.
 V. Adverbs of degree: These adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs to indicate the degree
or extent of something. Example: very, too, quite.

Adverbs of certainty: These adverbs indicate the speaker’s certainty or uncertainty about
the likelihood of something happening. Example: certainly, probably, maybe.

VII. Adverbs of reason: These adverbs indicate the reason or cause for an action. Example:
therefore, because, so.

VIII. Interrogative adverbs: These adverbs are used to ask questions about manner, place, time,
reason, or degree. Example: how, where, when, why, how much.

IX. Relative adverbs: These adverbs introduce relative clauses and relate to a noun or pronoun
in the main clause. Example: where, when, why.

X. Conjunctive adverbs: These adverbs connect clauses or sentences and show the relationship
between them. Example: however, therefore, furthermore.

5.Pronoun

A word that replaces noun to avoid repetition is pronoun.

Pronoun also carries certain types.

I. Personal Pronouns: These pronouns refer to specific persons or things. Example: I, you, he,
she, it, we, they.

II.Possessive Pronouns: These pronouns show ownership or possession. Example: mine, yours, his, hers,
its, ours, theirs.
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III.Reflexive Pronouns: These pronouns reflect back to the subject of the sentence. Example: myself,
yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

IV.Demonstrative Pronouns: These pronouns point to specific things or persons. Example: this, that,
these, those.

V.Interrogative Pronouns: These pronouns are used to ask questions. Example: who, whom, whose,
which, what.

VI. Indefinite Pronouns: These pronouns do not refer to any specific person or thing.
Example: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything,
few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something.

VII. Reciprocal Pronouns: These pronouns indicate that two or more people are carrying out
or receiving an action at the same time. Example: each other, one another.

IX. Intensive/Emphatic Pronouns: These pronouns emphasize a preceding noun or pronoun.

Example: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

6. Preposition

A word that establishes relation between noun and verb by clarifying it’s position.

There are several types of preposition.

I. Simple Prepositions: These are single-word prepositions. Examples: in, on, at, with, by, for,
from, to, of, about, off, under.

II. Compound Prepositions: These are prepositions that are made up of more than one word.
Examples: because of, in front of, on behalf of,

Instead of.
III. Time Prepositions: These prepositions indicate the time at which something happens.
Examples: at, on, in, during, for, since, until, by.
 IV. Place Prepositions: These prepositions indicate the location of something. Examples: in, on,
at, by, near, beside, between, among, into, onto, upon.

V. Direction Prepositions: These prepositions indicate the direction of movement. Examples: to,
into, onto, towards, through, across, along, over, under.

VI. Agent Prepositions: These prepositions indicate the person or thing that is performing an
action. Examples: by, with.

VII. Instrument Prepositions: These prepositions indicate the instrument or tool used to perform
an action. Examples: by, with.

VIII. Manner Prepositions: These prepositions indicate the manner in which something is done.
Examples: by, like, as.

IX. Purpose Prepositions: These prepositions indicate the purpose or reason for something.
Examples: for, to.

7.Conjunction

A word that connects ideas and sentences by correlating them.

There are several types of conjunction.

I. Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal

rank. The most common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so.
Example: I like tea and coffee.

II. Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect an independent clause with a

dependent clause. They indicate the relationship between the two clauses, such as time,
cause and effect, contrast, or condition. Example: I will go to the park if the weather is nice.
 III. Correlative Conjunctions: These conjunctions are used in pairs to connect words, phrases, or
clauses. Common correlative conjunctions include either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not
only...but also. Example: He is not only intelligent but also kind.

IV. Disjunctive Conjunctions: These conjunctions express opposition or alternatives. Examples

include or, either...or, neither...nor. Example: You can have either tea or coffee.

8. Interjection

A word that’s not the part of syntax but presents an emotion or idea of expression.

Unlike others interjection technically has no type but we categories different interjections on the Basis
of their function or expression.

I. Exclamatory Interjections: These interjections express strong emotions or exclamations.

Examples include wow, oh, ouch, yay, alas.

II. Greeting Interjections: These interjections are used to greet someone or acknowledge their
presence. Examples include hello, hi, hey.

III. Farewell Interjections: These interjections are used to say goodbye or bid farewell. Examples
include goodbye, bye, see you.

IV. Approval Interjections: These interjections express approval or agreement. Examples include
yes, yeah, alright, okay.

V. Disapproval Interjections: These interjections express disapproval or disagreement.

Examples include no, nah, ugh.
VI. Surprise Interjections: These interjections express surprise or astonishment. Examples
include oh, wow, hey.

VII. Pain Interjections: These interjections are used to express pain or discomfort. Examples
include ouch, ow, oof.

VIII. Joy Interjections: These interjections express happiness or joy. Examples include yay,
woohoo, hooray.

IX. Attention Interjections: These interjections are used to get someone’s attention. Examples
include hey, psst, ahem.

X. Confusion Interjections: These interjections express confusion or uncertainty. Examples

include huh, what, erm.