‫بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم‬

As-Sarf (Morphology) ~ Class Twenty-Three

‫احلمد هلل رب العاملني وصلى اهلل وسلم وبارك على نبينا حممد وعلى آله‬
‫ أما بعد‬,‫وصحبه أمجعني‬
Our teacher began with praising Allaah and sending salaat and salaam on the Messenger of
Allaah, his family, companions and followers until the Last Day and began:

This is the last class of phase One and our next class will be phase Two in shaa Allaah.

Phase Two will be close to phase One in terms of the number of classes, but phase Three will
be short (about three classes only).

CONJUGATIONS

ُ‫وز‬
ُ ‫هم‬
ُ ‫ال َـم‬
Is a verb that has a hamzah in one of its original letters.

The Mahmooz is exactly like the Saalim in terms of the conjugations. We don’t have
conjugate all of it, but there are a few exceptional cases, and that will be given at the end of
phase two in shaa Allaah.

What we should worry about for now is when the hamzah is in the beginning in the Mudaari’
when “speaking about yourself”

 The only case where there is something additional, is when we turn it to a Mudaari’

Example:

When the Hamzah is in the beginning (The Faa).

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The change that appears when turning it into a Mudaari’ is when “speaking about yourself”.

 When speaking about yourself in the Mudaari’ we add a hamzah at the beginning.

Principle: When there are two ‫ أ‬in a row and the first has a fathah while the following is
silent, we turn it (i.e. the following) into an ‫ ا‬then we merge them together and write it

in this form ‫آ‬.

When adding the hamzah of the Mudaara’ah we will end up having two hamza’s in a row.
The first has a fathah and the following is silent so we are able to turn the second one into an
alif. Now that the first is a hamzah and the following is an alif we are able to merge them

together and we write it like so ‫آ‬

 ‫َخ َذ‬
َ ‫ أ‬: He took
 ‫آخ ُذ‬
ُ : I take
 It belongs to Chapter One: ‫أخ ُذ‬
ُ َ‫َخ َذ – ي‬
َ‫أ‬

 ‫أَ َك َل‬: He ate

 ‫ آ ُك ُل‬:I eat
 It belongs to Chapter One

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 
َ َ‫أَف‬: He fabricated a lie
‫ك‬
‫ك‬ ِ‫ آف‬: I fabricate a lie

ُ
 It belongs to Chapter Two

ُ‫ف‬
ُ ‫ض َّع‬
َ ‫ال ُـم‬
So far of what we have taken is that the Muda’’af comes in two Chapters which is Chapter
One and Two. In Chapter One it is Transitive (Muta’add) and in Chapter Two it is
Intransitive (Laazim).

Reminder: The ruling of merging two identical letters is that the first one has to be silent and
the second one has to have harakah, and if it is the other way around it is impossible to
merge.

Principle: Whenever the Laam is silent we have to Unmerge otherwise Merge.

 The Laam of the word means the third original letter.

‫ُل‬-‫ُل‬-‫ض‬

 ‫ضل‬
َ : he went astray
ِ ‫ضل – ي‬
‫ضل‬
 This verb is Laazim so it is of Chapter Two
َ َ

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‫ُم‬-‫عُ–ُم‬

 ‫ َعم‬: he encompassed/included
 This verb is Muta’’ad so it is of Chapter One‫َعم – يَ ُعم‬
This is not ‫ عم‬that we read in the verse [78:1]: ‫ن‬
َ ‫ َعم يَتَ َساءَلُو‬. In the

َ
verse ‫ عم‬is ‫عن ما‬merged together.
َ َ َ

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 The Maadh

‫عُ–ُمُ–ُم‬

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ُ‫مت‬
ُ ‫َع َـم‬

Here the Laam is silent so we have to Unmerge the Meem, we can’t merge it because the first
has a harakah and the second is silent.

We do the same to whenever the Laam is silent by unmerging the two identical letters.

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ُ‫َع َّم‬

Here we want to make the first identical letter silent to be able to merge those two letters
together.

There are two ways to do it, either we Move it to a preceding letter or Remove it. We can’t
Move it to the letter before so we Remove it.

Now that the first identical letter is silent and the second has a harakah we are able to merge
them together.

ُ‫َع َّمت‬

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Here the Laam has a harakah so we merge the two identical letters.

We can’t Move the fathah of the first identical letter to the letter before it so we Remove it.

Now that the first identical letter is silent and the second has a fathah we are able to merge
those two letters together.

We do the same to whenever the Laam has a harakah by merging the two identical letters.

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The Mudaari’

We apply the same principle to the Mudaari’.

Here we have a verb were the ‘ayn is a dhammah and a verb were the ‘ayn is a kasrah.

When the ‘ayn has a dhammah, that dhammah is eventually going to be moved to the Faa and
when it has a kasrah, that kasrah it is eventually going to be moved to the Faa.

 If you analyze this and you see a dhammah on the faa you will know that it is a
transitive verb and if you see a kasrah on the faa then it is a intransitive verb. And this
because we end up moving the harakah on the ‘ayn to the Faa (the letter before it.)

‫عُ–ُمُ–ُم‬
‫َعم – يَ ُعم‬
Here the ‘ayn is given a dhammah, because it is transitive (muta’’ad), and the Muda’’af

which is transitive belongs to Chapter One ‫فع ُل‬

ُ َ‫فَ َع َل – ي‬

‫ضُ–ُلُ–ُل‬
ِ ‫ضل – ي‬
‫ضل‬ َ َ
Here the ‘ayn is given a kasrah, because it is intransitive (laazim), and the Muda’’af which is

intransitive belongs to Chapter Two ‫فَ َع َل – يَفعِ ُل‬

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ُ‫َعم‬
ُ‫أ‬

We have a final objective and an initial objective. The final objective is to reach to merging,
and the initial objective is to get the first meem silent.

In the initial objective there are two ways of doing it, we either Move or Remove the harakah
of the first identical letter.

Here we are able to Move the dhammah of the first identical letter (i.e. the meem) to the letter
before it which is the Faa (i.e. the ‘ayn).

Now we reached to our final objective and we are able to merge the two identical letters,
because the first letter is silent and the second has harakah which is a dhammah.

When we merge the two identical letters we give it a shaddah to indicate the merging.

The same we do with

ِ
‫أضل‬

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  Notice that here we give the Faa a kasrah and not a dhammah.

Allaah ‫ سبحانه وتعالى‬said:

ِ ‫َضل علَى نَ ْف ِسي ۖ وإِ ِن اهتَ َديت فَبِما ي‬

‫وحي إِ َل‬ ِ
ُ َ ُْ ْ َ َ ‫ت فَِإَّنَا أ‬ َ ‫قُ ْل إِن‬
ُ ‫ضلَْل‬
‫َرِّب ۖ إِنهُ ََِسيع قَ ِريب‬
Say: “If (even) I go astray, I shall stray only to my own loss. But if I remain guided, it is
because of the Inspiration of my Lord to me. Truly, He is AllHearer, Ever Near (to all
things).” [34:50]

We do the same to the rest of the conjugation in the Mudaari’.

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 Allaah ‫ سبحانه وتعالى‬said:

ِ ‫ضل عن سبِيلِ ِه ۖ وهو أَعلَم بِالْمهت‬

ِ
‫ين‬ ‫د‬
َ َْ ُ ُ ْ َُ َ َ ‫إِن َرب‬
َ َ َ‫ك ُه َو أ َْعلَ ُم َمن ي‬
Verily, your Lord! It is He Who knows best who strays from His Way, and He knows best the
rightly guided ones. [6:117]

‫َجل م َس ًّمى فَا ْكتُبُوهُ ۖ َولْيَ ْكتُب‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫يا أَي ها ال‬

َ ‫ين َآمنُوا إ َذا تَ َدايَنتُم ب َديْن إ َل أ‬ َ ‫ذ‬ َ َ
ۖ ُ‫ب َك َما َعل َمهُ الله‬ ‫ت‬
ُ ‫ك‬
ْ ‫ي‬ ‫َن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ِ‫ب ي نَ ُكم َكاتِب بِالْع ْد ِل ۖ وَل يأْب َكات‬
َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ْ
‫س ِمْنهُ َشْيئًا ۖ فَِإن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬
‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫الل‬ ‫ق‬ِ ‫احلَق ولْيَت‬
ْ ِ ‫فَ ْلي ْكتُب ولْيملِ ِل ال ِذي علَي‬
‫ه‬
ْ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َْ ُْ َ ْ َ
‫يع أَن ُُيِل ُه َو فَ ْليُ ْملِ ْل‬ ِ َ‫احلق س ِفيها أَو ضعِي ًفا أَو َل يست‬
‫ط‬
ُ َْ ْ َ ْ ً َ َ َْ ْ ‫ه‬ِ ‫َكا َن ال ِذي علَي‬
ِ ْ َ‫استَ ْش ِه ُدوا َش ِه َيديْ ِن ِمن ِر َجالِ ُكم ۖ فَِإن ّلْ يَ ُكونَا ر ُجل‬
‫ني‬ ‫و‬ ۖ ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ولِيه بِالْع ْد‬
َ ْ َْ َ ُ َ
‫ضل إِ ْح َد ُاُهَا فَتُ َذ ِكَر إِ ْح َد ُاُهَا‬ ِ َ‫ضو َن ِمن الشه َد ِاء أَن ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ِم‬ِ ‫ان‬ِ َ‫فَرجل وامرأَت‬
َ َ َْ ْ َ َْ َ ُ َ
‫صغِ ًريا‬
َ ُ‫ب الش َه َداءُ إِ َذا َما ُد ُعوا ۖ َوَل تَ ْسأ َُموا أَن تَ ْكتُبُوه‬ َ ْ‫ُخَرى ۖ َوَل يَأ‬ ْ ‫ْاْل‬
‫ط ِع َند الل ِه َوأَقْ َوُم لِلش َه َاد ِة َوأ َْد َن أَل‬ ُ ‫َجلِ ِه ۖ َذلِ ُك ْم أَقْ َس‬ ِ
َ ‫أ َْو َكبِ ًريا إ َل أ‬
‫س َعلَْي ُك ْم ُجنَاح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬
َ ‫ف‬
َ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ُ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ َ‫ون‬‫ير‬ ِ ُ‫اضرًة ت‬
‫د‬ ِ ‫تَرتَابوا ۖ إِل أَن تَ ُكو َن ِِتارًة ح‬
َ ْ ْ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ ََ ُ ْ
‫ضار َكاتِب َوَل َش ِهيد ۖ َوإِن‬ َ ُ‫وها ۖ َوأَ ْش ِه ُدوا إِ َذا تَبَايَ ْعتُ ْم ۖ َوَل ي‬ َ ُ‫أَل تَ ْكتُب‬
‫تَ ْف َعلُوا فَِإنهُ فُ ُسوق بِ ُك ْم ۖ َوات ُقوا اللهَ ۖ َويُ َعلِ ُم ُك ُم اللهُ ۖ َواللهُ بِ ُك ِل َش ْيء‬
‫َعلِيم‬
O you who believe! When you contract a debt for a fixed period, write it down. Let a scribe
write it down in justice between you. Let not the scribe refuse to write as Allah has taught
him, so let him write. Let him (the debtor) who incurs the liability dictate, and he must fear
Allah, his Lord, and diminish not anything of what he owes. But if the debtor is of poor
understanding, or weak, or is unable himself to dictate, then let his guardian dictate in
justice. And get two witnesses out of your own men. And if there are not two men (available),
then a man and two women, such as you agree for witnesses, so that if one of them (two

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 women) errs, the other can remind her. And the witnesses should not refuse when they are
called on (for evidence). You should not become weary to write it (your contract), whether it
be small or big, for its fixed term, that is more just with Allah; more solid as evidence, and
more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves, save when it is a present trade which
you carry out on the spot among yourselves, then there is no sin on you if you do not write it
down. But take witnesses whenever you make a commercial contract. Let neither scribe nor
witness suffer any harm, but if you do (such harm), it would be wickedness in you. So be
afraid of Allah; and Allah teaches you. And Allah is the All-Knower of each and everything.
[2:282]
ِ َ‫ ت‬here in the verse points out to ‫ِهي‬
‫ضل‬

َ
 This is the longest verse in the Quraan.

ِِ ِ ِ ‫اب لِلن‬ ِ َ ‫إِنا أَنزلْنَا علَي‬

َ ‫اس بِا ْحلَ ِق ۖ فَ َم ِن ْاهتَ َدى فَلنَ ْفسه ۖ َوَمن‬
‫ضل‬ َ َ‫ك الْكت‬ َْ َ
‫َنت َعلَْي ِهم بَِوكِيل‬ ِ
َ ‫فَِإَّنَا يَضل َعلَْي َها ۖ َوَما أ‬
Verily, We have sent down to you (O Muhammad SAW) the Book (this Quran) for mankind in
truth. So whosoever accepts the guidance, it is only for his ownself, and whosoever goes
astray, he goes astray only for his (own) loss. And you (O Muhammad SAW) are not a Wakil
(trustee or disposer of affairs, or keeper) over them. [39:41]

~~~END OF SARF LEVEL ONE~~~

ُ ‫ُُالصالِ َح‬
ُ‫ات‬ َّ ‫ال َحم ُدُُلِلَّ ِهُُالَّ ِذيُبِنِع َمتِ ِهُُتَتِم‬
Notes Transcribed by: Umm Sufyaan Al Maghribiyyah

Message from the teacher: You have passed Phase 1 of Arabic Sarf, and what is ahead is very
easy if you master and revise much what you have taken so far. In Phase 2 you shall study the
3 verbs and matters related to verbs in general All the best.

**CONGRATULATIONS**

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