10

MAPEH
Second Quarter – Module 2a
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music
 MUSIC OF AFRICA
TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA
African traditional music is largely functional in nature, used primarily in
ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, marriage, successions, worships, and spirit
invocation. Others are work related or social in nature while many traditional
societies view their music as entertainment.
 Afrobeat is a term used to describe the fusion of West African with Black
American music

Apala (Akpala) is a musical genre

from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style, used to
wake up the worshippers after fasting during the
Holy Feast of Ramadan. Percusion instrumentation
includesthe ratle (sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo),
bel(agogo), and two or three talking drums.

YORUBA APALA MUSICIANS

personal.psu.educ

Axe is a popular musical genre from

Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the afro-
Caribbean styles of marcha, reggae, and calypso,
and is played by carnival bands.

Afrobaile.com

Jit is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on drums
with guitar accompaniment, influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.

Jive is a popular form of South African

music featuring a lively and uninhibited variations
of jitterbug, a form of swing dance.

http://purehistory.org/jive-dance/

Juju is a popular music style from Nigeria

that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms,
where the instruments are more Western in
origin.
 Allaroundthisworld.com

Kwassa Kwassa is a dance style

that begun in Zaire in the late 1980’s,
popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this
dance style, the hips move back and forth
while the arms move following the hips.

Pinterest.com

Marabi is a South
African three-chord township music of
the 1930s-1960s which evolved into
African Jazz.

Soulsafari.wordpress.com

LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED BY AFRICAN MUSIC

Reggae is a Jamaican musical style that was strongly influenced by the
island’s traditional mento music, as well as by calypso, African jazz, and rhythm and
blues. The most recognizable musical elements of reggae are its offbeat rhythm and
staccato chords.

Salsa music is Cuban, Puerto

Rican, and Colombian dance music. It
comprises various musical genres
including the Cuban son montuno,
guaracha, chachacha, mambo and
bolero.
 liveabout.com

Samba is a Brazilian musical genre

and dance style. Its roots can be traced to
Africa via West African slave trade and
African religious traditions particularly in
Angola and the Congo.

vbds.org

Soca is also known as the “soul of

calypso”. It originated as a fusion of
calypso with Indian rhythms, thus
combining the musical traditions of the two
major ethnic groups of Trinidad and
Tobago.

discogs.com

Were is a Muslim music often performed as a wake -up call for early breakfast
and prayers during Ramadan celebrations.

Zouk is fast, carnival-like rhythmic

music, from the Creole slang word for
“party”. Originating in the Caribbean Islands
of Guadeloupe and Martinique and
popularized in the1980’s. It has a pulsating
beat supplied by the gwo ka and tambour
bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern played
on the rim of the snare drum and its hi-hat,
rhythm guitar, a horn section, and keyboard
synthesizers.

vimbly.com
VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC

Maracatu first surfaced in the African

state of pernabuco, combining the strong
rhythms of African percussion instruments with
Portuguese melodies.

Maracatudance
aminoapps.com

Blues is a musical form of the late 19th century that had deep roots in African-
American communities. These communities were located in the so called “Deep
South” of the United States, where the slaves and their descendants used to sing as
they worked in the cotton fields.

Noted performers of the Rhythm and

Blues genre are Ray Charles, James Brown,
Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and John Lee
Hooker; as well as B.B. King, Bo Didley, Erykah
Badu, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie
Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie Vaughan,
and Jeff Baxter. Examples of blues music are
the following: “Early in the Morning”, “A House
is not a Home”, “Billie’s Blues”.

Ray Charles youtube.com

Soul music was a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s. It originated
in the United States, and combined elements of African-American gospel music,
rhythm and blues, and often jazz. The catchy rhythms are accompanied by
handclaps and extemporaneous body moves which are among its important
features.

James Brown was known as

the “Godfather of Soul,” while Sam Coke and
Jackie Wilson are also often acknowledged
as “soul forefathers.” Examples of soul music
are the following: “Ain’t No Mountain High
Enough”, “Ben”, “Al I Could Do is Cry”, “Soul
to Soul”, and “Becha” by Golly,Wow.
James Brown
britannica.com

Spiritual is normally associated with a deeply religious person. In music

however, it refers to a song form, known as the “Negro spiritual”, sung by African
slaves in America who became enslaved by its white communities. This musical form
became their outlet to express their loneliness and anger, and was a result of the
interaction of music and religion from Africa with that of America.
Call and Response method is a succession of two distinct musical phrases
usually rendered by different musicians, where the second phrase acts as a direct
commentary on or response to the first.

AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

Many instruments of Africa are made from natural elements like wood, metal,
animal skin and horns, as well as improvised from the objects like tin cans and
bottles. These are mainly used to provide rhythmic sounds, which are the most
defining element of African music. Materials in the environment, like wood from
forests areas, are used for large drums. Other drums are also made of clay, metal,
tortoise shells, or gourds. Xylophones are made of lumber or bamboo, while flutes
are constructed wherever reeds or bamboo grow. Animal horns are used as
trumpets, while animal hides, lizard skins can function as decorations as well as
provide the membranes from drum heads. Laces made of hides and skins are used
for the strings of harps, fiddles and lutes.

POPULAR LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

Latin America has produced a number of musical genres and forms that had
been influenced by European folk music, African traditional music, and native
sources. Some of these Latin American popular music forms are tango, bosa nova,
samba, son, and salsa.

Samba is a dance form of African origin which evolved into an African-

Brazilian favorite in the working class and slum districts of Rio de Janeiro.
Son is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) of Spain and the
African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin.
Salsa is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico
that started in New York in the mid-1970s. Its styles contains elements from the
swing dance and hustle as well as the complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Caribbean
forms of pachanga and guaguanco.
VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC
Latin American instruments are extremely useful in adding life, color, and
variety to their many vocal and dance forms which have captured the world’s
attention and affectionate adoption. However, the original Latin dance forms have
been experiencing constant revivals of their popularity especially in “ballroom
dancing” as the trendier modern styles also fade almost as quickly as they come.

Cumbia originated in
Panama and Colombia; the cumbia
became popular courtship dance with
European and African instrumentation
and characteristics. It contained varying
rhythmic meters among the major
locations – meter in Colombia; and
meters in Panama, and meter in
Mexico. Instruments used are the
drums of African origin, such as the
tabora (bass drum), claves (a pair
of thick hardwood sticks) guitar,
accordion, clarinet, modern flute, and
caja, (a type https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcLSK9mv_mA of snare drum).

Tango may have been of African

origin meaning “African dance “or from the
Spanish word taner meaning” to play” (an
instrument). It is a foremost Argentinian
and Uruguayan urban popular song and
dance that is related to the Cuban
contradanza, habanera, and Cuban tango,
and remains a 20th century nationalistic
Argentinian piece that is most expensive.

milburns.com.au

The cha cha is a ballroom dance that

originated in Cuba in 1953, derived from the
mambo and its characteristic rhythm of 2
crochets – 3 quavers – quaver rest, with a
syncopation on the fourth beat. The cha cha
may be danced with Cuban music, Latin Pop,
or Latin Rock. The Cuban cha cha,
considered more sensual that may contain
polyrhythmic patterns, has a normal count of
‘two-three-chachacha’ and ‘four and one, two,
three’.
 Fredastaire.com

Rumba is a popular recreational

dance of Afro- Cuban origin performed in a
complex duple meter pattern and tresillo,
which is a dotted quaver-dotted-quaver-
dotted semiquaver rhythm.

Pinterest.com

Bossa nova originated in the late 1950s when a slower, gentler version of the
classic Cuban samba became popular with the upper and the middle-class sectors of
Brazilian society. The name bossa nova is a Portuguese for “new trend”. A foremost
figure of bosa nova is Antonio Carlos Jobim, who became famous with his song
Desafinado (1957). In the Philippine pop music scene, Siti Navaro is a singer who
has become known as the “Philippines’ Queen of Bosa Nova.” Some of her bosa
nova songs include Para sa Akin, Hey Look at the Sun, Lost in Space, and Kung Di
Rin Lang Ikaw.

Antonio Carlos Jobim, Siti Navaro

Reggae is an urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica
in the mid-1960s.It contained English texts coupled with Creole expressions that
were not so familiar to the non-Jamaican.

The best-known proponent of

reggae music is Bob Marley, a Jamaican
singer-songwriter, musician, and guitarist.
He achieved international fame and acclaim for song such as: One Love, Three Little
Birds; No Woman, No Cry; Redemption Song; and Stir It Up.

Loopjamaica.com

Foxtrot is a 20th century social

dance that originated after 1910 in the
USA. It was executed as a one step, two
step and syncopated rhythmic pattern.

Ballroomdanceacademy

Paso Doble (meaning “double

step”) is a theatrical Spanish dance used
by the Spaniards in bullfights. Where the
music was played as the matador enters
(paseo) and during passes just before
the kill (faena).

Dancehistory. Trueillusion.bj

JAZZ MUSIC
The development of the jazz genre was an offshoot of the music of African
slaves who were brought to America. As an outlet for their deepest feelings, the
Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in their home country as well as to
voice out their sentiments on their desperate condition as slaves in America.
Ragtime is an American popular style mainly for piano that originated in the
Afro-American communities of St. Louis and New Orleans. It was said to be a
modification of the “marching mode” made popular by John Philip Sousa. where the
effect is generated by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a
rhythmically straightforward bass line.
 Foremost exponents of ragtime were Jely Rol Morton who was an American
ragtime and early jazz pianist and composer Frog-I-More Rag. Scot Joplin, who also
composed the popular Maple Leaf Rag, Solace, and The Entertainer. Joplin is also
known as the “King of Ragtime.”

Jely Rol Morton famouscomposers.net Scot Joplin stalfegeschool.org.uk

Big band refers to a large ensemble form originating in the United States in
the mid-1920s closely associated with swing era and its jazz elements. Relying
heavily on percussion (drums), wind, rhythm section (guitar, piano, double bass,
vibes), and brass instruments (saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins and
other string instruments) to accompany a lyrical melody

Bebop is a musical style of modern

jazz that emerged during World War II. It was
characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental
virtuosity, and improvisation. The speed of
the harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted in
a heavy performance where the instrumental
sound became more tense and free. Its main
exponents were trumpeter Dizy Gilespie.

Dizy Gilespie blackpast.org

Jazz rock is the music of 1960’s

and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz elements
into rock music. A synonym for “jazz fusion,”
jazz rock is a mix of funk and R&B (“rhythm
and blues”) rhythms, where the music used
amplification and electronic effects, complex
time signatures, and extended instrumental
compositions with lengthy improvisations in
the jazz style.

Popular singer/songwriters Joni

Mitchel, Tim Buckley, and Van Morison were among those who adopted the jazz
rock style.
Nytimes.com

POPULAR MUSIC

Popular music literally means “music of the populace,” similar to traditional

folk music of the past. As it developed in the 20th century, pop music (as it has come
to be called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of
people, whether on radio or in live performances. From the standard songs and
ballads of the legendary Cole Porter, George Gershwin, and Frank Sinatra to the
rock and roll craze of Elvis Presley and the Beatles and the present-day idols in the
alternative music and disco modes, popular music is now shared by the entire world.

Ballads originated as an expressive folksong in narrative verse with text

dealing typically with love.
1. Blues ballads
This the fusion of Anglo American, and Afro American Styles from the 19 th
century that deals with the Anti Heroes resisting authorities. The form emphasizes
the character of the performer more than the narrative content and is accompanied
by the banjo and guitar.
2. Pop standard and Jazz Ballads
This is a blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars ending on the
dominant or half-cadence, followed by a refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA
form. The B section acts as the bridge, and the piece normally ends with a brief
coda.

3. Pop and Rock Ballads

A pop and rock ballad are an emotional love song with suggestions of folk
music, as in the Beatles’ composition “The Ballad of John and Yoko” and Billy Joel’s
“The Ballad of Billy.” This style is sometimes applied to strophic story-songs, such as
Don McLean’s “American Pie.”

Standard is used to denote the most popular and enduring songs from a
particular genre or style, such as those by Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgers
and Hart. Its style is mostly in a slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed mode.

Among the foremost proponents of

this style was Frank Sinatra, also known as Ol
Blue Eyes.
Chairman of the Board or the

Voice. Imdb.com
 Rock and Roll was a hugely popular
song form in the United States during the late
1940s to the 1960s.It combined Afro-American
forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz and
gospel music with the Western swing and
country music. The lead instruments were the
piano and saxophone, but these were eventually
replaced by modern instruments. The greatest
exponent of the rock and roll style was the
legendary Elvis Presley. His hit songs such as
Heartbreak Hotel and Blue Suede Shoes were
complemented by his good looks and elaborate
Findagrave.com movements that included hugging the
microphone as he sang.
Disco music pertained to rock music that was more danceable, thus leading to the
establishment of venues for public dancing also called discos. The term originated
from the French word “discotheque” which means a library for phonograph records.

Famous figures of the disco genre include ABBA, Dona Summer (“The Queen
of Disco”), The Bee Gees; Earth, Wind, and Fire; KC and the Sunshine Band; The
Village People; and Gloria Gaynor, bringing us such hits as Dancing Queen, Stayin’
Alive, Bogie Wonderland, and Hot Stuff.

Bee Gees en.wikipedia.org ABBA en.wikipedia.org DONNA Summer

grammy.com

Hip hop and Rap music is stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually
includes portions of rhythmically chanted words called “rap”. In rapping, the artist
speaks along with an instrumental or synthesized beat. It has since evolved into a
subculture that encompasses music (raping, DJing, scratching, and beatboxing); a
nearly acrobatic style of dancing, called break dancing; a distinct manner of dress;
and graffiti-style artwork.
Among the early hip hop artists were LL Cool J and Run-D.M.C. While more
recent popular names in this genre have ben Beastie Boys, Eminem, and Kanye
West
Eminem facebook.com Kanya West en.wikepedia.org Beastie Boys esquire.com

Alternative Music was an underground independent form of music that

arose in the 1980s. It became widely popular in 1990 as a way to defy
mainstream rock music, it was known for its conventional practices such as
distorted guitar, oppressive lyrics, and defiant attitude.