Chapter 1

Problem and Its Scope

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heteropbyllus) is one of the most significant trees, The Tree can provide

many environmental services. It is highly wind tolerant and therefore makes a good component

in a windbreak or border planting. Growing in pastures, it can provide fallen fruit livestock,

shade, and long-term timber.jackfruit has a compound or multiple fruit (syncarp) with a green to

yellow – brown exterior rind that is composed of hexagonal, bluntly conical carpel apices that

cover a thick, rubbery, whitish to yellowish wall. The Acid to sweetish (when ripe) banana-

flavored flesh (aril) surrounds each seed. The heavy fruit is held together by a central fibrous

core. Fruits are oblong-cylindric in shape. (Fosberg et al.1979)

It has been postulated that latexes from certain trees and plants contain various components like

latex. Latex is a milky liquid found in many plants but is not the same as sap (Myers, 2017).

After such deliberation, the researcher decided to make use of jackfruit latex and rubber tree

latex to make an alternative sealant. This mixture of materials was selected due to the unique

properties possessed by the said materials. It has been scientifically proven that jackfruit latex is

a potential source of adhesive. Jackfruit trees are 30 to 70 ft. (9 21 m) tall, with evergreen,

alternative, glossy, somewhat leathery leaves to 9 in (22.5 cm) long, oval on mature wood,

sometimes oblong or deeply lobed on young shoots. All parts contain sticky white latex (Morton,

1987). The heated latex is employed as household cement for mending chinaware and

earthenware, and to caulk boats and holes in bucket (Tacio, 2017). The chemical constituents of
the latex have been reported by Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not a substitute for rubber but

contains 82.6 to 86.4% resins which may have value in varnishes (Morton, 1987). The latex

extracted from the plant is extremely sticky and therefore also used as an adhesive (Dass, 2017)

Another scientific inquiry has tested and proven the elastic property od rubber making it the

perfect binder and filler for a sealant. The rubber trees grow to heights of 100 to 130 feet and can

live up to 100 years. Its most famous feature is the milky white sap, known as latex, which flows

freely from the tree when a silver of bark is removed. A rubber tree, also referred to as rubber

wood, can be tapped for latex once it reaches approximately six years of age (Rainforest

Alliance, 2012). From surgical to caulks, Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) is used in numerous

products in the adhesives and sealants industry. In the 1845,the first rubber-based adhesive

patent (U.S. Patent number 3,965) was issued to Henry Day. Natural rubber latex was the first

polymer to be used to produce pressure-sensitive adhesives. Interestingly, NRL is the only

material that sticks to itself, making it ideal for cold-seal adhesives. (Doyle, 2010)

The Jackfruit Latex and rubber tree mixtures are possible eco-friendly and inexpensive solution

for sealing common household leakages. The researcher combines the constituents which are

jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex by heating the ingredients to form a tacky substance that was

used as alternative sealant. Carpenters, plumbers, and ordinary household members can be the

beneficiaries of the said alternative sealant. In the study, the researcher manipulated the

concentrations of the jackfruit latex to determine the optimal measurement of the said ingredient.
Furthermore, the sealant was applied on steel sheet with a punctured hole and the researcher

tested its effect by applying high pressures until the seal was broken.

Theoritical Framework

The researcher of the study has decided that mixtures composed of jackfruit latex on a rubber

base are an appropriate alternative to commercial sealants. This is due to several factors inherent

to jackfruit latex and rubber.

According to Team WFM (2016), it has been established that sealants are ‘’polymers having a

tight molecular structure that does not allow water to penetrate a seal’’ The researcher of the

study has empirical evidence that a mixture of jackfruit latex upon a rubber base possesses

hydrophobic properties and other desirable properties usually required for a sealant to do its job.

The hydrophobic property of the components is the main factor for producing the sealant as the

mixture is a worthy alternative to the commercial sealants found in hardware shops.

According to an article by Fredirick (2017), it was mentioned that ‘’hydrophobes are nonpolar

molecules and usually have long chain of carbons that do not interact with water molecules.”

American chemist Walter Kauzmann described that nonpolar substances tend to clump up

together rather than evenly distribute itself in an aqueous medium, because this allows the

compounds to expose the least surface area to the aqueous solution. When hydrophobes are

placed in an aqueous medium, the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules will have to be

broken for the hydrophobe to be dissolved into the medium and as commonly noted, hydrogen
bonds are the strongest bonds that form between any given molecules. It is due to the hydrogen

bonds that hydrophobes would much rather stick together than dissolve into the solution.

Sealants, sometimes called caulks, are viscous substances which are used to fill the voids, cracks,

and gaps between substrates. Sealants are usually used as barriers because of its structure and

properties. Sealants generally contain inert filler material and are usually formulated with an

elastomer to give the required low flexibility and elongation as overall strength is not important.

They usually have a paste consistency to allow filling of gaps between substrates.

There are different types of sealants which includes latex sealants and elastomeric sealants. Latex

sealants are water-based, easy to tool, easy to clean up, elastomeric sealants.

Latex sealants are water-based, easy to tool, easy to clean up, paintable, and relatively less

expensive than other types of sealants. Latex sealants are usually made from latex emulsions. As

stated by Reddy and Palmer (2004), latex emulsions which contain a stable water-insoluble,

polymeric colloidal suspension in an aqueous solution, are commonly used in sealant

compositions to improve the properties of those compositions by suspending the small particles

inside the flexible structure of the colloid. Latex emulsions are also employed to reduce the

brittleness of the sealant compositions. In addition, latex emulsions are used to improve the

flexibility of sealant compositions. Different types of sealants have different pressure tolerances

for different purposes as the pressure tolerance.

Elastomeric sealant is a building material used to fill and seal up spaces. With a rubbery liquid

texture that dries hard but retains flexibility, it can be easy to work with and is typically long

lasting. When applied or inserted into a crack or space, the sealant expands and seals to the

surface, creating a waterproof barrier. A chemical compound, or polymer, called elastomer

makes up elastomeric sealant. It is strong and spongy-hard and rubbery, making it an elastic

polymer.

The Japanese Patent No. 3210863 (1989) describes “a puncture sealant for sealing a punctured

tire, containing rubber latex comprising only natural rubber latex and also containing a resin-

based adhesive that is compatible with the natural rubber latex.” (Takahara and Okamatsu,

2009). Rubber is known elastomer and jackfruit latex can be considered as a resin-based

adhesive since jackfruit latex contains adhesive properties.

The Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-035867 (2004) describes “a

tire puncture sealant containing at least a natural rubber latex, a tackifying resin emulsion, and an

anti-freezing agent, wherein a solid content of the natural rubber latex is from 30 to 60 parts by

weight, a solid content of the tackifying resin emulsion is from 10 to 30 parts by weight and a

content of the anti-freezing agent is from 20 to 50 parts by weight per 100partsby

Weight of a total solid contents that is a sum of the solid content of the natural rubber latex, the

solid content of the tackifying resin emulsion and the content of the anti-freezing agent; an

aromatic modified terpene resin is used as a tackifying resin in the tackifying resin emulsion, and

the tire puncture sealant can maintain high, stable sealing performance over a long period of time
even when stored under harsh temperature conditions for a long period of time” (Takahara and

Okamatsu, 2009).

Most current formulations of the liquid sealant contain natural latex. For example, the invention

patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,499 B1 (1994) discloses a kind of sealant comprising 55-60 wt %

deproteinized natural latex. Another invention patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,992,119 B2 (2006)

discloses a kind of sealant comprising30-60 wt % natural latex. For the sealing purpose, various

kinds of tackifier such as aromatic terpene resin or phenol resin can be added to the sealant, as

pointed out by the invention patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,305 B2. Additionally, the invention

patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,448 B2 (2002) discloses that 20-40wt %VEVA copolymer resin can

be used as the tackifier. The invention patent US20120277364 A1 (2010) discloses that other

materials, such as synthetic latex, can also be used as the tackifier (Lam and Chan, 2013).

Reddy and Palmer (2004) also suggested that sealant compositions may include: an aliphatic

conjugated diene monomer; an additional monomer comprising a non-aromatic unsaturated

mono- or di- carboxylic ester monomer, an aromatic unsaturated monomer, a nitrogen-containing

monomer, or combinations thereof; and a protective colloid.

Acrylic latex-based sealants exhibit many desirable properties, such as, good flexibility, and

good adhesion to many substrates and resistance to degradation by ultraviolet radiation. They

suffer from one or more fatal weaknesses, unfortunately, viz., poor wet adhesion and lack of

water resistance. Intermittent wetting of acrylic latex-based sealants after they have cured is not a

problem. However, if the acrylic latex-based sealants are immersed in water for continuous

periods of time, that is, 24 hours or longer, total loss of adhesion can occur. Furthermore, these
sealants under such conditions begin to soften and lose integrity due to the lack of water

resistance. Latex sealants which have only cured for several hours exhibit greater sensitivity to

water and lose dimensional stability (Bullman, 1982).

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a medium-size evergreen tree typically reaching 8–25 m

(26–82 ft) in height that is easily recognized by its fruit, the largest among cultivated plants. All

parts contain sticky, white latex.

The heated latex is employed as household cement for mending chinaware and earthenware, and

to caulk boats and holes in buckets. The chemical constituents of the latex have been reported by

Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not a substitute for rubber but contains 82.6 to 86.4% resins

which may have value in varnishes.

In a previous study by Abbas and Cabili (2012), the researcher of that study planned to use the

Jackfruit peeling as the raw material of the target alternative binder. Almost all the parts of the

Jackfruit tree including its fruit secrete latex when injured which is a good factor when it comes

to binding.

The Jackfruit peeling itself also contains cellulose which is the chief component of plants’ cell

walls. Cellulose products such as Carboxymethyl Celluloseareused as binder.

According to The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2013), rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is

a South American tropical tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). . The milky liquid (latex)

that oozes from any wound to the tree bark contains about 30 percent rubber, which can be

coagulated and processed into solid products, such as tires. Latex can also be concentrated for

producing dipped goods, such as surgical gloves.

Rubber is an example of an elastomer type polymer, where the polymer has the ability to return

to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. The majority of rubber polymer molecules

contain at least some unit’s derived from conjugated diene monomers (Ophardt and Padleckas,

2017). Natural rubber is obtained as a milky white fluid known as latex from a tropical rubber

tree. Natural rubber consists in particular of long polymer chains. If it is mixed with resin (to

make it sticky), you get an adhesive that is extremely flexible due to the length and mobility of

these polymer chains (Wikitapia, 2014). Also, in the 19 century, the introduction of rubber and
th

rubber-based products throughout the world brought about a new series of adhesive materials

that made great impact on industry. Natural latex had been used as an adhesive by natives, but

industrial processing improved its material properties for adhesive uses. Peal and Johnson

received British patients in 1791 and 1797, respectively, for the use natural rubber as an

adhesive. Rubber cements - natural rubber (or more recently synthetic rubber) in a solvent –

proved to be extremely water resistant and resilient (Anderson, 1990).

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to devise an eco-friendly alternative sealant out of the jackfruit latex in a

rubber-based sealant. Moreover, this study sought to determine the following:

1. The Maximum Pressure Tolerance of Each Setup of Jackfruit and Rubber Tree Latex Mixture

2. The effect of using different ratios of jackfruit and rubber tree latex mixture as an alternative

sealant.
Null Hypothesis

There is no significant effect of using different ratios of jackfruit and rubber tree latex as an

alternative sealant.

Conceptual Framework

This study aimed to find out the effects of the different ratios of rubber tree and jackfruit latex

mixture as an alternative sealant. The independent variable of the study is the different ratios of

rubber tree and jackfruit latex mixture. The dependent variable of the study is the maximum

pressure tolerances of the ratios of the alternative sealant.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

The different ratios of rubber tree and The maximum pressure tolerance of the

jackfruit latex mixture different ratios of rubber tree

A. 1:0 ( 12ml rubber latex; 0ml

Jackfruit latex)
Jackfruit-latex mixture
B. 1:1 (6ml rubber latex; 6ml Jackfruit

latex)

C. 1:2 (4ml rubber latex; 8ml Jackfruit

latex)

D. 1:3 (3ml rubber latex; 9ml Jackfruit

latex)
Significance of the Study

This study will help in finding more uses of natural ingredients and its results could contribute to

society, particularly to the carpenters and repairmen by giving them a new aid for preventing

leaks from worsening. The main benefit of this study is to give a person a new variety of sealant

for blocking leaks. This study is found to be beneficial to future researchers as they might come

up with a study from simple things that may have great effects.

The environment should benefit from this study since the ingredients of the mixture are eco-

friendly and nontoxic compared to commercial sealants. This study can also help plumbers,

carpenters, or repairmen since the main purpose of the mixture is to seal metal roof breakages,

which is in line with their job.

Household members may also benefit in this study because they can use the mixture to seal some

small leakages in the house. The mixture can also help them in terms of their financial aspect

since the constituents of the mixture are recycled and are harvested from natural resources. The

local farmers also have a stake in the research due to the study’s utilization of local materials

instead of foreign petroleum.

In economic terms, this study is very much cheaper when compared to commercial sealants

where prices range from 100 pesos and higher. This product meanwhile could cost 50 pesos for

the same volume as commercial sealants. The packaging of the product could be in bars pre

mixed then simply melted and applied on the actual construction sites.
Scope and Delimitations

This study was experimental in nature wherein the different ratios of rubber tree and jackfruit

latex was tested and compared to the commercial sealant to know the optimal ratio among the

set-ups. The study utilized a control setup, which is the commercial sealant bought in the

hardware store. . The previous study was conducted at the Biology Laboratory of Sindangan

National High School, Dapaon, Sindangan, Zamboanga Del Norte during the school year 2018 –

2019. The researcher asked for permission to use the apparatuses needed in conducting the study

such as alcohol lamp, tripod, and wire gauze. The researcher harvested and brought the

components of the alternative sealant, jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex.

The researcher then placed the alternative sealant on pieces of galvanized iron sheets with holes

of similar diameters then test its durability by exposing the sealant to a pressure tolerance test

which was done by applying pressure onto the samples until the seal of the sealant broke apart

and released the air and the water contained inside the pressure testing vessel.

Definition of Terms

Jackfruit- A large tropical Asian tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) related to the breadfruit that

yields a fine-grained yellow wood and immense fruit which contain an edible pulp and nutritious

seeds (Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2018). The latex extracted from the jackfruit tree is the main

ingredient of the alternative sealant.

Latex- A colloidal suspension of very small polymer particles in water. Many polymers can be

produced as latex, but tuber latexes are of great commercial importance (Gale Research Inc.,

1996). Latex is extracted from rubber tree and jackfruit and is used as ingredients of the

alternative sealant.

Maximum pressure tolerance- The maximum force a subject can tolerate without excessive effort

(Fischer, 1986). It is the dependent variable of the study.

Pressure- Continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with

it. The force per unit area exerted by a fluid against a surface with which it is in contact (Oxford

University Press, 2019). The quantity that is being measured in testing the samples of the study.

Rubber tree- A South American tree (Hevea brasiliensis) of the spurge family that is cultivated

in plantations and is a chief source of rubber latex (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The rubber

latex extracted from the rubber tree is the filler for the alternative sealant.

Sealant- A substance that is put on a surface in order to protect it from air, water, etc. (Oxford

Dictionary Press, 2009). The proponents will devise an alternative sealant.

 Chapter 2

Review Related Literature

This Chapter presents literature and studies, of foreign which are related to the Effect of

Different Ratios of jackfruit and Rubber Tree Latex as an Alternative Sealant. The analyst

gathered information through reading books, journals and other published and unpublished

materials, internet and other references related to the study. In addition synthesis of this chapter

is presented

Foreign Literature

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the largest edible fruits grown worldwide. A

distinguishing feature of jackfruit tree is its ability to produce a higher yield of fruits than any

other tree in the Moraceae family producing 70- 200 kg of fruit per tree depending on variety,

cultural practices, and environmental factors. Average weight of a fruit is about 3.5 to 10 kg and

sometimes a fruit may reach up to 25 kg (Kumar et al., 1988). Various types of jackfruits such as

Khaja, Gala, and Durasha are found in the south-east Asian region (Haque, 1993).
Khaja is characterized by the hard and crispy bulb, gala poses soft, juicy, and melted bulb, and

Durasha is an intermediate between Khaja and Gala. The tender jack fruit is a popular vegetable

and used in making soup and pickles. Chips and papads are also prepared from ripe and unripe

pulp. The juicy pulp of the ripe fruit is eaten fresh or preserved in syrup. This fruit is potential

for preparing jam, jelly and value added products due to the presence of pectin (Singh et al.,

1991). When in season, the poor people generally used to eat this fruit instead of rice at least

once a day in a jackfruit growing area. That’s why it is commonly referred to as “the poor man’s

food” (Rahman et al., 1995).

Local Literature

Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) an indigenous fruit tree is widely distributed throughout

many tropical countries, including PHILIPPINES both cultivated and wild. This fruit contains a

sap which has a component that is identical to a white wood glue called “latex”. With this, we

are encourage to use this as an additive in making a paste for we know that the sap is extremely

sticky and therefore also utilized as an effective adhesive. On the importance of paste, the

function and value of this sticky stuff plays a very important role in the school. As we take a look

on the components of a normal paste that we used to buy in market or school supplies store, we

can notice that there are some chemicals involve in making the paste. These chemicals may

affect the health of their users. We decided to make use of a fruit that has asap that contains the

same characteristics as the chemical found in the white paste which is what they call “latex.”
(Authors:Ian Vincent A., Rio Carlo B., Jhan Christopher C., Elvin Christopher G., Sean Micheal

M., James Jacob P. Saint Vincents College Philippines published on 2020.

This study investigated the effect of different ratios of jackfruit and rubber latex as an alternative

sealant due to the commercial sealants’ high price, use of toxic ingredients, and unsustainability.

The researcher tested the maximum pressure tolerances of different mixtures of jackfruit and

rubber latex Different set-up mixtures were prepared by the researcher. Each set-up differed in

the amount of jackfruit latex infused in the mixture. The first of the set-ups was composed of 5ml

rubber and 5ml jackfruit latex (1:1), the second was composed of 4ml rubber and 8ml jackfruit

(1:2), the third of 3ml of rubber and 9ml of jackfruit (1:3). The different set-ups were mixed and

heated until both ingredients incorporated. A control setup was also created which consisted of

commercial sealants. Then each set-up was then subdivided into 10 rough portions, with each

portion applied to a galvanized iron sheet. A total of 50 galvanized iron sheets were used. To test

the maximum pressure tolerance of each sample, the sample was placed in the pressure test

device and tested to destruction. Analysis of Variance was performed which showed a significant

difference between the tolerances of the set-ups. Further statistical analysis showed that out of all

the setups tested, the 1:2 setup had the highest pressure tolerance. The commercial sealant on the

other hand had a tolerance lower than the 1:2 setup. Furthermore, it was proven that there was a

significant effect of using different amount of ratio of jackfruit and rubber tree latex as an

alternative sealant. The researcher recommend the use of the 1:2 mixture for commercial sealing

purposes as it can withstand the highest pressure out of all the sealants tested and is well enough

to handle the rigors of regular use. Commercialization is feasible with jackfruit latex extracted

from the trees Keywords: Maximum Pressure Tolerance, Jackfruit Latex, Rubber Latex, Latex
Sealant, and Sealant. (Author: Mark Joshua C. Carpo, Sindangan National Highschool on April

2019.

This study which entitled Jackfruit sap as an additive component in making glue has a

Primary objective which is to manipulate an upgraded type of glue using the jackfruit sap as the

Additive ingredient to enhance the quality of adherence of the glue considering its factor the

Stickiness and lengthen of rim to stick. This study covered the Sealant property of the Jackfruit

sap. The study consisted of the saps that are used as the source of the Latex to be used in making

the Roof Sealant. Testing of the jackfruit sap sealant involved the durability and the lasting of the

sealant. The researcher limited this research of testing the jackfruit sap roof sealant to roofs that

cause the breakage of roofs. ( Authors: Charmaine Loi Rosario,Erica adamos, Nina Catchete,

Charlene Ferrer, Charmaine Rosario published on 2013-14.

Foreign Studies

The Philippines is an archipelagic country located along the Pacific Ring of Fire which makes it

prone to natural calamities like typhoons and earthquakes. Geologically placed in an unstable

region between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates which leads the country to welcome

yearly rainstorms that cause various natural disasters such as flooding, storm surge, flash floods,

and landslides. The Philippines being a third world country means that society is slow in bearing
technological advances and economic growth with this, a lot of factors are affected. One factor is

that during the rainy season, houses cannot avoid the possibility of getting the indoor quarters

wet and the roof rusting, some garnering holes in it due to the acid rain and the many issues it

has to withstand with every natural calamity it faces. Another factor is that poverty and

capitalism in the Philippines becomes more alarming due tothe growth in the population and the

continuous increase in demand for job opportunities and daily necessities, the poor are getting

poorer while the rich are getting richer. The state of the country and its people provide a

foundation to the development ofan organic and chemical-free roof sealant that can be more

accessible to poor Filipino families. (Authors:

Ryan,Refuguia,Pamela,Silos,Rica,Iglesia,Carlos,Samaniego,Leila,Talan,

Chia,Cacho,Cherr,Maliban,Samantha,Viado) Publishe on Research 1; AY 2019-2020.

Which fruit is the best for organic roof sealant alternative ? Roof sealent would not prevent the

waters from damaging our things yet we believed that through our chosen IP topic, we slowly

helped our brothers and sisters little by little through our investigatory topic.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the largest edible fruits grown worldwide. A

distinguishing feature of jackfruit tree is its ability to produce a higher yield of fruits than any

other tree in the Moraceae family producing 70- 200 kg of fruit per tree depending on variety,

cultural practices, and environmental factors. Average weight of a fruit is about 3.5 to 10 kg and
sometimes a fruit may reach up to 25 kg (Kumar et al., 1988). Various types of jackfruits such as

Khaja, Gala, and Durasha are found in the south-east Asian region (Haque, 1993).

Khaja is characterized by the hard and crispy bulb, gala poses soft, juicy, and melted bulb, and

Durasha is an intermediate between Khaja and Gala. The tender jack fruit is a popular vegetable

and used in making soup and pickles. Chips and papads are also prepared from ripe and unripe

pulp. The juicy pulp of the ripe fruit is eaten fresh or preserved in syrup. This fruit is potential

for preparing jam, jelly and value added products due to the presence of pectin (Singh et al.,

1991). During season, the poor people generally used to eat this fruit instead of rice at least once

a day in jackfruit growing area. That’s why it is commonly referred to as “The Poor man’s food”

(Rahman et al., 1995)

Local Studies

Soetardji et al. (2014) extracted bio-oil from the jackfruit peel waste by pyrolysis process in a

fixed bed reactor and investigated the extracted oil. After pyrolysis in a range of high

temperatures (400-700oC) they found that the peel contains high amount of volatile compounds

which indicates this biomass as a suitable precursor for bio-oil production. Low sulphur (0.03%)

and nitrogen (0.61%) contents were the strong indication to be environmental friendly bio-oil.

The study found the best quality bio-fuel at the temperature of 550oC with the highest organic

content (85.2%) and the lowest water content (14.8%). On the other hand, Yuvarani and dhas

(2017) extracted bio-ethanol (oxygenated fuel) from jackfruit peel by fermentation using

Saccharomyces
The seeds make up around 10 to 15% of a jackfruit (Ocloo et al., 2010). These seeds are indeed

very rich in digestible starch, protein, and minerals (Singh et al., 1991). Kumar et al. (1988)

reported that jackfruit seeds contain 76.1% carbohydrate, 17.8% protein, and 2.1% lipid, on dry

basis. Sumathy et al. (2007) quantified the significant amount of lignin, isoflavones, saponins,

and many phytonutrients in jackfruit seeds. The health benefits of these nutrient components are

wide-ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive, anti-oxidative, and antiulcer effects.

Fernandes et al. (2011) found the seeds are good sources of vitamin B1 and B2. Bhat and

Pattabiraman (1986

F. Akter and M. A. Haque 95reported that the seeds extract inhibits the proteolytic activities of

pancreatic hormones in different animal. Additionally, Odemelam (2005) found the satisfactory

functional properties such as bulk density, oil absorption capacity, and gelation concentration of

the seeds flour. The ivasanthi and Alagar (2011) proved the antibacterial effect of Nano-sized

particles of jackfruit seeds against E. coli and B. megaterium.

Jackfruit Waste: A promising Source of Food and Feed However, the cake with 10% jackfruit

seeds flour supplementation received the highest acceptability by the panelists. There were

varied crust and crumb characteristics because of incorporating jackfruit seeds flour. Unlike fat

and protein, other proximate compositions like carbohydrate, ash, and fiber increased in the

cakes. Some other researchers are found in the literature to develop nutritionally enriched cake

by supplementing jackfruit seeds flour with wheat flour (Faridah and Aziah, 2012; Arpit and

John, 2015). Instant powder Hema (2015) studied the development of nutritious instant dried

powder by mixing bulb and seeds of the jackfruit. The study suggested that the increment of the

jackfruit seeds powder in the formulation resulted into higher protein content and lower moisture
content in the instant powder. Use of jackfruit perianth Dam and Nguyen (2013) prepared

fermented beverage from the fruit rags and investigated the effects of using pectinase at different

rates and temperatures. The study found the optimum conditions for juice extraction were use of

0.3% pectinase at 90oC. The beverage achieved the best fermentation condition after 84 hours

while kept at 25oC. Subburamu et al. (1992) reported that the perianth meal contains valuable

nutrients like 28.9% carbohydrate, 10.3% protein, and 12.7% crude fibre.

Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

Research Method

The study used the experimental design in the assessment and evaluation of making alternative

roof sealant out of jackfruit sap and rubber tree.

The Materials and Instruments

 Jackfruit sap

 Rubber tree latex

 Mixing plate

 Pot
  Fire wood/stove

 Any material to use for application

The Expiremental Procedures

1. Prepare all materials needed

2. Set-up fire

3. Separate jackfruit sap and rubber tree latex

4. Pre-heat pot

5. Put the jackfruit sap to the pot and let it melt

6. Put the rubber tree latex to the pot next and let it melt

7. Combine both ingredients

8. Mix them well

9. Apply to the roof hole

10. And wait for it to dry

Trials

1st trial: proportion of the ingredients

 1 tbls of jackfruit sap

 1 tbls of rubber tree latex

1. Separate the ingredients from each other.

2. Prepare fire for melting process

3. Put the pot in fire to pre-heat

4. Add the ingredients one by one
Results of trial #1:
The desired outcome was not acquired due to the failure of understanding the proper heat

application of the ingredients which was burnt and was not suitable for the combining and

mixing process

2 trial: proportion of the ingredients

nd

 1 tbsp of jackfruit sap

 1 tbsp of rubber tree latex

1. We separated both ingredients and prepared it for melting process