BochemicaI

Engineering
Jou mal
ELSEVIER Biochemical Engineering Joornal 34 (2007) 193-199
.c iscvicr.com/Iocatc/bej

Optimization of biological treatment of paper mili effluent

in a sequencing batch TeactoT
Y.F. Tsang , EL. Hua, H. Chua, S.N. Sin, Y.J. Wang
Depanmenl of Civil andStructurol Enginearing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
Received 21 July 2006; rcccived m revised form 9 November 2006; accepted 6 December 2006

Ahstract
Laboratory scale research on dic effects of operating parameters, including mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentralion, volumetric
exchange rate (VER), aeration time, temperature and daily operation cycle on biological treatment of the pulp and paper mili effluent was studied
using four4 1 seçuencing !xflch rcactors (SBR). 7liezesuftszevealed thaI chemical oxygen demand (COD)rernoval efhciency was upto 93.1 1 0.3%
and dic volumetnc loading reached 1.9 kg 130D m 3 day _t under optimal operating conditions. The treatment performance of organic removal by
the SBR system remained stable dunng the operation. The effluent quality was satislied with the discharge standard set by the local authonty and
the íllamentous bulking problem was solved. At dic same time, the sludge settieability, in terms of sludge volume index (SV!), was improved to
the healthy leve! (SVI = 52.7 ± 1.3 ml g- l).
© 2006 Elsevier BV. All nghts reserved.

Keywonis: Sequencing batch reactor Activated sludge; Paper mili waslewater Wasiewater treamieni; Optimization

1. lntroduction ing problern (2]. Baiking causes the poorsettleability of st ud ge,

Pulp asid paper making indtsstry generates large quantities
of highly polluted wastewater, especially dic lignin-derived dis-
solved organic compounds used and/or foTmed during dic papes
production processes. la China, pulp and paper making industry
is one of dic industries with dic highest water consumption rate
and serious pollution problem. Ja recent years, pulp and paper
manufacturing industry has been obliged to substantially reduce
wastewater discharge dueto dic implementation ofstringent reg-
ulations. Meanwhile, increasing awareness of natural resources
conservation asid sustainable developusent has lcd to increase
public concern on the serious pollution industries particularly in
pulp and paper manufactwing plants.
The main treatment process used in puip and paper milis
plants is primary sedimentation, and it is then succeeded by
secondary treatment. generaily of a biological nature LI]. The
mostcommon biological treatmentsystem is Ihe activated sludge
process. Although it can operate at dic loading rates as high'
as 1.2 kg BOD m day [1]. activated siudge process treating
paper mili wastewater seems to be particuiarly prone lo buik-
* Coniesponding author. TeL +85227664486; fax: +852 2334 6389.
Einnil nddress: <~M 146v Nda.h1. (Y.!'. T.ang.
1n,00r effluent quality 11.31. Siudge bulking is conven-
tionally controlledby dic astdition of ~kais such aschlorine,
hydrogen pci-oxide [41, metal jons (e.g. Fe. Ca, Mg) [3.5], syn-
thetic polymer [6] and lime [iJ. os by ihe installation of a selector
[7-111. The use of chemicais is effective lo improve sludje
settleability in paper miii effluent treatment plants [12]. How-
ever, diese chemical treatment methods are costly and they only
offer a short-term solution as bulking and foaming will resume
when chemical additions are stopped. Successftil applications
have been accomplished by installation of selector upstream to
ihe aeration tasik [13 1, iMe tten%ly fed operation [14.151, os
implementation of plug flow conditions [16]. However, a uni-
versal fllamentnus bulking coirflroi melhod is still unavailable;
a cost-effective method should be developed to solve tisis oper-
ational problem, which is commonly occurred ja dic activated
sludge process treating pulp and paper mili wastewater, without
affecting dic tieatment performance.
SBR is known as a flexible and effective system for the
biological treatment of wastewater, even though with high
concentrations of toxic compounds produced by various
industrial processes [17-191. The SBR process is characterized
by a series of process phases including, 1111, react, sett?e, draw
and idie, each lasting for a defined period [20]. The duration of
each pttase is norttsully detertuined by expert operators based

1369-703X/$ - see front maner C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. Alt rights reserved.
doi: 10.10I6/j.bej.2(K). 12(K)'
 194 Y.E Tsang el al. /Biochemical Engineering Joarnal 34(2007)193-199

on their experience and exhaustive pilot-scale studies. Coatrary T,Ie ¡

to the fixed duration of settle and draw phases, adequately
controlling the reaction time can vastly improve the overail
efficiency of the facility [21 1.2 1-1. It is necessary and valuable
to select appropriate operating parameters due lo the own
characteristics of different kinds of wastewater.
In this study, the operation parameters, including MLSS
concentration, VER, aeration time, temperature and number of
operation cycle per day were optimized, in order to maximize
the treatment capactty, ensure the quality of effluent within the
discharge limit and maintain the healthy sludge settleability.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Laboratory scale reactors
Four identical 41 reactors were constructed with acrylic
boards and the schematic diagram of SBR is shown in Fig. 1.
Aeration was achieved by an aquarium-type air pump with
sintered-sand diffusers at the bottom of (he each reactor. The
addition of feed and the wasting of sludge were achieved with
peristaltic pumps. Dissolve oxygen (DQ)concentration inside
the reactor was maintained over 2mg1 1 during (he period of
expenments. Iconcentration was controlled between 3000
and 5000 mgl with a sludge age of approximately 5-10 days
acc&lio various experimental conditions. Excess sludge,
which grew during tIte aeration stage, was drawn out at (he end
of each operation cycle, in order to maintain sufficient quantity of
sludge to meet the designated MLSS concentration. The reactors
were operated in an air-conditioned laboratory with temperature
at 25 ± 1 °C. Water was circulated through the jacket from a
temperature controlled bath tu control the temperature of reac-
tor. AH operating parameters of the SBR process under various
conditions are summarized in Table 1.
2.2. Seed and influen:
'- The activated sludge used as inoculum was collected fiera
(he return siudiae ¿fla1 municipal sewage treatment plant.
The collected sludge was setoened with a 2 mm sieve te remoje
coarse and inorganic particles. Titesludge was aerated for 1-2
days at room temperature before inoculating tite reactors.
the iiudge was transferred and cultured with diluted wastewater
in a lab-scale SBR for start-up process.
Timer
Leve¡
Operating conditions of tbe SI3R process
Paran Vues
Fui period 0.2h
Reactpenod 3,4,5and6h
Seuie penod 0.5 ti
Drawperiod 03h
ldlepenod 2.6andlSh
HRT 16to64h
sRr 5to10day
Tite containerboard manufacturing plant usíng either sheets
of virgin tibre or recycled libre m this study produces about
2000tonnes of containerboaró anl generales 30,000tonnes of
wastewater each day. Tite wastewater in (he mill is treated with
processes of screening, grit removal, dissohed aeraúon flota-
tion (DAF), equalization, and finaily activated sludge process
orSBR. Tite effluent from the equalization tank, used as (he
influent of SBR, was collected and immediately refrigerated at
4°C. 11e characteristics of tite influent were determined and
are shown in Table 2. Nutrien(s (such as urea and di-arnmonium
hydrogenphosphate)re.iappli4to maintain a BOD:N:P ratio
of 100:5:1. Supplementary trace minerais wezu added iiiii
wastewater before each experlment as described by Chua 1231.
2.3. Analytical methods
The analytical techniques used jo this study were performed
acconling ro (hc methods described in Standard Methods 1241.
Samples were periodically analyzed for residual carbon con-
centra&ni (COD) (standard code 5220), BOD (standard cede:
5210B), DO and MLSS concentration (standard code: 2540D).
The DO concen iiiwas measured by DO meter (YSI Model
5000). 'Me PH was monitored by pH meter (Fisher Scientific
Accumet pH Meter 900). Sludge volume mdcx (SVI) value was
calculated according lo values of sludge volume (SV) and MLSS
(standard code: 2710D). Tite observation of microorganism in
mixed liquor was performed with a biological microscope (Meiji
Techno Model ML5000).
2.4. Statistical analyses
Tite Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to
test any significani difference in (he efi'tuent quahty and tIte
COD removal efficiencies among various operating conditions,
including MLSS concentration, VER, acration time, temper-
ature and operation cycle at tite 95% confidence level. Ml

Tabie 2
1 FEED Feed
Fluínp
Effiuent
Purnp
aactenstics of the influen( of treatrrnt system

1
[4 AN

Parameters Value

mu
oser y COl) (mgr') 1200-1400
_ BOD (mg 1- ') 550-790
AIR REACTOR EFFIUENT TSS (Mg 17') 200-500
COMPRESSOR TANK pH 62-6.6
Temperature CO >40
Fig. 1 The sche!natic diagram of SBR.
 YE Tsang etal. / Bioche,nicai Engineering Journa! 34(2007) 193-199
Fig. 2. l'he fiIanntous bacteria in sludge sample of bulk flor from tSe paper
mili effluent ireatment system.
statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ® for Window
Release 10.1.
3. Results and discussion
Before the optimization of the SBR process, the effluent
quality from the paper mill in this study has not been met the
government standard (COD> 100 mg 1 -1 ). Operating probfems
such as excessive growth of fllamentous bacteria and poor sludge
settling also have been encoimteied simultaneously. The SVI
once has reached as high as 260 mg 1. The sludge sample
of bulk iJoc is shown m F:g. 2. indicaóno tbe overgmwlh of
filamentous microorganisms in the reactor.
3.1. Effecr of MLS concentration on SBR performance
The effect of biomass concentration oit the treatment per-
formance was studied under the concentration of MLSS of
3000, 3500, 4000, 4500 and 5000 mg 1t, respecúvely. The
average COD concentration of the influent was 1264.8±
102.3 mgl (n=17) during the cxperimeat. Tite results of
OD removal efficiency under various MLSS concentra-
tions are stiowo in Fi-. 3. The resutts of one-way ANOV
indicated that organic removal performance was improved
with significant difference between various MLSS concentra-
tions(5000>4500>4000>3500> 3000mg1 1 )(p<0.05).The
COD renhval efficiency at MLSS of 3000 mg was lower
than that at MLSS of 5000 mgF' about 7%. The average
Table 3
Average effiuezit COD ctacmlration under various operating parantns
Cycle (n= 19) MLSS (n= 17)
89.1 ±8.0(1 cycle) 85.3 ± 10.1 (5(MX)m5I)
90.9+7.3(2cycles) 89.9± 8.1 (45(K)mI)
94.7±7.5(3cycles) 117 ± 10(4X)nI ) 112 ± 10(625%)
145 ± 13 (3500 mgl')
175 ± 14(3000mgr 1 )
96
e
92
c
.90
o
88
si,
86
054
E
82
UX
5000 450 3500 3000
MLSS (mg F')
Fig. 3. COD removal ef)iciencies under various MLSS. TSe error bao were tSe
standard deviation (Sil) of tSe mean (n = 17).
COD concentrations of effluent were decreased from 175.2
lo 85.25mg1 wben ihe MLSS concentrafion increased from
3000 to 5000mg1 (Table 3). This revealed thai higher con-
centration of MLSS promoted thc SBR perfoemance on organic
removal. 'flie results were agreed with (he COD removal effi-
ciency was positive proportional to the MLSS concentration
[25.26]. However, ihe resuli of Student's 1-test showed thai no
significant effect oit the COD renxval with the increase of the
MLSS concentration from 4500 to 5000 mgi' (p >0.05). This
implied that (he improvement of COD removal efficiency by
increasing MLSS was limited within a certain range. Otherwise,
sorno negative effects on tite effluent quallty, such as excess
air supply for aeration, long sfudge settling time and high con-
centration of suspended solid in tite effluent likely happened
under higit biomass concentration in tite reactor. la addition, tite
effluent quality was unsatisfactory (COD> lOO mg 1-1) at tite
MLSS concenlra*ion of 3000. 3500 and 4000 mg) - (Table 3).
This information suggested that (he concentration of MLSS
at 4500 mg 1-1 was more suitable for tite SBR process treat-
ing paFmill effluent in order to ensure (he effluent quality
complied with tite discharge standard.
3.2. Effect of VER on SBR performance
Volumetric exchange rate (VER) is usually expressed as tite
ratio of tite voMme of wastcwstcr Mtroduced ¡ato tite reactor to
tite working volume of the reactor [201. It reflects tite treatment
capacity of a single SUR operation cycle. Higi VER value is
usually regarded as advantage for preventing sludge bulking
dueto signiflcant gap of tite oeganic subsirate produced between
before and after feed-fihling in reactor [27]. The effect of VER
on tite treatment performance was investigated under tite VER
at 37.5, 50, 62.5 and 75%, respectively. The average influent
VER (n= 16) Aeration (n= 19) Temçesature (n = 19)
83.3 ± 6.6(373) 123 ± I0(3h) 92.0± 12.2(35°C)
90.3 ± 8.7(50%) 101 ±9(45) 81.8±6.3(30 °C)
91.0 ± 8.0(55) 89.2±6.9(25°C)
125 ± 13 (75%) 82.4 ± 7.6(6h)
 196 YE Txang el al. Ifiiochemical Engineering Jaurnal 34 (2007) 193-199

96
94
t 94
92
§2
1; 90
. 90
88
88
86
>
86 o 84
E
82

82
80,
50 625
Volurnetric excharge rato (%)
Fig. 4. COD removal effieiencie.s under various VERs. The error bars were Ihe
standard deviation (S.D.) of the mean n = 16).
concentration of COD was 1196 ± 108.6 ing 1 (n =16) dwing
' the period of experinient. The results of the performance of
organic removal under various VERs are shown in Fig. 4.
The results of one-way ANOVA showed that the COD
removal efficiency was increased with signilcant different
among various VERs (p<0.05). The average COD removal
efficiency decreasert from 93±0.46 te 893±0.74% aral
the average effluent concentrations of COD increased from
83.25 lo 125.01 mgJ (Table 3> when dic VER increased
from 37.5 to 75%. The results showed that COD concen-
trations of effluent exceeded the discliarge standard under
the high VERs of 62.5 and 75%, though the mean removal
efficiencies were both around 90%. It was because F/M
ratios were increased as the VER increased to 62.5% (F/M
ratio=0.483kgBODkgMLSS' day') and 75% (F/M
ratio=0.574kgB01)kgMLSS day). Therefore, microor-
ganisms did not have sufficient time to degrade dic organic
mauer within the aeration period. However, SBR operating at
low VER is regarded as extravagance of capacity and investment
of treaiment facility, wlúle high VER resuha in peor effinent
, quality. In order to obtain stable and good effluent quality,
maintaining the VER at 50% was appropñ ate according to ihe
experimental results.
80
3h 48 58 6h
Aeration period (h)
75
Fig. 5. COD removal efficimcies under various aeraúon penods. The error bars
were 11w standard deviation (S.D.) of the mean (a =19).
effluent quality always met dic standard discharge. Ibis implied
thai Jonger acralion lime snl, J,igber COD removaJ efficicncy
could be achieved. However, it is impractical to extend dic
aeration time limitless due to tite increase of operating cost. In
addition, aged sludge was formed as aeration time longer titan
6 h and the growth of the sludge was almost ceased Excessive
growdi of protozoa and rotifers occurred in dic sludge under
long sludge age. Tite micrograph of rotifers ¡a lite aged sludge
is shown in Fig. 6. The optimal aerJtion period was selected
between 4 and 5h based on tite effluent quality and economic
consideration.
3.4. Effecr of temperature on SBR performance
Temperature not only affects die- metabolk activities of tite
microbial population but also influences dic gas-transfer rates
and the settling characte&tics of activated studge. la general,
dic tate of biochemical rcactions and of substrate transfer
processes mercases with higher tempeinture. However, tite
solubility of oxygcn decreases in dic mixed liquor as tempera-
ture increased, resulting ¡u poor biodegradation conditions for
aerobic microbes. Thus, an increase in temperature generates
two reciprocal effects on biochemical reactions. Furthennore,
sludge is difficult to settle as higher temperature maintained
during Ihe settling phase of SBR. The optimal temperature for

3.3. Effect of aeration time on SBR performance

The effect of aeration time on the COD removal was studied

under four different periods of aeration (3, 4, 5 and 6h). The
average infiuentCOD concentration 'was 1175.2±116.4 mgt'
(a =19) during dic test period. The results of COD removal
efficiency un~ vanous aeration pcnods are showed in Hg. 5.
The results of one-way ANOVA showed titat dic treatment
performance was prompted with significant difference between
various aeration times (6 h >5 h >4 h>3 h) (p<0.05). The
average effluent concentratioos of COD reduced from 123.0 to
82.4 ing i with the increase of dic aeration period from 3 to 6 h
(Table 3). According to tite results, tite COD renxwal efficiency
was relatively low under tite condition of aeration time at 3 h, and
dic effluent quality was hardly lo mccl dic discharge standard.
Ibe effluent quality was improved obviously when aeration time
was extended to 4 h. Increasing dic aeration time toS or 6 h, dic Fig. 6. The micrograpi of rotifera ¡a 51w aged studge.
 Y Tsang et al. / Biochemical Engineerinç Journal 34 (2007) 193-199 197

114
-94
. 92
u
go
u
88
0
86
84

82
80
35 30 25
Temperature (C)

Fig. 7. COD removal efficiezicies under vanous temperatures. flie error bars
were iba standard devtatton (S.D.) of rhe tacan (a =191.
(a)
the SBR process should be determined by the consideratioa of
these effects. ]le average COD concentration of the influent
was I2I3.9±l07.7mgl dunng (he tesi (it=19). Fig. 7
shows the results of OD removal efficiency of SBR under
ihree different temperatures (25. 30 ami 35 °C). 'l'he resulis
of one-way ANOVA reflected ibat temperature had significant
el'Iect on ihe organlc ri(30 °C> 25°C> 35 °C) (p <0.05).
1rhe results of Student's t-test indicated that the temperature

as 30'C was ihe optiinal condition br ihe ireatineni ol pulp

and paper mill effluent when comparing wiih 25°C (p=0.IX)0)
ami 35'C (p=0.004). The average effluent concentrations of
COD were in dic range o( 82.6-92.3 in- l' (Table 3. The
performance of the sludge settling, ja term of SVI, under
vai-ious (cluperatures ts shuwn lu Fig. 8. TheSVI h&lsigniticant
difference at various temperatures according lo the results of
ANOVA (35 oc >30°c> 25°C) (p <0.05). Although ihe COD
removal efficiency and the effiuent quality viere satisficd among Hg. 9. Mieroacopic obser~ of flocesdation of sludge bacteria at (a) 25 'C
various temperatures, higher SVI value was obtained at higher and (b)35°C.
temperature resulting in poor sludge settleability. Furthermore, • 7.
(he SVI value at higher temperature was more unstable than that tJ,igh temperature (>30 °C) was fol appropri ate ¡oí the treatment
at lower temperature due (o the ifuctuation of microbial growth pu4 and paper nn eniue lnerufore, (he temperature
under the higher temperature. The microscopic observations of iiiild be controHed if possible between 25 andQ ensuring
acúvated sludge indicated ¡he flocculalion o 'bacteria was looser t&tab1e operation of SSR process with effective treatmeat
al higher temperature (35 ° C) than thai al lower one (25 °C) performance.
(Fig. 9a and b). Loase sludge leads lo poor selllrng character-
istic, resulting in higher concentration of suspended solid (SS) 3.5. Effecr of operation cycle per day on SBR performance
and COD in the efflueni The characteristics of unstable SVI
and lose floc of sludge under higher temperature indicated that The effect of operation cycle per day on tite organic removal
was studied under 1, 2 and 3 cycles per day. The results of
120 COD renvaI efficiency under various cycfes per day are we-
sented in Fi g. 10. The average COD concentration of the mfluent
100
was 1133 =E 111.6 mg Y t during the e.petiment ( n = 19). The
E' 80 results of ANOVA showed that the treatment performance had
E
50 si,gnif.icarn differezice belwees' variovs SJ3R operatioi cycles
> (1 cycle>2 cyc les >3 cycles) (p <0.05). However, the effluent
40
COD concentrations (Table 3) aral removal efficiencies had no
20
significantly different between 1 and 2 cycles per day according
o tu tite Student's t-test resulis (p>O.OS). This indicated that SBR
35 30 25 performance may be affected by the length of idlpd. The
Temperature (°C) idletimeswere 18, 6, and 2 h for l,2and3cycles per day,respec-
tively. Therefore, sufficient ¡die •j should be sure
Fig. 8. SVI values under various lemperatuses. Die error bara were the standard
deviation (Si).) of Ihe mean (n = 19). the effiuent quafi W on (he expernnent dala, 2 operating
 198 Y.F Tsang el aL /Biochemical Engineering Joarnal 34 (2007) 193-199

»
96 100.00---- ..........-------.---..-.-.------ . 70C
94 95.00
V 92
u
90
1
A\/ 660

g85.00 64.0
68°
88
a 80.00 62 0'
a 86
> *

MR
o 75.00
a
o
70.00
82
oo
80 65.00 4 58.0
56 0
1 cycle 2 cycles 3 cycles MM
Operation cycle per day E —Effluent COD concenlratlon
W 55.00j --svi 52.0
Fig. 10. COD teuvaval eC&¡~s u&dex va~ epera(i<an c'jde pe da. Tt
50.00) 1 50.0
error bars were the standard deviation (S.D.) of the mean (n = 19).
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
flme
,.- cycles per day was the optimal condition for the SBR treating Fig. 11. Effl~ COD aud SVI tides Iba oV(imal operating conditions
paper effluent. (CODa, = ± 95.2 mg').

3.6. Performance study under optimized operaring
conditLons
Sludge bulking is one of the most common problems in acti-
vated S processes for wastewater treatment, especiaiyi
paper mill effluent treatment plants [28.29]. Fiiarnentous bulk-
ai .p,easee rn ui 1Teati1g TecyclLed pape'
mili wastewater in this study before the fine tuning of the oper-
ating co»ditions. Investigation o» the canse of slndge bulki»g
was conducted in situ. Tbe filament types were likely lo include
Thiorhnx ¡ am! II, type 021N, and S. natans in this treatment
plant. The causes of sludge bulkjgg were mainly as follows: (1)
(N and P) deficieney m tite wastewaler, (2) Iow and
unbalance DO distribution in the reactor; (3) high wastewater
temperature affecting the stabihty of mlcroorganism growth and
activities. These reasons were coincidence with the literature
[30.31]. With respect tu diese causes, mitigaling measures for
the control of sludge bnlking were taken: (1 )ppfementaryof
sufficient nutrients (N and P) required for the bacteria! growth;
(2) regular maintenance of air distribution syslem; 3) control
of tÍi'mfluent añd?ess teerature. In this study, theperfor-
'mance ot dic 513K dllhcr effluent qualily Or tiealment capacity
was signiticantly improved after the adj ustment on operating
parameters based on dic results of lab-scale experiments. IJnder
dic optimal operating conditions, such as MLSSconcentration
at 400 ing1, VER at 50%, aeration period for 5 h perçyç,
process tempera(ure at 30'(-' and 2 operation cycles per day. dic
SBR was successfully applied 1or treating the paper mili efflu-
ent with high organic streugth (1316.3±95.2mg1 1 ) and the
average reinoval efficiency was 93.1 ± 0.31% (n = 20). The vol-
umetric loading otSBR reached 1.9 kg BOD m 3 day'. Fig. II
shows tite time histoiy of effluent quality and s!udge seuleability
under the opúmal operatmg condiüons. Tne effiuent CDI)
concentration remained stablc and complicd with tite discharge
standard. in addition, no bu&ing pmblem occuned during tite
SBR operation and tite SVI was maintaincd at the hcalthy leve!
(mean SVL= 52.7 ± 1.3 m1g).
4. Conclusion
TM SUR proce ¡S a fier.ibe Uid ttigt-perfortnance treat-
mcnt tcchnology for wastewater treatment, especially for dic
pulp and paper mill wastewater. During tite 4-month studies, tite
stable performance of SBR was achieved. Tite effluent qual-
ity and treatment capacity were significantly improved after
dic adjustment according to dic results of lab-scale expen-
ments. Under dic optimal condition of MLSS concentration
at 4500 mg 1 - 1 , VER at 50%, acration time for 5h per cycie,
leniperalure al 30 °C and 2 operalion cyc les per day, the high per-
formance of SBR process with healthy SVI level was presented.
The volumetnc loading of SBR reached 1.9 kg BOD m 3 day
aiter che optimization of tite operating conditions. Tite effluent
quality remained stab!e and satisfied with tite local authority's
standard (COD < !(.%.l n. p 1 ). In at.tMtion, no fila-
mcntous sludge buiking occurred during dic 4-month study.
fliis swdy pr mded some bcncJiciaJ refcrcnccs kv tite eff cc-
tive treatment of paper making wastcwater under tite rclativeiy
high organic loading.
Acknowledgement
Tite authors wish to thank tite Hong Kong Polytechnic Uni-
versity Research (irants for tite financial support.
References
111 G. fliompson, 1 Swain, M. Kay, C.F. Forsier, The tesatment of patp and
papes miii efflueat a review, Bioresour. Tedinol. 77 (2001) 275-286.
[2] E.H. Morgan, AJ. Beck. Cadohy&ate wastes stimulate growth of undesir-
able fiiamentous organisms in activated sludge, Sewage Woeks J. 1(1928)
46-51.
G.Tbarripson. C. Fwata, %siigii e6 Sgeptsueasing papes
mili wastewaters, Water Res. 37 (2003) 2636-2644.
L41 D. Jenkins. Towards a comprehensive model o( activated sludge buiking
and foaming. Water Sci. Technol. 25 (1992) 215-230.
[5] J.R. Simpson, E. List, J.M. Dunbar, Bulkingtheory: a theory and successful
case s.orse', 1. lisst. Water Ewwa. Mge. 5 (19911302-31 t.
 YE Tsang el al. /&ochemical Engiaeering loa rna! 34 (2007) 193-199
[6) DE Juang, Effects of synthetic 9olymee on the fi1anntnus bacteria in
activated sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 96 (2005) 31-40.
[7) C.F. Foester, Aspects of the behaviow of lilatacntous m,crobes m activated
sludge. J. fnst. Water Environ. Manage. 12(19%) 290-294.
[8) E. Dalentoft, P. Thulin. The use of aerobic selectors in activated sludge
systems fot treatnsent of wastewater from ffie pulp and paper induslry,
Water Se¡. Technol. 35(1997)181-188.
[9] W.L. Manen, G.T. Daigger, Full-scale evaluation of factors affecting
the perÑnnance of anoxic selectors. Water Envimn. Res. 69 (1997)
1272-1281.
[10) L. Prendi, H. Kmiss, Bulking sludge prevention by an aembic selector.
Water Se¡. Technol. 38 (1998) 19-27.
[11] M. Sezgin, D. Jenkins, Tbe use of anoxic selectors for control of 10w F/M
activated sludge bulking, J. WPCF 50(1989)362-381.
[121 F. Clauss, C. Halavoine, D. Hélaine, G. Maitine. Controlling the settling of
acUvatcd sludge in pulp and paper wastewater treattnent plants. Water Se¡.
Technol. 40 (1999) 223-.229.
[13) J. Patoczka, W.W. Eckenfelder. Performance and design of a selector for
bulking control. J. WPCF 62(1990)151-159.
[14] A.M. Van Niekerk, D. Jenkins, M.G. Richard, TIC competitive gmwth of
Zoogloea ramigera and type 021N m activated sludge and pure culture—a
rondel for Iow F:M bulking, J. WPCF 59 (1987) 262-272.
[15) J. Houtrneyers, E. van den Eynde, R. Poife. H. Vesachted, Relation between
substratefeeding pat*ern anddevelopment of filamentous bacteria activated
sludgeprocesses 1. Infiuenceofproce.ss parameters, Eta. J. A.ppf. Microbiof.
Biotechnol. 9 (1980) 63-77.
[16) DII. Eikelboom, A. Andreadakis, K. Anckeasen, Stnvey of filamentous
populations in nutrient removal planta in foer Buropean countries. Water
Se¡. Technol. 37 (1998) 281-289.
[17] J.R. Franta, P.A. Wilderer, Biological treasment of paper mili wastewater
by sequencing batch reactor technology to reduce residual organics. Water
Se¡. Tedmol. 35 (1997) 129-136.
[18) Ai( Unible, 11-}1 Ketchum, .t5tternatives for treattng tecirculated
newsprint whitewater at high temperatures. Water Se¡. Technol. 35 (1997)
177-184.
199
[191 E. Tadan, U. Yetis, F.H. DIJeIL ALg»I trea1nseotoC çsulp and paper indos-
ny wastewaters in SBR systems. Water Se¡. Technol. 45 (2002) 151-
158.
[20) P.A. Wilderer, RL. Irvine, C. Mervyn, Sequencing Batch Reactor Tech-
nology, IWA Publishing, London, 2001.
1211 A. Vargas, G. Soto, J. Moreno, G. Buitron. Observer-based time-optimal
control of ro aerobic SBR for chemical and petrochemical wastewater
treatment, Water Sci TedmOL 42(2000)163-170.
[221 S.R. Ha. L Qishan. S. %lnitnartdiarat, COD .inosalofphenoiic wastewater
by biological activated carbon sequencing batch reactor in tite presence of
2,4-DCP, Water Se¡. Technol. 42(2000)171-178.
[23] H. Cbua, Effects of trace chromium on organic adsorption capacity and
organic removal in activated sludge. Se¡. Total Environ. 214 (1998)
239-245.
[241 A1HA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
20th ed., American Public l-lealth Association, Washington, DC. 1998.
12513. 'anner, K. Ksscman,R.P. Grau. )tcúvated s'iuógeprocess cornbined with
biofilm cultivation, Water Res. 22 (1998) 207-215.
[26) Y. Watane, S. Okabe, T. Arata, T. IIaiuta. Stody ontbe perfonnance of an
up-flow aerated biofilter(UAB) in nasnicipal wastewater tseatments, Water
Se¡. Technol. 30(1994)25-33.
1271 M.P.M. António, Ji. Heijnen, M.C.M. Van Loosdrecht, Effect of feeding
panem and storage on tite sludge settleability under aerobic conditions,
Water Res 37(2003)2555-2570.
[25) G.Gavaf, E Ducftene, Ji. Pernefle, f'ifajnentous haterial popufaiion domi-
nance in activated sludges subject tostresses, Water Se¡. Tecbnol. 46 (2002)
49-53.
[29) W.O. Pipes, Deflocculation and pinpoint Bbc. J. WPCF 51 (1979) 62-
70.
[30) C.E Saigz. C.W. Randa». Evaluation of filanous niaoorganism
growib factors in ro industrial wastewater activated sludge system, Water
Se¡. Technol. 37 (1998) 263-270.
[31) N.Lacko, E Bus, 1i.C. Kasan, Survey of tllamentous bacteria in activated
sludge plants in KwaZulu-Natal. Water SA 25 (1999)63-68.