2 Gram Negative Spirochetes

• pathogenic
• very flexible
• tightly coiled, helically coiled

• Example
• syphilis
Treponema pallidum
 Gram Negative Spirochetes

• Most of pathogenic
• Very flexible
• Tightly coiled, helically coiled

• Example
• Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
(organism gets lodged in
tissues)
 3 Gram Negative Aerobic Rods

• Legionella pneumophila
• Lower respiratory tract
infection
• Needs oxygen
 Gram Negative Aerobic Rods

Bordetella pertussis –
whooping cough
• Needs oxygen
 Gram Negative Aerobic Rods

• Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (pigmented)
• Needs moisture
• Common in hospitals
• Opportunistic pathogen
– causes UTI, skin, and
lung infection
 4 Gram Negative Facultative Rods
Vibrio
• V. cholerae
• Most well known of group
• Very severe dysentery. Can lose
10-15 liters of water/day. Leads
to hypovolemia – low water, hardly
any water in body

• V. vulnificus
• Very pathogenic
• Can cause flesh eating disease,
if it gets in a wound

• V. parahaemolyticus
• Found in shellfish – oysters
• Halophile – loves salt (will find in oceans, estuaries)
• Self limiting
 Gram Negative Facultative Rods

• Enteric
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• E. coli (0157H7)
 5 Gram Negative Anaerobic Rods

• Fusobacterium
• Live in between teeth and
gums

• Cause tooth abscesses and

periodontal disease

• Teeth have nothing to

anchor – bone is destroyed
•
 6 Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump rods)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae –

Usually a diplococcus in
PMN

Sexually Transmitted
Disease

very antibiotic resistant

Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump rods)

• Neisseria meningitidis
very infectious and
communicable.
 Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump rods)
Acinetobacter baumanni iv.
lwoffi

opportunistic, UTI, skin,

and upper respiratory
 7 Chlamydia Gram Negative Rods (Transitional)
• Very short little rods
• Gram negative
• Transitional – doesn’t hold stain well
• Do not have the ability to synthesize own
ATP, therefore and obligate intracellular
parasite of other animals (humans)
• Can go asymptomatic for a long time
• Ex.
• C. trachomatis – STD, causes eye
infection
• C. psittaci – parrot (associated with
birds)
 8 Rickettsia Gram Negative Rod (Transitional)

• Small gram negative rods

• Transitional – doesn’t hold stain

well

• Can’t synthesize it’s own NAD,

coenzyme A, therefore an
obligate intracellular parasite

• Causative agent of Rocky

Mountain Spotted Fever
• Example
• R. Prowazekii
 9 Mycoplasma Gram Positive (Transitional )

• Gram positive – only because they

take in dye in cell membrane but
it washes away
• Transitional – doesn’t hold stain
well.
• Have no cell wall
• Can not treat with penicillin
• Ex.
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae – causes
LRTI
• Ureaplasma urealyticum – causes
UTI
• Both imbed themselves in the
tissue. The most cell damage is
done by the immune system
destroying the tissue.
 10 Gram Positive Cocci

Staphyloccocus aureus
MRSA

These bacteria can break

down all tissues of body.
 Gram Positive Cocci

Streptococcus pyogenes –
no antibiotic resistance
right now

These bacteria can break

down all tissues of body.
 11 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods

• Difficult to get rid of

because of endospores

• Example
• Clostridium tetani
 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods

• Difficult to get rid of

because of endospores

• Example
• C. perfringens –
gangrene
 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods

• Difficult to get rid of

because of endospores
• Common in hospitals
• Example
• C. difficile

antibiotic associated
pseudmembraneous
enterocolitis
 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods

Bacillus
• B. anthracis – anthrax
• zoonosis
 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods
Bacillus
• B. cereus – food poising
Especially in high carb
foods – rice, vermicelli
• B. thuringiensis –
natures insecticide
 12 Coryneforms

• Pleomorphic (many shapes)

• Example

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
 13 Mycobacteria

🡪 Gram positive and Acid Fast

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Respiratory Pathogen

MDR-TB

In the 1950s we sent people with TB to

the sanitariums
 Mycobacteria

• Gram positive and Acid Fast

• M. avium intracellular complex
(MAC)
• Really bad bug
• Currently no drugs can cure it
• Especially bad for people with
AIDS
• Can cause atypical TB
 Mycobacteria

• Gram positive and Acid Fast

• M. leprae
• Causative agent of
leprosy
• Not very common
• Only affects areas of
body that are below
body temperature
• Natural reservoir is the
armadillo
Mikroorganisme Menguntungkan?

• Industri
• Lingkungan
• Pertanian
• Energi
 Get the Look You Want with Enzymes !

Laccase

Cellulase

Amylase
Why should we look to the oceans?
 Solusi ?

Is it better? Alcanivorax borkumensis

Pseudomonas flourescens
 The Birth of Modern
Chemotherapy
• 1928: Alexander Fleming
discovered the first antibiotic.
• He observed that Penicillium
fungus made an antibiotic,
penicillin, that killed S. aureus.
• 1940s: Penicillin was tested
clinically and mass produced.

Figure 1.5