Agricultural

Development
Objectives:
• Definition and Types of agriculture

• Types of farming

• Agricultural products of Pakistan

• Main crops of Pakistan including wheat, cotton, rice, sugar-cane etc.

• Fruit farming

• Livestock farming in Pakistan

• Factors affecting agriculture production

• Land reforms

• Impact of farming on environment

• Govt. efforts for agriculture

• Sustainable development with agriculture

 Definition
Agriculture is the growing of crops
and rearing of animals.

Acts as a primary industry concerned

with obtaining raw material from the
ground for immediate consumption or
for further processing.
Lesson 1:
Brain Storming!!
• What is your favourite food?
• How do we get ingredients to
make that?
• How do we grow different
types of food?
• Do you have any small
plantation area in your
homes?
 Importance
o Significance to the international
trade
o Source of raw material
o Foreign exchange resources
o Great employment opportunities
o Development of economy
o Ensures a nation of food supply
 Agriculture as a System

All types of agriculture can be viewed as a system with

Inputs, Processes and Outputs.

The input falls into two groups:

1. Natural (Physical)
2. Human (Economic)
Agriculture as a system
 Types of Agriculture
There are three main types of farming practiced in
Pakistan:

• Small-scale subsistence farming/Food Crop

• Cash crop farming

• Livestock farming
Diff. B/W Small scale &
Cash Crop
 Small-scale subsistence
farming
• Small-scale subsistence farms produce food and raw
materials mainly for the people who work on them.

• A small-scale subsistence farms depends on nature.

• The processes of subsistence farming is completed with the

manual labor of family members.

• The output depends upon climatic conditions and varies

from year to year.
Small-scale subsistence
farming
 Small-scale subsistence
farming
Advantages Disadvantages

✓ Fulfils family demands  No profits

✓ Less expensive  Use of primitive methods

✓ Can be done on small land  Cannot fulfil the need of large

✓ Does not pollute land population

✓ Utilization of animal power  Less crop yield

 Cash crop farming
• A crop that is primarily for sale is called a cash crop.

• In Pakistan cash crop farming is gaining popularity in many

areas.

• Large farms in Sindh and Punjab planted with cotton, Rice,

Wheat or Sugar Cane are examples of cash crop farming.

• High crops yield

• Involves new technology

Cash crop farming
 Cash Crop Farming
Advantages Disadvantages

✓ Increases produce  Expensive

 Unaffordable for poor farmers

✓ High profit
 Causes unemployment
✓ Less human input
 Needs skilled workers
 Livestock Farming
“Livestock farming means raising of animals for use in
farming is called livestock farming.”

• It's one of the oldest and most common occupation

in Pakistan.
Livestock Farming
Difference B/w Small scale &
Cash Crop
 Difference B/w Small scale &
Cash Crop
Small scale subsistence Cash crop farm
farm
● Land is ploughed with a ● Tractor may be used for
traditional wooden plough ploughing.
with a pair bullocks. ● Normally canal water is
● Well irrigation (charsa/ arranged.
persian wheel) or rain ● Reapers and threshing
water is used. machines may be used for
● Harvesting is done by harvesting.
manual labour. ● Chemical fertilizers may be
● Cow dung is used as used.
manure.
 Agricultural Products &
Seasons
There are two cropping seasons:-
1. Rabi crops
2. Kharif crops
Rabi Crops
o Rabi crops are sown in Oct-Nov and harvested in Apr-May
o Examples:- Wheat, Barley, Grams, Oilseeds and Pulses
Kharif crops
o Kharif crops are sown in Apr-Jun and harvested in Oct-Nov
o Examples include:- Rice, Sugarcane, Millets, Maize and
Cotton
 Main Crops of Pakistan

The main crops of Pakistan are:

1. Wheat
2. Cotton
3. Rice
4. Sugar-cane
5. Maize
6. Oilseeds
7. Tobacco
Wheat
 Wheat
• Wheat is a staple food used in the making of Roti and variety of
baked products.

• Widely cultivated as a cash crop.

• Low grades of wheat and by products are used as feed for livestock.

• It is a Rabi crop.
• Wheat HYVs (Maxipak, Shahkhan 95, Wadanak 95, Kohson 95 )
Wheat
 Geographical
Requirement - Wheat
❖ Temperature
● Mild temperature 10°C- 20°C for growing.
● Warm temperature 25°C- 30°C for ripening.
● Minimum 90 days and maximum 120 days for better varieties.

❖ Rainfall
● Moderate rainfall
● A little rain just before harvest swells the grain and ensures a better yield.

❖ Soil
● Stiff loamy/clayey soil is required.
● Land must be well drained.
● Flat ground to ease the use of machinery.
Stiff/Loamy Soil
Harvesting & Threshing
 Cultivation of Wheat- Areas

• Punjab
Sialkot-Rahim yar khan, Okara-leiah, Lahore- jhelum and
khushab.
• Sindh
Sanghar, khairpur, Naushero feroze district, Ghotki,
Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Mirpur khas.
• Balochistan
Nasirabad and Jaffarabad Districts.
 What is meant by Barani
farming?
In Pakistan, Barani areas are those that are;

• primarily lack access to water for crop and livestock.

• resulting in lower and uncertain crop yields and livestock

productivity.

• Such areas typically have high levels of poverty.

 Cultivation of Wheat in
Barani farms
• It is done as small-scale subsistence farming.

• Cultivation regions are:

--Upper Indus plain
--Potwar plateau

• Cultivation of wheat in these areas are planned according

to seasonal rainfall and temperature.
 Cultivation of Wheat in

Process:
• Sowing begins in dry season(Oct-Dec) ,when the temperature is 15C.

• Seeds get rainfall from 13mm-32mm during growing.

• Gradually with drop in temperature the rainfall increases and it’s the
suitable period when the crop grows.

• Harvesting is done in (April-May) when the temperature rises from

25C-31C which helps in ripening of wheat.
 How can production
increase?

Production of wheat can be increased by:

• Introducing different variety of wheat
• Improving farming methods
• Improvement in water management system
• High yield chemical fertilizers should be accessible
• Introducing Government policies
• Research centers has been set up
Rice
 Rice
● Rice is a staple food crop.

● It is a major cash crop of Pakistan.

● It is a kharif crop.

● Rice cannot be grown in purely barani areas.

• Rice HYVs (Basmati super, Irri 6 Rechna, Pajhal)
Rice Crop
 Geographical
requirements- Rice
❖ Temperature
● Mean temperature of 20°C- 30°C with no cold season.
● Warm dry period for harvesting.
❖ Rainfall
● Heavy rainfall of minimum 1270 mm and maximum 2000 mm is
ideal.
● Rice crop requires plenty of rain during growing 4-6 months.
❖ Land & Soil
● Level ground because its easily irrigated.
● Loamy or clayey soil required.
 Areas of Cultivation-
Rice
❖ North-Eastern Punjab
● Sialkot, Gujranwala and Sheikhpura districts.

❖ Sindh
● Larkana, Shikarpur and jacobabad districts.

❖ Balochistan
● Nasirabad and jaffarabad districts.
 Process of Rice Cultivation

● Ploughing in April-June.
● Sowing the seeds in nurseries or into beds.
● When the plant is 9 inches they are transplanted into prepared
fields.
● Flooded to a depth of 30cm- 37cm.
● Fields are kept full of water until the ripening of seeds.
● Before harvesting water is drained off.
● Threshing is done by:
--Drafting animals
--Mechanical thresher
RICE Beds/Nurseries
TRANSPLANTING & PLANTING
OF RICE
 Output and Types of Rice

Output
• Rice is stored after polishing and packing.
• Husks are used for making roofs.
• Supply to the market.

Types of rice cultivated in Pakistan

• Upper kernel basmati
• Super basmati
• Irri-6
• Irri-9
• PK-385 basmati rice
Ploughing & Threshing
 How can production
increase?

Production of Rice can be increased by:

• Improve the irrigation system

• Use of High Yielding Varieties

Cotton
 Cotton
• Cotton The king of Fiber is widely used textile fiber in
Pakistan.

• Cotton is a kharif crop.

• Cotton is used for making clothes, furnishing fabrics,

bed linen and industrial fabrics.
• Cotton HYVs (Nayyab 78, B - 557, 149 - F, Sarmast
Qalandri, CIM – 70)
Cotton Crop
 Cultivation of Cotton

• Sowing of seeds in the month of April-May.

• Seeds are sown at a distance of 30 cm to 40 cm.
• Irrigation is done twice:

--One month later, the fields are irrigated

--Second irrigation takes place further after two months.

• Ripen of seed in dry months of September, October and

November.
• When the height of plant reaches to 135-150 cm picking is done.
 Geographical
requirements- Cotton
❖ Temperature
● Ideal temperature 25°C- 35°C for cultivation.
● Day temp. 25°C- 35°C for harvesting.
● Cotton is sensitive to frost.
❖ Rainfall
● Ample rainfall of about 1000 mm is preferred.
● Rain at picking spoils the ball from which lint is extracted.
❖ Soil
● Medium loam is best.
● Needs natural manure or chemical fertilizer to maintain the fertility
of soil.
❖ Level land is required.
 Geographical
requirements- Cotton
Human input:
• Agricultural machinery
• and women /female workers
• Pesticides and insecticides
• Fertilizers
• Irrigation
 Areas of Production
• Punjab Province
Khanewal, Sahiwal, Vehari, Multan, Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur,
Muzaffargarh, RY.Khan

• Sindh Province
Naushero Feroz, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Ghotki, Sukkur, Khairpur,
Dadu, Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas, Badin.

• Balochistan
Lasbela district (new cotton producing area)
 Harms to Cotton Crop
• Rise in day and night temperatures.

• Fruit shedding

• Leaf-curl virus

• Drought
Fruit shedding &
Leaf-curl Virus
 Varieties of Cotton
❖ Old varieties
● Pak Upland
● Desi

❖ High yielding varieties

● Nayab 78
● B-557
● 149-F
Sugar-Cane
 Sugar-cane
“Sugar-cane is an important crop from which
sugar, brown sugar and gur are made.”

● Important cash crop of Pakistan

● It's a kharif crop
● Mainly grown for sugar and sugary production
• Sugar-cane HYVs (JN - 88 - 1 to 3 Thatta – 10)
Sugar-cane Crop
 Cultivation of Sugar-
cane
● Sugar cane stalks, 30 cm high are planted in April and May.
● A distance of 30 cm is kept between each stalk.
● The quality and height depends on the frequency of
irrigation and application of fertilizer.
● If the land is well irrigated then the plants rise up to the
height of 6 – 8 feet and the crop can be ratooned.
● With the help of ratooning it can be harvested for 2 -3
successive years.
● Stop irrigation 25 to 30 days before the harvest of crop.
 Cultivation of Sugar-
cane
● After harvesting, it sends up new shoots called RATOON
which are left to grow.

● Cutting of this crop requires manual labour.

● It is transported to the sugar mills.

● Delay in transport led to the reduction of the sugar

content.
Sugar-cane Ratoon
 Geographical
Requirements-Sugarcane
❖ Temperature
● Temperature of 25°C- 35°C is required.
● Tolerant to frost for a short time.

❖ Rainfall
● Plenty of rainfall of about 1520 mm is required.

❖ Soil
● Loam and clay soils are most suitable because they retain
water.
● Application of manure and fertilizer containing nitrogen,
By-Products of Sugar-
cane
Areas of Cultivation-
Sugarcane
Quick Recap !!!
• What are the two main types of
Cash Crop?

• Why is agriculture important for

Pakistan?
Lesson 2:
Other Crops
Brainstorming:
• What are Rabi crops?
• What are the Kharif Crops?
• Name the major crops of
Pakistan.
• What other crops are grown
in Pakistan?
Maize
 Maize
● Kharif crop
● Food grain
● Raw material for edible oil production
● Use in manufacture of corn flour, custard
powder
● Used as food for animals and poultry
Maize Crop
 Geographical Requirement-
Maize
❖ Temperature
● High temperature of about 35°C is required.

❖ Rainfall
● Between 50-500 mm

❖ Soil
● Can be grown porous soil
Pulses
 Pulses
● Rich in proteins
● Popular in local diet
● Fix nitrogen in the soil that’s why help to fertilize the crop
that follows.
● Considered as low value crops.
Important pulses are:
➔ Mung
➔ Mash
➔ Grams
➔ Masoor
Pulses
Millets
 Millets
● Jowar and Bajra are two millets produced.

● Fodder for animals, poultry.

● Also used as food crop.

● Millets are coarser, cereals man ground into flour.

Millets
 Geographical
requirements- Millets
❖ Temperature
● 30°C- 35°C is required

❖ Rainfall
● Does not require much rain
● Drought resistant

❖ Soil
● Can be grown on pourer sandy soils
 Areas of Cultivation-
Millets
● Tharparkar
● Kohat (KPK)
● Attock
● Rawalpindi
● Jhelum
● Sargodha
● Dera gazi khan
● Bahawalpur
Oilseeds
 Oilseeds
Oilseeds includes:
● Sunflower
● Soya bean
● Mustard
● Sarson
● Rai
● Sesame
● Linseed
● Caster seed
All these seeds are used to extract edible oils.
Oilseeds
 Oilseeds
● Production of oilseeds is not sufficient to meet the
needs of growing population.

● 32% of demand for edible oil is met through local

production.

● Remaining 68% is being imported.

Tobacco
 Tobacco
● Grown mainly in KPK which mainly accounts for 65%
of total production.

● Mardan and Peshawar are main Tobacco growing

regions.

● Also cultivated in Sialkot, Gujranwala and Multan.

Tobacco
Fruit Farming
 Fruit Farming
“Growing of fruit crops, including nuts, primarily for use as
human food is called fruit farming.”

● Bananas farming is done in South and East of Hyderabad.

● South east of Punjab is well known for Mango farming.
● Oranges and other citrus fruits are grown in many parts of
central and eastern Punjab.
● Dates farming is important Sharak near Turbat in the Kech
valley of Makran.
● Almonds, Apricots, Apples and Grapes are farmed in Northern
Balochistan where temperatures are lower.
Fruit Farming
Recap:
• Note Completion in class.
Lesson 3:
Livestock Farming.
Brain
Storming:
Quick Quiz
from the
past Topics
Livestock Farming in
Pakistan
 Introduction
“Livestock farming means raising of animals for use in
farming is called livestock farming.”

Livestock farming is considered in two aspects:

1. Subsistence Livestock farming

2. Commercial Livestock farming
 Subsistence VS
Commercial Livestock
 1- Subsistence Livestock
Farming
There are three sub-types of Subsistence livestock farming:

--Nomadic

--Transhumance

--Settled
 Subsistence livestock
farming
.

Inputs
● Natural grazing Process
fields for ● Natural
fodder breeding Output
● Water from ● Feeding ● Milk
ponds & Lakes ● Milking
● Open land manually
● Meat
● Labour.. ● Slaughtering ● Eggs
Women and ● Shearing wool
children of the from sheep
family.
 Nomadic
“The people who lives by vendoring and traveling from place
to place along with their animals in search of food and water
are called Nomads.”

● Nomadic people in Baluchistan and desert areas of Punjab and Sindh

practice subsistence livestock farming.

● Nomadic people normally rear sheep, goats and camels.

Nomadic
 Transhumance

“Transhumance is a system of livestock farming in which the

animals are kept on pastures high up in the mountains in
summer and brought down to over pastures in winter.”

● Common in Northern mountains.

● Also practiced in Western mountains as well.
● Rearing animals are goats, sheep and cattle.
● Meat, dairy products and wool are the main outputs.
Transhumance
 Settled

● Practiced in villages of Punjab and Sindh.

● Cows and hens are farmed in this way.

● Outputs from the animals in wool, milk and meat.

Settled
 2- Commercial livestock
Farming
.

Inputs
Processes
• Farms with animal
sheds, ponds and • Feeding Output
fodder rooms • Breeding
• Processed fodder • Milking by suction • Milk
with important machines
nutrients • Extracting hides
• Meat For
• Specialized labour
• Veterinary
and wool
• Preserving with
• Eggs sale
facilities
• Storage and
refrigerating
facilities
• Wool
processing
facilities for
• Packing on some • Hides
animal products farms

Profit invested back on to the Profit

farm
 Commercial livestock
farming
● Practiced on large scale.
● Also practiced on large scale by Govt. owned farms.
● Bulk of products are still supplied by private owners.
● Private owners do not use all the scientific methods.
● A valuable by product is cattle dung.
 Importance of livestock
❖ Animals as Draught power
● Help in ploughing, threshing and harvesting the crops.
● Also help in transport of material from one place to another.
● Used for turning the Persian wheel.

❖ Livestock as source of food

● Milk provided by cows and buffaloes is processed into butter and
ghee.
● Goats and cattle provide meat and their dung is used both and
manure and as domestic fuel.
● Eggs and chicken are also products of livestock.
 Importance of livestock
❖ Source of Raw material
● Hides, skins, wool, animal hair and bones are raw materials which
are used in industries like carpet, leather products, footwear and
rugs.

❖ GDP
● Livestock contributes 10% to the GDP.
 Main livestock
resources
Main livestock resources are:

● Cattle (Bullock & Cow)

● Buffaloes
● Sheep and Goats
● Poultry
 Cattle
● Most common farms
animals.

● Supply meat and milk.

● Important part of farms.

● Cattle rearing is a matter of

pride and prestige for
farmers.
 Cattle breeds
.

Cattle Breeds

Bhagnari Dhani Red Sindhi Sahiwal Thari

Plains of Northern Tharparkar
Sindh & Mountains
Lower Sindh Punjab
Punjab

Draught
Draught Provide power &
Power Milk Milk
 Buffaloes
● Main source of milk and meat.
● Not important as work animals.
● Produce 70% of the total milk supply.
● Always like to remain in water.
● Canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh are best suited to
them.
Types of Buffaloes:
1. Nili bar
2. Kundi
3. Ravi
Buffaloes
 Sheeps and Goats

● Main source of wool and meat.

● Sheeps and goats are sure-footed.
● Do not need large grazing fields and can nibble thin grass.
● Nomads of Balochistan move around with their sheeps and
goats .
● Sheeps and goats cause soil erosion by overgrazing.
Sheeps and Goats
 Poultry
● Chicken and eggs are main poultry products.

● Demand of poultry products is increased recently due to

increased population.

● Now, many commercial poultry farms have been built to meet

the growing demand.
Poultry
 Problems of
Livestock
● Few veterinary hospitals & vaccination facilities.
● Grazing unirrigated fields causes soil erosion by wind when they dry
out.
● Unhygienic conditions in animals husbandry lead to unhealthy animals.
● Primitive breeding methods result in low quality animals.
● Insufficient breeding for quality.
● Inadequate facilities for storage of meat.
● Lack of grazing grounds for cattle and sheep lead to overgrazing.
● High prices of animals feed. Difficult to keep in cities, near their
market.
● Inefficient marketing system of milk and other products leads to less
profit and low investment in puts.
● Gap in price of livestock products in rural & Urban areas.
 Development strategies for
livestock
● Selective breeding and crossbreeding for better quality
animals.
● Programs to fatten cows for milk and meat.
● Improvement in livestock research farms.
● Improvement in vaccination facilities.
● Control of diseases and better animal husbandry practices .
● Cultivation of fodder crops to turn agricultural land into
grazing fields.
Land Reforms
 IMPORTANT POINTS
“The redistribution of land from those who owned a large chunk
of land to those who were landless.”
• In 1948, Land Reform Committee was formed which gave some
recommendations but they were rejected.
• Three major reforms were introduced in 1959,1972,1977.
• The main purpose of these land reforms were to abolish the
traditional “Zamindar system.”

NOTE: Read book page 127 table.

 AIMS OF
LANDS REFORMS
• Breaking the hold of large landlords
• Equitable distribution of land
• Protection of the rights of tenants
• Consolidation of holdings
• Increasing productivity
• Reducing unemployment
• Reduce income disparities
Quick Recap:
• What is the difference between
Natural and Human factors?

• How can the use of fertilizers help

increase the crop production?
Lesson 4+5
Worksheet 1
Classwork
Page # 39-42
 Lesson
6+7+8+9
Project Based
Learning
 Project Based Learning!!!
Group A
Main Crops(wheat)

Group B Main Crops(Rice)

Group C Main Crops(Cotton)

Group D Main Crops(Sugarcane)

Group E Types of Livestock Farming (Settled/System (input,

Process, Output)
Group F Types of Livestock
Farming(Transhumance/Nomadic)
Group G Types of Livestock Resources(Cattle/goats/sheep)

Group H Types of Livestock Resources(Buffalo/Poultry)

 Project Based Learning!!!

Main Crops (Wheat, Cotton, Rice, Sugarcane)

Temperature
Geographical Requirements
Type of soil
Rainfall/Irrigation
HYVs
Distribution on Maps
Main Regions
Secondary Regions
Minor Regions
 Project Based Learning!!!

Types of Livestock Farming (Settled, Transhumance, Nomadic)

Distribution on Maps

System of Input, Process and Output

Livestock Resources (Distribution on Maps) Main Regions, Secondary Regions

Minor Regions

Buffaloes ( Nilli Bar, Kundi, Ravi)

Cattle (Bullock, Cow)

Sheep and Goats

Poultry
Extra
Notes!!!
 Factors affecting
agricultural production
 Factors
.

Factors

Natural Human

o Irrigation
o Topography facilities
o Soil o Fertilizer
o Mechanization
o Water
o Marketing
o Temperature o Land size
o Pests & o Plant protection
diseases program
o HYV seeds
Natural factors
 Natural factors

❖ Topography
● The flatter the land, the larger and more efficient is the farm.
● The steeper the land, the lesser the output of crop.
● Valuable crops like wheat, cotton and sugar-cane are
efficiently cultivated on flat lands near Peshawar.
● Mountainous regions are more difficult for farming than plain
lands.
Flat lands
 Natural factors

❖ Soils
● Alluvial and loess (fine soil deposited by wind) are best suited
for farming.
● River Indus and its tributaries spread Alluvium on their banks
making the soil rich and fertile.
● Soils rich in humus are also best for farming.
● Lack of organic matter makes the soil unsuitable for
cultivation.
 Natural factors

❖ Water including rainfall

● Adequate rainfall is good for farming.

● Potwar plateau receive adequate rainfall so this area tends to
produce crops without irrigation.
● The dried areas towards South and East are only suited to arable
farming with the help of irrigation.
 Natural factors

❖ Temperature
● Cereals and fruits can ripen throughout the year in the sunnier
South.
● In Northern areas growing season is limited from April - September.

❖ Pests and diseases

● Preventive and curative measures are needed to keep the crops
safe.
● Pest and disease are more likely to attack the crop if these measures
are not taken.
● Small scale subsistence farmers mostly face the problem of pests
and disease because they can not afford to buy pesticides and
Human factors
 Irrigation facilities

● Farming can be done with irrigation even if rainfall is not sufficient.

● Irrigation is also used to improve yields in humid regions.
● Improvement in irrigation system can increase the growth rate of
crops and cultivable land size will also increase. But canal irrigation
causes water logging & salinity.
To prevent this:
● Waterlogging and salinity prevention programs should be
introduced.
● Tube well installation should be done.
● Remodeling and maintenance of old canals.
● For the better yield, regular supply of water is required.
 Fertilizers
● Chemical fertilizers has increased the crop output.

● 75% of total fertilizers used is nitrogenous fertilizers.

● Remaining 25% used is phosphate and potash.

 Mechanization

Machines like tractors, tillers, combine harvesters, threshers,

reapers and transplanters for rice has increased agricultural
output.
❖ Benefits:
● Farming is not totally mechanized but mechanization has
good results.
● Source of non-farm employment minimize pre and post
harvest losses.
● Increase the farmers income.
Combine harvester
 Marketing

“Marketing system involves transportation,

processing, storage, wholesale and retail.
Disorganized system leads to high cost and
low output.”
 Size of farm
The size of subsistence farm is small. These small fragmented
farms are uneconomic.
❖ Drawbacks:
● Machinery can not be used.
● Small holdings are difficult to supervise.
● Loans cannot be taken to develop small holdings.
● Irrigation is difficult on small lands.
● Output of small holding is low.
❖ Solution:
● Consolidation of holdings.
 HYVs
Use of high yielding varieties of seeds (HYVs) increases the
output by 10% - 20%.
Some important HYVs are:

Crop HYVs
Wheat Maxipak, Shahkhan 95, Wadanak 95, Kohson 95 etc

Rice Basmati super, Irri 6 Rechna, Pajhal

Sugar-cane JN - 88 - 1 to 3 Thatta - 10

Cotton Nayyab 78, B - 557, 149 - F, Sarmast Qalandri, CIM - 70

 Plant protection program

● Preventive and creative measures are needed for plant

protection.

● The plant protection department maintains Vigilance

surveys for the control of locusts in country specially in
desert areas.
Plant protection program
 FARMING AND
ENVIRONMENT
● Modern methods of farming have brought great benefits to the
people by increasing crop yield.

● But unfortunately, continuous and careless use of these methods

may damage physical environment in many different ways:

1. Use of fertilizer and pesticides

2. Removal of vegetation
3. Irrigation
 1- Fertilizers and
Pesticides
● On one side, Use of fertilizers and pesticides increase the
agriculture production by increasing soil fertility.
● On other side, When these chemicals drain into rivers, the
river water gets polluted.
● The water in cities may also supplied from rivers.
● The toxic elements in water affects human health and
livestock.
 Fertilizers and Pesticides

Pesticides also
drain into river
water and
cause Pollution

Nitrates in river
encourage
growth of algae
and large plants
which use water
oxygen.
 2- Removal of vegetation

● Soil erosion has been increased due to removal of

vegetation for farming areas.

● The removal of upper layer of soil decreases the soil

fertility.
Soil erosion
 3- Irrigation
● Modern techniques of irrigation in farming must be used
with precautionary measures such as:

➢ Limiting the use of chemicals

➢ Lining the canals
➢ Stopping the unnecessary removal of vegetation
 Govt. efforts to
improve agricultural
production
 Steps
● Increase in production of fertilizers
● Distribution of improved seeds
● Developing a plant protection program
● Providing financial resources to the farming community
● Production and development loans
 Sustainable
Development with
agriculture
 Sustainable agriculture

“Development that satisfies the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations”
● Government should make sustainable and productive techniques and
system
● Waterlogging and salinity should be addressed promptly
● Afforestation projects should be implemented
● Organic farming for fertilizing the soil should be practiced
● Providing irrigation to deserts
● Linking traditional farming methods with modern techniques
● Coordination between farmer and research team
Thank
You