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Physical Science
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
The Formation of Heavier
Elements during the Star
Formation and Evolution
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Physical Science– Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: The Formation of Heavier Elements during Star Formation and
Evolution
First Edition, 2020
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over them.
Team Leaders:
School Head : Reynaldo B. Visda
LRMDS Coordinator : Melbourne L. Salonga
Physical Science
Quarter 3 – Module1:
The Formation of Heavier
Elements during Star Formation
and Evolution
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
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This learning module was designed to help the students to learn the key information
about the formation of heavier elements during the star formation and evolution.
This learning module deals with the understanding the concept of heavier element’s
formation, star formation, evolution, and some evidences to support the formation.
To further enhance the students’ learning, different learning activities are provided
in this module. The lesson is presented in an easy way in order to address the
learning difficulties of the students by using language level at par with their
comprehension. Based on the recent study, students learn more if they are actively
engaged in the textbook they are using. This learning module can help to improve
the student’s academic achievement in this subject. With this material, students can
work in less supervision of the teacher.
After going through this module, you are specifically expected to:
1. Define stellar nucleosynthesis, and
2. Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution.
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What I Know
Identify the key term referred in each statement. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
__________1. It is a process where the heavy elements are produced within the stars.
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What’s In
What do see in these pictures? Which of these two pictures is most likely similar in
the formation of heavy elements?
Picture A Picture B
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What’s New
The lighter elements are formed during the big bang nucleosynthesis. On the other
hand, the heavier elements are formed through the stellar nucleosynthesis. Stellar
nucleosynthesis is a formation of heavy elements within the stars. As the stars are
evolving, there is a greater possibility of formation and changes of elements.
Stellar Evolution
The stellar evolution is an event of changes of a star during its lifetime from
evolutionary phase of protostar until its stellar death: supernova. The theory of
collapse under gravity is considered as the major theory of the star formation. The
stars are formed by the gravitational collapse of dense molecular cloud. As the
molecular cloud collapses, the fragments from different regions are grouped to form
stellar core called protostar. As the protostar’s temperature increases, the nuclear
reaction starts up to convert hydrogen into helium in its core then star is form into
the main sequence. The star will continue converting hydrogen into helium then it
will become a main sequence star.
Eventually, in the main sequence star fuses so much of its hydrogen into helium, the
fusion will stop. The pressure in the core is reduced. Meanwhile, the star’s core cools
then begin to contract again. In this case, the contraction increases the pressure and
temperature of the star’s core. In the core, helium is converted to carbon while in the
shell, hydrogen is converted into helium making the star -red giant. The stellar
evolution produces elements through iron (Fe). The star’s outer materials are blown
off into the space and the remainder of the star becomes a white dwarf. The star’s
core can no longer make energy to resist from gravity. The star now will explode and
release a large amount of energy this explosion is referred as supernova.
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Shells fusion
The bigger the star, the heavier elements it can produce inside the core. In this case,
the massive star has enough temperature and pressure for the fusion to take place.
For instance, the formation of heavy elements. In the entire star’s lifetime, different
events will happen such as fusion of heavy elements in the core and in the shells
that surround the core. The shell fusion is a process of formation of new elements in
its layers or regions. For this case, carbon fusion will form oxygen, neon from the
fusion of oxygen, from neon fusion will create magnesium, silicon is the product of
magnesium fusion and iron is form from silicon fusion as seen in the above figure of
shells fusion. When new elements are produced, new layers are added up to the size
of the star until it becomes multiple shell-red giant.
Evidence of formation of heavy elements
One of the significant evidences to support the formation of heavier elements during
stellar evolution is the interstellar medium. The interstellar medium is all the
collection of interstellar matter. The interstellar matter refers to the materials
between the stars. About ninety-nine percent (99%) of these materials are in the form
of gases. The most abundant gases are helium and hydrogen. And the remaining
one percent (1%) is in the form of solids which are frozen particles called interstellar
grains. The interstellar grains are made up of rock like materials.
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What is It
After reading the text in What’s new. Let us see how far you have learned this topic.
Match the term in Column A to Column B. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answer.
A B
What’s More
Define the following terms. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. White dwarf
2. Protostar
3. Stellar nucleosynthesis
5. Interstellar grain
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What I Can Do
Label the element formed in each shell fusion. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answer.
1._______
2._______
3._______
4._______
5._______
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Read and analyze each question. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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Additional Activities
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3
Additional activities:
Protostrar>>>Main sequence star>>>Red giant>>> White
dwarf
Assessment: What can I Do: What’s more:
1. A 1. Oxygen fusion 1. White dwarf- It is the material
2. D 2. Neon fusion remains in the star.
3. B 3. Magnesium 2. Protostar- The fragments of
4. D fusion molecular cloud that are grouped.
5. C 4. Silicon fusion 3. Stellar nucleosynthesis- A process
6. B 5. Iron/ Iron ash of formation of heavy elements within
7. A the stars.
8. B 4. Multiple shell-red giant- There are
9. A new layers or regions added up to the
10. B size of stars.
5. Interstellar grain- The solid
particles or rock like materials found
in the star.
What is It: What’s In What I Know:
1. C 1. In picture A, he 1. Stellar
2. E is a wizard. In nucleosynthesis
3. A picture B, there 2. Supernova
4. B are three witches 3. Protostar
5. D 2. Picture B 4. Interstellar
materials
5. Interstellar
grains
Answer Key
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References
Andrew, F., David, M. & Wolff, S.C. Astronomy. OpenStax, Rice University,
Houston, Texas 77005, 2017.
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