CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION REVIEWER

(Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine)

Crime Investigation (Special Crime Investigation)

 Is an art and applied science which deals with the identity and location of the offender and gather
pieces of evidence to prove the guilt of an accused in a court proceedings (Based PPT Definition)
 Sinsabi dito ang criminal investigation ay an art kase skill is needed (which skill ng mga investigators).
while criminal investigation is applied science because it utilize other sciences (such as ballistics, and
dactylostcopy) ginagamit toh in proving that there’s a crime committed. Any other sciences that we can
use at magagamit sa criminal investigation inaapply natin in investigation in short investigation is applied
science.
 Primarily focus sa physical evidence as well as crime scene procedure and also special crime focuses on
investigation of Major crimes.
 Major Crime: Murder(pagpatay), Homicide, Parricide, Infanticide, Rape involving the dead of the victim,
Bombing Incident (eto yung mga tinatawag natin major crimes)
 Etong mga major crimes ay ang mga kinakailangan ng special methods of Investigations.
 So special crime needs special method this will be dealing with the use of forensic sciences, legal
medicine, ballistics, toxicology (gagamitin ito or relate (kinalaman) sa mga investigation when it comes to
special crime investigation.
 Special crime deals with the crimes that are involving the death of the victim (Kadalasan may Namatay)
 Criminal investigation
 Focuses on heinous crime

Criminal Investigator

- officer specially trained in the processing of physical evidence commonly found at crime scenes
- refers to the person who performs an investigation
- is also known as prober and is considered as the superstar in the process of investigation

- ang isang criminal investigator ay isang taong nag-iimbestiga ng mga krimen.

- Ang isang criminal investigator ay kilala rin bilang "prober" at itinuturing na "superstar" sa proseso ng
pagsisiyasat.
- Sila ay mga opisyal na espesyal na sinanay sa pagproseso ng pisikal na ebidensya na karaniwang
natatagpuan sa mga crime scene.

Is a person who is charged with the duty of carrying the objectives of investigation, such as:

 Identify the criminals – means figuring out who committed the crime (Investigators uses Investigators
use clues, witness statements, and other evidence para malaman sino ang responsible for breaking the
law)
 Locate and arrest the offender - once the investigators nalaman na kung who the criminal is,
investigator ay hahanapin na nila yung taong gumawa nun at take them into custody. Dito din papasok
yung tracking their whereabouts and using legal means to apprehend them.
 Gather evidence to prove his guilt – Investigators magcocollect ng various types of evidences such
fingerprint, DNA, witness testimonies, etc. etong evidence ginagamit para demonstrate that the person
committed the crime.

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  Attend court duties as prosecution witness – Investigators ay laging kinakailangan pumunta sa court
as witnesses for the prosecution. Sila ay testify about the evidences na nahanap at nakuha nila sa
kanilang pag- investigate para matulangan maprove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
(In the PNP or Police Organization to be an Investigator at least your minimum rank needs to be Police
Corporal)

Modus Operandi

 Made up of those actions that were necessary to complete the crime.

 Meaning ito yung mga kilos o gawa ng mga criminals or group of criminals na kinakailangan na lang
iperform to complete the crime. Example: laglag barya gang

Signature

A general term used to described unnecessary actions to the crime.

Uri ng/ Trademark ng isang criminal or group of criminal na distinct sa kanila ( ibig sabihin sila lang gumagawa
nito). Example: group of akyat bahay after magnakaw nila kumain pa sila sa bahay na ninakawan nila.

Admission

 Is the statement of facts by the accused in a criminal case which do not directly involve the
acknowledgment.
 is an acknowledgment of a fact or circumstance without accepting guilt.
 is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short of an acknowledgment of guilt. It is an
acknowledgment of a fact or circumstances from which guilt may be inferred, It implicates but does not
incriminate, It is also an acknowledgment that a fact, action, or circumstances are true which strongly infer
or directly admit guilt but lacks the detail of the elements of the crime.
 It's like acknowledging something without accepting blame. (Parang pag-amin sa isang bagay nang hindi
tinatanggap ang pagkakamali.)
 Example: Si Juan ay nagsabi sa pulis na nasa lugar siya ng krimen ngunit hindi niya sinabing siya ang
may kasalanan. Ito ay isang admission dahil sinabi niya ang katotohanan ngunit hindi niya direkta
itinatanggi ang kanyang pagkakasangkot.

Confession

 Is a direct acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal case of the truth of his guilt as to the
crime charged.
 is the declaration of the accused acknowledging his guilt arising from the commission of a crime.
 It's like owning up to what they did. (Parang pag-amin sa kanilang ginawang pagkakamali.)

Additional Requirement for Confession or Admission to prove the guilt of the Accused

 It must be supported by other corroborative evidence.

This means the confession or admission needs backup proof. It's like having more than one piece of
evidence that points to the same conclusion. For example, if someone admits to breaking a window, there
should also be witnesses who saw them do it or fingerprints on the broken glass that match theirs.
 The Corpus Delicti must be established.

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 This refers to proving that a crime actually happened. In simpler terms, it's like showing the puzzle pieces
that fit together to reveal the whole picture of the crime. So, if someone confesses to stealing a bike, there
should be evidence of the stolen bike itself or a police report about the theft.
 The confession must be voluntary and freely given.
This means the confession must be given willingly, without anyone forcing or tricking the person into
confessing. Imagine someone confessing because they were threatened or promised something in return;
that wouldn't count as a valid confession in court.

Modes of Filing of Criminal Case

Inquest Filing - is a summary investigation conducted by a public prosecutor in cases where a person has
been lawfully arrested without a warrant.

 Question - Can a suspect who voluntarily surrendered in the police station be subject to inquest?
 Answer - Yes, a suspect who voluntarily surrendered in a police station can be subjected to inquest
proceedings.

Under Section 2, Rule 113 – Arrest is made by ACTUAL RESTRAINT of a person to be arrested, or by his
SUBMISSION TO THE CUSTODY of a person making the arrest.

- according to this rule, an arrest occurs when someone is physically restrained or when they agree to go
with the arresting person.
- means physically stopping someone from moving freely. For example, if the police hold onto someone's
arms to prevent them from running away, that's actual restraint.
- happens when a person willingly agrees to go with the person arresting them. For instance, if someone
agrees to go to the police station when asked by an officer, that's submission to custody.

Regular Filing – is a mode of filing a criminal case in the Prosecutors office if the suspect is not arrested
or cannot be immediately arrested. Another definition refers to the filing of a criminal complaint or information
before the Office of the Prosecutor or the courts without the accused being under detention.

inquest filing is for quick investigations after warrantless arrests, while regular filing is for starting the legal process
even if the suspect is not yet in custody.

Both inquest and regular filing pertain to the filing of criminal complaints, they are used in different scenarios and
have distinct procedures. An inquest is a swift process that follows warrantless arrests, aiming to determine the
lawfulness of detention. In contrast, regular filing involves a more extended preliminary investigation where the
accused is not under immediate detention.

Phases of Criminal Investigation

The main objective of a police investigator is to gather all facts in order to:

1. Identify the criminal through:

- Confession
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Circumstantial Evidence
Identification is being established indirectly by proving other facts or circumstances from which,
either alone or in connection with other facts. The identity of the perpetrator can be inferred.
the proof of fact or facts from which, taken either singly or collectedly, the existence of a particular
fact in dispute may be inferred as a necessary or probable consequence.
- Associative Evidence
evidence which links the suspect to the crime scene or offense such as fingerprints & shoe prints

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 2. Trace and Locate the criminal
3. Proved by evidence the guilt of the suspect.

Kinds of Criminals

Known Criminal - is an individual whose identity, criminal history, and activities are already documented and
known to law enforcement or criminal justice agencies. They have been previously identified, arrested, charged,
or convicted for criminal offenses. Known criminals may have records in police databases, court records, or other
law enforcement files.

Unknown Criminal - is an individual whose identity and criminal activities are not yet known or documented by
law enforcement or criminal justice authorities. These individuals have not been identified, arrested, or prosecuted
for any criminal offenses that would have brought them into the system's awareness. They operate under the
radar, with their criminal actions not yet linked to them or documented in official records

Kaya, ang mga kilalang kriminal ay may dokumentadong kasaysayan ng krimen, habang ang mga hindi kilalang
kriminal ay hindi pa nahuli o nai-identify ng pulisya.

Stages of Investigation

I. Preliminary Investigation
This is the initial stage of gathering information and evidence right after a crime is reported. It involves
interviewing witnesses, collecting physical evidence, and gathering any initial leads or clues.
It's like the first step detectives take after a crime is reported. They talk to witnesses, collect evidence, and
start figuring out what happened.

II. Follow up Investigation

After the preliminary investigation, this stage involves more in-depth work. Detectives follow up on leads,
analyze evidence, interview more people if needed, and gather additional information to build a stronger
case.
It's the next step where detectives dig deeper. They check leads, study evidence, talk to more people, and
gather more details to make their case stronger.

III. Final Investigation

This is the last stage before presenting the case to prosecutors or authorities. Detectives review all the
gathered evidence, make sure everything is in order, tie up any loose ends, and prepare a comprehensive
report or case file.
It's the wrap-up stage where detectives check everything one last time. They make sure they have all the
evidence, fix any issues, and get ready to present their case.

Tracing and Locating the criminals through the use of Informants.

Informants – is a person who gives information to the investigator without any monetary or valuable
consideration.

They share information voluntarily to help with an investigation.

Informer – Is a person who gives information with consideration of reward or monetary value.

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They provide information with the intention of gaining something valuable in return.

Tracing and Locating by means of Surveillance

Surveillance

- is a clandestine form of investigation in order to obtain information pertinent to the purpose of

investigation.
- Is the planned observation of the persons, places, objects or it is done to obtain information about the
identities or activities of subjects.
- It can be by foot or vehicle.

This is a secretive way of investigating to gather important information related to the investigation's goal. It
involves watching people, places, or things to learn about who or what they are and what they're doing.
Surveillance can be done on foot or using vehicles.

Two General Types of Surveillance

Fixed Surveillance – also referred as Stakeout. It is conducted when a person, object, or activity being
watched is not expected to move.

This is like keeping watch on a specific spot where you expect something to happen, like watching a building or a
parked car. You stay in one place because you don't think the thing or person you're watching will move.

Moving Surveillance – also referred to as a Tailing or Shadowing. A moving surveillance is conducted when a
person, object or activity being watched moves from one place to another.

This is when you follow someone or something as they move around. It's like staying close to them to see where
they go and what they do, like tailing a suspect or shadowing a vehicle.

Types of Shadowing

Loose Tail – one employed where a general impression of the subject’s habit and associates is required

- This type of shadowing is used when investigators need a general understanding of the subject's routine
and the people they associate with. It's not overly intrusive but helps in gathering basic information about
the subject's habits and social circles.
- Imagine investigators want to gather information about a suspected drug dealer's routine and social
connections. They may conduct a loose tail by observing the suspect's activities from a distance without
being too obvious, just to get a general idea of their daily habits and the people they interact with.

Rough Shadowing – this could be done even without special precaution since the criminal is aware that
he is being tailed or shadowed.

- In this method, the surveillance is done with less concern about being detected, as the target is already
aware that they are being followed. It’s used when subtle surveillance is not critical, and the goal is to
maintain visual contact without much effort to conceal the fact that the subject is being shadowed.
- Let's say law enforcement is monitoring a known gang member who is aware that they are under
surveillance. In this case, the surveillance team might employ rough shadowing, where they follow the
gang member without being overly cautious about staying hidden because the gang member already
knows they are being watched.

Close Tail – this is done so much precaution from losing the subject where constant surveillance is necessary.

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 - This type of shadowing involves meticulous surveillance and constant attention to avoid losing sight of the
subject. It's used when maintaining a continuous and close watch on the subject is crucial, requiring
careful planning and execution to prevent the subject from becoming aware that they are being followed.
- Consider a situation where detectives are tracking a suspected terrorist who is highly skilled at evading
surveillance. In this scenario, the investigators would need to maintain a close tail, employing constant
and discreet surveillance techniques to ensure they don't lose sight of the suspect and to prevent them
from realizing they are being followed.

Forensic Science

 is the application of science to criminal and civil laws enforce by the police agencies and criminal
justice system. (Based on PPT)
 Application of science to law (ang forensic science ay application ng siyensiya sa ating bansa. Kase mga
sciences natin ginagamit natin pagdating sa batas. Katulad ng mga Toxicology, Psychology, Anthropology
or any another sciences na pwede nating pakinabangan when it comes to investigation.
 The word forensic is derived from the word “forensic” which means Forum.

Forum – In ancient Rome pagsinabing forum refers to public place which isang publikong lugar kung saan or
kadalasan nagaganap ang mga debate. Also mga public trial dun ginganap yung mga publikong paglilitis, minsan
may mga kaganapan dito na Judicial Proceedings (tagalog ang tawag nila dyan ng mga Pilipino ay Bulwagan)

Famous Personality in the history of Forensic Science

Mathieu Orfila (1787- 1853) – Considered/Regarded as the Father of Toxicology (toxicology means is
sciences of poisons). He is a Spanish Chemist and Toxicologist.

- Orfila pioneered the field of toxicology, developing methods to detect and analyze poisons in biological
samples. His work led to the establishment of toxicological testing in forensic investigations, helping to
identify causes of death due to poisoning.

Alphonse Bertillon (1853 – 1914) – first scientific system of personal identification by series of bodily
measurement. Father of Anthropometric System.

- Bertillon created the anthropometric system, which used precise measurements of body parts to create
unique identification profiles for individuals. This system was widely used for criminal identification before
the advent of fingerprinting.

Francis Galton (1887 – 1911) – First study fingerprint and classify the for filing.

- Galton conducted extensive research on fingerprints, creating a classification system that categorized
prints based on their patterns. This work laid the foundation for the use of fingerprints as a reliable
method of personal identification.

Calvin H. Goddard (1891- 1955) – comparison of bullets in guns. Father of forensic Ballistics

- Goddard pioneered forensic ballistics, developing techniques to compare bullets and firearms. He
established methods for identifying firearms used in crimes by analyzing ballistic evidence, such as bullet
markings and rifling patterns.

Albert S. Osborn (1858- 1946) – Developed the principles of document examination.

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 - Osborn is known for his work in document examination, establishing principles and techniques for
analyzing handwriting and determining the authenticity of documents. His contributions have been vital in
verifying signatures and detecting forgeries in legal and forensic contexts.

Edmond Locard (1847 – 1915) – The first to use scientific methods of criminal investigation.

- Locard formulated the Exchange Principle, which states that every contact leaves a trace. He emphasized
the importance of physical evidence at crime scenes and developed methods for collecting, preserving,
and analyzing evidence. Locard's work laid the foundation for modern forensic science practices.

Crime Scene

- Is an area of vicinity of occurrence of physical evidence.

refers to the specific location or area where a criminal activity has occurred and where physical evidence related
to that crime is present or can be found.

is the place where a crime happened, and it's where investigators look for evidence like fingerprints or bloodstains
to figure out what happened and who might be responsible.

Types of Crime Scene

- Indoor
This refers to a crime scene that is located inside a building or structure, such as a house, apartment,
office, or warehouse. Investigators focus on collecting and analyzing evidence found within the interior of
the building, including rooms, hallways, and other enclosed spaces.
- Outdoor
This type of crime scene is situated in an open or exterior area, such as a street, park, parking lot, forest,
or any outdoor space. Investigators examine and document evidence found outside, which could include
items like tire tracks, soil samples, discarded objects, or marks on the ground.
- Conveyance
This involves a crime scene that is associated with a vehicle or conveyance, such as a car, truck, boat,
train, or airplane. Investigators focus on gathering evidence related to the vehicle itself, as well as any
items or substances found inside the vehicle that are relevant to the crime under investigation.

In summary, indoor crime scenes are inside buildings, outdoor crime scenes are in open areas, and conveyance
crime scenes involve vehicles or conveyances. Each type of crime scene requires specific techniques and
procedures for evidence collection and analysis by forensic investigators.

Classification of Crime Scene

Primary – Refers to the site of the original or first criminal activity.

Secondary – This may be subsequent places which may include the victim’s home, suspects home,
suspect’s vehicle, or any other comparable indoor or outdoor area.

In summary, the primary crime scene is where the crime initially occurred, while secondary crime scenes are
additional locations related to the crime that investigators examine for further evidence and information.

Duty of the First Responders

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Upon arrival at the crime scene, the first responder shall assess whether the victim is still alive in case of
violent incident and the same be brought to the nearest hospital and shall endeavor to arrest the
suspect/s if he is still at the crime scene.

 Cordon off the crime scene with whatever available materials.

 Evacuate injured person to the nearest hospital’
 Prepare to take the “Dying declaration” of severely injured person, if any
 Prevent entry/exit of persons within the cordoned area
 Prepare to brief investigators of the situation upon their arrival.

Assessing Victim Condition and Evacuating:

- Upon arriving at the crime scene, the first responder assesses the condition of any victims, especially in violent
incidents. If victims are severely injured but still alive, the first responder arranges for their immediate evacuation
to the nearest hospital for medical treatment.

Cordon Off the Crime Scene:

- The first responder uses available materials to create a secure perimeter around the crime scene, preventing
unauthorized access and preserving the integrity of potential evidence.

Taking Dying Declaration (if applicable):

- In cases where a severely injured person is capable of providing a "dying declaration," which is a statement
made by someone who believes they are about to die and is admissible as evidence, the first responder
prepares to take such a statement.

Preventing Entry/Exit and Briefing Investigators:

- The first responder ensures that no unauthorized persons enter or exit the cordoned-off area to avoid
contaminating or tampering with evidence. They also prepare to provide a detailed briefing to investigators upon
their arrival, informing them of the situation, victim condition, any dying declarations, and other relevant details
about the crime scene.

In summary, the duties of first responders involve assessing victim condition, evacuating injured individuals, securing the
crime scene, taking dying declarations if necessary, preventing unauthorized access, and briefing investigators to facilitate
a thorough investigation.

Basic Functions of Investigator

 Providing emergency assistance

 Securing the crime scene.
 Photographing and Sketching.
 Takings notes and writing reports.
 Searching for, obtaining and processing physical evidence.
 Obtaining information from witnesses and suspects.
 Identifying suspects.
 Stakeout and Undercover assignment.
 Testifying in court
 Investigation monitoring and research

Regarding why taking notes and writing reports is considered the most important function out of all, it's because these
written records serve as the foundation and backbone of the investigative process. Detailed notes and comprehensive

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 reports ensure that every aspect of the investigation is documented accurately, including evidence collection, witness
statements, suspect interviews, and investigative actions taken. This documentation is crucial for maintaining a clear and
organized record of the investigation, preserving the chain of custody for evidence, supporting legal proceedings, and
ensuring accountability and transparency in the investigative process. Without accurate and detailed documentation,
investigators risk missing critical details, compromising the integrity of the investigation, and hindering the prosecution of
suspects in court.

Taking notes and writing reports is the most important part of an investigation because they act like a detailed record of
everything that happened during the investigation. These records make sure that every step of the investigation is
documented accurately, including things like collecting evidence, talking to witnesses, interviewing suspects, and all the
actions taken during the investigation.

This documentation is crucial because it helps to keep things organized and clear. It also preserves the chain of custody
for evidence, which means that we can track where the evidence came from and who had it at every step. This is
important for legal proceedings, like when we need to show evidence in court.

Without good notes and reports, investigators might miss important details, which can mess up the whole investigation. It
can also make it harder to prove a case in court if we don't have accurate and detailed records of what happened during
the investigation. So, taking good notes and writing clear reports helps to keep the investigation on track and make sure
everything is done properly.

Three Tools or Three “I”’s of Investigation

Information – refers to any data or knowledge which the investigator gathered and acquired from other persons
including the victim himself and from other sources, such as:

a) Public Records
b) Private Records
c) Modus Operandi File

Other sources of Information

 Regular source - acquired from open sources, records, files

 Cultivated source - furnished by informants/ informer
 Grapevine source - coming from underworld characters such as prisoners or criminals

Interrogation – is the vigorous skillful questioning of hostile witnesses and suspects who are reluctant to divulge
information. This is also known as Custodial Investigation.

Instrumentation – scientific examination of real evidence and qualification of instruments and methods of
physical sciences in the detection of crime such as ballistics, fingerprint, chemistry, polygraph and others. It is
otherwise known as Criminalistics.

- Information: This is the data and knowledge that investigators gather from various sources, like public
records, private files, and details about how criminals operate.
- Interrogation: This is when investigators ask tough questions to uncooperative witnesses or suspects to
get information about the crime. It's also called questioning during custody.
- Instrumentation: This involves using scientific tools and methods to examine physical evidence, like
analyzing bullets, fingerprints, chemicals, or using lie detector tests. It's the science part of investigating
crimes.

Cardinal Rules or Points of Investigation

- WHAT offense has been committed? (nature of the crime)

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 - WHERE was the offense committed? (place or location)
- WHO committed the offense? (Person/s involved)
- WHEN was the offense committed? (time and date)
- WHY it was committed? (reason or motive of committing the crime)
- HOW was the offense committed? (manner, method, or modus operandi)

Goals of Criminal Investigation

 Determine if crime has been committed. -

 Legally obtain information and evidence to identify persons responsible.
 Arrest of the suspects.
 Recover stolen property.
 Complete presentation of case to appropriate authority.

Kinds of Criminal Investigation

 In-Custody Investigation - This type of investigation focuses on gathering evidence and information from
suspects who are already in custody or under arrest. Investigators conduct interviews, collect physical
evidence, and gather statements to build a case against the suspect.
 At large Investigation - This involves investigating suspects who are still free and not yet apprehended.
Investigators gather information, track leads, and conduct surveillance to locate and capture the suspects
 Crime Scene Investigation - This type of investigation centers around examining and analyzing physical
evidence at the location where the crime occurred. Investigators collect evidence like fingerprints, DNA
samples, and trace materials, and document the scene to reconstruct what happened and identify
potential suspects.

There are 7 Major Groups of Physical Evidence Found in the Crime Scene:

1. Weapon
2. Blood
3. Imprints
4. Tool Marks
5. Dust and dirt traces
6. Questioned documents
7. Miscellaneous trace evidence

THE LOCARD’S EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE

Whenever a criminal comes into contact with a victim, an object, or a crime scene, he or she will leave behind
evidence, and also take away evidence.

- Every Contact Leaves a Trace

means that whenever someone interacts with a person, an object, or a place involved in a crime, they
leave behind some evidence and also take away some evidence with them. This principle emphasizes
that every contact between people or objects leaves a trace that can be used to find out what happened.

Crime Scene Golden Rule

“Never touch or move any object at the crime scene unless it has been properly documented, photographed,
measured, and sketched”

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Composition of S.O.C.O Team

A. Team leader
B. Photographer/log recorder
C. Sketch preparer
D. Evidence recorder/ Evidence recovery personnel
E. Specialist

WHEN RESPONDING TO A CRIME SCENE

Safety of the responding team – The safety and the physical well-being of officer and other individuals, in and
around the crime scene, are the initial responding officer’s priority.

- the first priority of the responding officer is to ensure the safety and well-being of everyone involved,
including themselves and others at the scene.

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION PROPER

1. Receipt of Briefing – The team leader upon arrival of the crime scene receives the briefing from the first
responder.
 The initial responder should assess victims for signs of life and medical needs and provide
immediate medical attention.
 Call for medical personnel and guide the medical personnel to the victim to minimize
contamination and alteration of the crime scene.
 Instruct the medical personnel not to clean up the scene or alter.
 If medical personnel arrived first get their names, unit, contact, number and location.
2. Designation of command post – Designate a command post which is ideally located adjacent to the
scene where the evidence custodian stays and receives the pieces of evidence turned over to him. (Set up
a temporary command post near the crime scene)
3. Initiation of the preliminary survey – The team leader makes a general assessment of the scene, takes
cautious walk-through of the crime scene, and takes down extensive notes to document important factors.
- conducts a thorough walkthrough of the crime scene, carefully observing and noting down important
details to document what happened.
4. Note taking and logs – The personnel assigned in the note taking and logs in the crime scene uses a
systematic approach in taking and logs report.

NOTE TAKING LOG

 Crime scene location  Name of supervising officers
 Name of witness and victims  Identification of unit members
 Arrival time/date  Name of first responders
 Departure time/date  Name and rank of those who enter and
 Conditions of the crime scene exit the crime scene
 Weather

5. Documentation of the crime scene – The photographer begins taking photographs as soon as possible.

How to take photograph of evidence in a crime scene

- Take two photograph of evidence one without measuring device and the other is with measuring
device.

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 PURPOSE OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

 To record the initial appearance of physical evidence

 To provide investigators permanent visual records of the scene and evidence.
 Can be used in criminal court trials

6. Crime scene sketches – A sketch is prepared indicating the actual measurement of things with scale and
proportion observed and oriented to the north pole.

Four (4) measuring techiniques used to obtain accurate measurement for the sketch

1. Triangulation Method
2. Rectangular coordinate method
3. Polar coordinate method
4. Transecting baseline coordinate method

CRIME SCENE SKETCH

- Rough Sketch
- Final Sketch

Kinds of Sketch

 Sketch of Locality
 Sketch of Grounds
 Sketch of Details

7. Detailed Search – The search for physical evidence is done using the accepted methods of search
depending upon the actual location to be searched.

Method of Crime Scene Search

 The Parallel search method

 The Grid Search Method
 The Spiral Search Method
 The Quadrant or zone search method

A pattern used for searching areas at crime scenes. The spiral can begin at a specific point and spiral outward
or start on a perimeter and spiral inward. The Spiral Search Method

All the members of the CSI team form a line. They walk in a straight line, at the same speed, from one end of
crime scene to the other. The Parallel search method

It’s like the parallel method, with the exception that two strips are regarded to constitute a grid. Only two
individuals can accomplish the searches by going through different strips and then switching strips for more
precision. The Grid Search Method

Divide the scene to be searched into quadrants. Additional personnel may be used, or the investigator can
perform the search independently. Personnel searching each quadrant may use any method they choose.
This method works well in large areas. The Quadrant or zone search method

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 8. Collection of Physical Evidence – The team leader is always informed of significant evidence located.
The evidence collector shall put his initial, location and date of the collection on the item and turn it over to
the evidence custodian for documentation and safekeeping.

Method of recovery of traces materials:

 Shaking
 Brushing
 Taping Vacuuming
 Swabbing
 Hand Picking

Note: In cases the evidence needs special processing the SOCO specialist shall be requested.

Special methods of collecting physical evidence:

 Pieces of Paper – The paper should be handled with tongs and place where the size permist or into
cellophane envelopes.
 Glasses of bottle – These can be placed over a peg or small crates.
 Firearms, knives and tools – This type or articles can be secured by means of strings passing through
perforation.
 Hairs and Fibers – It should be picked up by forceps, wrapped loosely in a filter paper place in envelop.
 Dirt, soil, particles, filings and fragments – they should be placed in separate small boxes and then placed
in pill boxes.
 Bullets and fired cases – They should be placed in small boxes and surrounded by cotton.
 Semen stains – if it’s still moist it can be collected in a test tube. The are must be first moistening with
distilled water if it’s a dry stain.
 Blood – If in fluid condition, it would be removed by eye dropper and placed in a test tube. Saline solution
should be added in an amount about 1/5 that of the blood if found in the clothing.
 Paint on Vehicle – The paint may be removed with a piece of wood or with hard steel scalpel. A filter
paper should be used to contain the sample.

MARKING OR TAGGING OF EVIDENCE

1. Evidence labeling – Evidence should be marked with:

2. Initials (Collector)
3. Identification number (Badge number)
4. Evidence number
5. Date and time it was collected
6. Evidence description
7. Case Number

Evidence numbering – Each impression must have a unique number, this number should: correspond to the
placard next to the evidence

MARKING OF SPECIFIC EVIDENCE

- Firearms – It should be unloaded before submission. The marking should on the right of the frame.
- Bullet – Avoid scarring the area with rifling imprint. The bullet may be marked at the nose.
- Cartridge case – A fired cartridge case should be marked at the inside portion of the mouth.

CREATED BY LOCINE
 9. Conduct of final survey – The team leader makes a final review of the crime scene to determine whether
or not the processing has been completed.
10. Release of the crime scene – The release of the crime scene shall be done if the investigator is satisfied
that all pieces of evidence have been recovered.

CREATED BY LOCINE