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Test Bank for Conceptual Chemistry, 5/E 5th Edition John A. Suchocki
Test Bank for Conceptual Chemistry, 5/E 5th Edition

John A. Suchocki
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Conceptual Chemistry, 5e (Suchocki)
Chapter 8 How Water Behaves
8.1 Water Molecules Form an Open Crystalline Structure in Ice
1) Ice is slippery because ________.

A) air molecules have been excluded
B) of greater kinetic energy at the surface
C) of its relatively high purity
D) surface crystals fall apart
E) of its tight internal and external structuring
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Learning Obj: 8.1
2) Which of the following statements does not describe a property of water?

A) You are made mostly of water.
B) It is the only molecule that is found in all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) in large quantities
on the planet.
C) Water is very resistant to a change in temperature.
D) Many of the properties of water are a direct consequence of the intermolecular attractions
between water molecules.
E) The hydrogens of a water molecule have a partial negative charge.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
3) Why does water expand when it goes from a liquid to a solid?

A) The water molecules become aligned in a way that creates extra volume.
B) The liquid has a higher density than the ice.
C) Ice molecules are bigger than water molecules.
D) The liquid water molecules are bigger and shrink when cooled.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
4) Which of the following statements best describes the usual properties of most compounds
besides water?
A) The density of a material increases when it solidifies.
B) The volume of a material increases when it solidifies.
C) The mass of a material increases when it solidifies.
D) The molecules become more closely packed when they liquify.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) What happens when pressure is applied to ice crystals?
A) The regular arrangement of the ice is disrupted and the ice melts.
B) The temperature rises and the ice melts.
C) The regular arrangement of ice causes it to harden.
D) The freezing temperature of the molecules decreases.
E) The volume occupied by the material increases.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
6) What is found within the extra volume that arises as water expands upon freezing?
A) nothing
B) other water molecules
C) air
D) dissolved oxygen
E) the atoms have expanded
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
7) Why do ice skates work?

A) The pressure of the blades on the ice creates a temporary water layer.
B) The pressure of the blades cuts a hole in the ice and water flows in.
C) The blades are treated with a chemical that melts the ice temporarily, which creates a water
layer.
D) Ice is naturally slippery.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
8) Heat is absorbed by a substance when that substance ________.

A) freezes
B) evaporates
C) condenses
D) cools
E) A and C
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.1
2
9) Heat is given off by a substance when that substance ________.
A) evaporates
B) freezes
C) melts
D) boils
E) C and D
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.1
10) What happens to a soda can left in the freezer? Why?

A) The sugar and syrup, which separate from the water, settle to the bottom of the can and
become solid.
B) The soda inside the can freezes collapsing the can as the solid forms.
C) The soda can puffs out and sometimes the lid pops open because water expands when it
freezes.
D) Although the soda inside the can get s very cold, it will not completely freeze because of the
high sugar concentration.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
11) It is important to protect water pipes in your home from freezing because ________.
A) freezing water will scrape the lining from the insides of the pipes
B) water expands more than the pipe material, which will fracture the pipes if water in them
freezes
C) blocked water behind the frozen ice will build up pressure and will burst the pipes
D) the ice will promote serious erosion of the pipe material
E) all of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.1
12) How does the combined volume of the billions and billions of hexagonal open spaces in the
structures of ice crystals in a piece of ice compare to the portion of ice that floats above the water
line?
A) They are the same.
B) The volume of the open spaces is greater than the volume that extends above water.
C) The volume of the open space is less than the volume that extends above water.
D) The volumes are not related to each other.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.1
3
13) As an ice cube floating in a glass of water melts, what happens to the water level?
A) The water level rises to the point where the ice floats above the water.
B) As the ice melts, the water level does not change—the melting ice "caves in" and exactly fills
the open spaces.
C) The melting ice "caves in" and fills the open spaces-therefore the water level is lower after the
ice melts.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.1
Global Obj: G-7
8.2 Freezing and Melting Go On at the Same Time
1) Water is most dense at ________.

A) -4°C
B) 0°C
C) +4°C
D) +100°C
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
2) At the molecular level, when a piece of ice is slowly melting, water molecules are being
________.
A) adsorbed by the ice to form solid water
B) released by the ice to form liquid water
C) adsorbed by the ice to form liquid water
D) released by the ice to form solid water
E) both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
3) For an ice/water mixture at 0°C, which is true?

A) The rate at which ice melts is faster.
B) The rate at which water freezes is faster
C) The rate at which ice melts and freezes are both equal.
D) Ice always freezes at 0°C.
E) Ice always melts at 0°C.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
4
4) If you keep a mixture of water and ice at 0°C what will happen?
A) Nothing, the ice and water will stay the same.
B) The water will freeze and become ice.
C) The ice will melt and become water.
D) The water will dissolve the ice.
E) The ice will absorb the water.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
5) The formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules ________.

A) leads to the formation of ice
B) releases heat energy
C) increases the amount of molecular vibration
D) causes ice to melt and form water
E) makes molecules move farther apart
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
6) If you add heat energy to water molecules in the form of ice, where does the energy go?
A) The energy is used to break hydrogen bonds.
B) Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
C) The energy is used to make hydrogen bonds.
D) Energy causes the molecules to arrange in regular arrays.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
7) How does a solute such as salt or sugar affect the melting and freezing of water?
A) Solutes slow the rate of ice formation.
B) Solutes increase the rate of ice formation.
C) Solutes slow the rate of liquid water release from ice.
D) Solutes increase the rate of liquid water release from ice.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
5
8) Describe what happens to an ice cube and some water at 0°C if you increase the rate of water
formation?
A) The ice cube melts.
B) Nothing, ice and water at 0°C is stable indefinitely.
C) The ice cube increases in size.
D) The rate of ice formation also increases.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
9) If you were somehow able to sit at the surface of an ice cube and were able to slow the
movement of water molecules from the solid to the liquid phase, what would eventually happen
to the ice cube?
A) It would increase in size.
B) It would melt because you are sitting on it and you give off heat.
C) It would melt because you have slowed the rate of water uptake.
D) It would melt because you have increased the rate of water uptake.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
10) When you increase the temperature of a substance, the molecules vibrate ________.
A) faster and the molecules move farther apart
B) faster and the molecules more closer together
C) slower and the molecules move farther apart
D) slower and the molecules move closer together
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
11) Which of the following describes what happens when you increase the temperature of water?
A) The molecules start to vibrate and move farther apart.
B) The molecules start to vibrate and move closer together.
C) The molecular vibrations start to slow and the molecules move farther apart.
D) The molecular vibrations start to slow and the molecules move closer together.
E) none of the above.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
6
12) Why does liquid water expand slightly when cooled from 4°C to 2°C?
A) The molecules vibrate faster and the molecules move farther apart.
B) The molecules vibrate faster and the molecules move closer together.
C) The molecules vibrate slower and the molecules move farther apart as hydrogen bonds form.
D) The molecules vibrate slower and the molecules move closer together as hydrogen bonds
form.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
13) Which of the following statements describes what happens when a given mass of a liquid
starts to expand?
A) Its density decreases.
B) Its density increases.
C) Its density does not change.
D) Its mass increases.
E) Its volume decreases.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
14) What normally describes what happens when you decrease the temperature of water?
A) The molecules start to vibrate and move farther apart, increasing the density.
B) The molecules start to vibrate and move closer together, increasing the density.
C) The molecular vibrations start to slow and the molecules move farther apart, decreasing the
density.
D) The molecular vibrations start to slow and the molecules move closer together, increasing the
density.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
15) Why does a lake freeze from the top down?

A) As cold water cools towards freezing it gets less dense.
B) The cold air is at the top of the lake.
C) Cold water sinks, warm water rises.
D) Warm water sinks, cold water rises.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
7
16) Ice floats in room temperature water, but does it float in boiling water? Why or why not?
A) As liquid water heats up and boils, it will become less dense, therefore the ice will sink.
B) As water cools, it becomes more dense. When it freezes however, it becomes less dense as it
forms ice crystals. Therefore, it will sink in boiling water, but float in water at room temperature.
C) It is impossible to have ice in boiling water.
D) If boiling water is less dense than ice, the ice cube should sink.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Learning Obj: 8.2
17) Is the density of near-freezing water, which contains microscopic ice crystals, greater or less
than the density of liquid water containing no microscopic ice crystals?
A) less dense
B) more dense
C) It's the same since it's all water.
D) It's not possible to determine the density of any substance which exists in two phases at once.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
18) Why does water not freeze at 0°C when either ions or molecules other than O are present?
A) Molecules or ions dissolved in the water give the water molecules something else to easily
bond with, thus allowing the solution to freeze well above 0°C.
B) Molecules or ions dissolved in the water increase the number of water molecules at the solid-
liquid interface, thus allowing for the rate of ice formation to increase at a temperature above
0°C.
C) When molecules or ions are dissolved in the water, these solute molecules both take up space
and inhibit the formation of the solid phase, thus lowering the freezing point temperature below
0°C.
D) Molecules or ions dissolved in the water will sometimes raise the freezing point above 0°C
and other times lower it below 0°C depending on the nature of these solute particles.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
8
19) Why is calcium chloride, , more effective at melting ice than sodium chloride, NaCl?
A) Calcium ions are both larger and more highly charged and thus more effective in breaking the
ice crystal structure.
B) Calcium ions are smaller than sodium ions and thus more able to get in the way of the water
molecules attempting to form the solid state lattice.
C) Calcium chloride produces three ion particles while sodium chloride produces only two.
Greater numbers of ions are more effective at decreasing the number of water molecules entering
the solid phase.
D) Sodium ion is a natural water softener and therefore not as effective in inhibiting the
formation of the solid state of water from the liquid.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
20) What happens to the freezing temperature of a salt water solution as it becomes more
concentrated?
A) As salt water becomes more concentrated, the temperature at which it freezes become lower
because fewer water molecules of the liquid phase in contact with the ice.
B) As salt water becomes more concentrated, the temperature at which it freezes become higher
because salt ions help to hold together the ice.
C) As salt water becomes more concentrated, the temperature at which it freezes does not
change.
D) As salt water becomes more concentrated, the temperature at which it freezes become higher
because the molecules are moving faster as they interact with the salt ions.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.2
21) Why does adding heat to ice-water disfavor the rate of ice formation?
A) Heat increases the vibration of the water molecules, which breaks the hydrogen bonds.
B) When heat is added, the water molecules are moving too fast to form hydrogen bonds, which
gives it the structure that we call ice.
C) Adding heat favors the rate of melting, as more hydrogen bonds are broken than formed by
the ice in the ice-water.
D) all the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.2
9
22) Suppose that water is used in a thermometer instead of mercury. If the temperature is at 4°C
and then changes, why can't the thermometer indicate whether the temperature is rising or
falling?
A) The water molecules will be a mixture of ice and water, and a change in temperature will only
change the proportions of its phases.
B) The water molecules are moving too slowly to be able to indicate a change.
C) Water is most dense at 4°C. The water in a water-filled thermometer at 4°C would expand as
the water was cooled or heated.
D) Since water has such a high specific heat capacity, it will take a lot of energy to be able to see
a change in the thermometer.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
23) Which graph most appropriately shows the density of water plotted against temperature?
A) graph a
B) graph b
C) graph c
D) graph d
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
Global Obj: G-3
24) Why does ice form at the surface of a body of fresh water instead of at the bottom?
A) Initial freezing requires the presence of air in order to form the ice lattice, thus the surface
water will become solid first.
B) Intermolecular forces are greater at the surface allowing the surface molecules to form the
solid phase more quickly.
C) Water "near" the freezing point of 0°C is less dense than warmer water, and the colder water
will "float" on the warmer water. This allows ice to form at the surface.
D) All of the above are true.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
10
25) Unlike fresh water, ocean water contracts as it is cooled all the way down to its freezing
point, which is about -18°C. Why?
A) As the water cools, it becomes more dense and then it sinks. The pressure from the weight of
the ocean exerted on the ice below the surface of water causes it to be more dense.
B) macrocrystals instead of microcrystals are formed during the freezing of ocean water.
C) As the water cools, the salt ions in the ocean water pull the molecules closer together.
D) The presence of a solute disrupts the rate of ice microcrystal formation.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Learning Obj: 8.2
26) Consider a lake that is uniformly 10°C. What happens to the oxygen-rich surface water as it
cools down to ?
A) The oxygen gets squeezed out as the microcrystals form.
B) Its rate of evaporation decreases which has the effect of increasing the oxygen concentration.
C) It grows less dense and remains at the surface.
D) It grows more dense and sinks towards the bottom.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.2
27) Why are polar oceans most fertile in the autumn?

A) The warm summer temperatures allowed for the growth of many microorganisms in the
water.
B) As the oxygen rich surface waters cool in the autumn, they sink to the bottom, displacing the
layer of decomposing organic matter, forcing it to rise, adding nutrients to the surface of the
polar oceans.
C) The salinity of the ocean is at a low point at that time of year.
D) Ocean currents tend to reverse during the autumn, bringing nutrient rich waters up from the
equatorial regions.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.2
Global Obj: G-5
8.3 The Behavior of Liquid Water Results From the Stickiness of Water Molecules
1) A water bug can rest on top of water without getting wet because of ________.
A) surface tension
B) cohesive forces within water
C) its nonpolar exterior
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
Global Obj: G-7
11
2) A cohesive force is best described as the ________.
A) attraction between two liquid molecules
B) attraction between a liquid molecule and a solute
C) force that allows for molecular cohesion
D) force that holds together the nucleus
E) attraction between molecules of two different substances
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
Global Obj: G-4
3) An adhesive force is best described as ________.

A) attraction between two liquid molecules
B) attraction between a liquid molecule and a solute
C) the force that allows for molecular adhesion
D) the force that holds together the nucleus
E) attraction between two different molecules
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
4) Why does a paper clip float when placed on water?

A) It is lighter than water.
B) It is less dense than water.
C) It only floats on dense, cold water.
D) The molecules of water hold together and keep it from sinking.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
5) Why are drops of water shaped like spheres?

A) Water molecules at the surface are pulled into the liquid, making the drop as small as
possible.
B) The interatomic forces are strongest for spherical shapes and so the molecules arrange into
spheres.
C) Water molecules are composed of spheres and so the bulk material takes on the same shape.
D) Water molecules are special and are the only molecules that form spheres. This is one of
water's unique physical properties.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
12
6) Surface tension is the ________.
A) tendency for molecules at the surface of a liquid to hold together
B) rate at which molecules move into and out of the surface of a liquid
C) tendency for a molecule to pack into spherical shapes
D) tendency for the adhesive forces of a molecule to overcome the cohesive forces
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
7) What is the leading cause of surface tension in water?

A) hydrogen bonding
B) ion-dipole interactions
C) solvation
D) evaporation
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
8) Which of the following would have the highest surface tension?

A) a molecule with very strong intermolecular forces
B) a molecule with very weak intermolecular forces
C) a molecule with a very small degree of cohesive forces
D) a molecule with very strong adhesive forces
E) a mixture of molecules with strong and weak adhesive forces
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
9) Why does soap decrease the surface tension of of water?

A) It keeps water molecules away from the surface.
B) It increases the capillary action of the water.
C) It increases the ionic content of the water.
D) It decreases the amount of intermolecular attraction between the water molecules.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
13
10) Which of the above liquids has the strongest adhesive forces?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
11) Which of the above liquids has the strongest cohesive forces?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
12) If all of the capillaries pictured above were the same size diameter, which would contain the
liquid with the greatest capillary action?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
14
13) If all of the liquids pictured above were the same, which setup would contain the capillary
with the smallest diameter?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
14) Which of the above liquids would most likely have the greatest capillary action?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
15) Which of the above liquids would most likely have the least capillary action?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
16) Capillary action causes water to climb up the internal walls of narrow glass tubes. Why does
the water not climb so high when the glass tube is wider?
A) The upper surface area is exposed to greater atmospheric pressure.
B) A wider column of water weighs more.
C) The water sticks better to the glass because of the greater surface area of contact.
D) The greater rate of evaporation has the effect of pushing the water back downwards.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
15
17) Mercury forms a convex meniscus with glass and not the concave meniscus formed by water.
What does this tell you about the cohesive forces within mercury versus the adhesive forces
between mercury and glass?
A) Mercury sticks to itself (adhesive forces) better than it sticks to the glass (cohesive forces).
B) The cohesive forces of the glass repel the mercury.
C) Mercury sticks to itself (cohesive forces) better than it sticks to the glass (adhesive forces).
D) The adhesive forces of the glass attract the mercury.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
18) Can a glass be filled to above its brim with water without the water spilling over the edge?
A) Yes, due to the strong cohesive forces between water molecules.
B) Yes, due to the strong adhesive forces between water molecules.
C) Yes, due to the strong cohesive forces of gravity keeping the water in the cup.
D) No, it is just an optical illusion because water magnetizes things.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
19) Would you expect the surface tension of water to increase or decrease with temperature?
A) At warmer temperatures water molecules are moving faster. This increased friction produces
a stronger electrical charge, causing them to cohere more strongly, which increases surface
tension.
B) At cooler temperatures water molecules are moving slower, which makes it relatively easy for
them to cohere to one another. This, in turn, increases the surface tension.
C) At warmer temperatures water molecules are moving faster, which makes it easier for them to
bump into and cohere to one another, which increases surface tension.
D) At cooler temperatures, the water molecules adhere more strongly to each other because they
condense as the reach freezing point, which increases surface tension.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
16
20) Dip a paper clip into water and then slowly pull it out. You'll find that for a short distance,
the water is brought up with the metal. Are these adhesive or cohesive forces at work?
A) These are the adhesive forces between the water and the metal (two different materials). The
type of molecular interactions going on are dipole-induced dipole.
B) These are the adhesive forces between the water molecules. The type of molecular
interactions going on are dipole-induced dipole.
C) These are the adhesive forces between the water and the metal (two different materials). The
type of molecular interactions going on are dipole-dipole.
D) These are the cohesive forces between the water molecules. Water has such a strong attraction
for itself that it will cling to the water on the paper clip until the force of gravity is stronger than
its cohesive forces.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
21) Why do water drops bead on a freshly waxed surface?

A) The wax, which is nonpolar, pushes the water into a bead shape.
B) The strong cohesive forces between water molecules attract each other and the result is a
sphere, which is squashed down into a bead by the force of gravity.
C) Water's cohesive forces between molecules results in a spherical shape and prevents the water
droplet from spreading out evenly over the wax.
D) A freshly waxed surface carries a small electrical charge, which repel the outer electrons on
the water molecules.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
Global Obj: G-5
22) Does soap increase or decrease water's surface tension?

A) increases
B) decreases
C) Soap does not affect water's surface tension.
D) Both; adding a small amount of soap will first decrease water's surface tension but increasing
the amount of soap will reverse the effect.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.3
23) A gold ring cannot sit on the surface of water, but a thin gold wire loop of the same diameter
can. Why?
A) The gold ring applies a much greater pressure against the surface of the water so that it is able
to push through the surface tension.
B) The surface area of contact is the same, but the weight of the gold ring is much greater.
C) The thin gold wire is far less dense than the gold ring, which allows it to float.
D) Both A and B are true.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.3
17
8.4 Water Molecules Move Freely Between Liquid and Gaseous Phases
1) Evaporation is ________.
A) always a cooling process
B) sometimes a cooling process
C) always a warming process
D) sometimes a warming process
E) Two of the above are correct.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
2) Condensation is ________.
A) always a cooling process
B) sometimes a cooling process
C) always a warming process
D) sometimes a warming process
E) Two of the above are correct.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
3) From the diagram above describing the phase of water relative to temperature and pressure, at
which point is water boiling?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
18
4) From the diagram above describing the phase of water relative to temperature and pressure, at
which point does water exist in all three phases?
A) D
B) B
C) C
D) A
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
5) From the diagram above describing the phase of water relative to temperature and pressure, is
it possible for ice to transform to water vapor (sublime) without ever becoming liquid? At which
point on the diagram does this occur?
A) No, water cannot sublime (become vapor from solid) without first becoming liquid.
B) Yes, water can be made to sublime. This occurs at point D on the diagram.
C) Yes, but only at the exact conditions of point B on the diagram.
D) Yes, but the diagram does not demonstrate the action of water as "dry ice."
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
6) From the diagram above describing the phase of xenon relative to temperature and pressure
what is the phase of xenon at and ?
A) solid
B) liquid
C) gas
D) melting solid
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
19
7) From the diagram above describing the phase of xenon relative to temperature and pressure
which is more dense: liquid xenon or solid xenon?
A) solid
B) liquid
C) The density of xenon is the same in both the solid and liquid phase.
D) Density information can not be determined from the diagram.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Learning Obj: 8.4
8) What is the boiling temperature of a single water molecule? Does this question make sense?
A) Boiling involves the separation of many molecules (plural). With only one molecule, the
concept of boiling is meaningless.
B) Yes, this question does make sense because temperature measures the average kinetic energy
of a molecule, which is 100°C for water.
C) 100°C indicates when the covalent bonds of the water molecule has been broken to give rise
to hydrogen and oxygen atoms which are released into atmosphere.
D) No, this question does not make sense because you need at least two molecules to get the
average kinetic energy.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
9) Which statement best describes what is happening at the surface of liquid water?
A) At the surface there is a constant exchange of liquid and gaseous water.
B) Fast moving water molecules leave the surface and become gas molecules.
C) Slow moving gas molecules are captured by the liquid water.
D) The gas molecules exchange with the liquid molecules.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
10) Why does evaporation cool a liquid?

A) The departing gas molecule takes some kinetic energy with it as it leaves the surface.
B) The overall heat decreases because the air cools.
C) The average energy of the system increases because of the increased disorder in the new gas
molecules.
D) The gas molecules need to transfer their kinetic energy to the new slower gas molecule.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
20
11) Why does evaporation of a liquid also cool the gas above it?
A) The departing gas molecule takes some kinetic energy with it as it leaves the surface.
B) The overall heat decreases because the air cools.
C) The average energy of the system increases because of the increased disorder in the new gas
molecules.
D) The gas molecules need to transfer their kinetic energy to the new slower gas molecule.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
12) Why does sweat cool you off?

A) The water molecules leaving the skin as vapor absorb the heat from your skin.
B) The sweat glands require energy to produce water.
C) The water molecules absorb the heat in your skin.
D) Sweat has a large amount of kinetic energy and that makes it easy to evaporate.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
13) Why does condensation have a tendency to raise the temperature of a liquid?
A) Water vapor molecules absorb kinetic energy when they slow and form liquid water.
B) Because the liquid water absorbs the water vapor molecules.
C) Condensation leads to slow moving molecules.
D) Hydrogen bonding leads to a increase in the overall amount of kinetic energy in the water
vapor.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
14) It easier to cool off on a dry day vs. a humid day because the rate of evaporation is
________.
A) greater on a dry day and more heat is lost
B) slower on a dry day and more heat is lost
C) slower on a dry day and less heat is lost
D) greater on a dry day and less heat is lost
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
21
15) Boiling is when the ________.
A) vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure
B) rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation
C) material no longer undergoes condensation
D) vapor pressure decreases to zero
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
16) How are pressure and the boiling point of a compound related?
A) As the pressure decreases the boiling point decreases.
B) As the boiling point increases the pressure decreases.
C) As the pressure decreases the boiling point increases.
D) As the boiling point decreases the pressure increases.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
17) What happens to the temperature of something while it is boiling?

A) temperature stays the same
B) temperature drops
C) temperature increases
D) Boiling is a cooling process, so temperature should decrease.
E) Boiling requires energy, so the temperature should go up.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
18) Describe how a boiling liquid can be used to cool something (i.e., a refrigerator).
A) A low boiling liquid absorbs heat energy, dropping the temperature.
B) As a liquid condenses, heat energy is required and the temperature drops.
C) Heat energy is only used with solids like ice.
D) Heat is used to convert vapor into a liquid, which is cooler than a gas.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
22
19) Like water, hydrogen fluoride, HF, and ammonia, N , have relatively high boiling points.
Explain.
A) Even though HF and N have ionic bonds, like water they have a strong attraction for
themselves.
B) Since these are all relatively small molecules, they can compact more tightly together, and
will require more energy to be separated from each other.
C) The polar molecules of each of these materials have relatively strong attractions for
themselves, which translates to relatively high boiling points.
D) Since these molecules interact with each other in long chains, they have many regions of
attraction and are held together relatively tightly, thus, they are harder to pull apart when boiling.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
20) Where is the boiling point of water the greatest: at the bottom of a pot of water or just below
the surface?
A) The boiling point of water is the same throughout the pot.
B) The boiling point of water is is the greatest at the bottom where the density is greatest.
C) The boiling point of water is greatest where the water pressure is least, which is just below the
surface.
D) The boiling point of water is greatest where the water pressure is greatest, which is at the
bottom.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
21) Water coming out of volcanic sea vents at the bottom of the ocean can reach temperatures in
excess of 300°C without boiling. How is this possible?
A) The heat is immediately transferred to the surrounding, very cold water.
B) The heat is immediately transferred to the surrounding volcanic rock.
C) The water and water vapor reach equilibrium under the extreme pressure of the ocean.
D) The extreme pressure exerted by the miles of ocean water above prevent the formation of any
bubbles of water vapor.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
23
22) Why can you determine wind direction by wetting your finger and holding it up in the air?
A) Wind carries water molecules, so you can sense the water molecules condensing on the side
of your finger that faces the wind.
B) The wind hitting your finger cools the water down, slowing down evaporation. So the cooler
side of your finger is windward.
C) When a wet finger is held to the wind, evaporation is greatest on the windy side, which feels
cool. The cool side of your finger is windward.
D) Wind direction cannot be determined by wetting your finger because evaporation will occur
evenly over the wetted finger.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
23) Why does blowing over hot soup cool the soup?
A) When you blow over the top of a bowl of hot soup, you remove the warm vapor which tends
to condense and reduce net evaporation above the bowl
B) When you blow over the top of a bowl of hot soup, the moving air reduces pressure atop the
soup and increases the rate of evaporation.
C) When you blow over the top of a bowl of hot soup, you increase net evaporation.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
24) Will wrapping a bottle in a wet cloth produce a cooler bottle than placing the bottle in a
bucket of cold water?
A) The cloth of cold water will cool the bottled water down through the transfer of thermal
energy to the cloth, and then insulate it from being warmed by the surrounding air.
B) A bottle in a bucket of water will be cooler since the thermal energy is transferred to billions
of water molecules in the bucket of water.
C) A bottle wrapped in wet cloth will cool by the evaporation of liquid from the cloth. As
evaporation progresses, the average temperature of the liquid left behind in the cloth can easily
drop below the temperature of the cool water that wet it in the first place.
D) The cloth can cool the bottle of water down, but only until it reaches the temperature a few
degrees below the surrounding atmosphere. After that, evaporation and condensation will reach
equilibrium between the cloth and air.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
24
25) Water will boil spontaneously in a vacuum. Could you cook an egg in this boiling water?
A) Yes, since the water is boiling it has enough energy to cook the egg even if it is at room
temperature.
B) No, because food is cooked by the transfer of thermal energy from the water to the food, and
water at room temperature does not have enough thermal energy to cook an egg.
C) Yes, since the food is not under pressure in the vacuum, it will also cook at a much lower
temperature.
D) No, the food would not cook because the thermal energy could not be transferred to the food
in a vacuum.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
26) Your inventor friend proposes a design of cookware that will allow boiling to take place at a
temperature less than 100°C so that food can be cooked with less energy. Comment on this idea.
A) This idea would not be very profitable because it is the high temperature and the resulting
thermal energy given to the food that is responsible for cooking—if the water boils at a low
temperature insufficient energy is given to cook the food.
B) This idea has already been invented and is called a crock pot, or a slow cooker.
C) This is impossible because water only boils at 100°C, unless it is in a vacuum, and it is not
possible to create a vacuum outside of the lab.
D) It is a great way to cook food and save energy while preventing vitamins and nutrients from
being destroyed in high temperatures.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
27) What is the gas found within a bubble of boiling water?

A) air
B) chlorine from the water
C) water vapor
D) hydrogen
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
28) Your instructor hands you a closed flask of room-temperature water. When you hold it, the
heat from your bare hands causes the water to boil. Quite impressive! How is this accomplished?
A) The pressure inside the flask is very high, so only a slight increase in temperature is required
to bring the water to a boil.
B) Your instructor has tricked you and there must be a liquid, such as alcohol, with a lower
boiling point than water.
C) A salt must be dissolved in the water to lower its boiling point.
D) The air in the flask is very low in pressure, so that the heat from your hand (not the pressure
from your hand) will produce boiling at this reduced pressure.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
25
29) If an evaporating liquid cools, then does something else warm? If so, what?
A) Yes, the surrounding atmosphere is warmed.
B) All around, evaporation is a cooling process. Nothing is warmed by the process of
evaporation.
C) The glass that contains the liquid is warmed.
D) The molecules that escape the liquid are still moving more quickly than those in the
surrounding air, but the temperature is not effected by them.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
30) Does putting a lid over a pot of water on a stove shorten the time it takes for the water to
come to a boil? After the water is boiling, does use of the lid shorten the cooking time of food?
A) No, the boiling point of water is always 100°C, so the lid would have no effect on how long it
takes for water to reach that temperature. however, food cooks faster with a lid because heat is
held inside the pot.
B) Yes, since the pressure is increased under the lid the boiling temperature is lower; however,
after the water boils, the increased pressure would prevent gas bubbles from escaping so the food
cooks in about the same amount of time as without a lid.
C) Yes, the trapped heat quickens boiling; the lid also increases pressure on the boiling water
which raises its boiling temperature, cooking food in a shorter time.
D) No, it takes longer to boil the water because the increased pressure in the pot raises water's
boiling point. Food will cook faster because the temperature of the water is higher.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.4
31) Why is condensation a warming process? What does condensation warm?

A) Condensation transfers slower, lower kinetic energy vapor molecules to the liquid state, thus
raising the overall temperature of both the gas and liquid molecules in the process.
B) Condensation transfers the faster, higher kinetic energy vapor molecules to the liquid state,
thus imparting the excess energy to the liquid and raising its temperature.
C) From a kinetic energy standpoint, we refer to condensation as a warming process. However,
only the vapor molecules are losing energy and imparting that energy to the liquid, so only the
liquid is warmed.
D) Condensation cools the vapor and warms the liquid phase. Since the process is always defined
by the product, condensation is called a warming process.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
26
32) What would happen to the oceans if the atmosphere suddenly disappeared?
A) There would be little or no change. Oceans are known to exist on other planets without
atmospheres.
B) The oceans would completely evaporate filling the void left by the atmosphere with water
vapor and leaving behind billions of tons of salt deposit.
C) The missing air would be replaced by water vapor as the upper layers of the ocean began to
boil.
D) The oceans would freeze to a solid ice mass since the temperature of the earth would drop
below .
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Learning Obj: 8.4
33) Why do ice cubes get smaller when left in the freezer for a long time?
A) The ice cubes melt during the brief warming cycles of auto-defrost and freezer access, thus
leaving the ice cubes smaller and making them stick together in clumps.
B) The water molecules of the ice sublime from the solid to gaseous phase without ever entering
a liquid phase.
C) Both A and B occur.
D) Neither A nor B accurately explain why ice cubes get smaller in the freezer over time.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.4
8.5 It Takes a Lot of Energy to Change the Temperature of Liquid Water
1) Water has a high specific heat because of its ________.

A) transparency
B) density
C) polarity
D) phase
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
2) Water has a low specific heat because of its ________.

A) transparency
B) density
C) polarity
D) phase
E) Water actually has a high specific heat.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
27
3) Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between temperature and
heat?
A) Heat and temperature are the same thing.
B) It always takes the same amount of heat energy to change the temperature of a compound.
C) Materials of different composition adsorb and release heat the same way.
D) Materials have the same capacity for storing heat energy.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
4) A material with a high specific heat ________.

A) takes a lot of energy to change its temperature
B) melts at a high temperature
C) rapidly cools, giving up its heat
D) changes temperature very rapidly when heated
E) takes a very small temperature change to change the amount of heat in a material
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
5) The specific heat of a substance is the ________.

A) amount of heat required to change the temperature of a given mass
B) amount of heat energy that is stored in chemical bonds
C) amount of potential energy in a material that is released when a substance undergoes
combustion and gives off heat
D) temperature at which a compound starts to melt
E) temperature at which a given mass's heat increases
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
6) Given the following specific heats and that each sample had the same mass, which would
require the greatest amount of heat energy to increase its temperature 50°C?
A) ammonia, 4.70 J/(g°C)
B) water, 4.184 J/(g°C)
C) aluminum, 0.90 J/(g°C)
D) silver, 0.24 J/(g°C)
E) All of the above require the same amount of heat energy.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
28
7) Given the following specific heats, which would require the greatest amount of heat energy to
increase its temperature by 50°C?
A) one gram of ammonia, 4.70 J/(g°C)
B) Two grams of water, 4.184 J/(g°C)
C) Six grams of aluminum, 0.90 J/(g°C)
D) Twenty grams of silver, 0.24 J/(g°C)
E) All of the above require the same amount of heat energy.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Learning Obj: 8.5
8) Given the following specific heats and that each sample had the same mass, which of the
following materials would cool the fastest?
B) water, 4.184 J/(g°C)
E) All cool at the same rate.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
9) Given the following specific heats and that each sample had the same mass, which of the
following materials would cool the slowest?
B) water, 4.184 J/(g°C)
E) All cool at the same rate.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
10) Why does water have a high specific heat?

A) Much of the added energy is required to break hydrogen bonds.
B) Water is not very dense like metals and therefore doesn't conduct heat as readily.
C) Much of the heat that is added to water is converted to kinetic energy.
D) None of the energy is stored as potential energy.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
29
11) Which of the following weather effects would not be attributed to water's high specific heat?
A) The winter in San Francisco is milder than the winter in Washington, D.C.
B) The weather in Stockholm, Sweden (which is at the same latitude as Fairbanks, Alaska), is
very mild.
C) The temperature in the Mojave desert fluctuates wildly, being very hot during the day and
very cold at night.
D) Europe is much warmer than Canada.
E) All of the above are due to water.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
12) What is the temperature change if you heat water from 55°C to 100°C?
A) 55°C
B) 100°C
C) 45°C
D) -45°C
E) -55°C
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
13) What is the temperature change if you cool water from 100°C to 55°C?
A) 55°C
B) 100°C
C) 45°C
D) -45°C
E) -55°C
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
14) If the specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/(g°C), how much heat is needed to raise the
temperature of a 10.0-gram piece by 20.0°C?
A) 180 J
B) 222 J
C) 200 J
D) 90 J
E) 0.9 J
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
30
15) If the specific heat of gold is 0.13 J/(g°C), how much heat is needed to raise the temperature
of a 20-gram nugget by 20°C?
A) 50 J
B) 500 J
C) 5 J
D) 20 J
E) 0.13 J
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
16) If it takes 200 J to raise the temperature of a 10-gram block of ice by 10°C, what is the
specific heat of the ice?
A) 2 J/(g°C)
B) 200 J/(g°C)
C) 200 J
D) 10 °C
E) 20,000 J/(g°C)
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
17) If the specific heat of gold is 0.13 J/(g°C), how much heat does it take to raise the
temperature of a 1.0-gram piece of gold from 74°C to 99°C?
A) 3.3 J
B) 9.75 J
C) 13.0 J
D) 75,000 J
E) 192 J
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
18) If the specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/(g°C), how much heat is needed to raise the
temperature of a 10.0-gram piece of aluminum from 21°C to 61°C?
A) 360 J
B) 180 J
C) 540 J
D) 900 J
E) 90 J
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
31
19) What happens to two water molecules after they come together to form a hydrogen bond-do
they vibrate more rapidly or less rapidly?
A) Since the bonding of the two water molecules results in a loss of kinetic energy, the
molecules would vibrate less rapidly.
B) Since the bonding of the two water molecules results in an increase of kinetic energy, the
molecules would vibrate more rapidly.
C) Since the bonding of the two water molecules results in no change in kinetic energy, the
vibration of the molecules does not change.
D) The formation of the hydrogen bond stabilizes both molecules. The vibration rate is therefore
less rapid.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
20) If Earth's oceans were fresh water, would fluctuations in global temperatures be more or less
pronounced?
A) If the oceans were fresh water, fluctuations in global temperatures would be much more
pronounced as can be witnessed by the melting of the polar ice caps to fresh water.
B) If the oceans were fresh water, the oceans' specific heats would be greater and this would help
towards moderating global temperatures.
C) Fluctuations in global temperatures are not dependent on the ocean being salt water rather
than fresh water.
D) If the oceans were fresh water, both their densities and specific heats would decrease, thus
having a more pronounced effect on fluctuations in global temperatures.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-5
21) If water had a lower specific heat, would ponds be more likely to freeze or less likely to
freeze?
A) Ponds would take less time to freeze because they couldn't hold on to heat so well.
B) Water would necessarily also have a lower freezing point, and it would take more time for a
pond to freeze.
C) A pond would take less time to freeze because the water molecules would slow down at a
slower rate.
D) Ponds would take more time to freeze because ice would no longer be less dense than liquid
water.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.5
32
22) Should the specific heat of your automobile's radiator fluid be as high as possible or as low
as possible? Why?
A) A higher specific heat radiator fluid would be more effective at distributing the heat to
different parts of the engine so it doesn't all build up in one place.
B) A lower specific heat would mean that it is starting at a low temperature, and has to heat up to
a much higher temperature before it boils away.
C) A higher specific heat radiator fluid would be more effective at absorbing heat from the
engine, so that it doesn't melt.
D) A lower specific heat radiator fluid means that its molecules will not form a thick solution,
but rather will get "thinner" as it is heated so that it won't block up the radiator.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
23) Would fevers run higher or lower if water's specific heat were not so high?
A) With a lower specific heat, water would require a higher energy input to change its
temperature. Our fevers, therefore, would run at a lower temperature.
B) With a lower specific heat, water would gain a higher temperature for the same amount of
energy input. Our fevers, therefore, would run at a higher temperature.
C) A lower specific heat would not effect its ability to change waters temperature, so it would
not have an effect on our fevers.
D) With a lower specific heat, our bodies would evaporate (sweat) twice as much water,
therefore our fevers would be lower.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
24) Bermuda is close to North Carolina, but unlike North Carolina it has a tropical climate year
round. Why is this so?
A) Since North Carolina is so humid, much of the sun's energy is absorbed by the water in the
air, which has a high heat capacity.
B) North Carolina has a much higher elevation than sea level, keeping the state cool.
C) Since Bermuda is surrounded by water, its temperatures are moderated by the high specific
heat of water. When the air is cooler than the water, the water warms the air; when the air is
warmer than the water, the water cools the air.
D) The winds blow from the west, cooling North Carolina, but they blow from the east over
Bermuda, which causes the tropical climate of that island.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
33
25) If the winds at the latitude of San Francisco and Washington, D.C., were from the east rather
than from the west, why might San Francisco be able to grow cherry trees and Washington, D.C.
palm trees?
A) The warm winds from Hawaii would stop blowing over San Francisco, giving it a cooler
climate. The warm winds from Bermuda would warm up Washington, D.C.
B) Cherries need a dryer climate, such as the winds from Nevada, and palm trees need moister
air, which would come from the Atlantic ocean.
C) The evaporation of water gives off heat, which would keep Washington, D.C. warm if the
Atlantic winds blew eastward. This effect on the climate would be lost if the winds changed
direction in San Francisco.
D) As the ocean off the west coast cools in the winter, the heat it loses warms the air that blows
over San Francisco warming its climate. If the winds were from the east, this same effect would
keep Washington, D.C. warm with its surrounding ocean, and San Francisco would only have the
cool winds of Nevada determining its temperatures.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.5
26) Why is it that in cold winters a tub of water placed in a farmer's canning cellar helps prevent
canned food from freezing?
A) As long as the water remains in the liquid phase, evaporation will give off heat to the cellar.
B) If the canned goods are in the tub of water, molecular interactions will keep them from
freezing.
C) The cold in the cellar is consumed by freezing the water, not the canned goods.
D) The continual release of energy by the freezing water keeps the temperature of the cellar from
going below 0°C.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.5
27) A walnut stuck to a pin is burned beneath a can containing 100.0 grams of water at 21°C.
After the walnut has completely burned, the water's final temperature is a warmer 28°C. How
much heat energy arose from the burning walnut?
A) 3,000 joules
B) 9,000 joules
C) 5,000 joules
D) 2,000 joules
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.5
34
28) How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 100,000 grams of iron by 30°C?
A) +1,000,000 joules
B) +343,000 joules
C) +1,353,000 joules
D) +7,390,000 joules
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.5
Global Obj: G-4
29) By how much will the temperature of 5.0 grams of water increase upon the addition of 230
joules of heat?
A) 46°C
B) 11°C
C) 5.6°C
D) 14°C
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.5
8.6 A Phase Change Requires the Input or Output of Energy
1) Which of the following statements regarding a phase change is NOT true?

A) The amount of heat energy stays the same during a phase change.
B) The temperature of the sample stays the same during a phase change.
C) Heat energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change.
D) The molecules do not change their average kinetic energy during a phase change.
E) Molecular attractions are either overcome or formed during a phase change.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
2) If the heat of melting of a sample is 135 J/g, what would the heat of freezing for the sample
be?
A) -135 J/g
B) 135 J/g
C) The heat depends on the mass.
D) The heat depends on the temperature.
E) The heat of freezing is unrelated to the heat of melting.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
Global Obj: G-4
35
3) If the heat of melting of a sample is 135 J/g, how much heat would be required to melt 5.00
grams of material?
A) 675 J
B) 27 J
C) 67 J
D) 270 J
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
Global Obj: G-4
4) Which of the following contains the most heat energy?

A) 1 gram of steam at 100°C
B) 1 gram of water at 100°C
C) 1 gram of water at 50°C
D) 1 gram of water at 0°C
E) 1 gram of ice at 0°C
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
Global Obj: G-4
5) Which of the following would cause the worst burn?

Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
Global Obj: G-4
6) Which of the following contains the least heat energy?

Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
Global Obj: G-4
36
7) Antarctica, which is mostly ice, is much colder than the Arctic, which is a mixture of ice and
water. Why?
A) The liquid water of the Arctic Ocean absorbs and releases a lot of heat that keeps the
temperatures in that region from fluctuating.
B) The Arctic is much farther north than the Antarctic.
C) The salt in the water of the Antarctic keeps the water from freezing.
D) The specific heat of the ice is less than that of liquid water, which allows its temperature to
change more readily.
E) Two of the above are reasonable.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
8) Relative to pure water, an aqueous sugar solution ________.

A) has a lower freezing point because crystal formation is inhibited by the sugar molecules
B) has the same freezing point because most of the solution is water molecules
C) has a higher freezing point because crystal formation is promoted by the sugar molecules
D) has a lower freezing point because crystal formation is promoted by the sugar molecules
E) has a higher freezing point because crystal formation is inhibited by the sugar molecules
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.6
9) Maple syrup is made from the sap of the sugar maple tree. Why does is take so much energy
to make maple syrup?
A) The sap of the maple tree must first be distilled to remove the impurities. This is a very slow
and tedious process requiring a great deal of energy.
B) The sap of the maple tree must undergo fractional separation in order to extract the delicate
maple syrup. The separation process is very energy intensive.
C) Producing maple syrup requires boiling away most of the water from the sap. The resulting
concentrated solution is maple syrup. A lot of energy is required to boil away the water.
D) The maple syrup would extract itself from the sap over a relatively short period of time.
However, because manufacturers don't wish to wait for the natural process, they pour huge
amounts of energy into a process to speed up the reaction.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.6
10) To impart a hickory flavor to a roasted turkey, a cook places a pot of water containing
hickory chips in an oven with the turkey. Why does the turkey take longer than expected to
cook?
A) Much of the heat from the oven is consumed in changing the phase of the water.
B) Because the turkey is being steamed instead of being baked.
C) To get a hickory flavor, you need to roast the turkey for a long time at a low temperature.
D) The wood of the hickory chips does not conduct heat very well.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
37
11) Is the food compartment in a refrigerator cooled by evaporation or condensation of the
refrigerating coolant?
A) The food compartment of a refrigerator is cooled by evaporation of the refrigerating fluid
because vaporization is a cooling process.
B) The food compartment of a refrigerator is cooled by condensation of the refrigerating fluid
because condensation is a cooling process.
C) Both evaporation and condensation of the refrigerating coolant cause the food compartment to
cool.
D) It is neither the evaporation nor condensation of the refrigerating coolant that causes the food
compartment to cool. Cooling is a matter of simple heat exchange via the refrigerator's motor.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Learning Obj: 8.6
12) A great deal of heat is released when liquid water freezes. Why doesn't this heat simply
remelt the ice?
A) Once the water is in crystalline formation, it takes even more energy to melt it.
B) This heat is radiated outwards to the environment, rather than back into the ice.
C) The heat is not concentrated enough to melt ice.
D) There is not enough energy in the heat to melt ice.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.6
13) Suppose 4 g of water at 100°C is spread over a large surface so that 1 g evaporates rapidly. If
evaporation of the 1 gram takes 2,259 joules from the remaining 3 g of water and no other heat
transfer takes place, what are the temperature and phase of the remaining 3 g once the 1 gram is
completely evaporated?
A) The remaining 3 g will turn to 10°C , liquid.
B) The remaining 3 g will turn to 20°C liquid.
C) The remaining 3 g will turn to -10°C ice.
D) The remaining 3 g will turn to 0°C ice.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.6
Global Obj: G-4
38
Test Bank for Conceptual Chemistry, 5/E 5th Edition John A. Suchocki
14) How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1.00 gram of water from absolute
zero, , to ?
A) 1.30 × joules
B) 373 joules
C) 1.56 × joules
D) 2.26 × joules
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Learning Obj: 8.6
Global Obj: G-4
15) Why does transforming water from 100°C liquid to 100°C gas require much more energy
than to raise the temperature of the same amount of water from absolute zero all the way to
100°C liquid?
A) While water is in the solid phase, it is only necessary to impart energy to the water molecules
themselves. Once in the liquid phase much more heat is required to impart sufficient energy to
the molecules because there is more volume present.
B) False! It does not require more energy to transform water from 100°C liquid to 100°C gas
than to raise the temperature of the same amount of water from absolute zero all the way to
100°C liquid.
C) Transforming water from 100°C liquid to 100°C gas requires breaking the hydrogen bonds
between the liquid molecules.
D) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the water or transform its phase is
directly proportional to the densities of the water molecules involved. Obviously, driving liquid
water to the vapor will drastically change its density.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Learning Obj: 8.6
39
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carried to a safe place and saying, “I will face the enemy.” If the
battle has its monument, so the hero that won it has his, and the
traveler on the New York Central Railway can see both, but thirty
miles apart, the one at Oriskany, the other a short distance down the
valley from Little Falls.
Fig. 10. Oriskany Battle Monument, a Few Miles West of

Utica
Herkimer was not a trained soldier, but a plain farmer of the
valley. His letters and military orders show us that he could spell as
poorly as any of his neighbors, and that is saying a good deal. His
army was made up of these same simple neighbors, who, though
they did not know much about soldierly marching, were good shots
and hard hitters, fighting not for pay but to save their liberty and to
protect their homes from the cruel savages.
The names of many of these men are on the battle monument,—
names such as Groot, Petrie, Dunckel, Klock, Kraus, Sammons,
Schnell, Van Horn, and Zimmerman. We do not need to be told that
these were not men of English blood; indeed, many of them
belonged to those same Dutch families which we saw settling in the
Hudson and Mohawk valleys. And some, like the last one, were not
Dutch but German, and their ancestors came not from Holland but
from a land farther up the Rhine. They had been driven out by the
persecutions of one of the French kings and had come to America.
They had had a hard time, suffering much from taskmasters, from
poverty, and from the savages, until finally they had gone farther
west in the Mohawk valley and had received good lands lying
eastward from Utica. There they became comfortable and
prosperous. They answered promptly the brave Herkimer’s call to
arms, and many of them gave their lives for home and country at
Oriskany.
We must now tell the other side of the story and see who the
invaders were and where they came from. In Revolutionary days
nearly all the people of New York were in its two great valleys. One
could go up the Hudson from New York, pass Albany and Fort
Edward, and, without finding high ground, enter the valley of lake
Champlain and go down to Montreal on the St. Lawrence. Here,
then, was an easy valley road from the sea at New York into
Canada. Coming either way, one could turn off to the west at Fort
Orange or Albany and go up the Mohawk and down to Oswego on
lake Ontario. In these two valleys were all the farms, the towns, and
of course the forts. There were forts at Oswego and where Rome,
Utica, and Albany are; at Fort Edward, Fort Ann, Ticonderoga, and
many other places, making a chain of defenses in these valleys.
West of the Hudson and south of the Mohawk were the high, rough
woods of the Catskills; while west of lake Champlain and north of the
Mohawk were the rugged Adirondacks, without roads or clearings.
And because the roads, the homes, and the forts were in the valleys,
we shall almost always find the armies and the fighting there.
This will help us to understand the plan which the British made in
1777, by which they felt sure of crushing the rebellion. The year
before they had to leave Boston and had come around to New York.
New York was not so large as Philadelphia then, but it was an
important place, for it was the key to the Hudson valley. The British
generals decided to send one army up the Hudson to destroy the
forts and beat back the colonists. This army was under General
Howe. Another army, commanded by General Burgoyne, was to
come from the St. Lawrence up lake Champlain and through the
woods by Fort Edward to Albany. Burgoyne was a brave officer, but
he was conceited, and he felt too sure that he could do his part
easily. He was confident that when he marched through the country
many colonists would run to place themselves under the English
flag. In a few weeks he learned that these backwoods Americans
were quite ready to meet and give battle to the combined forces of
the British regulars, the hired German soldiers, and the Indians with
whom they were in league.
Fig. 11. General Nicholas Herkimer directing the Battle of

Oriskany
There was yet a third division in this campaign. A British force
under General St. Leger had come up the St. Lawrence and lake
Ontario to Oswego. St. Leger also had with him many Indians, and
these were commanded by Joseph Brant, a famous chief, who had
had much to do with white men and who was well educated. This
third army was to go east, over the Oneida Carrying Place and down
the Mohawk to Albany. By this pretty plan three armies, one from the
south under Howe, one from the north under Burgoyne, and one
from the west under St. Leger, were to meet in Albany. They would
put British soldiers in every fort on the way, capture and disarm the
rebels, and have all New York under their feet. More than this, they
would thus shut off New England from Pennsylvania and Virginia,
cutting the unruly colonies into two parts so that they could not help
each other.
But the scheme, brilliant as it was, would not work. None of the
British armies reached Albany. Howe did not, perhaps because he
did not try. Burgoyne and St. Leger did not, because they could not:
there was altogether too much in the way. We shall now see how this
happened.
St. Leger brought into the Mohawk valley from Oswego an army
of seventeen hundred men. Some were British, some were Hessians
or hired German soldiers, and the rest were Indians under Joseph
Brant. They thought that it would not be much trouble to take Fort
Stanwix and then go down the valley, burning and killing as they
went, until they should meet the other armies of the king at Albany.
But the colonists sent more soldiers to defend the fort, and Colonel
Peter Gansevoort, who was in command, had under him nearly a
thousand men. Just before the British came in sight a stock of
provisions, brought on several boats up the river, had been safely
delivered within the defenses. This was early in August, and only
about seven weeks before Congress had adopted the style of
American flag which we know so well. There was no flag at Fort
Stanwix, so the garrison set about making one. They cut up shirts to
make the white. The blue came from a cloak captured not long
before in a battle, on the Hudson, by Colonel Marinus Willett, one of
the bravest commanders within the fort. The red is said to have been
taken from a petticoat. Certain it is that a patriot flag was made, and
some think that it was the first American flag ever raised over a
fortification.
While the British were besieging Fort Stanwix, General Herkimer
had called out the men of the valley, bidding all between the ages of
sixteen and sixty make ready for battle. The boys and old men were
to do their best to care for the families and to defend their homes.
Eight hundred men gathered under Herkimer and marched to help
the garrison of the fort. Hearing of this, part of the British army,
including the Indians, came down the valley to head off Herkimer.
They met at Oriskany. The farmer soldiers were hurrying up the
valley without due watching for sudden attack, while the enemy
placed themselves in ambush around a low field which was wooded
and swampy. Through this field the road ran, and when Herkimer’s
men were well down into it the Indians opened a hot fire, which threw
the patriots into disorder. They soon rallied and fought fiercely for
five hours, until two hundred of them had lost their lives. Early in the
battle Herkimer was shot, but he forgot his pain when he saw his
men victorious. Much of the fighting was of the Indian sort, from
behind trees, for the Dutchmen well knew the ways of the savages.
They saw that when one man fired from behind a tree an Indian
would rush forward to tomahawk him before he could load his gun
for another shot. So they were ordered to stand by twos and take
turns in firing. Thus when the Indian ran forward with his tomahawk
he would receive a bullet from the other man’s gun.
Fig. 12. Nicholas Herkimer’s Monument
To the right is the old mansion in which he lived. Near Little Falls, New York
Under John Johnson, the son of Sir William Johnson, were many
Tories from the valley. They and the patriots often recognized each
other as former neighbors, and then the fight was more stubborn
than ever, for the soldiers of freedom were bitterly angry to find old
friends in arms against them. During the battle a terrific thunder-
shower came up, and both sides stopped fighting, having enough to
do to keep their powder and guns dry. The dark storm passed and
the strife went on again. At length the Indians grew tired and ran,
leaving the field to Herkimer and his little army. The importance of a
conflict is not always in proportion to the size of the armies engaged,
and in what it did for freedom Oriskany takes high place among the
battles of modern times.
The enemy went back to the siege of Fort Stanwix, and soon a
new force of patriots under Benedict Arnold was sent up the valley to
relieve the fort. It was during this march that an ignorant but cunning
fellow named Han Yost Schuyler was caught, tried, and condemned
to die as a spy. Because his friends pleaded for his life Arnold finally
told him that he might live if he would go up to Fort Stanwix and
make the Indians and British believe that a great army was marching
against them. Meanwhile the man’s brother was held as a hostage,
to be punished if the promise was not fulfilled. Han Yost did his part
so well that St. Leger, taking fright, left the fort in great haste and his
expedition was entirely broken up. Why he did not have a gay march
down to Albany is now quite plain.
A few days after the battle of Oriskany a number of men drove
some cattle to Fort Stanwix as food for the soldiers. Several women
went with them on horseback to visit their husbands, who belonged
to the garrison. At the ford of the river, now the Genesee street
crossing in Utica, a big Dutchman, who did not wish to get wet,
leaped uninvited upon a horse behind one of the women. The horse
did not like the double load, and made great sport by throwing the
Dutchman into the middle of the stream, while he carried his
mistress over in safety.
General Burgoyne came nearer Albany than did St. Leger.
Indeed he went to Albany, but not until he had lost his army. He had
promptly captured Ticonderoga on lake Champlain, and this success
gave him high hopes and sent rejoicing throughout Great Britain; but
the patriots, by felling trees and cutting away bridges, hindered his
southward march in every way. He sent a thousand of his German
soldiers across to Bennington, among the Green mountains, to
capture stores which he knew were there. But General Stark was
there also, with a little army from New Hampshire and
Massachusetts, and the thousand Hessians did not go back to help
Burgoyne. He had left another thousand to guard Ticonderoga, and
so he was two thousand short. All this time the patriot army was
growing, for the men of the Hudson valley were maddened when
they saw the bloodthirsty Indians marching with the English, and, to
Burgoyne’s surprise, they had no mind to fight for the king. Howe did
not come, St. Leger did not come, and the provisions were getting
short. These could only come along the road from the north, and the
colonists were already marching in behind Burgoyne’s army to cut
his line of communications. He knew that he must fight or starve. He
chose to fight. The battle was fought on Bemis Heights, a range of
hills west of the Hudson, a short distance north of the little village of
Stillwater. The British general, after his defeat, withdrew a few miles
northward and surrendered his army near the present town of
Schuylerville. A tall monument marks the place. This was the battle
of Saratoga, fought in old Saratoga, which is several miles from the
famous resort of that name.
So it was that up and down these beautiful valleys went armies
and scouting bands, as well as peaceful emigrants with their oxen,
their stages, and their small freight boats. One cannot go far along
the Hudson or the Mohawk without finding the site of an Indian
village, the foundations of an old fort, the homestead of a
Revolutionary hero, or an ancient place of worship. When we see the
great railways and swift trains, the bundles of telegraph wires, the
noisy cities and great mills of to-day, we can remember Philip
Schuyler, Sir William Johnson, Marinus Willett, Peter Gansevoort,
and Nicholas Herkimer. There were no nobler patriots, even in
Virginia and Massachusetts, than these men of the Mohawk valley.
CHAPTER IV
THE ERIE CANAL
If we think that the men of a hundred years ago were people with
few wants, who were willing to let others do the trading and make the
fortunes, we are quite in the wrong. They were as eager in business
as are the driving Americans of to-day. So long ago as 1683 Thomas
Dongan, a well-born Irishman, came to New York to be its governor.
In his letters to the government in London he said a great deal about
the fur trade and the danger of its going to other cities. Once he
reported that two hundred packs of beaver skins had gone down the
Susquehanna river and across to Philadelphia instead of being
brought by the Mohawk to New York, and he thought that if this traffic
continued New York would be ruined.
As time went on the rivalry grew stronger and stronger. All the
cities on the coast were bidding for the western trade. The “West”
was then the Genesee country, the plains along the Lakes, and the
rich lands of the Ohio valley. Some of the trade from the Lakes and
the Genesee went down the St. Lawrence. Heavy articles especially
were sent to Quebec, while lighter freight was taken overland down
the Mohawk. When De Witt Clinton was stirring up the legislature
and the people of New York, he told them he was very sorry to learn
that merchandise from Montreal was sold in the state for less than
New York prices. This was because there was transportation by
water from Montreal, and the St. Lawrence merchants could afford to
undersell those of New York.
Many people thought that the wheat and flour and other products
of western New York would all go down the Susquehanna to
Baltimore and Philadelphia. Rough boats known as “arks” were built
and floated down the river in the high water caused by the melting of
the snows in the Allegheny highlands. From two to five hundred
barrels of flour were carried in one of these craft. As the boats could
not be sailed up the river, they were taken to pieces at the end of the
voyage and sold for lumber. We have already seen that Colonel
Rochester followed this valley in migrating to the Genesee river, and
one writer calls attention to the fact that in seven days several elderly
people had come quite comfortably by this route from Baltimore to
Bath in the southwestern part of New York. One could now travel
from San Francisco to New York and almost halfway across the
Atlantic ocean in that time.
Other cities also hoped to secure some of the profits of dealing
with the rapidly growing West. The tourist on his way down the
Potomac to Mount Vernon, the home of Washington, will pass by
Alexandria, a quiet old town of about fifteen thousand people.
Washington himself thought it possible that Alexandria might get a
good share of the trade from Detroit and other places on the Lakes
and on the Ohio river. All this seems strange to us, because since
the days of our great-grandfathers the traffic has been going largely
to New York. The cause of the change was the Erie canal. Yet in
1818, a few months after the canal was begun, an Albany
newspaper discussed very earnestly, as one of the chief questions of
the day, the danger that Philadelphia would take away the western
trade.
Flour, salt, and potash had been taken to New York in large
quantities, but all these products were carried as far as Schenectady
in little ten-ton boats, by way of Wood creek and the Mohawk. As the
business grew it was seen to be impossible always to drag the boats
up Wood creek with horses, and that the small canal, ten feet wide,
which had been cut around the rapids at Little Falls, could not serve
the purposes of another generation.
Hence for many years there had been talk of a canal to join the
Lakes and the Hudson, thus making navigation without a break from
the interior of the country to the Atlantic ocean at New York. The
credit for first thinking of such a canal has been claimed for several
men, but probably it was “in the air,” and many thought of it at about
the same time.
Gouverneur Morris, one of the famous New York statesmen of
the day, proposed that lake Erie should be “tapped” and its waters
led to the Hudson. The surface of this lake is five hundred and
seventy-three feet above tide water at Albany. It was Morris’s idea to
dig a channel, with a gently sloping bottom, which should send the
water east in a stream deep enough to float a boat. The water thus
turned from its course would go to Albany instead of flowing through
the Niagara and the St. Lawrence. There were, however, difficulties
about the plan which Morris did not understand, and it was never
carried out.
Fig. 13. De Witt Clinton

The great water way is often known as “Clinton’s Ditch.” This
name was doubtless given in ridicule by those who did not think it
could be built. There were many who laughed at the surveyors when
they saw them looking about, using their levels, and driving their
stakes in the woods and swamps. It was even said that to dig such a
canal was impossible, that it would cost too much money, that it
would take too much time, and that the canal itself could never be
made to hold water.
But Clinton and his supporters believed in it, and worked hard to
make it a success. They said that the cost of carrying a ton of
produce in wagons a distance of one hundred miles was about thirty-
two dollars. The experience of others had proved that in canals a ton
could be carried one mile for one cent, or a hundred miles for one
dollar. There is a great difference between one dollar and thirty-two
dollars, especially if the difference is added to the cost of the wheat
from which our bread is made, or of the lumber used in building our
houses. Clinton himself thought that it might take ten or fifteen years
to make the canal, but, as we shall see, it was finished in less time
than he supposed.
Clinton declared very truly that New York was especially
fortunate, for the surface made it an easy task to dig the ditch. There
was no high or rough ground to be crossed, there was plenty of
water to keep the canal full, and it would run through a fertile and
rich country. As Clinton was governor of New York during much of
the period in which the canal was made, his name is imperishably
connected with the great enterprise. He was once candidate for the
office of President of the United States, but perhaps even that office,
if he had been elected, would not have given him so much honor as
did the building of this great public work.
Canals were not new in Clinton’s time. Long before the Christian
era began men had dug them to carry water for various uses, such
as irrigation and turning machinery. Often, as for hundreds of years
in the fen country of England, canals have been used to drain wet or
flooded lands and for moving boats. Even beavers have been known
to dig ditches, which fill with water, that they may float the wood
which they cut to the place where they build their dams and their
homes.
If a region is perfectly level, only a ditch and water are needed.
But lands are not often level for more than short distances; hence a
canal consists commonly of a series of levels at different heights. Of
course the boats must be passed from one level to another by some
means. If they are small, they can be dragged up or down between
two levels; but this method will not serve for large boats carrying
many tons of coal, lumber, salt, or bricks, hence locks are generally
used. A lock is a short section of a canal, long enough for the boats
used, and having walls rising from the bottom of the lower level to
the top of the upper one. There are big gates at each end. If a boat is
to ascend, it runs into the lock on the lower level and the lower gates
are closed. A small gate in the large upper gate is then opened and
the water runs in from above, slowly raising the water in the lock and
with it the boat. When the water in the lock is even with the water in
the upper level, the big upper gates are swung open and the boat
goes on its way. In a similar manner boats go down from higher to
lower sections of the canal. Locks have been used in Italy and in
Holland for more than four hundred years.
On April 15, 1817, the legislature passed the law for the
construction of the long ditch, and the first spade was set into the
earth by Judge John Richardson at Rome, New York, on July 4 of
the same year. This was forty-one years after the Declaration of
Independence, and it is plain that the country had grown much in
wealth and numbers when a single state could start out to build a
water way three hundred miles long. After the first spadeful of soil
had been lifted, the citizens and the laborers eagerly seized the
shovels, and thus everybody had a small share in beginning the
great work. Guns were fired and there was much rejoicing.
Fig. 14. Erie Canal, looking East from Genesee Street
Bridge, Utica
The men who took the contracts for digging short sections of the
canal were mainly farmers who had gained good properties and who
were living along the line. In those days, if any one had visited the
men at work, he would not have seen crowds of foreign laborers
living in huts, but men born and reared in the country round about. It
was little more than twenty years since the Genesee road had been
built through central New York, and there was still much forest. The
trees grew rank and strong, and it was no light task to cut through
the tangled network of roots that lay below the surface. First the
trees were cut down, making a lane sixty feet wide, and in this the
canal was dug to a width of forty feet. Powerful machines that could
draw out stumps and pull over the largest trees were brought from
Europe. The wheels of the stump machine were sixteen feet across.
A plow with a sharp blade was also made, to cut down through the
heavy carpet of fibers and small roots.
Swiftly one piece after another of the canal was finished and the
water let in. The trench was found to hold water, and boats were
soon busy hauling produce from town to town. In 1825 it was
finished from Black Rock, or Buffalo, to Waterford, above Troy. The
work had taken eight years and had cost a little less than eight
million dollars. De Witt Clinton was right and the croakers were
wrong. Perhaps it was hard at that time to find any one who did not
think that he had always wanted a canal.
There were, it is true, a few disappointed ones at Schenectady.
There the wagons from Albany had always stopped, and there the
boating up the Mohawk had begun. As all the loads had to be shifted
between the river and the land journeys, there had been work for
many men. Thus the place had grown up, and now that boats were
to run through without change, some people naturally thought that
the town would die out, or would at least lose much of its business.
These few discontented folk, however, were hardly to be counted,
among the thousands who exulted over the completed canal.
Fig. 15. Along the Canal in Syracuse

Copyrighted, 1899, by A. P. Yates, Syracuse, N.Y.
A great celebration was arranged, and the rejoicings of the
beginning were redoubled in the festivities at the end. Boats were
made ready at Buffalo to take Governor Clinton and the other guests
to New York. When the first boat entered the canal from lake Erie a
cannon was fired. Cannon had been set within hearing distance all
the way to the sea along the line of the canal. This way of sending
news was the nearest approach to the telegraph at that time. Soon
the tidings of the great event came booming down among the cliffs of
1
the Hudson and reached New York.
1
The time allowed for the signaling from
Buffalo to Sandy Hook was one hour and twenty
minutes. This programme was substantially
carried out. From Albany to Sandy Hook only
twenty minutes were required.
Two kegs of lake Erie water were put on one of the boats at
Buffalo, and we shall see what was done with them. There were also
two barrels of fine apples which had been raised in an orchard at
Niagara Falls. These were not to be eaten on the way, one barrel
being for the Town Council of Troy, and the other for the city fathers
of New York. Many people on both sides of the ocean are still eating
fine apples from the trees of the Genesee country.
One boat in the little fleet was called Noah’s Ark, and on board
were two eagles, a bear, some fawns, fishes, and birds, besides two
Indian boys. These were sent to New York as “products of the West.”
At every town there was a celebration, and great was the excitement
in such cities as Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, and Albany. There were
salutes and feasts and speeches and prayers, and the gratitude and
joy of the people fairly ran over. The greatest celebration of all was in
New York, where everybody turned out to do honor to the occasion.
The fine ladies boarded a special boat, and the “aquatic procession”
went down through the bay to Sandy Hook. It was arranged that a
messenger of Neptune, the sea god, should meet the fleet, inquire
their errand, and lead them to his master’s realm. Here Governor
Clinton turned out the lake Erie water from the two kegs into the sea
as a symbol of the joining of the lakes and the ocean. Then all the
people went back to the city and had speeches and parades, feasts
and fireworks, while the city-hall bell was rung for several hours. The
illumination was said to be a fine one, but perhaps their lamps and
candles would now look dim.
After the canal was finished the carrying business was quite
made over. Little was heard then about sending western New York
fruit and grain to Philadelphia or Montreal or Alexandria. Freighting
was so cheap that a man who had been selling his wheat for thirty
cents a bushel now received a dollar for it. In the war with England,
only a few years before, it had cost more to carry a cannon from
Albany to Oswego than it had cost to make it. The journey had now
become an easy and simple matter. Two farmers built a boat of their
own, loaded it with the produce of their farms, and took it down
Seneca lake and all the way to New York. They were let out of the
woods into the wide world.
Fig. 16. Traveling by Packet on the Erie Canal

The canal was not entirely given up to the carrying of freight.
People thought that it was a fine experience to travel in the
passenger boats, which were called “packets.” These were
considered as remarkable as are the limited express trains of to-day.
The speed allowed by law was five miles an hour. To go faster would
drive the water against the banks and injure them. The fare was five
cents a mile including berth and table. It was said that a man could
travel from New York to Buffalo with “the utmost comfort” and without
fatigue. The journey cost eighteen dollars, and only took six days!
We, of course, cannot help thinking of the Empire State Express,
which leaves New York at 8.30 a.m. and arrives in Buffalo at 4.50
p.m.
Fig. 17. Erie Canal and Solvay Works, Syracuse

If the journey of those days seems long to us, we must
remember that to most of the travelers the scenery was fresh and
interesting, for it was a visit to a new land. The rocky highlands, the
blue Catskills, the winding Mohawk, and the towns and farms of the
interior were perhaps as full of interest as the morning paper is on
the trains of to-day. From Utica to Syracuse, more than fifty miles, is
one great level; but on nearing Rochester the canal follows an
embankment across a valley, and the passengers in those days
looked wonderingly down on the tops of trees. At Lockport they
heard the clatter as they slowly rose by a long row of locks to the top
of the cliffs, and at Buffalo they looked out on a sea of fresh water. At
Utica, Rome, Rochester, and other places, after a few years, side
canals came in from north and south, from Binghamton and from the
upper valley of the Genesee; and up in the hills great reservoirs were
built, with shallow canals known as “feeders” leading down to the
main trench. These were built to make sure that there should be
water enough for dry seasons; for locks will leak, and whenever a
boat locks down a lockful of water goes on toward the sea.
Now all was stir and growth. Buffalo had started on its way to
become a great city. Rochester ground more wheat and Syracuse
made more salt. There was no doubt that New York would soon be
known as the metropolis of the western world, and “Clinton’s Ditch”
became the most famous of American canals.
CHAPTER V
THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILWAY
The Erie canal had not long been finished when a new way of
carrying men and merchandise came into use in New York. In the
next year after the great celebration the legislature granted a charter
to build a railroad from Albany to Schenectady. It is sometimes said
that this was the first time in America that cars were drawn by means
of steam. This is not true, but New York was not far behind some
other states, and the De Witt Clinton train, of which a picture is
shown in this chapter, looks as if it must have been one of the very
earliest ones. This train made its trial trip in 1831, which was
seventeen years after George Stephenson had built his first
locomotive in England.
A railroad had been opened from Baltimore, a few miles to the
west, the year before, and about the same time another was built in
South Carolina. Two years earlier, in 1829, the Delaware and
Hudson Canal Company brought from England three locomotives,
one of them built by Stephenson, to draw coal to their canal from
their mines at Honesdale, Pennsylvania. In 1826 a railroad four miles
long was built at Quincy, Massachusetts, to carry granite from the
quarries to the sea. It was called a tramway, and horses were used
instead of steam. If we go to England, we shall find that tramways
have been used there for more than a hundred years. Thus it is not
easy to say when the first railroad was built, and all writers do not tell
the same story about it, but it is certain that steam cars were first
used and long roads with iron tracks were first built a little less than a
hundred years ago.

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Test Bank for Conceptual Chemistry,

5/E 5th Edition John A. Suchocki

Test Bank for Conceptual Chemistry, 5/E 5th Edition

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8.1 Water Molecules Form an Open Crystalline Structure in Ice

1) Ice is slippery because ________.

2) Which of the following statements does not describe a property of water?

3) Why does water expand when it goes from a liquid to a solid?

7) Why do ice skates work?

8) Heat is absorbed by a substance when that substance ________.

10) What happens to a soda can left in the freezer? Why?

8.2 Freezing and Melting Go On at the Same Time

1) Water is most dense at ________.

3) For an ice/water mixture at 0°C, which is true?

5) The formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules ________.

15) Why does a lake freeze from the top down?

27) Why are polar oceans most fertile in the autumn?

3) An adhesive force is best described as ________.

4) Why does a paper clip float when placed on water?

5) Why are drops of water shaped like spheres?

7) What is the leading cause of surface tension in water?

8) Which of the following would have the highest surface tension?

9) Why does soap decrease the surface tension of of water?

21) Why do water drops bead on a freshly waxed surface?

22) Does soap increase or decrease water's surface tension?

10) Why does evaporation cool a liquid?

12) Why does sweat cool you off?

17) What happens to the temperature of something while it is boiling?

27) What is the gas found within a bubble of boiling water?

31) Why is condensation a warming process? What does condensation warm?

8.5 It Takes a Lot of Energy to Change the Temperature of Liquid Water

1) Water has a high specific heat because of its ________.

2) Water has a low specific heat because of its ________.

4) A material with a high specific heat ________.

5) The specific heat of a substance is the ________.

10) Why does water have a high specific heat?

8.6 A Phase Change Requires the Input or Output of Energy

1) Which of the following statements regarding a phase change is NOT true?

4) Which of the following contains the most heat energy?

5) Which of the following would cause the worst burn?

6) Which of the following contains the least heat energy?

8) Relative to pure water, an aqueous sugar solution ________.

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Fig. 10. Oriskany Battle Monument, a Few Miles West of

Fig. 11. General Nicholas Herkimer directing the Battle of

Fig. 13. De Witt Clinton

Fig. 15. Along the Canal in Syracuse

Fig. 16. Traveling by Packet on the Erie Canal

Fig. 17. Erie Canal and Solvay Works, Syracuse

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