DIGITAL NOTES

ON
RADAR SYSTEMS
(R20A0422)
For
Electronics and Communication

Prepared by

Dr. Sadanand Yadav

Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE

Mr. R. Sathish Kumar

Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE

B. TECH IV YEAR — I SEM (R20)

(2023-2024)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution - UGC, Govt. of India)
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved byAlCTE - Accredited by NBA& NAAC — ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified)

Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via .Hakimpet) , Secunderabad —500100, Telangana State, India
 B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) R-20

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

IV Year B.Tech. ECE- I Sem L/T/P/C
3/-/-/3
CORE ELECTIVE - III
(R20A0422) RADAR SYSTEMS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1) To learn Radar Fundamentals like Radar Equation, Operating frequencies& Applications.
2) To understand the basic concepts of different types of Radars for surveillance & Tracking.
3) To know the various types of tracking techniques involved.
4) To understand Radar Receivers, MTI filters, displays and antennas.
5) To learn about Electronic warfare.

UNIT I
Basics of Radar: Introduction, Maximum Unambiguous Range, Radar Waveforms, Simple form of
Radar Equation, Radar Block Diagram and Operation, Radar Frequencies and Applications,
Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver Noise, Modified Radar
Range Equation, Related Problems.
Radar Equation: SNR, Envelope Detector-False Alarm Time and Probability, Integration of Radar
Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets (simple targets - sphere, cone-sphere), Transmitter Power,
PRF and Range Ambiguities, System Losses (qualitative treatment), Related Problems.

UNIT-II
CW and Frequency Modulated Radar: Doppler Effect, CW Radar – Block Diagram, Isolation
between Transmitter and Receiver, Non-zero IF Receiver, Receiver Bandwidth Requirements,
Applications of CW radar, Related Problems.
FM-CW Radar: FM-CW Radar, Range and Doppler Measurement, Block Diagram and
Characteristics (Approaching/ Receding Targets), FM-CW altimeter, Multiple Frequency CW
Radar.

UNIT-III
MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar: Introduction, Principle, MTI Radar with - Power Amplifier
Transmitter and Power Oscillator Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers – Filter Characteristics, Blind
Speeds, Double Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range Gated Doppler Filters. MTI Radar
Parameters, Limitations to MTI Performance, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar.
Tracking Radar: Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse Tracking Radar
– Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Angular Accuracy, Tracking in
Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns, Comparison of Trackers.

Detection of Radar Signals in Noise: Introduction, Matched Filter Receiver – Response Characteristics and
Derivation, Correlation Function and Cross-correlation Receiver, Efficiency of Non-matched Filters,
Matched Filter with Non-white Noise.

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET)

 B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) R-20
UNIT-IV
Detection of Radar Signals in Noise: Introduction, Matched Filter Receiver – Response,
Characteristics and Derivation, Correlation Function and Cross-correlation Receiver, Efficiency of
Non-matched Filters, Matched Filter with Non-white Noise.

UNIT-V
Radar Receivers: Noise Figure and Noise Temperature, Displays – types, Duplexers-Branch and
Balanced Types, Introduction to Phased Arrays Antennas –Basic Concepts, Radiation Pattern,
Beam Steering and Beam Width changes, Applications, Advantages and Limitations.

TEXT BOOK:
1) Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, TMH Special Indian Edition, 2nd Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007.

REFERENCES:
1) Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, 3rd Edition Tata McGraw-Hill,2001.
2) Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications-Byron Edde, Pearson Education, 2004.
3) Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles-Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, William A.
Holm, Yesdee,2013.
4) ‘Radar Hand Book ‘ Ed. By M.I Skolnik, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
5) ‘Understanding Radar Systems’ by Simon Kinsley and Shaun Quegan, Scitech Publishing,
McGraw-Hill.

COURSE OUTCOMES
1) Demonstrate an understanding of the factors affecting the radar performance using Radar
Range Equation.
2) Analyze the principle of FM-CW radar and apply it in FM-CW Altimeter.
3) Differentiate between a MTI Radar and a Pulse Doppler Radar based on their working
principle.
4) Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of Matched Filter Receivers in Radars.
5) Familiarize with the different types of Radar Displays and their application in real time
scenario

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET)