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Research 1
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Integrated Science Process
Skills (Part 1)
Formulating Hypotheses

NORALA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Norala, South Cotabato

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Introductory Message
Research 1 for Grade 7 is a course in the Special Science Program designed to
equip learners with essential scientific attitudes and science process skills that will
prepare them in conducting science investigations. These skills include observing,
measuring, inferring, classifying, predicting, communicating, formulating research
problems, formulating hypothesis, defining and identifying variables, describing
relationships between variables, designing an investigation, experimenting and writing
simple scientific report. This simple science investigation shall be confined within the
school premises. This course provides an excellent groundwork or pre requisite
background for higher research work.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Research 7 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Integrated Science Process
Skills (Part 1): Formulating Hypotheses.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use your notebook in answering the exercises/activities.
2. Don’t forget to answer all the exercises/activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next activity.

If you encounter any problem or difficulty in answering the tasks, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher. Always remember that you are not alone.
I hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deeper understanding of the most relevant competencies. You can do it.

CONTENT STANDARD
The learner demonstrates understanding of the integrated science process skills such
as describing relationships of variables in research, developing scientific questions,
formulating hypotheses which are needed in planning an experiment.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learner should be able to design simple science experiment using the identified
variables on a researchable problem.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

The learner should be able to formulate a hypothesis. (SSP-RS7-IPS-II-j-12)

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 What I Need to Know

Man’s experiences and ideas accumulated through years were handed

down from generation to generation. Early man learned from experience only
without knowing why things happened. Later, man learned to analyse
scientifically and used this knowledge to solve many of his problems.
At the end of the session, the learners should be able to
a. define hypothesis;
b. differentiate and discuss the three ways of stating hypothesis;
c. formulate a hypothesis based on a given problem.

What I Know

Direction: Read and understand the questions. Write the letter of the correct
answer in your notebook.

1. Which of the hypotheses says that there is no statistical significance between

the two variables or sometimes referred to as statement of no effect or o
difference?
a. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis
b. cause and effect d. none
2. Which refers to a hypothesis which is stated positively?
a. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis
b. cause and effect d. all of the above
For items 3-5, refer to the given hypotheses in a box.

A. The amount of fertilizer applied in growing peanuts has a

significant effect on its growth.
B. The amount of fertilizer applied in growing peanuts has no effect on
its growth.
C. If a big amount of fertilizer is applied on the on the peanuts, then
it will grow taller.
D. The growth of the peanuts can’t be determined by applying the
fertilizer.

3. Which is the cause and effect hypothesis?

a. A b. B c. C d. D
4. Which hypothesis is stated in a negative form?
a. A b. B c. C d. D

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5. Which of the above hypothesis is the alternative?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
6. Which of the following defines hypothesis?
a. a description of an event c. a research question
b. an educated prediction d. a sentence proving a happening
7. Which of the following is NOT alternative hypothesis?
a. Sugar lump will not dissolve in cold water.
b. The older the compost, the better is the effect on the plants.
c. The use of triple 14 on palay yields bountiful harvest.
d. If virgin coconut oil can ease itchiness, then it is best for skin
diseases.
8. What does a good research hypothesis need?
a. neatly affirms the relationship between variables
b. should be under test in a valid period of time
c. should rely on sound reasoning
d. all of the above is applicable
9. Which type of hypothesis does a researcher tries to prove?
a. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis
b. cause and effect d. none
10. Which of the symbols represents null hypothesis?
a. Ha b. He c. Hn d. Ho

Research 1
Lesson Integrated Science Process
1 Skills (Part 1): Formulating
Hypotheses

Learning Objectives:

a. define hypothesis;
b. differentiate and discuss the three ways of stating hypothesis;
c. formulate a hypothesis based on a given problem.

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 What’s In

Activity 1: Do You Know Me?

Direction: The activity below involves the scatter graph of the different
correlation. Determine which graph represents and explains the
relationship between variables. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.

....

A B C D E
1. negative correlation
2. unrelated relationship
3. zero correlation
4. positive correlation
5. nonlinear relationship

What’s New

Think about what might happen in response to certain inputs or

assumptions. A hypothesis is a prediction about the outcome of the experiment.
It is based on our observations and previous experiences.

Activity 2: Check Point

Direction:
Formulate a hypothesis for each of the following observation or situation.
Think of a reason or basis for your deduction or guess. Write your answer in
your notebook.

Situation 1
After using the shower, Marie noticed that the mirror in the bathroom is
covered with moist and she can hardly see her reflection. Where does the moist
come from?
Possible hypothesis:
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________

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Situation 2
Joshua dropped two rubber balls from the top of the table at different
heights. Was the ball’s bounce affected by the height from which the ball was
dropped?
Possible hypothesis:
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________

What is It

The research hypothesis is needed for a sound and well-developed

research study. The research hypothesis contributes to the solution of the
research problem. But first of all, what is a hypothesis? What does a good
research hypothesis include? What are the types of hypothesis?

Definitions of Hypothesis
“Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches – assumed for
use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct
experimental test when possible”. (Eric Rogers, 1996)

A Hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by

knowledge or observations but has not yet been proven or disproved.” (Macleod
Clark J)

A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two

or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to
happen in a study.

Nature of Hypothesis
The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated.
It should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting
the results. This allows to
a. identify the research objectives
b. identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research
c. identify its relationship to both the problem statement and the
literature review.
A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is reduced to hypothesis
form. It is a powerful tool of advancement of knowledge, consistent with existing
knowledge and conducive to further inquiry.

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 It can be tested-verifiable or falsifiable. Hypotheses are not moral or
ethical questions. It is neither too specific nor too general. It is s prediction of
consequences. It is considered valuable even if proven false.
Types of Hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis is one the state there is a statistically significant
relationship between two variables. It is symbolized as Ha. Alternative
hypothesis is stated positively. It is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set
up to establish.
Examples:
In a clinical trial of a new drug, the alternative hypothesis might be
that the new drug has a different effect on average, compared to that of the
current drug. We would write
1. Ha: The new drug is better than the current drug on average.
2. Ha: Earthworms help improve the quality of soil

Null hypothesis represents a theory that has been put forward, either
because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for
argument, but has to be proved. Usually, it is a statement of “no effect” or “no
difference”. It is often symbolized as Ho. Further, null hypothesis is a hypothesis
that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables. It is
usually the hypothesis a researcher or experimenter will try to disprove or
discredit.
Examples:
In a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis might be that
the new drug is no better on average than the current drug. We would write
1. Ho: There is no difference between the two drugs on average.
2. Ho: Earthworms do not help improve the quality of soil.

Cause and Effect aims to determine if changes in one variable cause

changes in another. It uses if and then statement.
Examples:
If I replace the battery in my car, then my car will get better gas mileage.
If I eat more vegetables, then I will lose weight faster.
If I add fertilizer to my garden, then my plants will grow faster.
If I brush my teeth every day, then I will not develop cavities.

Characteristics of a good research hypothesis

a. should rely on sound reasoning
b. neatly affirms the relationship between variables
c. should be under test in a valid period of time
d. should have an if-then statement

Essentially, the hypothesis provides the ground or justification for

conducting specific studies and guides the investigator in the course of his or
her study. Before a hypothesis can be accepted as a fact, it has to be proven
first through experimentation and the findings have to be supported by more

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than one testing to erase any doubts of a chance success. When the
subsequent testing fails to support the given hypothesis, such hypothesis
should be considered null and void (untrue) and therefore discredited.

What’s More

Activity 3: Let Us Find Out

Direction: Formulate hypothesis based on the given problem by accomplishing

the table below. Write your answer in your notebook. Be guided of
the Rubrics in performing the task.

Stated Problem:
Comparing the effects of fertilizer A and fertilizer B on the growth of
peanuts in terms of its height.
Hypothesis formulated
Type of Hypothesis

Null hypothesis ( negatively stated)

Alternative hypothesis (positively stated)

Cause and Effect (If-then statement

Rubrics
Area Expert (4 Practitioner (3 Apprentice (2 Novice (1
points) points) points) point)

Contents of Hypothesis is At the most, At the most, None of the

the hypothesis developed two of the one of the indicators is
formulated simpler, indicators are indicators are mentioned.
reflecting the present. present.
observations

More specific
prediction that
can serve as
basis for
experiment

Predictions
result from the
hypothesis

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 What I Can Do

Activity 4: Are You Critical Minded?

Direction:
A. Analyze the statements below. Identify which are Null, Alternative and
Cause & Effect hypothesis. Explain why you answered null, alternative and
cause & effect. Write your answer in your notebook.

1. Mixing the oily herbal medicine with wax will allow longer contact between the
medicine and the wound
2. Using beeswax-oil-herbal preparation will not allow longer contact with the
wound and will not promote faster healing
3. If using beeswax instead of candle wax results to softer ointment then, the
medicine will allow longer contact with the wound

B. Watching your mother bake bread, you learned that the dough of the
bread rises because yeast acts on the sugar and releases gas. You wonder
whether the amount of sugar used will affect the size of the bread. That is, if you
add more sugar, the size of the bread will be larger. Your mother recipe calls for
100 grams of sugar to produce a loaf of bread of 24 pieces.
What do you think will be the effect of the amount of sugar on the size of
the bread?

4. Alternative Hypothesis
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Null Hypothesis
_________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Direction: Read and understand the questions. Write the letter of the correct
answer in your notebook.
1. Which of the following defines hypothesis?
a. a description of an event c. a research question
b. an educated prediction d. a sentence proving a happening
2. Which of the following is NOT an alternative hypothesis?
a. Sugar lump will not dissolve in cold water.
b. The older the compost, the better is the effect on the plants.

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 c. The use of triple 14 on palay yields bountiful harvest.
d. If virgin coconut oil can ease itchiness, then it is best for skin
diseases.
3. What does a good research hypothesis need?
a. neatly affirms the relationship between variables
b. should be under test in a valid period of time
c. should rely on sound reasoning
d. all of the above is applicable
For items 4-6, refer to the given hypotheses in a box.

A. The amount of fertilizer applied in growing peanuts has a

significant effect on its growth.
B. The amount of fertilizer applied in growing peanuts has no effect on
its growth.
C. If a big amount of fertilizer is applied on the on the peanuts, then
it will grow taller.
D. The growth of the peanuts can’t be determined by applying the
fertilizer.

4. Which is the cause and effect hypothesis?

a. A b. B c. C d. D
5. Which hypothesis is stated in a negative form?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
6. Which of the above hypothesis is the alternative?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
7. Which type of hypothesis does a researcher tries to prove?
a. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis
b. cause and effect d. none
8. Which of the symbols represent null hypothesis?
a. Ha b. He c. Hn d. Ho
9. Which of the hypotheses says that there is no statistical significance between
the two variables or sometimes referred to as statement of no effect or no
difference?
a. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis
b. cause and effect d. none
10. Which refers to a hypothesis which is stated positively?
a. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis
b. cause and effect d. all of the above

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Activity 4: Are You Critical Minded?
1. Alternative hypothesis – it is stated p
positively
2. Null hypothesis – the statement is
stated negatively
3. Cause & Effect – uses an if-then
statement
4.The amount of sugar will increase the
size of the bread.
Activity 2 Check Point 5. The amount of sugar will not increase
the size of the bread.
Situation 1
The moist was caused by the change in
temperature released by the body.
Activity 3: Let Us Find Out
Situation 2
Answer May Vary
The bounce of the ball was affected by
the height from which the ball is
dropped.
Activity 1: Do You Know Me
What I Know
1. B
1. C 6. B
2. D
2. A 7. A
3. D
3. C 8. D
4. A
4. B&D 9. A
5. C
5. A 10. D
Answer Key
References
BOOKS
Albarico, Joni M, Avasar, Ruel G, Castor, Lucila G, (2010), Teaching guide in
Integrated Science pp. 11-13
Amasol, Teresita A, Balce, Marina, Galvez, Elvira & Lozano, Lourdes F., (2003),
Science & Technology for the Future 1 pp.13-15
Bayquen, Aristea V, Darvin-Faraon, Genevieve, Ferriols-Pavico, Josefina Ma, &
Silverio, Angelina A, Ramos, John Donnie A (Author-Coordinator) (2013),
Exploring Life Through Science Series pp. 33-40
Lastimado, Arturo V, Sabido, Gemma T & Tanora, Vicentius Invictus M, (2005),
Science & Technology 1 Integrated Science pp. 8-9
Mangubat, Ma. Carmina R, Rasalan, Elizabeth S (Author/Coordinator) (2005),
Integrated Science Laboratory Manual and Workbook pp. viii-x, 27-30
Rabago, Lilia M, Ph.D., Joaquin, Cresencia C, Ph.D, Ferrer, Diana L, Intong,
Mona Lisa A, Mingoa, Thelma R,(1997), Science and Technology General
Science Textbook for First Year pp. 316-318
(2006,2009), Integrated Science – Science & Technology for First Year p. 10

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

LAARNI A. PABIONA ELMER B. BILLANES

Subject Teacher SS Principal II
09998890108

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