VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI-590 018

Review of
Project Phase – I (18MEP78)
on
“THREE WAY STEERING MECHANISM”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

Name USN
1.ABHISHEK H 4BD20ME006
2. ASHISH 4BD21ME408
3. PRAJWAL C M 4BD21ME435
4. RUDRAPRASAD V 4BD21ME440

Guide
Dr. K C DEVENDRAPPA, M.Tech , Ph.D.
Professor

2023-24
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SHAMANUR ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577004, KARNATAKA
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
 BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (F14)
SHAMANUR ROAD, DAVANGERE-577004, KARNATAKA (F14)
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University) (F12)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Project Report Phase – I (18MEP78)
CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project Phase –I work entitled “THREE WAY STEERING
MEECHANISM” was carried out by ABHISHEK H (4BD20ME003), ASHISH
(4BD21ME408), PRAJWAL C M (4BD21ME435), RUDRAPRASAD V
(4BD21ME440). bonafide students of BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY as a part of the Project work prescribed for partial fulfillment for
the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2023-24. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed
for the said Degree.

Guide
Dr. K C DEVENDRAPPA, M.Tech , Ph.D.
Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. G. MANAVENDRA M.Tech., Ph.D Dr H.B. ARAVIND M.E, Ph.D

Professor & Head Principal
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering BIET, Davanagere

Name of the Examiners: Signature with Date

1

2
 Bapuji Educational Association (Regd.)
Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Post Box No: 325, Davanagere – 577 004 Karnataka
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE)

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision

To be a center of excellence recognized nationally and internationally, in distinctive areas of

engineering education and research, based on a culture of innovation and invention.

Mission
BIET contributes to the growth and development of its students by imparting a broad based
engineering education and empowering them to be successful in their chosen field by
inculcating in them positive approach, leadership qualities and ethical values.

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision
The department endeavors to be a center of excellence, to provide quality education leading the
students to become professional mechanical engineers with ethics, contributing to the society
through research, innovation, entrepreneurial and leadership qualities.
Key Words: Center of Excellence, Ethics, Research, Innovation, Entrepreneurial and Leadership
Qualities

Mission
M1: To impart quality technical education through effective teaching-learning process leading to
development of professional skills and attitude to excel in Mechanical Engineering.
M2: To interact with institutes of repute, to enhance academic and research activities.
M3: To inculcate creative thinking abilities among students and develop entrepreneurial skills.
M4: To imbibe ethical, environmental friendly and moral values amongst students through broad
based education.
 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The Mechanical Engineering graduates are able to:

PEO1: Enable to understand mechanical engineering systems those are technically viable,
economically feasible and socially acceptable to enhance quality of life.
PEO2: Apply modern tools and techniques to solve real problems in mechanical and allied
engineering streams.
PEO3: Communicate effectively using innovative tools, to demonstrate leadership and
entrepreneurial skills.
PEO4: Be a professional having ethical attitude with multidisciplinary approach to achieve
self and organizational goals.
PEO5: Utilize the best academic environment to create opportunity to cultivate lifelong
learning skills needed to succeed in profession.

Program Specific Outcomes [PSOs]

The department defines the program specific outcomes as follows:

PSO1: Apply the acquired knowledge in design, thermal, manufacturing and

interdisciplinary areas for solving industry and social relevant problems.

PSO2: To enhance the abilities of students by imparting knowledge in emerging

technologies to make them proficient mechanical engineers.
 Bapuji Educational Association (Regd.)
Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Post Box No: 325 Davanagere – 577 004 Karnataka
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE)

COURSE OUTCOMES

At the end of project phase-I, students will be able to:

CO1: Generate and implement innovative ideas or identify a problem in the areas of
Mechanical Engineering for social benefit with a concern for public health, safety,
environment and ethics.
CO2: Gain ability to effectively gather and interpret the information from existing system. Use
this knowledge to identify and formulate the problem.
CO3: Review literature to identify gaps and define objectives & scope of the work.
CO4: Evaluate and interpret the identified problem. Construct a methodology to overcome its
problem
 ABSTRACT

Whether a car has front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, or all-wheel drive, the majority of

current models use a two-wheel steering system to control their movement. However, four wheel

steering vehicles are being employed more frequently as a result of increased safety awareness because

they are also renowned for their outstanding performance and stability. They are wheels of

conventional two-wheel steering vehicles do not assist with steering and simply follow the front

wheels’ route. In four-wheel steering, the wheels can be turned left or right depending on the situation.

The direction of rotation for the rear wheels might be either parallel to the front or opposite. The four-

wheel system is made to operate in three different ways. Specifically, rotations that are in-phase, out-of-

phase, and zero.

Keywords: Design, Fabrication, Dual Axis Steering Mechanism, Review.!

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Fig- 1.1 four wheel three mode steering system

The front wheels of the vehicles receive steering control, though in some situations

the rear wheels also receive steering control. The twin axle steering system demonstrates how various

wheel motions in relation to various turning arrangements operate. The machine has three alternative

steering configurations: neutral, adverse, and favorable. Only the front wheels run in the right or left

direction during the neutral phase, with the rear wheels acting as the front wheels’ followers. The front

and rear axles move in opposition to one another during the negative phase. The front and rear axles are

both in the positive phase relative to one other, they travel in the same direction. Here, we must lift the

shifter and insert it into the appropriate slot to perform the necessary motin
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEERING WHEEL:

Fig-1.1 Two wheel steer

 Only With two-wheel steering, only one axle is driven. The front wheels of the two-

wheel steering system are rotated by the manual steering wheel in front of the driver.

Problems with two-wheel steering systems are wide spread in parking lots, and traffic.

Fig1.2 Four wheel steer

 Four-wheel steer: Both axles are driven in the same direction, but inopposing directions.

 In this configuration four- wheel steering system, wheels attached to the front axle turn in

opposite directions, of the wheels attached to the back axle turn equally in opposite

directions

Fig-1.3 Crab wheel

 Crab steering occurs all of the wheel can turning in the equal direction

Fig-1.4 Zero turn

 Zero turn steering: The car travels a circular course in this mode.
Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Prof. S. D. Bhaisare et al., One of the most crucial sectors for the development of a

nation is the automobile industry. India’s vast and diverse transportation sector presents its own set of

issues. By combining energyefficient technological improvements with a customer-focused strategy,

these difficulties might be overcome. The driver should constantly feel very comfortable when

operating the car's cutting-edge features. The main factor in an automobile travelling faster than its

cruising speed is steadiness. When a vehicle is moving at a high speed with a four-wheel navigation

system, the likelihood of instability is increased by the tail wheels rotating anticlockwise to the

forward-facing wheels. While fine-tuning the all-wheel steering system, rear wheels follow the same

path as the forward-facing wheels to prevent this instability. This essay sheds some light on the

challenge that everyone wheel steering system turning in a relatively small area. The driver can make

bends with a tiny turning radius by switching from two-wheel to four-wheel steering. It is also relaxed

enough to allow for easy moving in parallel parking and on motorways. In order to accomplish this, a

mechanism was created with two bevel gears, an intermediary shaft, and tail wheels that are turned in

and out of alignment. After upgrading to a four-wheel steering system, the vehicle's spiraling radius is

just 2596 mm, compared to the two steering wheel vehicle's 4400 mm spiraling radius

[2] Subramaniyam Vasamsetti et al., In order to solve the parking and traffic issues that plague urban

mobility, an effort was made to suggest a suitable compact automobile model in this project work. In

this project, the chassis of an existing hatchback car is changed appropriately. Two seats with two

doors, a luggage boot, and trimmed corners make up the single box section. Weight loss saved

production costs and increased mileage.

Each wheel has a coupling that allowed it to steer around a single instantaneous centre. With a turning

radius of about 2.9 meters, this design made the vehicle easy to control and very agile. This system

prolongs the life of the wheel bearings and tyre.

[3] Venkatesh Reddy et al., An enhancement to this system would undoubtedly be a brand-new eco-

friendly car that allows wheelchair users to travel independently in low-emission vehicles. To do this, a

green vehicle must be identified, perhaps an electric car that can turn through 90 degrees with little

effort. The modern automobile lacks the ability to steer through a 90-degree angle. These automobiles

can successfully assist impaired individuals. Numerous studies have been conducted in this area to put

this concept into practice, but this has not yet happened. the concept is to build a counter phase system

and employ electric motors on any two diagonal wheels. The mechanism only operates at low speed.

One of this system’s benefits is that it can it takes less time and effort to steer through a 90-degree

angle, allowing it to operate in constrained spaces and increasing the system's flexibility. It can also be

used for parking, farm vehicles, trucks, forklifts,

[4] Pushkin Gautam et al., A relatively new technology that enhances maneuverability in cars, trucks,

and trailers is selectable all wheel steering. Although this sort of steering system allows for steering on

both two wheels and four wheels, all wheel steering is often employed for parking and low-speed

manoeuvres. The improved version of aws is called “selectable all wheel steering” (all wheel steering).

According to the needs of the driver, the four wheels can be engaged and disengaged like this. This

offers both two wheel and four wheel steer advantages. As a result, it can be used as front wheel steer in

long straightaways and as all wheel steer in tight curves. The mechanically operated saws configuration

is one of several without requiring major adjustments to the four wheel steering system, one of the most

cost-efficient and portable systems that can be fitted in an atv.

[5] K. Vinoth Kumar et al., Our project’s goal is to develop a multimode steering system to decrease

the overturning radius of cars while they are being steered (4ws). In a typical steering setup, a hand

operated steering wheel that is placed in front of the driver is used to turn the front wheels. The

collapsible steering column, which has a universal joint, is a component that enables it to deviate from a

straight path in accordance with the road. With the multimode steering system, two steering modes may

be switched as needed, making it easier to park in busy areas and while having a small turning radius

both on and off the road.

[6] Bhavesh K.Gohil et al., Currently, we employ a two-wheel steering system for cars, and in a two-
wheel steering system, the back wheels are idle and serve no steering purpose. The front and rear

wheels in a fourwheel steering system are both active and can steer. Here, the maruti-800 automobile is

used as a model. In order to improve the maneuverability of a sedan in relation to its speed, we have

developed an optimized 4 wheel steering system for implementation of a mechanism that can give the

work in changing the in-phase and counter-phase steering of rear wheels depending upon the condition

of turning and lane changing with respect to front wheels.

[7] Sachin Saxena et al., In contrast to the 2-wheel steering used in India’s traditional automobiles, the

4-wheel steering system is the focus of this study. A 4-wheel drive is entirely distinct from a 4-wheel

steering (in which each wheel is given power rather than to 2 wheels). In comparison to a 2-wheel

steering system, a 4-wheel steering system is superior. Both the turning radius and the turning space are

reduced. It also makes it possible to switch lanes while driving, even at a high rate of speed. In a

university in Egypt, this paper is currently being researched.

Figure 2.1: Reference design top view

[8] Arun Singh et al., whether a car is front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, or all-wheel drive, it still

moves primarily with the help of a two-wheel steering system in modern times. However, because of

their great performance and stability, four wheel steering vehicles are being employed more frequently

as a result of increased safety awareness. The performance of a four-wheel-steered vehicle model that is

optimally controlled during a lane change manoeuvre is taken into account in this report. These

conditions are low speed manoeuvre, medium speed manoeuvre, and high speed manoeuvre. Rear
wheels are controlled via four-wheel steering. The rear wheels steer in the opposite direction from the

front wheels during parking and low-speed manoeuvres, enabling sharper bends. The rear wheels steer

in the same direction as the front wheels at higher speeds. As a result of the front wheels not having to

drag the non-steering rear wheels into the path, there is increased stability and less body lean during fast

lane changes and curves.

After upgrading to a four-wheel steering system, the car's spiralling radius is just 2596 mm,

compared to the two steering wheel car's 4400 mm spiralling radius. So, the radius was

decreased to 1804 mm.

Figure 2.2: Reference design side view

[9] Shoeb Asim Mohd Israil et al., A four wheel steering system, also known as a quadra steering

system, that allows for steering of both the front and back wheels to help in turning radius reduction.

Various configurations are possible to steer all the wheels. However, a rack and pinion (spur gear)

arrangement will be used in the project. Two steering racks are mounted to the frame’s front and back

sides, respectively. The rack connects the two spindle-and-pinion steering racks. The rack is placed so

that the pinions of the front and rear steering racks should mesh. Motion is transferred from the front
steering rack to the rear steering rack as a result of this. In turn, this causes all wheels to steer at

once.[10] Saket Bhishikar et al., The back pair of wheels in a normal two-wheel steering system are

always pointed forward and do not actively steer the vehicle. The rear wheels do contribute actively to

steering with a fourwheel steering system, which may be controlled at both high and low speeds.

Production automobiles are rarely oversteered and are engineered to understeer.

[11] Our 4 wheel steering system reduces the turning circle radius of a sedan by 64.4%, from 5.394m to

1.92m. The resulting steering ratio of 8.177:1 results in much better maneuverability and control on the

vehicle, even at high speeds.

2.1 3D BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig-2.3 3d View

Fig-2.4 side view

2.1 Objectives

We want to lower the car's turning radius to near zero by allowing it to rotate around its central

axis. To build a steering mechanism that will make driving a car easier. In the case of parallel parking,

to save time and fuel usage.

 To tackle problems that trucks and buses face while steering,

 such as generating blockages and traffic jams. Therefore,

 the project was based on proving that four wheel steering is superior

 the two wheel steering and four wheel steering with sensors in terms of radius of gyration,

 the linear stability at more speeds.

 In situations such as slow cornering, parking, driving, etc.

 in tight spaces and busy cities, high speeds lane change would be very difficulties due to high

wheel base to track breadth as it given good comfort while travelling.

2.2 METHODOLOGY

Start of the project

Literature review

Problem identification

Design of new process

Modeling of parts

Method used for 360 rotation

Fabrication of vehicle

End of the project

2.1 Conclusion

In the sphere of the automotive industries, the job we completed was impressive. It is really

helpful for the driver while operating the car. The project has also decreased the expense associated

with the issue. The whole need task, which has also been provided, has been performed by the project.

2.2 REFERENCES

[1] Prof. S. D. Bhaisare, Sahil S. Nadaf, Akash A. Khavare, Adesh C. Malunjkar, Vijay

T. Hingale - International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology

(Ijarsct) - Design and Fabrication of Four-Wheel Steering System, 2, 2022. [2] Subrahmanyam

Vasamsetti, Rajasekhar Sandhi And Raja Sekher Jagathani - International Journal of Mechanical

Engineering and Technology (Ijmet) - Modeling, Fabrication and Anaysis of Four Wheel Steering

System to Quadricycle Named Spinner, 9, 2018.[3] Venkatesh Reddy, Shashi Kantha N, Dr. B

Gangadhara Shetty, Byre Gowda K C - International Journal of Research In Engineering And Science

(Ijres) - Design And Fabrication Of 90 Degree Steering Wheel Mechanism, 10, 2022. [4] Pushkin

Gautam, Vipul Vibhanshu - International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (Ijert) -

Selectable All Wheel Steering For An Atv, 4, 2015. [5] K. Vinoth Kumar, Kaza Sri Sai Sravan, Kari

Naga Nikhil, K. Subha Theja - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development - Design

and Fabrication of Multi-Mode Steering System for 4 Wheelers, 4, 2016. [6] Bhavesh K.Gohil, Nilesh

G. Joshi, Hardik B. Parmar, Pritesh B. Kevadiya - International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering - Optimization of Steering System for Four Wheel Vehicle, 6 , 2018. [7] Sachin Saxena,

Vinay Kumar, Sarabjeet Singh Luthra, Alok Kumar - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering

and Robatics Research - 4 Wheel Steering Systems, 1, 2014. [8] Eng. Biagio Borretti, Eng. Nicola

Musciagna, Eng. Luca Ricco Ph.D., Eng. Andrea Fornaciari - 12th International Fluid Power

Conference - Intelligent Twin Steering System, 2020. [9] Er. Amitesh Kumar, Dr. Dinesh, N. Kamble -
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research - Zero Turn Four Wheel Steering System, 5,

2014. [10] Aayush Soni, Adarsh Sahu, Prakhar Shrivastava, Dr. (Mrs.) Shubhrata Nagpal -

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology - Study of Four-Wheel Steering

Systems’ Viability in Future Automobiles, 6, 2021. [11] Vishnu Murali, Akash Mangaluru Ramananda,

Nitin H, Suparshwa Pandit - International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology - Design

and Development of Four-Wheel Steering for All Terrain Vehicle (A.T.V), 7, 2020. [12] Aditya Khot,

Devendra Trivedi, Dileep Soni, Jayesh Kolhe, Prof.Rohit Jadhao - 11th International Conference on

Recent Development in Engineering Science, Humanities and Management - Design & Fabrication of

Integrated Steering System, 2018. [13] Karthik T - International Journal of Engineering Research &

Technology - Design and Fabrication of Multiple Mode Steering System for Cars, 7, 2019. [14] Suraj

Bobade, Rushab Kumat, Sandeep Mane, Saurav Patil, Abhijit Patil - Grd Journal for Engineering -

Design & Fabrication of Mechanised Car with the Help of Internal Gear to Obtain Zero Degree

Rotation and Straight Line Stability, 2, 2017. [15] Mr. Krishna Bevinkatti, Mr. Atul Mali, Mr.

Rahulsingh Bayas, Mr. Abhijit Ghadage, Prof. Anuse U.L - International Journal of Innovations in

Engineering Research and Technology - Four Wheel Steering System for Automobile, 2,2015. [16] P

Baskara Sethupathi, J Chandradass, G Praketh, Akshay Kumar Asuthkar, M Vinay Kumar - 2nd

International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering - Design and Fabrication of Four

Wheel Steering System for Light Motor Vehicles, 2018. [17] Arun Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Rajiv

Chaudhary, R. C. Singh - International Conference of Advance Research and Innovation - Study of 4

Wheel Steering Systems to Reduce Turning Radius and Increase Stability, 2014. [18] P. Suresh Kumar,

Swapnil Joshi, N. Prasanthi Kumari - International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring

Engineering - Design and Fabrication of Four-Wheel Steering System for Efficient Transportation

Systems, 8, 2019. [19] Shoeb Asim Mohd Israil. Asst. Prof. M. Shakebuddin. Asst. Prof. H.A.Hussain -

National Conference on Advances in Engineering and Applied Science - A Literature Review and

Study on 4 Wheel Steering Mechanisms, 4, 2018. [20] Saket Bhishikar, Vatsal Gudhka, Neel Dalal,

Paarth Mehta, Sunil Bhil, A.C. Mehta - International Journal of Engineering and Innovative

Technology - Design and Simulation of 4 Wheel Steering System, 4, 2014.