Prepared by:Loren Marie L.

Acebo

Entry No: 01 Source: Journal

Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: A.M. Hetherington, F.I. WoodwardTitle of Work:The role of stomata in sensing and driving
environmental change
Year: 2010
Publisher (if applicable): Portland Press Ltd
Name of Journal (if applicable): Nature Biology
Volume (if applicable): 424 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 901-908
URL (if applicable): https://www.scopus.com/sources.uri?zone=TopNavBar&origin=recordpage
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable):
Institution (if applicable): St. Catherine's College, University of Oxford

Stomata, the small pores on the surfaces of leaves and stalks, regulate the flow of gases in
and out of leaves and thus plants as a whole. They adapt to local and global changes on all
timescales from minutes to millennia. Recent data from diverse fields are establishing their central
importance to plant physiology, evolution and global ecology. Stomatal morphology, distribution and
behaviour respond to a spectrum of signals, from intracellular signalling to global climatic change.
Such concerted adaptation results from a web of control systems, reminiscent of a 'scale-free'
network, whose untangling requires integrated approaches beyond those currently used.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

Entry No: 2 Source: Journal
Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: Raven, J.A.
Title of Work: Selection pressures on stomatal evolution
Year: 2008
Publisher (if applicable): Banglay-Dillano Pub. House
Name of Journal (if applicable): New Phytologist
Volume (if applicable): 153 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 371-386
URL (if applicable):https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00334.x
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable):
Institution (if applicable):School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Biological Sciences
Institute, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom

Fossil evidence shows that stomata have occurred in sporophytes and

(briefly)gametophytes of embryophytes during the last 400 m yr. Cladistic analyses
withhornworts basal are consistent with a unique origin of stomata, although cladogramswith
hornworts as the deepest branching embryophytes require loss of stomata earlyin the evolution of
liverworts. Functional considerations suggest that stomata evolvedfrom pores in the epidermis of
plant organs which were at least three cell layers thickand had intercellular gas spaces and a cuticle;
an endohydric conducting system wouldnot have been necessary for low-growing rhizophytes,
especially in early PalaeozoicCO2-rich atmospheres. The ‘prestomatal state’ (pores) would have
permitted higherphotosynthetic rates per unit ground area. Functional stomata, and endohydry,
permitthe evolution of homoiohydry and the loss of vegetative desiccation tolerance andplants > 1 m
tall. Stomatal functioning would then have involved maintenance ofhydration, and restricting the
occurrence of xylem embolism, under relatively desic-cating conditions at the expense of limiting
carbon acquisition. The time scale ofenvironmental fluctuations over which stomatal responses
can maximize carbon gainper unit water loss varies among taxa and life forms.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

Entry No: 03 Source:Journal
Topic:Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: P.-K. Hsu, G. Dubeaux, Y. Takahashi, J.I. Schroeder
Title of Work:Signalling mechanisms in abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure
Year: 2021
Publisher (if applicable): xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Name of Journal (if applicable): Plant Journal
Volume (if applicable): 105 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 307-321
URL (if applicable):https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15067
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable): xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Institution (if applicable):Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences,
University of California, San Diego, 9500 GilmanDr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in the regulation of stomatal
movements under water-deficit conditions. The identification of ABA receptors and the ABA signaling
core consisting of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, PP2C protein phosphatases and SnRK2 protein
kinases has led to studies that have greatly advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms
mediating ABA-induced stomatal closure in the past decade. This review focuses on recent progress
in illuminating the regulatory mechanisms of ABA signal transduction, and the physiological
importance of basal ABA signaling in stomatal regulation by CO2 and, as hypothesized here, vapor-
pressure deficit. Furthermore, advances in understanding the interactions of ABA and other stomatal
signaling pathways are reviewed here. We also review recent studies investigating the use of ABA
signaling mechanisms for the manipulation of stomatal conductance and the enhancement of drought
tolerance and water-use efficiency of plants.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

Entry No: 04 Source: Book
Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: S.M. Assmann, T. Jegla
Title of Work: Guard cell sensory systems: recent insights on stomatal responses to light, abscisic
acid, and CO2
Year:2016
Publisher (if applicable): Elsevier Ltd.
Name of Journal (if applicable):
Volume (if applicable): 33 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 157-167
URL (if applicable): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.003
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable): xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Institution (if applicable):: Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building,
University Park, PA 16802, United States

By controlling the opening and closure of the stomatal pores through which gas exchange
occurs, guard cells regulate two of the most important plant physiological processes: photosynthesis
and transpiration. Accordingly, guard cells have evolved exquisite sensory systems. Here we
summarize recent literature on guard cell sensing of light, drought (via the phytohormone abscisic
acid (ABA)), and CO2. New advances in our understanding of how guard cells satisfy the energetic
and osmotic requirements of stomatal opening and utilize phosphorylation to regulate the anion
channels and aquaporins involved in ABA-stimulated stomatal closure are highlighted. Omics and
modeling approaches are providing new information that will ultimately allow an integrated
understanding of guard cell physiology.

Guard cells define and regulate stomatal pores, the portals through which terrestrial plants
exchange gases with the atmosphere. Guard cells therefore regulate photosynthetic CO2 capture and
plant water status and, accordingly, have evolved a multitude of mechanisms for sensing and
responding to both physical and biotic stimuli. Here we briefly summarize some of the recent
discoveries regarding guard cell responses to light, ABA and CO2, and highlight one particular aspect
of guard cell function: anion channel regulation by phosphorylation.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

Entry No:05 Source:Book
Topic:Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: Lawson, T., Matthews, J.
Title of Work:Guard Cell Metabolism and Stomatal Function
Year: 2020
Publisher (if applicable): Annual Reviews Inc.
Name of Journal (if applicable): Annual Review of Plant Biology
Volume (if applicable): 71 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 273-302
URL (if applicable): https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100251
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable): xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Institution (if applicable):: School of Life Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United
Kingdom

The control of gaseous exchange between the leaf and external atmosphere is governed by
stomatal conductance (gs); therefore, stomata play a critical role in photosynthesis and transpiration
and overall plant productivity. Stomatal conductance is determined by both anatomical features and
behavioral characteristics. Here we review some of the osmoregulatory pathways in guard cell
metabolism, genes and signals that determine stomatal function and patterning, and the recent work
that explores coordination between gs and carbon assimilation (A) and the influence of spatial
distribution of functional stomata on underlying mesophyll anatomy. We also evaluate the current
literature on mesophyll-driven signals that may coordinate stomatal behavior with mesophyll carbon
assimilation and explore stomatal kinetics as a possible target to improve A and water use efficiency.
By understanding these processes, we can start to provide insight into manipulation of these
regulatory pathways to improve stomatal behavior and identify novel unexploited targets for altering
stomatal behavior and improving crop plant productivity.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

Entry No: 06 Source: Journal
Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: Melotto, M., Zhang, L., Oblessuc, P.R., He, S.Y.
Title of Work: Stomatal defense a decade later
Year: 2017
Publisher (if applicable): American Society of Plant Biologists
Name of Journal (if applicable): Plant Physiology
Volume (if applicable):174 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 561-571
URL (if applicable): https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.01853
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable): xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Institution (if applicable)::A.Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis,
CA95616, United States
B.Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
C.Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing,MI 48824, United States

Plants and microbes have long coevolved in a constant battle to overcome the mechanisms of
defense andattack from both sides. Plants have developed means to
prevent pathogen attack by hampering invasion ofplant tissues and actively warding off pathogen
colonization. On the other hand, pathogens have evolvedstrategies to mask their presence and/or
evade hostdefenses. Plant-microbe interaction starts with molecular recognition of each other,
leading to a cascade ofsignaling events with the final output of plant resistance or susceptibility to the
pathogen. In this molecularwar, epidermis of plants is the first barrier that pathogens need to
overtake. Natural openings on the leafsurface, such as stomata, provide an entry site to pathogens.
Plants have evolved a mechanism to closestomata upon sensing microbe-associated molecular
patterns (MAMPs). This mechanism is known as stomatal defense. A decade has passed since the
discovery
of stomatal defense, and the field has expanded considerably with significant understanding of the
basicmechanisms underlying the process. Here, we give aperspective of these findings and their
implications inthe understanding of plant-microbe interactions.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

 It has been long recognized that infection of plantsby foliar pathogens involves pathogen
penetration into inner tissues, a niche conducive for living, where theyobtain water and nutrients from
internal cells. Routes
for pathogen penetration into the leaves include stomatal pores, hydathodes, and wounds (either
accidental or direct breaching of the cuticle by the pathogenor its vector). The vast majority of
contemporaryexperiments designed to understand mechanisms ofpathogenesis in plants has relied
on inoculation by artificial wounding or direct infiltration of inocula into theapoplast. Although these
are valuable approaches todissect plant diseases, they preclude thorough understanding of a key
step for the establishment of disease:pathogen internalization into the host plant. In the last
decade, we came to realize how dynamic and complexthis entry process is. It requires active,
inducible responses on both the host and the pathogen, as well asspecific environmental conditions
at the time of penetration. Perhaps these strict requirements contribute to the fact that widespread
diseases are rare events innature.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

Entry No: 07 Source: Journal
Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s:C.C. Chater, R.S. Caine, M. Tomek, S. Wallace, Y. Kamisugi, A.C. Cuming, D. Lang, C.A.
MacAlister, S. Casson, D.C. Bergmann, et al.
Title of Work: Origin and function of stomata in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Year: 2018
Publisher (if applicable):Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Name of Journal (if applicable): Nature Plants
Volume (if applicable): 2 Inclusive Pages (if applicable):
URL (if applicable): https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
84999780478&origin=inward&txGid=778b48dbf9c4e6bb5a7d0640bca0afe4
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable):
Institution (if applicable)::Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg,
Schaenzlestraße 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany

Stomata are microscopic valves on plant surfaces that originated over 400 million years (Myr)
ago and facilitated the greening of Earth's continents by permitting efficient shoot-atmosphere gas
exchange and plant hydration 1. However, the core genetic machinery regulating stomatal
development in non-vascular land plants is poorly understood 2-4 and their function has remained a
matter of debate for a century 5. Here, we show that genes encoding the two basic helix-loop-helix
proteins PpSMF1 (SPEECH, MUTE and FAMA-like) and PpSCREAM1 (SCRM1) in the moss
Physcomitrella patens are orthologous to transcriptional regulators of stomatal development in the
flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana and essential for stomata formation in moss. Targeted P. patens
knockout mutants lacking either PpSMF1 or PpSCRM1 develop gametophytes indistinguishable from
wild-type plants but mutant sporophytes lack stomata. Protein-protein interaction assays reveal
heterodimerization between PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1, which, together with moss-angiosperm gene
complementations 6, suggests deep functional conservation of the heterodimeric SMF1 and SCRM1
unit is required to activate transcription for moss stomatal development, as in A. thaliana 7. Moreover,
stomata-less sporophytes of ΔPpSMF1 and ΔPpSCRM1 mutants exhibited delayed dehiscence,
implying stomata might have promoted dehiscence in the first complex land-plant sporophytes. ©
2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad

Entry No:08 Source:Journal
Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: Kubásek, J., Hájek, T., Duckett, J., Pressel, S., Šantrůček, J.
Title of Work: Moss stomata do not respond to light and CO2 concentration but facilitate carbon
uptake by sporophytes: a gas exchange, stomatal aperture and 13C-labelling study
Year:2021
Publisher (if applicable): John Wiley and Sons Inc
Name of Journal (if applicable): New Phytologist
Volume (if applicable): 230 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 1815-1828
URL (if applicable): https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17208
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable):
Institution (if applicable)::Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science,
University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic

Stomata exert control on fluxes of CO2 and water (H2O) in the majority of vascular plants and
thus are pivotal for planetary fluxes of carbon and H2O. However, in mosses, the significance and
possible function of the sporophytic stomata are not well understood, hindering understanding of the
ancestral function and evolution of these key structures of land plants.Infrared gas analysis and
13CO2 labelling, with supporting data from gravimetry and optical and scanning electron microscopy,
were used to measure CO2 assimilation and water exchange on young, green, ± fully expanded
capsules of 11 moss species with a range of stomatal numbers, distributions, and aperture
sizes.Moss sporophytes are effectively homoiohydric. In line with their open fixed apertures, moss
stomata, contrary to those in tracheophytes, do not respond to light and CO2 concentration. Whereas
the sporophyte cuticle is highly impermeable to gases, stomata are the predominant sites of 13CO2
entry and H2O loss in moss sporophytes, and CO2 assimilation is closely linked to total stomatal
surface areas.Higher photosynthetic autonomy of moss sporophytes, consequent on the presence of
numerous stomata, may have been the key to our understanding of evolution of large, gametophyte-
independent sporophytes at the onset of plant terrestrialization.

Entry No: 09 Source: Journal

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad
Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: McElwain, J.C., Chaloner, W.G.
Title of Work: Stomatal density and index of fossil plants track atmospheric carbon dioxide in the
Palaeozoic
Year:2017
Publisher (if applicable):
Name of Journal (if applicable): Annals of Botany
Volume (if applicable): 76 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 389-395
URL (if applicable): https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1995.1112
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable): xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Institution (if applicable):: Department of Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham,
Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom

It has been demonstrated that the leaves of a range of forest tree species have responded to
the rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 over the last 200 years by a decrease in both stomatal
density and stomatal index. This response has also been demonstrated experimentally by growing
plants under elevated CO2 concentrations. Investigation of Quaternary fossil leaves has shown a
corresponding stomatal response to changing CO2 concentrations through a glacial-interglacial cycle,
as revealed by ice core data. Tertiary leaves show a similar pattern of stomatal density change, using
palynological evidence of palaeo-temperature as a proxy measure of CO2 concentration. The present
work extends this approach into the Palaeozoic fossil plant record. The stomatal density and index of
Early Devonian, Carboniferous and Early Permian plants has been investigated, to test for any
relationship that they may show with the changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration, derived from
physical evidence, over that period. Observed changes in the stomatal data give support to the
suggestion from physical evidence, that atmospheric CO2 concentrations fell from an Early Devonian
high of 10-12 times its present value, to one comparable to that of the present day by the end of the
Carboniferous. These results suggest that stomatal density of fossil leaves has potential value for
assessing changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration through geological time.

Entry No: 10 Source: Journal

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad
Topic: Stomatal Characteristics
Author/s: Zoulias, N., Harrison, E.L., Casson, S.A., Gray, J.E.
Title of Work: Molecular control of stomatal development
Year:2018
Publisher (if applicable): Portland Press Ltd
Name of Journal (if applicable): Biochemical Journal
Volume (if applicable):475 Inclusive Pages (if applicable): 441-454
URL (if applicable): https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/475/2/441/49804
Nature of Unpublished Material (if applicable):
Institution (if applicable):: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom

Plants have evolved developmental plasticity which allows the up- or down-regulation of
photosynthetic and water loss capacities as new leaves emerge. This developmental plasticity
enables plants to maximise fitness and to survive under differing environments. Stomata play a
pivotal role in this adaptive process. These microscopic pores in the epidermis of leaves control gas
exchange between the plant and its surrounding environment. Stomatal development involves
regulated cell fate decisions that ensure optimal stomatal density and spacing, enabling efficient gas
exchange. The cellular patterning process is regulated by a complex signalling pathway involving
extracellular ligand–receptor interactions, which, in turn, modulate the activity of three master
transcription factors essential for the formation of stomata. Here, we review the current understanding
of the biochemical interactions between the epidermal patterning factor ligands and the ERECTA
family of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. We discuss how this leads to activation of a kinase
cascade, regulation of the bHLH transcription factor SPEECHLESS and its relatives, and ultimately
alters stomatal production

Research Output 3 Related Literature Jose Antonio A. Guntalidad