Logic Circuits

Logic Circuits
Fundamentals
Prof. Dr. ir. Meshia Cédric OVENEKE

Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB)
Faculté des Sciences
cedric.oveneke@fitforpurpose.tech
Logic Circuits
Reference Book
What are Logic Circuits?
➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

electronics used to perform logical operations based on binary inputs. These
circuits are the backbone of digital systems, including computers, calculators,
and microcontrollers, enabling them to perform various tasks and
computations.”
3
What is Electronics?
➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the

study, design, and application of devices and circuits that use the controlled
flow of electrons or other charged particles to perform various functions. It
involves the manipulation of electrical currents or voltages to process, transmit,
and store information or to control the behavior of other systems.”
4
Electronics
Reference Book

Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged

nucleus surrounded by a cloud or series of
clouds of electrons that occupy energy
levels, which are commonly called shells.
The occupied shell of highest energy is

known as the valence shell, and the
electrons in it are known as valence
electrons
6

Conductors usually have three or fewer

electrons in the outer orbit of their atoms
7

In some insulators, their valence shells are

filled with eight electrons
8

Semiconductors have 4 electrons in their

valence shells
9

The amount of energy needed to

cause an electron to leave its
valence band and go into
conduction.
The forbidden gap, when it exists,

separates the valence and
conduction bands.
A certain amount of energy is
needed to cross the forbidden gap.
10
What are Semiconductor Devices?
➢ Semiconductors: “materials that have electrical conductivity between

that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like rubber). The conductivity of
semiconductors can be controlled and manipulated, making them essential in
electronic devices.”
11

N-Type
12

P-Type
13
➢ Bipolar Transistors: “A semiconductor device that that I used for

amplification or switching purposes, consisting of three regions of doped
semiconductor material, typically sillicon.”
-
When voltage is applied between
the collector (C) and emitter (E)
terminals (negative at collector,
holes
positive at the emitter), it creates
an electric field that allows holes
(positive charge carriers) to flow
from the P-type layer (collector) to
the N-type layer (emitter) +
14

+
When voltage is applied between
the collector (C) and emitter (E)
electrons
terminals (positive at collector,
negative at the emitter), it creates
an electric field that allows
electrons to flow from the N-type
layer (collector) to the P-type layer
(emitter) -
15

Saturation Region (On)
A family of collector curves tells a
great deal about the operation of Active Region (Amp)
a transistor.
Take for example, point A on
the 60-μA base-current line. If the
transistor has 60 μA of IB and a VCE
of 6 V, there is a collector current of
3 mA.
This is determined by projecting a
line to the left of the intersection
of 60 μA and 6 V.
Any combination of IC, IB, and
VCE can be quickly determined from
the display of these curves.
Cut-Off Region (Off)
16
What is Digital Electronics?
➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”
17

Number Systems 18

Number Systems 19

20

21

Informatics
Logic
Circuits
Electronics
22

computations.”
Logic Gates 23

computations.”
Logic Gates 24

computations.”
AND Gate 25

computations.”
OR Gate 26

computations.”
NOT Gate 27

computations.”
NAND Gate 28

computations.”
NOR Gate 29

computations.”
XOR Gate 30

computations.”
XNOR Gate 31

computations.”
Logic Gates 32

computations.”
Hardware Description Languages 33


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”
GTKWave


computations.”
Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 39


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”
Formula?

computations.”


computations.”
Diagram?


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”


computations.”

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Your Attention
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Logic Circuits

Prof. Dr. ir. Meshia Cédric OVENEKE

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the

➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the

Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged

The occupied shell of highest energy is

➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the

Conductors usually have three or fewer

➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the

In some insulators, their valence shells are

➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the

Semiconductors have 4 electrons in their

➢ Electronics: “A branch of physics and engineering that deals with the

The amount of energy needed to

The forbidden gap, when it exists,

➢ Semiconductors: “materials that have electrical conductivity between

➢ Semiconductors: “materials that have electrical conductivity between

➢ Semiconductors: “materials that have electrical conductivity between

➢ Bipolar Transistors: “A semiconductor device that that I used for

➢ Bipolar Transistors: “A semiconductor device that that I used for

➢ Bipolar Transistors: “A semiconductor device that that I used for

➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Hardware Description Languages 33

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Hardware Description Languages 34

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Hardware Description Languages 35

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Hardware Description Languages 36

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Hardware Description Languages 37

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Hardware Description Languages 38

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 39

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 40

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 41

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 42

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 43

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

Circuit Diagrams and Boolean Algebra 44

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital

➢ Logic Circuits: “Logic circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital