Parenting Style and Child Rearing

Running head: PARENTINGSTYLE AND CHILD REARING 1
Parenting Style and Child rearing
Joan Denise Galves
Princess Mazy Garay
AB Psych 2-4
Rizaldy Badua
Jose Leonardo M. Genuino
Fatima Mariel Herrera
AB Psych 3-2
Department of Psychology
College of Arts and Sciences S.Y 2016-2017
Central Luzon State University

PARENTING STYLE AND CHILD REARING 2
Introduction
Parenting Style and Child rearing
From the time that our mothers got pregnant, she already had a care for us
because we were in our mother’s womb for nine months. And from the time that we are
born, our parents we’re the ones who first supported us. They are the first person that
guided us when we we’re just a child. They taught us basic things that a person can do
that created our personality. This research is about the relationship of parenting style on
personality development among college students. This research is about child rearing.
The purpose of this research is to explain how raising a child moulds his or her
personality. Parenting style is studied extensively for human development. It can be said
that the way parents take care of their child impact the child's personality development,
social interaction and from close relationships with significant other. Parents influence
their children in their development during each stage of life. In infancy, parents interact
with their children and choose their clothing, diet, and entertainment. Throughout
childhood, they determine with whom their children interact, the activities in which their
children participate, and how their children manage their emotions which as early as that
age, they already during adolescence, parents exert their influence by providing advice
about schoolwork, social dilemmas, and values. Parents are also involved on the way they
raise their child, therefore their child can grow well. The Personality of the child depends
on the way they were raise. It is according to the parenting style that they use to raise
their child that’s why their child developed their personality in a way that their parents
raised them.
Review of Related Literature
Child’s development from infancy to adolescence
Parenting style has been referred to as a socialization approach to raising children
through which parents teach their children norms, values, behavior, and social skills
(Deci, Eghrari, Patrick, & Leone, 1994; Deci & Ryan, 1995). . Throughout development
from childhood to adolescence, parents play an important role in the development of their
child‘s regulation of emotions and behaviors, as well as their child‘s self-esteem and
identity (Shaffer & Kipp, 2010).Our parents taught us many disciplines when we were a
child, they taught us what is right and what is wrong and they taught us on how to do a
lot of things from reading, writing, walking, and many other things. Our parents have
different kind of ways on raising us that’s also why we have different personality. So
basically, there is a big relationship between the styles of parenting that is used in raising
a child that created his or her personality. Parenting can be explained in terms of two
components such as parental responsiveness and demandingness (Fletcher, Walls, Cook,
Madison, & Bridges, 2008). Parental demandingness is the extent to which parents set
guidelines for their children, and how their discipline based on these guidelines. Parental
demandingness is expressed as the behavioural control and the expectations put on their
children to become a part of the family by the parents’ rules, supervision, and disciplinary
practices Parental responsiveness is the emotional characteristic of parenting.
Responsiveness passes on to the degree to which parents support their children and attend
their children's needs.

Both parenting responsive and demanding has been linked to secure attachment in
children (Karavasilis, Doyle & Mickiewicz, 2003). Responsiveness is described as
warmth or supportiveness, which refers to the extent to which parents intentionally
cultivate their children’s individuality, self-regulation strategies, and assertiveness by
giving attention, providing support, and responding to particular concerns, needs, and
demands. Baumrind identified three styles of parenting: authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive with these concepts of responsiveness and demandingness in mind
(Baumrind, 1971).
The Three Styles of Parenting
Authoritative parenting
Authoritative parent is a combination of demandingness and responsiveness. They
make logical demands, set limits and insist on children’s compliance, whereas at the
same time, they are warm, accept the children’s points of view, and encourage the
children’s participation in decision making and often seek their children’s views in family
considerations and decisions (Berg, 2011; Weiss & Schwarz, 1996; Zupancic, Podlesek,
& Kavcic, 2004). This type of parent monitors and disciplines their children fairly, while
being very supportive at the same time (Baumrind, 1971).
Authoritarian Parenting
The authoritarian parenting style of parents is demanding and unresponsive. They
engage in little mutual interaction with the children and expect them to accept adult’s
demands without any questions. Authoritarian parenting style has low acceptance and
high control on their children. They use physical punishment or threats for wrong doings.
They think that the child should obey all orders without asking any question. These
parents always showed rigid behavior and high control even when the child has grown up
maturity or matured age. They are emotionally distant with their children and may be
rejecting. Power-assertive techniques of socialization (threads, commands, physical force,
love withdrawal) use by authoritarian parents and restrain children’s self expression and
independence (Zupancic et al., 2004). Authoritarian parents are inclined to set high
standards and guidelines and obedience is required. Authoritarian parents connect love
with success and are not as nurturing as the other two styles of parenting (Berg, 2011).
Permissive Parenting
The permissive parenting comprises few clear and predictable rules because
follow-through is not constant and misconduct is ignored, neutral or positive affective
tone. They give children a high level of freedom and do not restrain their behaviors
unless physical harm is involved (Rossman & Rea, 2005). The permissive parents make
few demands, exhibiting non-controlling behavior and use minimal punishment. The
dominant paradigm for studying parental socialization in the last 25 years of the 20th
century was through the examination of parenting styles, or the usual patterns of control,
responsiveness, warmth, and punishment that parents use most often, across contexts and
over time, to manage their children’s behavior. Permissive parenting exposes an overly
tolerant approach for socialization with responsive and undemanding parenting
behaviour. These parents are nurturing and accepting, but at the same time they avoid
imposing demands and controls over child’s behavior (Zupancic et al., 2004). They have
little or no expectations for their children and often view their children as friends and
have few limits imposed (Berg, 2011).

Authoritative parenting could support pro-social behavior by modelling other-
oriented behavior those children may emulate, encouraging children to be more
considerate and caring, and eliciting affection and connectedness that make children more
receptive to efforts to foster concern for others (Hastings et al., 2000). On the one hand
Rossman and Rea, (2005) study in western culture explored that authoritative parenting
lead to better child adaptation and less externalizing problems such as being less
aggressive and higher learning and conduct problems in children are due to strong
authoritarian parenting while permissive parenting leads to a higher anxiety level and
higher internalising problems in children such as depression and social withdrawal.)
.Lamborn Mounts, Steinberg, and Dornbusch (1991) study investigated that authoritative
parents reported significantly higher academic capability, lower levels of problem
behavior, and higher levels of psychosocial development. Same result of Steinberg,
Lamborn, Dornbusch & Darling, (1992) study that Parental involvement in the context of
an authoritative home environment is much more likely to promote school success.
Similarly Adolescent with authoritative home environment do good in school, more self-
reliance, report less psychological distress, and engage less in delinquent activity
(Steinberg, Mounts, Lamborn, & Dornbusch, 1991). Same result of study of Strage and
Brandt (1999) showed that college students living in an Authoritative home reported
more persistence, confidence, and academic success compared with their counterparts.
Cohen and Rice (1997) study indicated that high grades were related with child and
parent perception of higher authoritativeness and Child alcohol and tobacco use was
associated with child perception of higher permissiveness.

The Two Parenting Style based on Present Research Projects
Parental Autonomy Support. Parents with the autonomy support parenting style
encourage their children to be self-starters, independent decision makers, and
autonomous individuals. Parents actively support their children by providing rationale for
their requests, recognizing and discussing the feelings of their children, offering choices
to foster decision making skills, and minimizing the use of controlling techniques such as
conditional affection (Joussemet et al., 2008). For example you’re making your child be a
more responsible person by asking him or her to clean up his or her room. In that way he
or she will know his or her responsibility as a son and daughter living in the house. They
learn to be more industrious. Using Parental Autonomy Support, the child can be
independent because he or she is being trained to do thing on his or her own.
Parental Conditional Regard. In contrast to parental autonomy support through which
parents provide unconditional support for their children, parental conditional regard
motivates children to exhibit desirable behaviors by making parental affection contingent
on the child‘s good or bad behavior (Roth, et al., 2009; Barber, 2002). There are two
types of conditional regard: positive and negative. Positive regard involves providing
more affection for good behavior while negative regard involves withdrawing affection
for bad behavior. For example, children who earn good grades in school might be
rewarded with verbal praise, “Job well done!” and a hug from their parents. On the other
hand, children who earn poor grades in school might be given the cold shoulder or
ignored by their parents.

Parental Autonomy Support can be helpful because the parents make their
children be more independent and praise them when they achieve something, encourage
them to be responsible and learn from his own. Parental Conditional Regard can also be
helpful in raising a child well because the outcome of the parent’s treatment depends on
the children’s behavior. The parents are making their children to be more independent in
a way that they should know what they should do and they also should know their
responsibilities. They should know what is right and what is wrong. In that way, the child
is having a good characteristics and he or she will have a good behavior.
Identity Development
Parenting style and self-regulation of behavior influence the way in which
children make decisions, which relate directly to the process of identity development and
choices about one‘s life path. Marcia (1980) defined identity as a dynamic, self-
constructed organization of abilities, beliefs, needs, and personal experiences. According
to Marcia (1966, 1980), identity development is a function of exploration and
commitment. Exploration refers to how much individuals have considered various
viewpoints within a particular realm of their life. For example, individuals who consider
what it means to be liberal and conservative have explored within the realm of political
identity. Commitment refers to whether or not individuals have decided which viewpoint
suits them best. Perhaps the same individuals decide that they identify most with
conservative politics and commit to that ideology.
Personality development implies progressive identification with higher
dimensions of personality. Thus a person identified only with the physical dimension
without exercising his higher mental faculties, lives not far different from animals, whose
pleasure and pain are restricted to the sensory system. Adolescence is the time where a
person is exploring many new things. They discover a lot of things from themselves; they
experience many changes in life. They are also starting to create their own personality at
this stage. When they learn something new, they tend to apply it to their lives and it either
help them to grow or to just be an experience to them.
Present Study
Parenting style, according to the literature, functions as a socializing context
through which children learn how to behave, make decisions, and manage their emotions.
This study focuses on the role of parenting style in self-regulation and identity
development during emerging adulthood, as well as the relationship between parenting
style and emotional outcomes such as self-esteem, contingent self-esteem, and
satisfaction with life. Unlike previous research, this study proposes a mediational role for
self-regulation, such that parenting style predicts identity development through its
relationship with self-regulation. Also, this study examines the relationship between
parenting style, and parental conditional regard in particular, with contingent self-esteem.
Parenting styles are important because they have been associated with critical
developmental outcomes including social, psychological, and emotional well-being,
cognitive development, and academic adjustment (Baumrind, 1971; Boveja, 1998;
Deater-Deckard, Dodge, Bates, & Petit, 1996; Grolnick & Ryan, 1989; Kochanska,
Murray, & Coy, 1997; Mounts,2004; Prelow, Bowman, & Weaver, 2007; Silva, Dorso,
Azhar, & Renk, 2007; Steinberg, Elmen,
Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with
others. Or Personality is generally defined as the deeply ingrained and relatively enduring
patterns of thought, feeling and behavior. In fact, when one refers to personality, it
generally implies to all what is unique about an individual, the characteristics that makes
one stand out in a crowd. Personalities is the sum total of individual’s Psychological
traits, characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs and outlooks.
Personality determinants
Heredity: Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical
structure, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes,
energy level, and biological Rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to
be either completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were, that is by their
biological, physiological and inherent psychological makeup. Environment: The
environmental factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture
in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends and
social groups, and other influences that we experience. The environment to which we are
exposed plays a substantial role in shaping our personalities. Situation: A third factor, the
situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. An
individual’s personality although generally stable and consistent, does change in different
situations. The varying demand of different situation calls forth different aspects of one’s
personality. We should not therefore look upon personality patterns in isolation.
Personality development of a person from being a child to being a teenager has a lot of
influence with the way they were raised. Thus, their life situation when they were just a
child has a big influence on what they are right now. Parenting style may also influence
one’s general sense of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy has been defined as the belief in one’s
capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to produce given
attainments (Bandura, 1997). Self-efficacy has been shown to be influential in
the actions and success of individuals in many different areas, including overcoming
fears, success in the workplace, hard life transitions, and academic performance
(Bandura, 1986; Chemers, Hu, & Garcia, 2001).
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to know the effect of Parenting Style on Child rearing.
We will know what kind of Parenting Style is applied by parents on raising them; we will
know what their experiences on how they were raised are and how those experiences did
affected their personality
Significance of the Study
This research will serve as a guide for the parents to know how to raise a child and realize
that the Parents should know that parenting style can have a big impact on the child’s
personality. The way their children act or behave depends on the way that they were
thought and the way they were raise. This research gives a lot of information to the
parents for them to know how to raise their child in a right way; therefore their child will
grow well and be a good person.
Scope and Limitation
This study will only focus on the personality of the person, on how they act and how they
behave. We will only get information about the influence of parenting style on the way
the participants behave and act. The questions will only focus on the different styles that
parents used in raising the participants; we will also know the different experience of the
participants with the way they were raise, and lastly we will know how the experience of
the participants affect his or her personality.
Methodology
Research Design
The research use in this study is a Qualitative Research. It is about the Influence of
Parenting Style on Child Rearing among College Students. Data will be collected through
interview. The interview consists of three questions designed to gather basic information
about the participants.
Participants:
There are two participants who will be interviewed and will be asked some questions
about how they were raised as a child by their parents and how does the kind of parenting
style that was used by their parents to raise them.
Sampling Method
The sampling method that we will use is through Purposive Sampling is a non-probability
sampling method that occurs when elements selected for the sample are chosen by the
judgement of the researcher. We will gather our data by the used of semi-structured
interview, this is a qualitative methodology that comprises open-ended questions that will
give the opportunity for the researchers to analyze all the details that will come from the
participants. We are going to have two participants. The two participants that we are
going to interview allowed the interviewer to reveal basic information about their age,
gender and ethnicity.

Ways to gather the data
Our research will use interview to gather the data. We are going to use voice recorder for
the researchers to ensure that all the things that will be talk about in the interview is
correct.
1. The researchers will look for two college students from the psychology
department, one boy and one girl who are appropriate and willing to do the
interview.
2. The researchers will have a personal communication with the participants so that,
it will be comfortable for them. First, the researchers will introduce themselves
and after that, they will tell their objectives in doing the interview and what the
research is all about. This will include the informed consent that will be given to
the participants and we will give them the right for their confidentiality and their
identity for the research.
3. The researchers will use voice recorder while they are having an interview so that,
it will be much easier for them to gather their data and they can repeat the
recorded interview to analyze the data.
4. After the interview the researchers will thank the participants for their time so that
the researchers can get some data from the participants for the research
Guide Questions:
Personal Information
1. Name, Gender, Age, Birthday, Address 2. State of Living
Idea about Parenting Style
1. What kind of parenting style did your parents do to raise you?

2. How does the kind of parenting style that your parents used affect your
personality?
3. What are your positive and negative experiences in the way your parents raise
you?
Result
Transcription
Participant No. 1
Jerry (Not the real name) is a 23 years old, youngest in the family, from Guimba,
Nueva Ecija. Before the interview started we discussed to them the objectives and what
the research is all about. We discussed to them about the different styles of parenting first
on Authoritarian, Authoritative and Permissive and after that, we proceeded to the
interview.
Interviewer: What kind of parenting did your parents do to raise you from the three
kinds of Parenting?
Participant No. 1: For me, Permissive Parenting, because you can do what you want but
my parents always remind me to know my limitations. That I should know my
limitations, and they will let us explore the world but what do you call to these?
The interviewer asks him an additional question.
Interviewer: What if you broke something in your house? What punishment will your
Parents do to you?
Participant No. 1: Usually, they let me clean the broken vase or something but when it
comes to a punishment like palo or something. They did it to me once and once only
because I’m really just a tarantado. Hahahaha. It’s only once they use a belt to him me.
And the interviewer asked another additional question
Interviewer: Now that you are a college student, what punishment did your parents use?
Participant No. 1: Nothing. (2X) you know they have a trust on me if I did something
wrong, I will be the one to fix it. Hahaha we do it independently.
Interviewer: How does the kind of Parenting Style affected your personality? In the way
that your parents are permissive?
Participant No. 1: Umm. I learned to be independent like when I made decisions. If I
decide something. That will be my decision, so I learned to decide for myself without
asking help from anyone. It also depends on the situation, if it is a group work. It’s really
hard to decide alone if no one is doing anything. It’s like life decisions that we made
whether it is in school or any problems like that, they will just let me made decisions for
myself. Sometimes, they will say some advice but they will let me decide for myself.
Like in my Personality, I am learning to be independent because of the parenting style
they used.
Interviewer: How does your experience from the parenting style that your parents used
to raise you, affect your personality?
My positive experience is in the parenting style that my parents use to raise me,
which is permissive parenting is that I’m free. There’s freedom to do what I want and
that’s one of the perks of ahh what is it? There’s Monetary perks also, in which I can ask
some money anytime I want because I’m not the kind of person who always go out
because like, I have my own savings, that’s why I don’t ask money that often. The
Negative part is that they are so casual with us; sometimes we are not getting enough
guidance. It’s like that, like literally, independence. If you made mistakes, you will be the
one to solve your own problem. Like if you’re not given a heads up that this is what will
happen if you do this kind of things. That’s the only negative things that I know, but
there’s more positive things, I don’t know if this thing counts but just not a negative
thinker. Because I don’t really think of something the negative to a person until he or she
does something negative. It’s just like revicon “think positive wag kang aayaw mag
revicon forte” Haha
And the interviewer ask an additional question
Interviewer: What personality from your childhood that you are still doing?
Participant No. 1: It’s when I don’t like something; I don’t like something like no one
can stop me even if someone is bribing me. It’s like even if someone is kidding me, I still
don’t care. It’s just like that, that I don’t care because that is how I’ve grown since I was
a child and my opinion about the parenting style is that it is okay because, because of that
kind of parenting, I learned to do things myself. It’s like from when I was still at my early
childhood years, I’ve already become a matured person. I can think in matured way
because I was used to decide things for myself like that, so for me, the parenting style
that my parents have use is great because it’s like they will just give me advice if I don’t
know what to do. I don’t say something to them even if have problems. I just simply ask
them on how to do something with this. And I will not say it straight but I will like set a
situation where I will ask an advice from them. Example is I will ask “Mama, Pano kung
ganito?” and they will say “Oh bakit? May problema ba?”And I will always deny that I
have a problem.
Participant No. 2 The second participant is named Hope, 19 years old, from San Jose
City, Nueva Ecija and currently taking up BS Bio. His mother is a full time wife and a
mother and her father is a driver of the Mayor. After knowing the personal information of
the participants, the interviewer discussed about the different styles of parenting
Interviewer: What kind of parenting style did your parents do to raise you?
Participant No. 2: Authoritative. Although I get what I want and I can do what I want to,
I also had limitation when it comes to it. If my parents don’t, that’s it. Sometimes, I
complain, sometimes not. They’re still my parents though. They are giving me advice. As
always. I mean, almost every day.
Interviewer: How does the kind of parenting style that your parents used affect your
personality?
Participant No. 2: Being a spoiled brat. It’s very hard for me to not be given, I mean, the
things that I want to have. Because from the very start, they made me this.
Interviewer: What are your positive and negative experiences in the way your parents
raise you
Participant No. 2: Ah. Maybe if I got good news or I did great, they’re giving me
reward, they buy me something that I want or we go out to places that I want and. of
course I got punishment. A lot! Hahahaha, since they spoiled me, it’s very hard of course
to adjust when I can’t get what I want and if I did something bad, they strike my butt.
The Interviewer added a question
Interviewer: They strike your butt until now?
Participants No. 2: No! I’m too old for that.

Discussion
Our parents are the ones who are with us when we were just an infant and until
we are already an adult, they are still the one who is guiding us through many things that
we should learn and things that we should know. They are still the people who will give
an advice and tell us things that will motivate us in solving our own problems.
Attachment is an emotional bond that comprises comfort, safety and support. Bowlby
(1982) defines attachment as a child being “strongly disposed to seek proximity to and
contact with a specific figure and to do so in certain situations, notably when he is
frightened, tired or ill. When we were just an infant, we often seek for help from the
people that we already knew and that is our parents who raised us in a way that we can
grow well. We seek help from our parents when we need something and these things
grew as a relationship between the parent and the child. They started having an
attachment when the child seeks for help for the first time and the attachment that they
have, grow until now. Bartholomew proposed four attachment styles: (i) Secure, which
reflects generally positive feelings about the self and others; (ii) said that the individual
shows positive feelings about the self, but not about others; (iii) Preoccupied, where there
is anxiety about the self and a valuing of others, and (iv) Fearful, in which there are
negative feelings about the self and others (Bartholomew and Shaver, 1998). These four
attachments explain the relationship between the infant and their parents. It explains that
parents have a close relationship with their child that can have an impact on the child’s
personality when the child grows up.
Parenting styles are important because they have been associated with critical
developmental outcomes including social, psychological, an emotional well-being,

cognitive development, and academic adjustment (Baumrind, 1971). The child who grew
up with Authoritative parents can have strong relationship because their parents are warm
and their parents accept the child’s point of view which is good for the child because the
child is appreciating the love from his or her parents because he or she is feeling the
affection of the parents. The child who grew up in Authoritarian becomes a disciplined
person when he or she grew up because his or her environment is to obey all the rules that
his or her parents told him or her to do, but the child’s relationship with his or her father
is not that close like there’s a big gap between the parents and the child. Authoritarian
Parents often make demands to the child by saying that he or she should obey his or her
parents no matter what. And lastly, the child who grew up with Permissive parents often
becomes an independent person because his or her parents let’s him or her decide from
him or herself. Permissive parents give a lot of freedom to the child which has some
negative and positive effect in it. The child who grew up with Permissive parents can be
an independent person because of the way his or her parents let him or her decide from
him or herself. This research disregard the traits that the child can get from their parents
because the personality of the child can be receive from the traits of the parents that they
can get because of the genes of the parents because heredity can also influence the
personality of the child that is often similar to their parent’s behavior. The first
participant who we named Jerry told the interviewer that his parents are Permissive
because he grew up to be an independent person. Jerry told the interviewer that his
parents let him decide from himself that’s why he became matured at the very young age.
He said that his parents told him that he should know his limitation and that he should
know what will happen if he does a thing.

His parents let him explore the world so he became an independent person. When
the interviewer asks him if ever he broke something in their house like a vase, what will
be his punishment? Then he answered that his parents will let him clean the mess that he
made but his parents will not use physical action when he is being disciplined because he
was taught to know what is right or wrong. When he was asked about the negative and
positive experience of him with the way his parents raise him, he said that his parents are
too casual with him and he was not always given some guidance because his parents let
him learn from his mistakes. The positive is he learned to be independent and he also said
that he was given a monetary perk. When he was asked on what personality that he have
from when he was a child that he is still doing is making his own decision that’s why he
became a matured person at an early age.
The second participant we named is Hofei and she said that her parents are
Authoritative which is characterized by having a connection with their child by being
affectionate with them and Authoritative parents also encourages their child so that they
can grow well. Hofei said that she gets what she wants and she can do what she likes to
do but she said that she also has limitations to that kind of things. She said that it’s kind
of hard for her sometimes when she doesn’t get what she wants because she was raised
that way. When she was asked, what her positive and negative experiences when it comes
to her parents is When get good grades, her parents would give her a reward and when
does something bad she will be strike in her butt, but her parents are not doing it anymore
when she is getting scolded.

Conclusion
Based on the result of the study about Parenting style and Child rearing, parenting style
has a big influence on child rearing because the way the parents of the participants was
raised from when they were an infant until they get older is that, they moulded their
personality from the way their parents treat them. When the first participant said that his
parents raised him to be a decision maker, it was seen that his parents are Permissive
which gives freedom and seldom gives punishments that’s why he became an
Independent and knows how to decide for his own. The other participant said that her
parents are Authoritative which is characterized by being supportive, knows how to
encourage their child, gives fair discipline and makes connection with their children.
That’s why she became a spoiled brat because she said that she gets what she wants but
she has limitation and when she does something bad, she will be hit at her butt.
The results have shown that the way the parents raise their child give them a big
impact on their personality because the way the parents use their parenting style made an
influence on the participant’s personality. The first participant became an independent
person because his parents are Permissive. The second participant became a spoiled brat
as she said she was, because her parents are Authoritative.

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Running head: PARENTINGSTYLE AND CHILD REARING 1

Parenting Style and Child rearing

Joan Denise Galves

Princess Mazy Garay

Jose Leonardo M. Genuino

Fatima Mariel Herrera

College of Arts and Sciences S.Y 2016-2017

Central Luzon State University

Parenting Style and Child rearing

Review of Related Literature

Child’s development from infancy to adolescence

Parenting style has been referred to as a socialization approach to raising children

components such as parental responsiveness and demandingness (Fletcher, Walls, Cook,

practices Parental responsiveness is the emotional characteristic of parenting.

their children's needs.

children (Karavasilis, Doyle & Mickiewicz, 2003). Responsiveness is described as

warmth or supportiveness, which refers to the extent to which parents intentionally

cultivate their children’s individuality, self-regulation strategies, and assertiveness by

demands. Baumrind identified three styles of parenting: authoritative, authoritarian, and

permissive with these concepts of responsiveness and demandingness in mind

The Three Styles of Parenting

Authoritative parent is a combination of demandingness and responsiveness. They

being very supportive at the same time (Baumrind, 1971).

The authoritarian parenting style of parents is demanding and unresponsive. They

rejecting. Power-assertive techniques of socialization (threads, commands, physical force,

follow-through is not constant and misconduct is ignored, neutral or positive affective

tolerant approach for socialization with responsive and undemanding parenting

have few limits imposed (Berg, 2011).

Authoritative parenting could support pro-social behavior by modelling other-

oriented behavior those children may emulate, encouraging children to be more

higher internalising problems in children such as depression and social withdrawal.)

parents reported significantly higher academic capability, lower levels of problem

behavior, and higher levels of psychosocial development. Same result of Steinberg,

an authoritative home environment is much more likely to promote school success.

associated with child perception of higher permissiveness.

The Two Parenting Style based on Present Research Projects

encourage their children to be self-starters, independent decision makers, and

independent because he or she is being trained to do thing on his or her own.

Parental Conditional Regard. In contrast to parental autonomy support through which

motivates children to exhibit desirable behaviors by making parental affection contingent

ignored by their parents.

is having a good characteristics and he or she will have a good behavior.

Parenting style and self-regulation of behavior influence the way in which

constructed organization of abilities, beliefs, needs, and personal experiences. According

to Marcia (1966, 1980), identity development is a function of exploration and

commitment. Exploration refers to how much individuals have considered various

conservative politics and commit to that ideology.

Personality development implies progressive identification with higher

help them to grow or to just be an experience to them.

Parenting style, according to the literature, functions as a socializing context

development during emerging adulthood, as well as the relationship between parenting

style and emotional outcomes such as self-esteem, contingent self-esteem, and

developmental outcomes including social, psychological, and emotional well-being,

cognitive development, and academic adjustment (Baumrind, 1971; Boveja, 1998;

Azhar, & Renk, 2007; Steinberg, Elmen,

traits, characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs and outlooks.

structure, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes,

biological, physiological and inherent psychological makeup. Environment: The

situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. An

personality. We should not therefore look upon personality patterns in isolation.

capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to produce given

attainments (Bandura, 1997). Self-efficacy has been shown to be influential in

(Bandura, 1986; Chemers, Hu, & Garcia, 2001).

Objectives of the Study