- What is the structure of an atom:An atom consists of a nucleus composed of protons and

neutrons, surrounded by electrons in various energy levels or shells.

- How did we come up with the model of the atom:The model of the atom has evolved over time
through experimental evidence and theoretical developments. Contributions from scientists such
as Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr have led to our current understanding of
atomic structure.
- How do we use the periodic table:The periodic table is used to organize elements based on their
atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. It provides valuable information
about the properties and behavior of elements.
- What is an isotope? What is an ion:An isotope is an atom of an element with the same number of
protons but a different number of neutrons. An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost
one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.
- How does water move between cells:Water moves between cells through processes such as
osmosis and diffusion, facilitated by the selectively permeable membranes of cells.
- How could we observe osmosis in action:Osmosis can be observed by placing a selectively
permeable membrane, such as a dialysis bag, containing a solution into another solution of
different concentration. The movement of water across the membrane will be visible as the
volume of the solution inside the bag changes.
- How do substances move into and out of cells :Substances move into and out of cells through
processes such as diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and
endocytosis/exocytosis, depending on the size, charge, and concentration gradient of the
substances.
- How do we categorize something as alive:Living organisms typically exhibit characteristics such
as organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, reproduction, and
homeostasis.
- What are the core molecules organisms are made from:The core molecules organisms are made
from include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
- How do we ensure we consume the right balance of these molecules? What happens if we
don't:Consuming a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from different food groups helps
ensure the intake of essential nutrients. Imbalances in nutrient intake can lead to deficiencies or
health problems.
- How do we know what is in our food:The composition of food can be analyzed using techniques
such as chemical analysis, chromatography, spectroscopy, and nutritional labeling.
- How is energy important in living organisms:Energy is essential for carrying out biological
processes such as metabolism, growth, movement, and reproduction in living organisms.
- What happens if humans do not get the correct amount of nutrients:Deficiencies or imbalances in
nutrient intake can lead to various health problems, including weakened immune systems,
impaired growth and development, and increased risk of diseases.
- What is all matter made of? How does temperature affect matter:All matter is made of atoms and
molecules. Temperature affects matter by influencing the kinetic energy of its particles, causing
them to move faster or slower.
- What does pure and impure mean:Pure substances consist of only one type of atom or molecule,
while impure substances contain mixtures of different atoms or molecules.
- What is an aqueous solution:An aqueous solution is a solution in which water is the solvent,
dissolving solute(s) to form a homogeneous mixture.
- What does it mean for something to be soluble? How can the solubility of a substance be used to
investigate its makeup:Solubility refers to the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a
 solvent. The solubility of a substance can provide information about its chemical composition and
properties.
- What is diffusion and why does it happen:Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration, driven by the random motion of particles.
- How can we separate substances:Substances can be separated using various techniques such as
filtration, distillation, chromatography, centrifugation, and evaporation.
- What happens to particles during a change of state:During a change of state (e.g., melting,
freezing, evaporation, condensation), particles rearrange themselves due to changes in
temperature and pressure, but the chemical composition remains the same.
- What is the difference between internal energy and temperature:Internal energy refers to the total
energy stored within a substance, including both kinetic and potential energy. Temperature, on the
other hand, is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
- What is specific heat capacity? What does it mean if a substance has a high or low specific heat
capacity:Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. A substance with a high specific heat capacity
requires more heat to change its temperature compared to a substance with a low specific heat
capacity.
- How do you investigate the specific heat capacity of a substance:The specific heat capacity of a
substance can be investigated using calorimetry experiments, where the heat exchange between
the substance and its surroundings is measured.
- What does a successful scientific method look like:A successful scientific method involves
making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and drawing
conclusions based on evidence. It also involves peer review and replication of experiments to
validate results.
- How does heat travel through solids? How does heat travel through fluids:Heat travels through
solids primarily through conduction, where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighboring
particles. In fluids (liquids and gases), heat can also be transferred through convection, where
hotter, less dense fluid rises, and cooler, denser fluid sinks in a circulating pattern.
- What happens to solids as they heat up:As solids heat up, the kinetic energy of their particles
increases, causing them to vibrate more vigorously. Eventually, the solid may reach its melting
point, where it transitions into a liquid state.
- What is evaporation: How does evaporation cool things down:Evaporation is the process by
which a liquid turns into a vapor or gas. Evaporation cools things down because the higher-
energy molecules leave the liquid phase, reducing the average kinetic energy of the remaining
molecules and thus lowering the temperature of the liquid.