Science Reviewer - Since non-viscous lava can flow

freely, a broad, slightly domed

structure that resembles a
warrior's shield is formed.
Lesson 1:
Ex:
Volcano - places on the surface at
Mauna Loa in Hawaii (largest volcano)
Earth where molten materials & gas
Kilauea in Hawaii (one of the largest
are emitted.
volcano)

Ex: Mayon (Perfect-cone shape)

★ Cinder cone volcano - built from
ejected lava fragments.
Crater - Funnel-shaped depression at
- Steep slope, wide crater & is
the top of a volcano formed as a result
most abundant of the 3 major
of explosive eruption.
volcanoes.

*Taal volcano has 47 craters.

Ex:
- Paricutin in Mexico
Caldera - Volcanic crater that is
- Mt. Mayabobo in Quezon province
formed when a part of the wall of the
crater collapses following an explosive
★ Composite volcano - A.K.A
eruption.
Stratovolcano.

Magma - molten rocks inside the earth.

- Large, nearly perfectly sloped
structured, formed from the
Lava - Magma that has been ejected
alternate solidification of both
out of a volcano.
lava & pyroclastic deposits.

-Originated in Italian word meaning “to

Ex:
slide”
- Mayon in Philippines
- Mt. Fuji in Japan
Types of volcano: - St. Helens in United States
According to
> Shape According to eruption:
> Eruption
★ Phreatic - A stream-driven
According to shape: eruption, as the hot rocks come
in contact with water.
★ Shield volcano - formed by the
accumulation of lava oozes out Ex: Taal volcano eruption in Batangas
from the volcano.
 ★ Phreatomagmatic - Violent
eruption due to the contact
between water & magma
Ex:
Mt. Fukutoku-Okanoba in Bonin Islands,
Japan
★ Strombolian - a periodic weak to
violent eruption characterized by
fountain lava.
Ex: Mt. Irazu Eruption in Costa Rica
★ Vulcanian - characterized by tail
eruption columns that reach up
to 20 km high with pyroclastic
flow and ash fall tephra.
Ex: Mt. Paricutin in Mexico
★ Plinian - Excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas &
pyroclastics.
Ex: Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales
2 classification of Volcano
According to record of eruption
Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) - a
government agency that provides
information about volcanoes.
- they classify volcanoes according to
their activity & based on the shape,
the materials they emit & their types
of eruptions.
Total number of volcanoes in the Ph
as of Jan, 2024 by locations:
Luzon Isl - 33
Mindanao - 20
Central Ph - 15
North of Luzon - 6
Sulu Isl - 1
Active Volcanoes - those that have
erupted within the last 10, 000 years.
1. Iraya - Batan Island, Batanes in
Luzon
2. Smith - Babuyan Isl Group,
Cagayan in Luzon
3. Babuyan claro - Babuyan Isl
Group, Cagayan in Luzon
4. Didicas - Babuyan Isl Group,
Cagayan in Luzon
5. Camiguin de Babuyanes
- Babuyan Isl Group, Cagayan in
Luzon
6. Cagua - Cagayan in Luzon
7. Pinatubo - boundaries of
Pampanga, Tarlac & Zambales
8. Banahaw - boundaries of Laguna
& Quezon in Luzon
9. Taal - Batangas in Luzon
10. Isarog - Camarines Sur in Luzon
11. Iriga - Camarines Sur in Luzon
12. Mayon - Albay, Bicol region in
Luzon
13. Bulusan - Sorsogon, Bicol region
in Luzon
14. Biliran (Anas) - Leyte in Visayas
15. Kanlaon - Negros Oriental,
Negros Occidental in Visayas
16. Cabalian - Southern leyte in
Visayas
 17. Hibok-hibok Camiguin in
Mindanao
18. Musuan (Calayo) - Bukidnon,
Mindanao
19. Kagang - Canao del Sur &
Cotabato, Mindanao
20. Makaturing Canao del Sur
21. Leonard Kniaseff - Davao del
Norte
22. Matutum - Cotabato in Mindanao
23. Bud Dajo - Sulu, Mindanao
Extinct or Inactive Volcanoes - those
which show distinct physical signs of
changing due to erosion & deeply-gully
formation.
- they have not erupted for the last
10,000 years & don’t show any signs
that a possible eruption or any
volcanic activity will occur in the future.
1. Anilao Hill - Batangas, Luzon
2. Batuan - Sorsogon, Visayas
3. Urut - Sulu, Mindanao
4. Tamburok - Leyte, Visayas
5. Cabaluyan - Pangasinan, Luzon
6. Balikabok - Zambales, Luzon
Dormant or potentially active volcano
- those that have no historical records
of eruption recently, but possible erupt
in the future.
Lesson 2:
Geothermal energy - It comes from
the trapped energy deep below Earth’s
surface.
“Energy from volcanoes”
- Comes from the Greek words “Geo”
(Earth) & “Therme” (heat)
Ph ranks 3rd in producing
geothermal energy in the world (top 3
Geothermal Countries 2023.)
14.6% Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy supplies 27% of
the country’s energy needs.
Geothermal spots - found only in the
weaker crust
( thin crust, where holes/ cracks can
easily form.)
Active Geothermal spots - found in hot
springs, geysers, geothermal reservoirs,
near fault lines & volcanoes.
Geothermal power plants are found in
Luzon, Mindanao, Negros & Leyte.
List of Geothermal Power Plant in the
Ph:
1. BacMan (Bacon-Manito)
Geothermal Power Plant -
Provinces of Albay & Sorsogon
2. Leyte Geothermal Production
Field - Central portion of the
island of Leyte
3. Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal
Power Plant - Bay & Calauan,
Laguna Province, & Santo tomas,
Batangas (one of the largest
power plant)
 4. Malitbog Geothermal Power
Station - Eastern Visayas
(ranked 8)
5. Mindanao Geothermal
Production Field - Located in
Kidapawan, North Cotabato
6. Northern Negros Geothermal
Production Field - Bago,
Negros Occidental
7. Palinpinon Geothermal Power
Plant - Valencia, Negros Oriental
8. Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant -
Tiwi, Albay (top 7)
Geothermal Power Plant
1. Wells are drilled deep into the
earth to pump steam or hot water
to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the
surface, the drop in pressure
causes the water to turn into
steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which
is connected to a generator that
produces electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam
which it condenses back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back
into the earth to begin the
process again
Lesson 3:
Preparing for a volcanic eruption
Before:
1.) Prepare an evacuation plan for your
family. Find out the locations of
evacuation centers designated by the
local government in case of volcanic
eruption.
2.) Prepare an emergency kit.
3.) Renovate the parts of your house
that need fixing.
4.)Clear the area surrounding your
house.
5.) Anticipate possible earthquakes due
to the volcanic eruption & secure all
breakable items in your house such as
glass windows & chandeliers.
During:
1.)If your house is located within a few
kilometers away from the volcano,
evacuate at once. Take
your emergency kit & all your important
belongings with you. Secure & lock your
house to prevent possible looters from
breaking into your house
2.) Proceed with precaution & do not
panic when earthquakes occur.
3.) In case it's raining during an
eruption, double your efforts in leaving
your house because an abrupt mud flow
may occur. The mud contains volcanic
debris that
may sweep, bury or burn anything on its
path.
4.)Wear a face mask during a volcanic
eruption.
5.) Tune in to the radio/television for the
latest news/announcements. Monitor the
news about possible
closed roads or areas where passage is
dangerous/not allowed.
6.) Make sure to unplug all electrical
appliances
& turn off the main electrical switch
before you evacuate.
7.) If you are told to stay in your house,
observe the following:
a. stay tuned to the news program
on the radio/television.
b. Bring your pets inside your
house.
c. Close all the windows & doors to
avoid ash from getting inside your
house.
d. Turn off aircon units & electric
fans
e. Stau in the safest place/room in
your house, preferably the one
without windows & above the
ground.
f. If ash gets inside your house, all
members of the household
should wear a facemask.
g. Make sure your cellular phones
are fully charged. Have extra
cellular phone batteries/solar
charges on hand. Inform your
friends/family members who are
not in the vicinity of the volcanic
eruption about your condition &
whereabouts.
After:
1.)Survey the exterior part of your house
to check if there is any damage. Check
wlso the vicinity around your house to
find out if it’s already safe to go outside.
2.) Wear a face mask & goggles before
you start cleaning the debris inside &
outside your house. Remove the debris
from the roof to prevent it from
collapsing which could result in an
accident. If possible, sweep ash without
adding water to it because it erll det the
ash into concrete-like material.
3.) Wear a hat, goggles, a face mask &
protective clothing such as long-sleeved
shirts & pants to protect your diin from
the ashfall wherever you go outside.
4.) Clean accumulated ash over
electricity & communication lines.
5.) Check the potability of your drinking
water. Groundwater & pipes may be
contaminated.
Filter & boil your drinking water before
drinking.
6.) If possible, stay away from areas
with
volcanic ashfall.
Lesson 4: Constellation
Do stars really twinkle? No.
Sun
- Is a star.
- Made up of hot gas.
● There are approximately 400
billion stars in our galaxy and
these are about 170 million of
galaxies.
● Sun is only about 150 million
kilometers away and takes only 8
minutes and 20 seconds for
sunlight to reach our world.
● 1.4 million kilometers - diameter
of sun
● A star is a natural luminous body
invisible in the sky, especially at
night.
● Sun is a hot glowing gas.
● Stars are the most widely
recognized astronomical objects.
It represents the most
 fundamental building blocks of e Stars
galaxies. Temp
e-
Characteristics of a Star rature

O Blue above 10 Lacertae

● Brightness 30,00
● Color
B Blue-White 10,00- Rigel, Spica
● Temperature 30,00
● Size
A Blue-White 7,500- Vega,
● Mass 10,00 Sirius

F Yellow-White 6,000- Canopus,

Brightness 7,500 Procyon

G Yellow 5,000- The Sun,

- A large star shines brighter than 6,000 Capella
a small star.
K Orange 3,500- Arcturus,
- A hot star shines brighter than a 5,500 Aldebaran
cool star.
M Red Less Betelguese,
- Blue star - hotter than Antares
- Red star - colder 3,500

- A star’s apparent brightness is - Stars have a life cycle that depends on

the brightness you see from the
earth.
- A hot large star that is very far
from the Earth does not look very
bright,
- A star’s absolute brightness is the
brightness the star would have if
all stars were the same distance
from Earth.
Color and Temperature
the initial mass of the star. The fate of
the star depends on its mass.
White dwarf
- Low to average mass star
Neutron star
- Large mass star
Black hole
- Very large mass star

- Star color ranges from red to - Scientists believe that all stars came
blue. The color of the star from clouds of gas and dust called
indicates its surface nebulae.
temperature.
- The color of the star indicates its
surface temperature. Blue is
the color of the hottest star.
Class Color Surfac Ex. of
 - The brightness of a star as
observed from the Earth relies
upon two variables distance
and the actual brightness
(absolute brightness) of the star.
- In general the more massive a
star is, the hotter its surface.
- Many of these constellations
have names that can be traces
back to early Babylonians and
Greek civilizations.
- The revolution is responsible for
the fact that we can see different
parts of the sky at different parts
of the year.
- There are 88 constellations
recognized by the International
Astronomy Union (IAU)
Onion: The Hunter
- Trio of aligned stars that
resemble a belt (tres maria’s in
local term) distinguishing it as
prominent feature on winter
nights.
Andromeda
- Characterized by a unique “V”
shape created by its brightest
stars.
- Name derived from the Greek
mythology princess,
Andromeda.
Ursa Major
- Also known as the Great Bear
- Easily identifiable constellation
located in the northern
hemisphere.
- Its moniker is derived from a
bear, with the Big Dipper forming
the bear’s hindquarters and tail.
Ursa Minor
- Also known as Little Dipper
- Constellation in the northern celestial
hemisphere
- One of the most recognizable features
is the North Star, Polaris which is
located very close to the north celestial
pole.
Cygnus
- a summer constellation becomes
more conspicuous during the warmer
months in the northern hemisphere.
Centaurus
- notable for its resemblance to a
centaur - a mythical creature with the
upper body of a human and the lower
body of a horse.
Scorpius
- The Scorpion, is a prominent zodiacal
constellation visible in the Southern
hemisphere and some parts of the
northern hemisphere during summer. It
is renowned for its characteristic shape,
resembling a scorpion with a curved tall harvest
and stinger.

Pegasus
Malara May Stop planting Canis
Minor
- the winged horse is recognized for its
distinct pattern, forming a large square Lepu Late Time clean or Aquila
often referred to as the “Great square May clear the fields
of Pegasus”. who;e waiting
-This square serves as a helpful guide for harvest
for locating other celestial objects. time.

Stars and Constellations used by Lesson 5: Factors Affecting the

Maliggsalug Manobo of Bukidnon
Climate
Weather
Local Mont Related Western
- it is the condition of the atmosphere at
Name h of Agricultural Act. Equivale
Appe nt a specific place and time.
aranc
e
Factors Affecting the Weather
Boha Dec. Cleaning of Taurus
-Feb forest Temperature
- it is the degrees of hotness or
Panda Jan Start of planting Pleiade
coldess of a place.
rawa what kind of s
crops to plant - measured by a thermometer.
and how wide
the area for Wind
planting should - it is the movement of air in the
be atmosphere.
Balatik Feb Start of planting Orion’s - measured by a wind vane and
and setting of Belt anemometer.
traps to protect
the crops from Air Pressure
animals - it is the force caused by the weight of
the air in the Earth’s surface.
Malihe Mar Planting of rice,
corm, or - measured by a barometer.
vegetables.
Humidity
Gibba Apr End of planting Gemini - it is the amount of water vapor in the
ng &Ma season,
air.
y signifies rich
- measured by a hygrometer.

Precipitation
- it is the water falling from the
atmosphere in the forms of rain, snow,
or hail.
- measured through a rain gauge.
Climate
Climate
- it is the general pattern of weather in
a certain area over a long period of time.
Factors Affecting the Climate
Latitude
- it is the distance in degrees to the
north and south from the equator.
- it is an imaginary line that is parallel to
the equator.
● Tropical - center of the equator
● Polar - high latitude
● Temperate - middle
Curved Earth = Sun rays hit Earth of
angles (horizontally) 90 degrees
- As the latitude increases, the
temperature decreases.
Altitude
- the height above sea level.
Lesson 6: Climate Change
Climate Change
- it is a natural phenomenon and has
been occurring since the Earth came
into being.
- it is a change in the average weather
of a given area or region.
Global Warming
- it is an increase in the temperature of
Earth’s atmosphere.
The Greenhouse Effect
- provides heat coming from the sun
- has concentration of greenhouse
gases.
- too much greenhouse gases (reason
for the severe heat.
- positive, only becomes negative due to
the greenhouse gases produced by
human activity.
- process by which radiation from the
sun is absorbed by greenhouse gases
and not reflected back into space.
Greenhouse Gases
● CO2 - Carbon dioxide
● CH4 - Methane
● N2O - Nitrous Oxidel
● HFCs - Hydroflourocarbon
● PFCs - Perflourocarbons
● SFS - Hexa fluoride
Causes of Climate Change
Burning of Fossil Fuels
- refers to burning of oil, natural gases,
and coal to generate energy.
Intensive farming to produce crops
and livestock raising
- producing more foods out of the land
that is already used for agriculture
requires heavier use of nitrogen based
fertilizer.
- feces contain methane gas. - through walking or biking.
- Animals’ burps add to global warming
Conservation of Energy
Deforestation - through unplugging or switch off
- loss of trees and other vegetation that
may cause climate change. Practice 3R’s
- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Human Activities
- Pollution Use Renewable Energy
- Destruction of Coral Reefs - Solar Energy
- Emission of Carbon Dioxide - Wind Energy
- Geothermal Energy
Effects of Climate Change
Preservation of Forest
Human Health - plant
- extreme changes in weather or - be part of programs
environment can increase existing - stop illegal logging
health problems or create new ones.
Educate People
Plants - raise awareness to other people
- alters the life cycles of the plants. - be an advocate

Animals
- faced new challenges for survival
because of climate change.

Melting of Glaciers
- add to the rising sea levels which in
turn increases coastal erosion and
elevates storm surge.

Changes Precipitation
- impact people and ecosystems by
altering the availability of water
throughout the year.
- floods, droughts and wildfires

Prevention

Reduced Carbon Emissions