Comment [m1]: General Comment

1.Use A4 paper (81/2 x 11") and a margin of 3.0

cm on the left is for binding.
2. A margin of 2.5 cm each on the right, top and
bottom of the page is required. The same margins
should be applied to all pages including those of
the figures and tables.
WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY 3.Use 1.5 spacing for the body of the text, except
for tables and references, where you need to use
single spacing. Do not indent paragraphs. Do not
start a sentence with a figure or number, for
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS example, 66 departments, instead, write sixty-six.
4.Times New Roman font is required throughout
the documents.
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE ROLE OF SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN

WOLAITA ZONE IN CASE OF KINDO KOYSHA WOREDA

Comment [m2]: Cover page style

TITLE

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN WOLAITA

CANDIDATE’S NAME
SODO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
BACHELOR OF ART DEGREE IN ECONOMICS.

NAME OF ADVISOR (S) (QUALIFICATION

OF ADVISOR/S)
PREPARED BY: FEVEN MENGISTU

ADVISOR: Mr. BIRHANU G. (MSc)

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO
MAY, 2023 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, WOLAITA
SODO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ART
WOLAITA, ETHIOPIA IN ECONOMICS

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

JUNE 2015

I
ACRONYMS
FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization

FDRE = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

IWMI = International Water Management Institute

MoFED = Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

MoWR = Ministry of Water Resource

PASDEP = Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty

WSDP = Water Sector Development Program

II
ABSTRACTS

The role of small scale irrigation in poverty reduction is the method in which water is supplied to
plants at regular intervals for agriculture. Irrigation development improved uncertain common
rainfall agriculture bridging dry period and making its possible applying water to land in order to
supply crops and other plants with necessary water. Poverty as goes down, so do farmers become
more empower in economic activities and the main source of income generation, poverty
reduction, generating economic growth and well-being of the society. The data for this study will
be collected from both primary and secondary sources. To analysis this data descriptive statistics
like: percentage, table and chart will be used. Finally from the analysis of the study the
researcher come up with different findings. First at house hold level the farmers are participate in
small scale irrigation activities will have positive role in increasing house hold income and direct Comment [m3]: Don’t forget this is proposal

contribution to the economy by promoting growth, reducing poverty, help future generation and
promoting efficiency and sustainable development. Comment [m4]: The word “abstract” is written
in capital letters and is centered. The name of the
student is below the title and is centered. The
abstract should be one single block paragraph. It
should be no longer than a single page in length. The
abstract should not be divided into sections or
paragraphs. The appropriate 1pt spacing should be
used. The abstract should summarize the background
of the study, the methods used, data analysis
methods, results obtained, conclusions drawn and
recommendations.
Note: Do not use abbreviations or insert tables,
figures or references into your abstract. You abstract
generally should not exceed about 300 words.

III
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................................ I
ABSTRACT................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... II
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Objective of the Study ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.3.1 General Objective of the Study ............................................................................................................ 3
1.3.2 Specific Objective of the Study ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.6 Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.7 Limitation of the study. ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 Organization of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Theoretical Literature.............................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1 Definition of Irrigation ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Sources of water for Irrigation ............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.3 Irrigation in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 The Role of Small-scale Irrigation in Food Security .............................................................................. 6
2.3 Participatory small scale irrigation development program ..................................................................... 7
2.4 Classification of the irrigation developments in Ethiopia ....................................................................... 8
2.4.1 The small scale irrigation system ......................................................................................................... 8
2.4.2 Medium scale irrigation system ........................................................................................................... 8
2.4.3 Large scale irrigation system ............................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Definition of poverty............................................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Benefits of irrigation in poverty reduction ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7 The strategies to poverty reduction through irrigation .......................................................................... 10
2.8 Factors hinder transfer of appropriate small scale irrigation................................................................. 10
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 12

IV
Research Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Description of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Location ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.2 Climate ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.3 Population .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Type, Sources of Data and Methods of Data Collection ....................................................................... 12
3.2.1 The Sources, Nature and Method of Data Collection ........................................................................ 12
3.2.2 Sampling Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.3 Sampling Design ................................................................................................................................ 13
3.2.4 sampling analysis...............................................................................................................................14
Reference .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 18

V
CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
Comment [m5]: For all second lenel headings
1.The second level headings, i.e. subheadings,
are numbered consecutively with Arabic
1.1 Background of the Study numerals in an outline numbering system (e.g.,
1.1., 1.2., etc. for subheadings of Chapter 1; 2.1.,
The growth of small scale irrigation historical accompanies the development of agriculture. As 2.2., etc. for Chapter 2; etc.).
2.Second level headings are written in bold title
formally nomadic people coalesced to form of communities, they discovered that plants could be case letters, i.e. the first letter of each major word
of the headings is written in upper case letters. All
sown, cultivated and harvesting seasonal. Thus did farming develop and fields grew in size when remaining lower level headings are written in
sentence case, i.e. only the first letter of the
the farmers realized they could divert water from stream and river to irrigate their crops. The first heading will be in upper case unless required by
grammatical or nomenclature rules.
attempts at irrigation occurred at the same time agriculture was being developed about 5000
years ago. This was typically a simple form of flood imparter or furrows were dug in fields and
water flooded in to them either by hand or with a bucket. Ethiopia is faced with complex poverty
which is broad, deep and structural (MoFED, 2002). Despite the importance of agriculture in
economy the country has been a food deficit country for several decades, with cereals food aid
averaging 14 percent of total cereal production. The small scale irrigation is one means by which
agricultural production can be increased to meet the growing food demand in Ethiopia. However,
in Ethiopia irrigated production far from satisfactory (FAO, 2001).

Irrigation is practiced in Ethiopia since ancient time producing subsistence food crops. However,
modern irrigation system was started in 1960s with objectives of producing industrial crops in
Awash valley. The private concessionaires those operate forms for growing commercial crops
such as cotton, sugarcane and horticultural crops. It was claimed that Ethiopian cannot assure
foods security for its production with rain fed agriculture alone without a sustentative
contribution of irrigation. Thus government of Ethiopia has prepared Water sector development
program to be implemented in 15 years between 2002 and 2016. This program assigned a
prominent role to the development irrigation in country for food production (MoWR, 2002).
Although irrigation was started earlier in Kindo Koysha woreda, it start to expand in 1992 by
small holder people in that living area. That woreda or district was popularized by cabbage,
onions, tomato production, which is favorable climate condition of the woreda.

1
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Irrigation is one of important under agriculture. The use of irrigation increases the volume of
output and reduces in food insecurity to some extent. Although Ethiopia has a great opportunity
for irrigation due to suitable condition and water resource, it is not well known by using
irrigation practice rather than depending on rain fall. The major problems to small scale
irrigation participation in woreda are lack of knowledge and awareness about small scale
irrigation importance by small farmers, this leads to expectation of these households on rain
water by which they produce only one time a year. Ethiopia has great stride in irrigation
development activity in last few years. Ensuring efficient small scale irrigation development is
primary factors that need to be given adequate emphasis to make better use of the limited
available resource and agricultural production (Tesfaye, 2004).

Irrigation contribution to live hood improvement through increase income, food security and
poverty reduction. Irrigation enables small holders to adopt more diversified cropping pattern
and to development of small scale irrigation is one of the major intervention areas. To boost
agricultural production in rural parts of a country. This helps poor farmers to overcome rain fall
and water constraint by providing a sustainable agriculture provide increased food security to
poor communities and contribution to the improvement income in our communities (Asfaw,
2007). Therefore, this study will aim to view role of small scale irrigation to poverty reduction is
factor that practice in kindo koysha woreda and analysis factor that affecting small scale
irrigation. Comment [m6]: In this part
Using old citation is not allowed.
 Such review should preferable be of the works
done in the past 10 years.

2
1.3 Objective of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective of the Study

The general objective of the study is to examine the role of small scale irrigation in poverty
reduction in case of Kindo koyisha.

1.3.2 specific Objective of the Study

 To examine the factors that affects the small scale irrigation in order to reduce poverty in
kindo koysha woreda.
 To assess the role of small scale irrigation at house hold and community level in kindo
koysha woreda.
 To analysis the roles of government in encouraging small scale irrigation in kindo koysha
woreda.

1.4 Research Questions

 What are factors that affect the small scale irrigation in order to poverty reduction in
kindo koysha woreda?
 What are role of small scale irrigation at house hold and community level in kindo
koysha woreda?
 What roles of government are in stimulating the small scale irrigation in poverty
reduction in kindo koysha worteda?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study will be conducted to give an overall view about the role of small scale irrigation to
poverty reduction in Kindo koysha woreda. The small scale irrigation is important in increasing
income of farmers, to stable food security and poverty reduction. For that aware people about
contribution of house hold help to increase income, high participation and availability of
different resource.

3
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to the role of small scale irrigation in poverty reduction in
kindo koysha woreda. The study also examines the activities undertaken by current government
to stimulate the role of small scale irrigation in poverty reduction.

1.7 Limitation of the study.

While conducting the research the researcher faces many problems. The main limitation of the
study will be the following.

 Lack of availability relevant information on the issue.

 Unwillingness of respondents in giving the reliable information especially in their own
income and national status.
 Financial and time constraints are the most important limitation of the study.

1.8 Organization of the Study

The study paper will be organized or composed in three chapters. The first chapter deals with
introduction or back ground information about the role of small scale irrigation in poverty
reduction. The second chapter deals with literature review both empirical and theoretical
literature review. The third chapter deals with methodology and method data collection.

4
 Comment [m7]: 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Basic concepts
CHAPTER TWO 2.2.Theoretical Review of Literature
2.3. Empirical Review of Literature
2.4.Conceptual Framework

Literature Review Comment [m8R7]: Literature review should

have

2.1 Theoretical Literature

2.1.1 Definition of Irrigation

Irrigation is the process of providing water to the land by artificial activities. Irrigation has been
used by human for thousands of years to supply water areas of land as extensive as thousands of
areas limited as small lawns and gardens. It is the artificial application of water to the land or soil
to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of land scope and revelation
distributed soils in dry season and during period of inadequate rainfall (MoFED, 2002).

Irrigation development improved uncertain common rainfall agriculture bridging dry period and
making its possible applying water to land in order to supply crops and other plants with
necessary water. In Ethiopia, the most successful small-scale irrigation farmers are those which
developed from farmers initiatives. This in contrast to government initiated large small-scale
holder’s schemes which have been rife with problems. The spirit of small-scale irrigation is in
fact that is managed controlled by farmers the users. Irrigation is in fact is nothing, but delivery
the volume and quality water required by plant throughout a season to increases plant growth and
crop production activities (Asfaw, 2007).

2.1.2 Sources of water for Irrigation

The common water resources for irrigation are included: rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs.
These water resources are very important in agricultural activities and other activities, but
according to Ethiopia as well as many developing countries are not effectively using those
resources.

Ethiopia has considered water resources which can be utilized to expand the land surface
available for the production of food and cash crop through irrigation. Ethiopia has started using
its abundant water for specific irrigation purpose; it has different natural resource of water (Arya,
2009).

5
2.1.3 Irrigation in Ethiopia
Irrigation is practiced in Ethiopia since ancient time producing subsistence food crops. Irrigation
is a means by which agricultural production can be increasing demand and met in different ways
that is increasing agricultural yield, the areas of arable land, and cropping intensity or numbers of
crops per years. The challenge that Ethiopia faced in terms of food insecurity is associated with
both inadequate food production, and natural failures due to erratic rainfall. Therefore, increasing
arable land or attempting to increasing agricultural yield alone cannot be a means to provide food
security in Ethiopia due to environmental impacts or expansion deforestation and unpredictable
natural climate. Ethiopia has combine those with enhancing water availability for production and
expansion of irrigation can leads to security in terms of getting a reliable harvest as well as
intensification of cropping production more than one per year (MoWR,2002).

Ethiopia indeed has significance irrigation potential assessed both from available land and water
resource potential. Irrespective of the lack of knowing what is the accurate potential and what
has been developed and despite efforts of the government to expand irrigation especially on
small-scale irrigation system, the country has not achieved sufficient irrigated agricultural
productivity due to overcome the problems of food insecurity and extreme rural poverty, as well
as to create economic dynamism in the country (MoWR, 2002).

Modern irrigation system started in the 1960s with objectives of producing industrial crops in
awash village. Private Concessionaries that operated farms for growing commercial crops in the
1975 rural land proclamation small-scale irrigation schemes transfer into producers cooperatives.

After major famines of 1984/85 the government began to focus on potential of small-scale
irrigation as food security and started promoting farmers and community oriented small-scale
irrigation by providing assistance and support to local communities for rehabilitating and
upgrading traditional scheme (Habtamu.G, 1990).

2.2Empirical Literature Review

2.2.1The Role of Small-scale Irrigation in Food Security

Some of 17 percent of world agricultural land is irrigated these 250 million was account for more
than one-third of global food production. Almost three-quarter of the total irrigation area in

6
different country in Asia country which thanks to package of innovative technology introduced
through the so-called green revolution has achieved remarkable success in increasing food
production sustain it is over growing population (Yonas,2006).

The small-scale irrigation grow have been an essential element in the increases in food
production and the era of rapid expansion in irrigated areas has passed and the annual rate of 0.7
percent, which represent almost two million hectare per year. In some period, the cost of
irrigation development have grown exponentially as more complex and more expensively
irrigation works are require to develop and the only options are the use of marginal quality water
and greater efficiency in water use in coming decades, access to water will become an issue of
global concern and competition(Hussain,2004).

Irrigation has increased food securities and improved living standard of population in many part
of the world. Irrigation is clearly important for promoting food production in the driers part of
the world and as part of Africa. At world the food summit in1996, the food and agricultural
organization (FAO) estimated that 60% of extra food required must future come from irrigated
agriculture. At our country text the 70% people’s crop production is adequate for only 6 to 9
month of the years and nutritional deficiencies are important cause of death. Between five and
fifteen million Ethiopian needs food aid annually and part of government of Ethiopia strategy to
address those challenges aimed to increases production and farmers income through government
and expansion of small scale irrigation schemes (MOFED, 2006).

2.3 Participatory small scale irrigation development program

The program’s goal is to improve the food securities, nutrition income of poor people rural
households by developing irrigation schemes for small scale farmers on their lands. Many of the
households cultivate plot of less than one hectare. The program represent is an important
opportunity to reform small scale irrigation development approaches and practice in Ethiopia.
The schemes it’s developed have provided a model that can be so called up and replicated
throughout the country to ensure sustainability and the full participation of local community
members, farmers own and manage irrigation system through their own water users association.
The goal of small scale irrigation to improve access roads in areas where there are irrigation
system to raise agriculture productivity by improving farming practices, supporting the

7
establishment of home vegetable gardens and strengthening agricultural supports services
(IWMI,2004).

2.4 Classification of the irrigation developments in Ethiopia

According to the ministry of water resources irrigation development in Ethiopia is classified.
This classification is different size depending on the size of irrigated land area (MoWR, 2002).

2.4.1 The small scale irrigation system

Small scale irrigation system that covering an irrigated area of less than 200 hectares growing
primarily subsistence crops. The small scale irrigation system services mainly to supplement
rainfall and provide greater degree of security to peasant farmers. This irrigation system in
Ethiopia is understood to include traditional small scale up to 100 hectares and modern
communal system up to 200 hectares (MoWR, 2002).

The traditional farmers have built the small scale system on their own initiative, sometimes with
government technical support and material support. They manage them through their own users
association or communities and water users associations have long existed to manage traditional
system in Ethiopia. The small scale irrigation system is wide spread and has a vital role to play in
Ethiopia (Asfew, 2007).

2.4.2 Medium scale irrigation system

Those extending between 200 hectares and 3000 hectares and provide to produce different
subsistence cash crops. Medium small scale irrigation has great role in the economy and that
contains some cash crops (Dereje, 2005).

2.4.3 Large scale irrigation system

Those extending from 3000 and above hectares which are growing primary commercial crops
such cotton and sugar cane and mainly managed by the state corporation (ibid)

The irrigations have others classification depending on history of establishment, times of

establishment management system and nature of the structures as follows:

8
According to accelerated and sustained developing to end poverty (PASDEP) which spans the
years from 2005-2010(government of Ethiopia in, 2005);

 Traditional system:-the small scale irrigation system which usually uses diversion weirs
made from local materials which need annual reconstruction or from small dams. The
Canals are usually earthen and the schemes are constructed by local community effort
and have been functional for long periods of time, somewhere recently constructed with
the aid of NGO,s and government (Asfew,2007).
 Modern system:-The small scale irrigation system more permanent diversion weirs
made from concrete hence no need for annual reconstruction and small dams. The
primary and sometimes secondary canals are made of concrete. They are community
managed and have recently been constructed by government.

The traditional irrigation in Ethiopia is a complement to rain fed agriculture and the crops are
grown often horticultural crops and fruits peasants have a keen awareness of the benefit of
irrigation and are willing to invest their labor in the construction and maintenance of schemes. In
parts of North Shoa, North Wollo, East Gojjam and the highlands of Hararge, the traditional
system still being utilized by peasants date back to the last country. It is evident that peasant have
system (Dessalegn, 1999). The development of modern irrigation has relatively recent history in
Ethiopia as well as traditional irrigation existences of long periods. The private concessionaries
operates farms for commercial cotton, sugarcane and horticultural crops. This started first formal
large and medium irrigation schemes in Awash Valley (MOA, 1993).

2.5 Definition of poverty

Giving a comprehensive definition of poverty is difficult, because there is all-encompassing
definition of poverty. Poverty is a social contract so its definition varies according who ever
formulates the concept. However, besides the diverse and varies definition that have been given
by scholars, there is consensus that the poverty that prevails in the lives of the poor is very hard
to image (Rist and Chamber, 2002).In reality, poverty can be observed by physical weakness due
to malnutrition, sickness or disability. It also creates social isolation and results in powerlessness
and hopelessness (Chambers, 1998).

9
Absolute Poverty: is described as a lack of basic security, the absence of one or more factors
that enable individuals and families to assume basic responsibilities and to enjoy fundamental
rights.

Relative Poverty: is used in terms of particular groups or areas in relation to economic status of
other members of the society and poverty results from even consists of a lack basic securities,
which includes financial resources, but also education, employment, housing, health care and
other related aspects. In generally poverty is a multidimensional characteristic affecting nearly a
billion world population. Especially, a third of sub-Saharans fall under poverty (UNDP, 2006). .

2.6 The strategies to poverty reduction through irrigation

All or some of intervention given below can help to the smallest producers improve their own
livelihoods and contribute to future food production. The successful uptake will depend on
application of research on how to irrigation can reduce poverty and on the awareness of good
practices invest in irrigation by different peoples, extending information about the benefit of
small scale irrigation in poverty reduction promote and adapt affordable
technologies(Lambiso,2007).

2.7 Factors hinder transfer of appropriate small scale irrigation

The appropriate technology on small scale irrigation development can be improved significantly.
Some of the problem most frequently encountered as lack of interaction of interaction between
farmers and technical advisers that means Farmers are still not sufficiently part of process of
choosing the technology suited to their circumstances, especially when schemes are being
developed or rehabilitated. The interaction between technical system and farmers seems to be
particularly difficult.

When a technical advisers lack of skill, commitment or backup to interaction meaningfully with
the farmers and have no irrigation experience or have inadequate exposure to technical to debate
the option, physical that contain soil condition, topography, rainfall characteristics and others
socio-economic activity in credit institutions that extension information institutional support
service and dependency syndrome is some see aid or donation has become a part of rural life
(Todaro, 2000).

10
11
 Comment [m9]: 1.DATA AND
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER THREE 3.1.Description of the Study Area
3.2.Types and Sources of Data
3.3. Instruments and Methods of Data Collection
3.4. Method of Data Analysis
3.4.1.Descriptive methods
Methodology 3.4.2. Model Specification and Description
3.5.Hypothesis and Definitions of Variables

3.1 Description of the Study area

3.1.1 LOCATION AND CLIMATE

This study would be conducted in wolaita zone in kindo koysha woreda ,in which is located in
southern part of Ethiopia and with in 365km far from Addis Ababa . Astronomically kindo
koysha woreda is located between 6’4_7’1 north and 37’4- 38’2 last latitude and longitude
respectively. The altitude of kindo koysha woreda varies from 2060 means sea level to 2200
above sea level which makes this woreda kola and dega types of climate and its weather
conditions is some what constant through out the year(KKMC2015).

3.1.2 POPULATION

The total population of kindo koysha woreda is 133,117 from this 68,186 are females and
64,331 are males. From this total population economically active are more than half or in number
66559 peoples and in economically not active or children and olds are 58122 and 8436
respectively (CSA2012).

3.1.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVIY

The economic activity of kindo koysha woreda is agricultural and also some small peoples
harvest cattle and others engage trade .from agricultural production in this woreda produced cash
crop like coffee ,chat ,and other crops like corn, enset ,tomatto and oher fruits like mango
,avocado ,banana ,papaya and etc…the above agricultural products are the source of income for
kindo koysha woreda farmers(CSA2010).

3.2 Type, Sources of Data and Methods of Data Collection

3.2.1 Data Type And Sources

The researcher will use both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data will be collected from
respondents by using questionnaire and interview methods. The secondary will be collected from
different sources like books, published documents and reports of different organizational offices of kindo
koysha woreda.

3.2.2 Methods of Data Collection

12
The primary data will be collected by using structure questionnaire and interview methods. Questionnaire
would be prepared by using open ended questions and by distributing to engagers. The questionnaire is
developed by English language. The secondary will be collected from the kindo koysha office of
agricultural sector.

3.2.2 Sampling Techniques

The sampling techniques that a researcher will use probability sampling techniques method, in
that researcher will use stratified sampling techniques, because the population is heterogeneous, Comment [m10]: What is the criteria to classify
population in to strata
however homogeneity can be achieved through dividing the heterogeneous population in to
homogeneous sub-population or strata depend on common characteristics. This woreda contain
25 kebeles in that 11 kebeles are engaged in small scale irrigation to poverty reduction and the
researcher will select 4 kebeles engaged or participate in small scale irrigation. Those kebeles are
Dada kare, Finchawa, mashinga, and pajena mata. Comment [m11]: Include the sampling method
used to select woreda kebele and respondents

Comment [m12]: Sample size determination

3.2.3 Sampling Design

The study will use sampling designs which are population proportion to decide the number of
total sample size (n) and stratified sample design to identify the sample size in each target
kebeles. The formula for sample size according to Israel formula 1992 as follows;

Comment [m13]: This formula is used if total

population is unknown, why?????

Where = Standard normal distribution

= Proportions of population

= Sample size in kebeles

= Estimated error terms

The total number of population in 4 kebeles 16900 from these populations 700 farmers are Comment [m14]: Is it household or total
population?
engaged in small scale irrigation to poverty reduction in 2008 to 2009E.C. From the above
formula the sample size (n):

13
From each stratum we have ( ) where; size of sample from stratum

Stratum

Total population for four kebeles

Total sample size

Therefore, by using this stratified sampling formula and the proportional numbers of respondents
in each kebeles are as follows;

 From Dada kare ( )

 From Finchawa ( )

 From Mashinga ( )

 From Pajena mata ( )

3.2.4 Method of Data Analysis

The concerning method of data analysis has been descriptive method of data analysis for the
collected data from both primary and secondary data sources are first edited, classified and
organized heterogeneous classes in to substrata based on their common characteristics.

14
After data pass through this processing mechanism, then it would be passed descriptive analysis
by using tabulation, percentages chart and graphs to attempt the role of small scale irrigation in
poverty reduction. Comment [m15]: How did you study the role of
small scale irrigation without econometric
method??? How did you know the relationship
between small scale irrigation and poverty??????
Please include econometric method

CHAPTER FOUR
4. BUDGET BREAKDOWN AND WORK PLAN

4.1. Budget breakdown

No Item Quantity Duration Unity Total

cost cost

1 Pen 2 2 25.00 50.00

2 Flash Memory 8gb 1 1 380.00 380.00

3 Transport 54 2 1.00 50.00

4 Internet 5mb 2 15.00 75.00

5 Telephone 2 2 15.00 30.00

6 Paper 1 packet 1 2 500.00

7 Typing and printing 50 1 2.00 100.00

8 Floppy disk 1 1 124 124

9 Binder 1 1 30 30

10 Miscellaneous expense 100.00 100.00

15
Total 1439.00

4.2. Work plan

No Activities Apr May Jun Jul Aug

1 Title selection X

2 Prefer research proposal X

development

3 Final submission of proposal X

4 review literature X

5 Development questionnaires X
and martial

6 Data collection X

7 Data analysis X

8 Report research paper X

9 Submitting the final research X

10 Research presentation X

16
 REFERENCE Comment [m16]: No need of bulleting

 Asfew D, 2007. Scaling up Agricultural Water Development in Africa, the case of

Ethiopia: Ministry of Water Resources, Federal Republic of Ethiopia.

 Awulachew, S, B. etal, (2005), Experiences and Opportunities for promoting small scale
irrigation.
 Dereje, Chimdessa 2005.Assessment of socio-economic impact of irrigation.
 D.K Majumdar 2002; Irrigation water management.
 FAO 2001; Irrigation Development in Ethiopia and Africa.

 FDRE, Samuel, 2006 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia poverty reduction

development goals.

 Hussain, Hanjra MA, 2004. Irrigation and poverty reduction; Review of the empirical
evidence, IWMI, Irrigation and Drain 53: 1-18
 IFAD 2005, Enhancing food security through small scale irrigation in Ethiopia.
 Kindo koyisha woreda agricultural and rural development office, 2007 E.C. Annual
report on agricultural activities, North Shoa, Ethiopia.
 Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 2008. Sustainable development and
poverty reduction program pp 1-87
 Pream Singh Arya 2009; Vegetable breading and seed production pp 57
 Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty which spans the years
2005 to 2010, According to Government of Ethiopia, 2005.
 Robe, Lambiso 2005.Assessement of design practice and performance of small scale
irrigation in south region, Arbaminch university school of graduate studies
 TesfayeAbebe 2004 Modernizing agriculture and away out of food insecurity.
 Todaro (2000) Economic development 8th Edition www.Google. Com
 The United Nation Development 2006, International poverty center program.

 Water Sector Development Program 2002-2016, Volume two: Main report Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.

17
Appendix
WOLAITA SODO University

Collage of Business and Economics

Department of Economics

Dear respondent I am conducting a research paper on the role of small scale irrigation in poverty
reduction in Kindo koysha woreda for the fulfillment of BA degree in economics. You are kindly
requested to provide the necessary information carefully and precisely for the following
question. The objective of these questionnaires is gathering relevant information regarding
generation instruction.

You are not supposed to write your name

Your response should be confidential

Please tick (√) in the box according to your choice and explain or circle the letter of your choice.
Thanks for your advancement.

1. Sex: A. Male B. Female

2. Age: A 21-31 B 32-41 C 42-51 D Above 51
3. Educational status: A. Illiterate B 1-8 grade. C 9-10 and 11-12 grade
D Graduated
4. Religion: A. Orthodox B Protestant C traditional religion
D Muslim
5. What is your family size: A. lager than four children B. between four
and six C. above six children
6. Marital status of respondent: A. married B. unmarried

C. divorced D. windowed

7. Language: A. Wolaytic B. Amharic C. Other

8. Do you have land which is suitable for irrigation? A. Yes B. No

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9. If the answer is yes question number8, what is your irrigation land size?

A. Less than two hector

B. Between two and three
C. Above three

10. What are the main sources of your income?

A. From irrigated land

B. Others

11. Do you have credit access? A. Yes . B. No

12. If your answer is yes question11, for what purpose you use?

A. Fertilizer application
B. Cattle fatting
C. Food service
D. Establish small business

13. Do you use fertilizer for irrigation farm?

A. YES B. NO

14. If your answer is yes question13, what type of fertilizer do you use?

A. DAP B. UREA C. Manure

15. How much you use fertilizer annually for your irrigation farm land?

A. Less than 100 kg

B. Between 200 kg – 300kg
C. Above 400 kg

16. Do you that you are benefitted from fertilizer application on your irrigated land?

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 A. Yes
B. No

17. What are problems that hinder effective of small scale irrigation in your kebele?

______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

18. What are role of government in the small scale irrigation in poverty reduction and what
things to be done to increase the participation of irrigation adoption in your kebeles from your
point of view?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________

Thank you.

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 DECLARATION

Under signed declare that this research paper is my original work and it has not been presented
for a degree in any other university, and all the materials used for this research have been duly
acknowledged.

_________________________ ______________________

Name of student signature

This study research paper has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university
adviser.

________________________ _________________________

Name of Adviser Signature

Date _____________________________

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