GEC 372-MIGRATION AND

GLOBALISATION
MRS MPHO R. DISANG
 LECTURE LAYOUT

 Migrationconcepts and definitions

 Sources of migration data
 Measures of migration
 INTRODUCTION
 What comes to mind when you hear the term,
“migration”?
 How do you understand globalisation?

 How are migration and globalisation

interconnected?
 INTRODUCTION

 Human migration is one of the important aspects of social

science.
 People have always moved across communities, states
and continents, but over the past decades migration
flows have been rising fast and are expected to increase
further in the future.
 Because of the complexity of human life and fast
changing socio- economic conditions, human migration is
gaining importance day by day.
 MIGRATION

➢ Is the third component of population change, along with

mortality and fertility
➢ It has an impact on population growth and population
composition
➢ It can produce social integration as well as social conflict

➢ In absolute terms, migration happens more frequently

than births or deaths but usually has smaller impact on
population structure
 More difficult to study than mortality & fertility

 Difficulty of defining migration

 Difficulty of measuring migration

MIGRATION
MIGRATION IN THE GLOBAL
AGENDA
 MIGRATION IN THE GLOBAL
AGENDA
 The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
recognises for the first time the contribution of migration to
sustainable development.
 Migration is a cross-cutting issue in the 2030 Agenda,
relevant to all of the SDGs.
 At least 10 out of 17 goals contain targets and indicators
that are directly relevant to migration or mobility.
 The inclusion of migration in the 2030 Agenda presents
countries with a series of new migration data challenges
and reporting requirements. At the same time, this
presents a crucial opportunity to improve migration data.
 MIGRATION IN THE GLOBAL
AGENDA
 The SDGs’ central reference to migration is made in
Target 10.7 to facilitate orderly, safe, regular and
responsible migration and mobility of people, including
through the implementation of planned and well-managed
migration policies, which is in Goal 10 to reduce
inequality within and among countries.
 Some other targets also make direct connections to
migration topics, including labour migration (8.7 and 8.8),
international student mobility (4.b), human trafficking (5.2,
8.7 and 16.2), remittances (10.c), migration data (17.18)
and more.
 WHAT IS MIGRATION?
 Migration is the movement of individuals or groups
between locations. While individuals are constantly
moving between different places, e.g. to work or to visit
friends and relatives, this movement is only considered to
be a migration if it fulfills the following criteria;
 Spatial: there is a change of usual residence to a
different administrative or political unit
 Temporal: the length of a time a person has to live
somewhere for it to qualify as their permanent or usual
place of residence must be defined. Usually this is the
place at which the person has lived continuously for at
least the last 12 months, or intents to live for atleast 12
months.
 DEFINING MIGRATION
 Migration: Geographic movement of people across a
specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new
permanent or semi-permanent residence (refugees are not
considered as migrants!)
 Migration: Migration can be defined as the change of the
place of usual residence for a conventional minimum
duration (6 months or 12 months depending the country);
 You may be a traveller, a daily commuter from your home
to work. These activities represent mobility, but not
migration.
 Temporary resident elsewhere, construction worker,
seasonal worker.
 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
 Internal Migration: is when a person migrates to a new
location within the same country, such as moving from a
rural location to an urban location. In internal migration, a
person who arrives in a geographically defined area is
called an in-migrant, while a person who leaves a
geographically defined location is called an out-migrant.

 International Migration: is when an international border is

crossed and the person takes up residence in a new
country. A person arriving into a new country is called an
immigrant, while a person leaving a country is called an
emigrant.
 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
 The stock of migrants is the group of people who have
ever migrated, i.e. those who have at some point in their
life changes their place of usual residence. The person
must have lived a given amount of time in a different area
than the one in which they live when data are collected.
 Migrant stocks are referred to as the number of migrants
(immigrants and emigrants) residing in a country with a
certain length of stay, irrespective of the socioeconomic
characteristics (migrant workers, refugees, students, etc.)
of migrants ;
 A person who is living in a different place at the time of
census or survey, to that where they were born is known
as a lifetime migrant.
 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
 Migration flows refer to movements (in and out) of
population (nationals and foreigners) that occur at the
borders of a given country. OR the flow or stream of
migrants is the number of migrations occurring across an
administrative border during a given period of time.
 Diaspora: defined both as the dispersion of people in
foreign countries, and the formation of a community of that
people in those countries. They maintain links with their
homelands, and to each other, based on shared sense of
history, identity, or mutual experiences in the destination
country.
 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
 Brain circulation: the effect of the movement of skilled
migrants among their countries of origin and other countries,
bearing their knowledge and skills which can benefit
countries of origin as well as countries of permanent or
temporary destination.
 The exchange of skills and knowledge of migrants with
communities and institutions in their country of origin and
destination that allow migrants to apply the benefits of the
knowledge and skills they have gained while living and
working abroad.
 Asylum: the grant, by State, of protection on its territory to
persons outside their country or nationality or habitual
residence, who are fleeing persecution or serious harm or for
other reasons.
 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
 Brain drain: depletion of human capital in a specific
occupation or economic sector resulting from the
emigration of skilled workers engaged in this occupation or
sector from the country of origin to another country (or from
one region of a country to another-internal migration).
 Brain gain: from the perspective of a country of
destination, immigration of skilled workers into the country
resulting in the acquisition of human capital.
 Country of destination: in the migration context, a country
that is the destination for a person or a group of persons,
irrespective of whether they migrate regularly or irregularly.
 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION
 Country of origin: a country of nationality or of former
habitual residence of a person or group of persons who
have migrated abroad, irrespective of whether they
migrate regularly or irregularly.
 Documented migrant: a migrant authorised to enter and
to stay pursuant to the law of that State or to international
agreements to which that State is a party and who is in
possession of documents necessary to prove his or her
regular status in the country.
 Forced migration: a migratory movement which although
the drivers can be diverse, involves force, coercion, or
compulsion.
 SOURCES OF MIGRATION DATA
 Population censuses
 Population registers

 Population and housing surveys

 Labour Force surveys

 Administrative data sources (tourist visas, work visas,

study permits, border control register
 Other sources/ Innovative data sources (big data)
 MEASURING MIGRATION
 Measuring migration poses more conceptual and
methodological challenges.
 Let us compare it to fertility and mortality.

i. People die once

ii. There is a limit to the number of births a woman can
have
iii. A human being can move from one place to another
limitlessly in their lifetime
 As a result data on migration are much less complete
compared to mortality and fertility
 When data are available, migration is measured with
rates that are similar to those we construct for fertility
and mortality
 MEASURES OF MIGRATION
 Gross migration: measures how much movement is
taking place in a defined area. Is the total flow of
migrants across a border, i.e. in-migrants+ out-migrants,
or in the case of international migration, immigrants+
emigrants.
 Net migration is the difference between the inward and
outward flows of migration, i.e. in-migrants-out-
migrants, or immigrants- emigrants.
 MEASURING MIGRATION
 Gross Rate of In-migration: the number of in-migrants
to a physical/administrative area in a given year.

= The number of in-migrants to an area in given year

__________________________________________ × 1000
Mid year population
 MEASURES OF MIGRATION
Gross rate of Out-Migration: the number of out-
migrants departing an area of origin, per 1,000
population at that area of origin in a given year.
= the number of out-migrants in a given year×1000
____________________________________
Mid year population
 MEASURES OF MIGRATION
 Net Migration Rate (NMR): the net effect of in-
migration and out-migration on an area’s population,
expressed as increase or decrease per 1,000 population of
the area in a given year.
NMR= Total in-migrants- total out-migrants x1000
____________________________
Mid year population
 OR Net Migration Rate= IR―OR
 MEASURES OF MIGRATION
Total Migration Rate: the total number of in-
migrants and out-migrants per 1,000 population
of the area in a given year
GMR = IR + OR
= Total in-migrants+ total out-migrants × 1000
__________________________________
Mid year population in that year
 MEASURING MIGRATION
 Age Specific Migration Rate: All the previous
rates mentioned are crude rates.
 Like ASFR and ASDR, ASMR is a more refined
rate
 A person’s propensity to migrate varies with age.
It is low in early childhood, rises rapidly to reach
a peak around 18 to 23 years in some countries
and later falls rapidly.
 Measures include Age Specific Immigration
Rates, Age Specific Emigration Rates.
 MEASURING MIGRATION
 Migration efficiency: This is an area’s net
migration divided by its gross migration.
 It measures how effective the total volume of
migration is in redistributing the population.
 Migration Effectiveness= Net Migration Rate/
Total migration rate * 1000
INDIRECT MEASURES OF MIGRATION
Why we need indirect measures:

 Unavailability of data for a small unit

 Defective of data

 Calculation to be made for specific concern

 To appraise the quality of migration data in a Census.

 To project the migration by age or for future

INDIRECT MEASURES OF MIGRATION
Benefits of indirect migration estimates
 They can provide information through time,
including data for period and places where no
other migration statistics available
 They are applicable at all geographical levels
from local to regional and national populations
 Some of the methods provides estimates by age
and sex
 Comparing estimates derived from different
methods, can be used to validate findings and the
quality of data