CA 1

REVIEW MATERIALS

PREPARED BY: MELVIN BERSUELA

MODULE 1

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the students should have:

1.Define and understand the meaning of institutional correction.

2.Understand the importance of Correctional System.

3.Learn the important milestone in history of correction.

4.Understand and discuss the role of correction.

5. Recognize and discuss the general concept and principles of punishmen

INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS

It is the 4th pillar of the Philippine Criminal Justice System which is tasked to take

custody, reform and rehabilitate an offender thru either institutional or non

institutional corrections. The following are the functions of corrections:

1. Protection of society from dangerous criminals;

2. Reformation and rehabilitation of offender;

3. Deterrence of crime occurrences; and

 4. Maintain the institutions

Simple Recall/Definition of Terms

Those inmates who suffer from alcoholism or those engaged in the improper

compulsive intake of alcohol which may result in physical, social and behavioral

problems (Alcoholics). Those inmates who have a sexual attraction or sexual

behavior toward both males and females (Bisexual). The personnel in-charge in

the overall supervision of all custodial functions (Chief Custodial Officer) Facility or

a place of confinement for those inmates who are sentenced with a penalty from (1)

one day to three (3) year imprisonment (City Jail).

The designation of a municipal or city Jail as a facility for one or more adjacent

municipalities in order to maximize the utilization of personnel and other resources.

The “host” city or municipality is named as a district to accommodate inmates from

the municipalities clustered to it (Clustering of Jails).

CONCLUSION

The criminal justice system is not just the agencies and persons charged with

law enforcement; not just the public prosecution, nor the courts, nor just the penal

and correctional system, nor just the community. The criminal justice system is all of

these institutions or pillars collectively. For it to work efficaciously and speedily, it is

essential for all these pillars to work efficiently and with dispatch, and in cooperation

and in coordination with one another.

 WHAT IS INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS?

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS

- is a branch of the criminal justice system concerned with the custody,

supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. The study of jail/prison, it is

charged with the responsibility for the custody, supervision, rehabilitation, and

reformation of the convicted offender. Law-abiding citizen- broad range of facilities,

programs, and services dealing with convicted offenders. It places less emphasis on

punishment. It is the systematic and organized efforts directed by a society that

attempt to punish offenders, protect the public from offenders, change offenders

behavior and compensate victims. Correction is the weakest pillar in criminal justice

system, it is failure to reform offenders and prisoners.Correctional administration- it is

the study and practice of a systematic management if jails or prison and other

institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal

offenders. Implements the policies .

CORRECTIONS

– is that branch of administration of criminal justice charged with responsibility

for the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation, of the convicted offender.

–the combination of public and private services with legal authority to provide

for the care, custody and control of those accused convicted of a criminal or

status offense.
 –the program, services, and institutions responsible for those individuals who

are accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

4 key elements of corrections

1. Punish

2. Protect

3. Change

4. Compensate, reparation (the violator must have to pay the losses of the victims)

vs restitution (the violator must or has the obligatory to give back to the owner’s

property, giving back.

PENOLOGY- is a sub-component of criminology that deals with the philosophy and

practice [1][2] of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and

satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of

criminal offence.

Poene (latin) - penalty

Logos (latin) - science

His 2 Basic Principle of Penology

1. As cruelty debases both the victim and society, punishment

should not be vindictive but should aim at the reform of

the convict to observe social constraints, and

2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of task, not time

sentences, with release depending on the performance of a

measurable amount of labour

 CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION - The study and practice of a systematic

management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody,

treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offender.

PENAL MANAGEMENT - Refers to the manner or practice of managing or

controlling place of confinement as in jails or prisons.

CRIMINAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES

The term “law” refers to the set of rules and regulations or orders, usually

written, created and enacted by the people that must be abided by the people

themselves. The aim of the passage of laws is social control, that is, people binded

by the laws will know what acts should be done and what acts that should not be

done.

One classification of law is the criminal law. Criminal law is defined as that

branch or division of public law which defines crimes, treats of their nature, and

provides for their punishment it.

Crime is a general term that refers to acts or omissions punishable by criminal

law. An act or omission is punishable only if there is a law prohibiting the

performance of the act or a law that commands a person to do an act but he failed to

perform. In the Philippines, we follow the legal maxim of NULLUM CRIMEN, NULLA

POENA SINE LEGE which means “there is no crime if there is no penal law

punishing it”. Therefore, in order for an act or omission to be punished, there must be

a law that forbids it and that law at the same time must provide for a penalty violating

it.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE PRISON

The main penitentiary was the Old Bilibid Prison on Oroquieta Street in Manila,

which was established in 1847. It was formally opened on April 10, 1866 by a Royal

Decree. About four years later, on August 21, 1870, the San Ramon Prison and

Penal Farm in Zamboanga City was established to confine Muslim rebels and

intractable political prisoners opposed to the Spanish rule. The facility, which faced

the Jolo Sea, had Spanish-inspired dormitories and was originally set on a 1,414-

hectare sprawling estate. When the Americans took over in the 1900s, the Bureau of

Prisons was created under the Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act No. 1407 dated

November 1, 1905) as an agency under the Department of Commerce and Police. It

also paved the way for the re- establishment of San Ramon Prison in 1907, which

was destroyed in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. It placed under the

auspices of the Bureau of Prisons and started receiving prisoners from Mindanao.

Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison, the Americans established in 1904

the luhit penal settlement (now Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm) on a vast reservation

of 28,072 hectares. It would reach a total land area of 40,000 hectares in the late

1950s. It was located on the westernmost part of the archipelago far from the main

town to confine incorrigibles with little hope of rehabilitation. The area was expanded

to 41,007 hectares by virtue of Executive Order No. 67 issued by Governor Newton

Gilbert on October 15, 1912.

What are the steps of criminal justice system?

 The procedure includes the manner for collection of evidence, examination of

witnesses, interrogation of accused, arrests, safeguards and procedure to be

adopted by Police and Courts, bail, the process of criminal trial, a method of

conviction, and the rights of the accused of a fair trial by principles of

natural ...

What are the 7 steps of the justice system?

 Investigation.

 Charging.

 Initial Hearing/Arraignment.

 Discovery.

 Plea Bargaining.

 Preliminary Hearing.

 Pre-Trial Motions.

 Trial.

What is the core of criminal justice system?

At its core, there are three main components of the criminal justice

system: law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

The Five Pillars of the Criminal Justice System The CJS

- Is envisioned as being supported by five pillars, namely: law enforcement;

prosecution; courts; corrections; and the community. Each of these five pillars plays

a vital role in the administration of justice and, as such, their interplay and
cooperation is most necessary for the proper functioning of a Criminal Justice

System.

Law Enforcement Pillar

- The first pillar is the Law Enforcement Pillar. It consists mainly of the officers

and personnel of the Philippine National Police, National Bureau of Investigation,

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC),

Armed Forces of the Philippines, and 34 other related agencies. These agencies are

“at the forefront of the Criminal Justice System of the country. They directly deal with

the citizens and are directly exposed to the criminal elements.”12 Clearly, it is thus

necessary that the member agencies within this pillar are both trained and well-

oriented with “the ways of civil society.”

Prosecution Pillar

- The second is the Prosecution Pillar, which is composed of the National

Prosecution Service of the Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of the Ombudsman,

and the Public Attorney’s Office. While the focus of this pillar is the speedy

disposition of cases,15 its principal task is the investigation of criminal complaints

emanating from the community and the law enforcement agencies, and bringing

these complaints to their successful prosecution in the judicial system.16 The

prosecution pillar conducts preliminary investigation of cases filed in the prosecutor’s

office and prosecutes cases filed in the court against alleged offenders after

probable cause is established.

Courts Pillar

- The Courts Pillar adjudicates cases and renders judgment. The Philippine

Judiciary is a fourtiered court system consisting of the Supreme Court as the highest

court of the land; the intermediate courts consisting of the Court of Appeals,

Sandiganbayan, and Court of Tax Appeals; the second level courts, which consist of

Regional Trial Courts and Shari’a District Courts; and the first level courts consisting

of Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts in Cities, Municipal Trial Courts,

Municipal Circuit Trial Courts and Shari’a Circuit Courts

Corrections Pillar

- Comprising the Corrections Pillar are the jails and prisons administered by

the Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR), the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,

and by the local government units with regard to provincial and subprovincial jails.

The Philippine National Police likewise maintains detention facilities in its different

police stations nationwide.

Community Pillar

- The Community Pillar is composed of institutions such as the Department of

Social Welfare and Development, Commission on Human Rights, National

Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Public Attorney’s Office , barangays, civic

organizations, and non-governmental organizations. Members of the Community

Pillar are regarded to be both duty holders and claim holders in the administration of

justice.22 As duty holders, they have the responsibility to assist law enforcement and

the courts in solving crime by providing information, by community participation in

crime prevention and creating a culture of peace, and by supporting the mobilization

of resources for peace and order.23 As claim holders, they are the beneficiaries of

the

What is the weakest pillar of criminal justice system?

CORRECTION- reforms and rehabilitates the offenders. This is known as the

weakest pillar in CJS.

Why correction is the weakest pillar?

- Because the correction system doesn't rehabilitate anyone. It doesn't

correct the root cause of crime, but exacerbates it. It teaches people the system and

allows them to succeed in the prison system, rather than give them legitimate skills

they can use outsude of prison walls to be successful in society.

justice system and they play critical roles in holding system duty holders

accountable.

CLASSIFICATION

– refers to the assigning or grouping of inmates according to their

sentence, gender, age, nationality, health, criminal records, etc.

–a method by which diagnosis, treatment, planning and execution of treatment

programs are coordinated to an individuaI.

–the process of assigning inmates to types of custody or treatment programs

appropriate to their needs

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES

ALCATRAZ - a US federal penitentiary, Often referred to as "The Rock",

the small island of alcatraz was developed with facilities for a lighthouse,

a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prison

from 1933 until 1963.

ALEXANDER MAOCNOCHIE - was a Scottish naval officer, geographer, and

penal reformer. He is known as the Father of Parole.

CONTRABAND – any article, item, or thing prohibited by law and/or forbidden by jail

rules.

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT- sentences, with release depending on the performance

of a measurable amount of labour.

BANISHMENT- a punishment originating in ancient times, that required

offenders to leave the community and live elsewhere, commonly in the

wilderness.

SENTENCED PRISONERS- a person who is convicted guilty by the court for the

commission of an offense.

DEFINITE- a sentence to prison for which the date of release is known on the day of

sentence is rendered.

INDETERMINATE- it is the one with minimum and maximum periods of

imprisonment.

COMPETENT AUTHORITY – refers convict to observe social constraints, and

a convict's imprisonment to the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Regional Trial

Court, Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, Municipal Circuit Trial Court,

Sandigan Bayan, Military Courts, House of Representatives, Senate, Commission on

Elections, Bureau of Immigration and Deportation and Board of Pardons and Parole.

CARPETA– refers to the institutional record of an inmate which consist of his

mittimus/commitment order, the prosecutor’s information and the decision of the trial

court, including the appellate court, if any.

DETAINEE – person who is confined in prison pending preliminary investigation, trial

or appeal; or upon legal process issued by the competent authority.

–a person accused before a court or competent authority who is temporarily confined

in jail while undergoing investigation, awaiting final judgment.

DETERRENCE – a crime-control strategy that uses punishment to prevent others

from committing similar crimes.

DEATH CONVICT – refers to an inmate death penalty/sentence imposed by the

Regional Trial Court is affirmed by the Supreme Court.to a fine of more than one

thousand pesos (P1, 000.00); or regardless of the length of the sentence .

DIVERSIFICATION – administrative device of correctional institutions of providing

varied and flexible types of physical plants for more effective control of treatment

programs of its diversified population.

DIVERSION – establishment of alternatives to formal justice system such as

deferred prosecution, resolution of citizen’s dispute, and treatment alternative to

street crimes.

DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION – a crime strategy that focuses on keeping the

offenders in the community rather than placing them in long-term institution.

ESCAPE – an act of getting out unlawfully from confinement or custody by an inmate

–Evasion of service of sentence (Art. 157, RPC)

INSTRUMENT OF RESTRAINT – a device, contrivance, tool, or instrument used to

hold back, keep in, check, or control an inmate; e.g. hand cuffs, leg irons

INMATE – (brief definition) either a prisoner or detainee confined in jail.

–(as defined in Bureau of Corrections Operating Manual) refers to a national prisoner

or one sentenced by the court to serve a maximum term of imprisonment of more

than three (3) years or imposed by the court, to one sentenced for violation of the

Customs Law or other laws within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or

enforceable by it, or violation of immigration and election laws; or to one sentenced

to serve two (2) or more prison sentences in the aggregate exceeding the period of

three (3) years, whether or not he has appealed. It shall include a person committed

to the Bureau by a court or competent authority for safekeeping or similar purpose.

Unless otherwise indicated, “inmate” shall also refer to a “detainee.”

JAIL – a place of confinement for inmates under investigation, awaiting or

undergoing trial or serving sentence.

– is a building or place of confinement of arrested or sentenced persons. It is usually

made up of cells which are made up of small rooms or enclosures where prisoners

are actually kept or confined (People vs. Caricaban, 13672-CR, Sept. 9, 1965)
PENANCE – an ecclesiastical punishment inflicted by an ecclesiastical court for

some spiritual offense.

PENAL SERVITUDE – a punishment, which consist of keeping an offender in

confinement and compelling him to labor.

PENALTY – is the suffering that is inflicted by the state for the transgression of the

law.

PENITENTIARY – a prison, correctional institution, or other place of confinement

where convicted felons are sent to serve out the term of their sentence.

PRISON – a public building or other place for the confinement of person, whether as

a punishment imposed by the law or otherwise in the course of the administration of

justice

–(as defined in the Bureau of Corrections Operating Manual) it also refers to a penal

establishment under the control of the Bureau of Corrections and shall include the

New Bilibid Prison, the Correctional Institution for Women, Leyte Regional Prison,

and the Davao, San Ramon, Sablayan, and Iwahig Prison and Penal Farms.

PRISON RECORD – refers to information containing an inmate’s personal

circumstances, the offense he committed, the sentence imposed, the criminal case

numbers in the trial appellate courts, the date he commenced service of his

sentence, the date he was received for confinement, the place of confinement, the
date of expiration of his sentence, the number of previous conviction, if any, and his

behavior and conduct while in prison.

PRISONER – an inmate who is convicted by final judgment and classified as insular,

provincial, city, or municipal prisoner.

PUNISHMENT – infliction of some sort of pain on the offender for violating the law.

REHABILITATION – a program of activity directed to restore an inmate’s self-

respect thereby making him a law-abiding citizen after serving his sentence.

–to change an offender’s character, attitude or behavior patterns so as to diminish

his or her criminal propensities.

SAFEKEEPING – the temporary custody of a person for his own protection, safety,

or care; and/or his security from harm, injury or danger for the liability he has

committed.

DETERMINATE SENTENCE – a fixed period of incarceration imposed on the

offender by the court.

INDETERMINATE SENTENCE – sets minimum and maximum period of

incarceration.
PRESUMPTIVE SENTENCING – an alternative to limit sentencing disparity which

sets minimum average and maximum terms allowing the judge to select a term

based on the characteristics of the offender and aggravating circumstances.

SENTENCING DISPARITY – divergence in the type and length of sentence imposed

for the same crime with no evidence reason for the difference.

SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION – the doctrine of isolating the offender or causing

social disablement proposed adopting a policy of incarcerating those whose criminal

behavior is so damaging or probable that short of isolation will prevent recidivism.

SHOCK PROBATION (1865, Ohio) – a deterrence-based sentence to prison,

designed to give the offender a taste of incarceration in the belief that this will deter

future criminal activity.

PRISONIZATION – process by which an inmate learns through socialization; the

rules and regulation of the penitentiary culture.

COED INSTITUTION – or co-correctional institution which hold both male and

female offenders who interact and share the facility except for sleeping areas. They

study, eat, dance, work and engage in leisure activities within one campus.
STATUS OFFENSE – behavior or conduct that is an offense only when committed

by juvenile.

BLUE-FLU – the practice of uniformed personnel of taking sick leave EN MASSE to

back-up their demands fro impoved working conditions, salary increments, and other

items on their agenda.

CONVICT BOGEY – society exaggerated fear of the convict and ex-convict which is

usually far out of proportion to the real danger they present.

FURLOUGH – authorization that permits inmate to leave containment, for

emergency family crises, usually accompanied by correctional officer. Crises include

“death bed”.

WEEK-END CONFINEMENT – offender are allowed to retain current employment

and permit sentences to be served during weekends.

 HALF-WAY HOUSES – are non-confining residential facilities for adjudicated

adults or juvenile or those subject to proceedings. They are alternative to

containment for person not suited for probation that need period for re-

adjustment to the community after imprisonment.

 QUARTER HOUSES – for probationers

  HALF HOUSES – for parolees

 THREE QUARTER HOUSES – intensive alternative for prison

confinement/commitment

EXPUNGE – the process by which the record of crime conviction is destroyed or

sealed after expiration of statutory required time.

GULAG– the term Gulag of Igorot mountain tribe according to the linguist, refers to a

wooden-fence where convicted felons were imprisoned by the elders.

–At the height of the Banawe Rice-Terraces construction, thetribe’s chieftain

considers it a crime for any able-bodied male who refuses to work at the terraces, if

found guilty of such idleness, he will be sent to the Gulag.

GULAG OF GERMANY– this is infamous Gulag prison of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in

Germany, where thousand of Jews were man-slaughtered during the reign of Adolph

Hitler.

GULAG OF RUSSIA– this is synonymous for corrective labor camp, a penal

institution established in 1918 after the Russian Revolution. It was the most feared

prison during the reign of Joseph Stalin on 1934 to 1947.

METHODS OF DEATH PENALTY EXECUTED IN THE PHILIPPINES

1.GARROTE-This became popular when three (3) friar’s priests, commonly

addressed as GOMBURZA, were executed in 1872 by the Spanish colonial rulers for

exposing the venalities of the church.

2.MUSKETRY- Our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, died due to the alleged rebellion to

the Spanish government. Drug Lord Lim Seng met his death sentence by firing

squad in 1973 at Fort Bonifacio during Martial Law.

3.BEHEADING- Apprehended guerillas were beheaded by Samurai Sword at the

Japanese Kempetei Garrison in 1943.

4.HANGING

The famous tiger of Malaysia Yamashita died of hanging from 13th footstep platform

in 1946.

5.ELECTRIC CHAIR- The Muntinlupa electric chair has claimed more than seventy

(70) offenders convicted of capital offenses since its installation four (4) decades

ago.

6.LETHAL INJECTION- While the 1987 Constitution abolished death sentence,

however, Congress in 1996 passed RA 7659 as amended by RA 8177 that imposes

death penalty for heinous crime by lethal injection.

 OTHER FORMS OF EXECUTION

BEHEADING - A form of capital punishment practice in ancient Greece and Europe,

the punishment is reserved for offender of high rank and for notorious criminals. The

condemned man’s neck is placed on the wooden curved specifically designed for the

purpose. Most often, the doomed-man is black hooded with both hands tied at the

back before his head is positioned at the chopping black. At a given signal the head

is axed and the severed head fall on the trunk provided therefore. Today, beheading

continues to be the method of executions for capital punishment in many Muslim

countries including China.

CRUCIFIXION - A person convicted to death was nailed on the cross with both

hands and feet to add ignominy to his agony and humiliation. He was crowned with

the specter of spines of vines in his head. Then the Roman pears were thrusts to his

flesh body and died of asphyxiation.

BURNING AT STAKE - Form of execution wherein the convict is tied in pole and

then set on fire alive.

FEEDING TO THE LIONS - The offender is thrown in a lion’s den.

STONING - It is a form of execution wherein the condemned person is pelted with

stone
PILLORY - Bouvier’s dictionary defines pillory as a wooden machine, in which the

neck of the doomed culprit is inserted thereof and usually executed in public as a

means of punishing offenders in Europe and Colonial America.

Pillory is a wooden frame with three (3) curved holes in it (two for the left and right

wrists and the middle curved hole is for the neck) and mounted on the post upon a

platform. The condemned man is left to die at the mercy of unfriendly weather. Other

similar form with holes for the offender’s feet is called a STOCK.

DECAPITATION - Derived from the Latin word “DE” meaning FROM, and “CAPUT”

meaning a HEAD. Instead of using an axe, the method employed is by use of a

sword and the practice is widespread in China and Muslim States.

FLAGELLATION - An X-designed log were cross-joined and declined at 65 degrees

backward. The hooded doomed-man was tied on the cross-x with both hands spread

upward while the feet were spread apart. The con-man is bare naked except in the

skimpy short pants.The whipping rod is made of stripped hard leather with brass

button in laid across and embedded at the tips. At the given signal, six men will whip

30 lashes each alternately and will continue, except upon the intercession of the

victim or the State. This intervention of the aggrieved party to stop is tantamount to

pardon and the man shall be released to freedom.

GUILLOTINE - A device for cutting-off people’s head developed in 1972 by Dr.

Joseph Ignacio Guillotin, a member of the French National Assembly, he proposed

that all executions must be uniform and painless.

GAS CHAMBER - Invented after World War I by a medical Corp’s Officer of the US

Army as an alternative to electric chair. In medical term, the convict will die from

HYPOXIA which means death due to the cutting-off of oxygen in the brain.

BJMP

- (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) government agency

mandated by law (RA 6975) to take operational and administrative control

over all city, district and municipal jails.

It takes custody of detainees accused before a court who are temporarily

confined in such jails while undergoing investigation, waiting final

judgement and those who are serving sentence promulgated by the court

3 years and below.

- created Jan. 2, 1991.

- Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief.

- BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4 years, maybe

extended by President. Grounds:

1. In times of war

2. other national emergencies.

  Senior superintendent - the rank from which the BJMP chief

is appointed. This is the rank of the BJMP Directors of

the Directorates in the National Headquarters. This is also

the rank of the Regional Director for Jail Management

and Penology.

 Chief of the BJMP - Highest ranking BJMP officer. Appointed

by the President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary. Rank

is Director.

 BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the 2nd highest ranking

BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation

of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

 BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd highest ranking

BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation

of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

 BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th highest BJMP

officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation of

the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendents.

Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.

Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great Britain for

delinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895) with the

Gladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young offenders. The first

institution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent, England.

Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbol

or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with

the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent as a punishment

or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person.

interpretation) and those classified for colony assignment.

THE SEVEN OPERATING CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

 NEW BILIBID PRISON

A. BILIBID PRISON – the main insular penitentiary during the Spanish regime. This

was constructed in 1847 and was formally inaugurated in 1865 by virtue of the Royal

Decree of the Spanish Crown. This is located at the then famous “May Haligue

Estate” at nearby Central Market. This was constructed in radical spokes-of-a-wheel

form with a tower in the center spoke for easy command and control. In 1936, the

City of Manila exchanged its Muntinlupa property with that of the Bureau of Prison

lot, the Muntinlupa property was intended as a site for Boys Training School, but
because it was too far, the City preferred the site of the Old Bilibid Prison, the

present site of Manila City Jail.

 B. NEW BILIBID PRISON, Muntinlupa City (Approximately 552 hectares)

– this is where the Bureau of Corrections Central Office. Within the complex

are the three (3) security camps administered by a Penal Superintendent and

assisted by as Asst. Superintendent in each Camp. The thee (3) security

camps are:

 MAXIMUM SECURITY COMPOUND is for prisoners whose sentences are 20

years and above, life termers or those under capital punishment, those with

pending cases, those under disciplinary punishment, those whose cases are

on appeal, those under detention, and those that do not fall under medium

 and minimum security status.

 MEDIUM SECURITY COMPOUND (also known as Camp Sampaguita) is for

prisoners whose sentences are below 20 years (computed from the minimum

sentences per classification. This is for prisoners who are 65 years old and

above, medically certified as invalids and for those prisoners who have six

months or less to serve before they are released from prison.

the lethal injection chamber is also located here.

 2.SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM, Zamboanga del Sur –

founded by Capt. Ramon Blanco, a member of the Spanish Royal Army and

named the prison facility after his patron saint. This was initially intended for

the confinement of political prisoners during Spanish era. It was closed during

the Spanish-American War and was reopened during the American

 occupation. It has three facilities (maximum, medium, minimum). The penal

farm was designed to promote agro-industrial activities.

Land area: Approximately 1, 546 hectares

Principal product: Copra, rice, coffee, etc.

Year established: 1869 – 1870

 IWAHIG PRISON AND PENAL FARM, Palawan

-envisioned as an institution for incorrigible criminals, however, the first

contingent of prisoners to be confined revolted against the authorities.

-On November1, 1905 under the Reorganization Act 1407, the policy was

changed, instead of putting hardened criminals, well behaved and obedient

inmates were sent to the colony

-The farm is predominantly designed for agro-industrial activities. Within its

area are four (4) sub-colonies:

1.Central sub-colony

2.Sta. Lucia sub-colony

3.Montible subcolony

4.Inagawan sub-colony

-All these colonies are administered by a Penal Supervisor

-It administers the Tagumpay Settlement, which is approximately 1, 000

hectares, with six hectares homestead lots distributed to inmates who desired

to live in the settlement after service of sentence.

-One of the best open institutions in the world.

Date established: Nov. 16, 1904

By virtue of: Reorganization Act of 1407

 Land area: Approximately 36, 000 hectares

Principal product: rice, corn, copra and other forest product

 CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN, Mandaluyong City

-The only female institution in the Philippines

-Since 1934, a female Superintendent was assigned to supervise the prison

facility.

Year established: 1931

By virtue of: Act 3579 which was passed on Nov. 27, 1929

Vocational activities: Dress making, beauty culture, handicrafts

 LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON, Abuyog, Leyte

Date established: Jan. 16, 1973

-It is a prison facility, which has a receiving and process station.

-It has three security facilities – maximum, medium, minimum

-Because of its terrain, prison agro-industrial activities could not be fully

developed.

 SABLAYAN PRISON AND PENAL FARM, Sablayan, San Jose, Mindoro

Occidental

-With four sub-colonies within the prison compound:

1.Central sub-colony

2.Pusog sub-clony
 3.Pasugui sub-colony

4.Yapag sub-colony

-This penal farm is intended for agro-industrial activities

Land area: Approximately 16, 408.5 hectares

By virtue of: Proclamation no. 72

Date established: Sept. 27, 1954

Principal product: Rice

 DAVAO PRISON AND PENAL FARM, Tagum, Davao del Norte

-With two sub-colonies:

1.Panabo sub-colony

2.Kapalong sub-colony

-Administer the Tanglaw Settlement for those inmates who desire to live

within the compound.

Reception and Diagnostion Center or "RDC" means the juvenile correctional

center that serves as the central intake facility for all individuals committed to the

department. The Reception and Diagnostic Center's primary function is to orient,

evaluate, and classify each resident before being assigned to a juvenile correctional

center or alternative placement.

which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work

in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an expression

of justice. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation

of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by means of

such a warrant or order.

Mittimus Order -A mittimus also contains directions to the jailer or other appropriate

court official to receive and safely keep the person charged with the crime until the

time that their case may be heard in accordance with the due course of law. In other

words, the mittimus also authorizes a jailer to keep the person brought in on the

mittimus.

It is important to note that the term mittimus may also refer to the record of a

conviction or acceptance of a guilty plea adopted as an order of the court for an

individual where the court has laid out the person’s criminal punishment. In other

words, the mittimus outlines the specifics of a criminal offender’s sentence. Serving

time on mittimus then includes the time from which the person is detained by law

enforcement, until the time in which the person is either criminally prosecuted or

released from custody.

Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced to

death and are awaiting execution.

Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of the

classical theory, that punishment is to prevent others from

committing crime.

Director Charles S. Mondejar - the first Chief of BJMP. He took his

oath of office on July 1 of 1991.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly

average population of ten or less inmates, and is located in the

vicinity of the court.

Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th century

BC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a

written code to be enforced only by a court.

Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used formerly

to plunge offenders into a pond or river as a punishment.

Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners are confined.

Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was originally a prison opened

to contain Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil War. It became

known as a “death camp” because of the squalid conditions and high death

rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.

Elmira System - An American penal system named after Elmira Reformatory,

in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an innovator in the

reformatory movement by establishing Elmira Reformatory for young felons.

The Elmira system classified and separated various types of prisoners,

gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and

industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They were attached

to work benches and forced to do hard labor in period of imprisonment.

Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example to others

to deter further commission of crime.

Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment visibly or publicly for

the purpose of appeasing a social group. Expiation is a group vengeance

as distinguished from retribution.

First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatory

model.

Goals of Criminal Sentencing

1. Retribution

2. Punishment

3. Deterrence

4. Incapacitation
 5. Rehabilitation

6. Reintegration

7. Restoration

LEGAL GROUNDS FOR DETAINING A PERSON

 NATIONAL CORRECTIONS CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK

Every last week of October

By virtue of Proclamation Number 551 signed on March 15, 1995, by former

President Fidel V. Ramos

CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS

- Every institution in the Bureau of Corrections must maintain an organized

system of classifying prisoners. Accordingly, each prisoner shall be classified and

assigned a security category as follows:

(1) Maximum Security Prisoners - are prisoners who escape would be highly

dangerous to the public or the police

or to the security of the country. Under this category as follows:

a. Prisoners whose sentence are 20 years or more;

b. Remand or detention prisoners and those whose sentence are under review by

the Supreme Court;

c. Recidivist and escapees.

(2) Medium Security Prisoners - are prisoners who can not be trusted in open

conditions and pose less danger to society if they escape.

a. Prisoners whose minimum sentence are less than 20 years

b. Those that have been processed and recommended by the Reclassification Board

to be downgraded

from maximum to medium security or upgraded from minimum to medium security.

This includes

first offenders who have serve 5 years of good conduct in maximum security

facilities.

(3) Minimum Security Prisoners - are prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to

serve their sentence in open conditions. Under this category are:

A. Invalids or prisoners who have physical handicaps in normal movement, hearing,

seeing or feeling.

B. Prisoners who are aged preferably 65 years old and above.

C. Prisoners who 6 months more to serve before the expiration of their minimum

sentence.

PRISONERS AUTHORIZED TO GO OUT OF THE PRISON

A prisoner may be taken out of prison in any of the following instances.

1. For appearance in court or other government agencies.

2. For medical treatment or examination

3. For viewing the remains of relatives

a. Pursuant to Executive Order No. 70 only medium and minimum security prisoners

may be allowed to

view the remains of the immediate members of their families within the second

degree of consanguinity

as follows:

1. Wife/Husband

2. Children

3. Brother and Sister

4. Father or Mother

5. Grandchildren

6. Grandparent

b. The prisoner shall be allowed more or less three (3) hours to view the

deceased in the place where the remains lie in state.

c. The escort guards shall observe all escort procedures to prevent untoward

incidents. d. The privilege

may be enjoyed only if the deceased relative is in a place within a radius of thirty (30)

kilometers.

e. The relatives of the prisoners shall present the Death Certificate of the deceased

relative and Birth

Certificate or Marriage Contract id the deceased is a direct relative or wife.

ART. 97. Allowance for good conduct. – The good conduct of any offender qualified

for credit for preventive imprisonment

pursuant to Article 29 of this Code, or of any convicted prisoner in any penal

institution, rehabilitation or detention center

or any other local jail shall entitle him to the following deductions from the period of

his sentence:

“1. During the first two years of imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of

twenty days for each month of good

behavior during detention;

“2. During the third to the fifth year, inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall be

allowed a reduction of twenty-three days

for each month of good behavior during detention;

“3. During the following years until the tenth year, inclusive, of his imprisonment, he

shall be allowed a deduction of

twenty-five days for each month of good behavior during detention;

“4. During the eleventh and successive years of his imprisonment, he shall be

allowed a deduction of thirty days for each

month of good behavior during detention; and

“5. At any time during the period of imprisonment, he shall be allowed another

deduction of fifteen days, in addition to

numbers one to four hereof, for each month of study, teaching or mentoring service

time rendered.

“An appeal by the accused shall not deprive him of entitlement to the above

allowances for good conduct.” SEC.

4. Article 98 of the same Act is hereby further amended to read as follows:

“ART. 98. Special time allowance for loyalty. – A deduction of one fifth of the period

of his sentence shall be granted to

any prisoner who, having evaded his preventive imprisonment or the service of his

sentence under the circumstances

mentioned in Article 158 of this Code, gives himself up to the authorities within 48

hours following the issuance of a

proclamation announcing the passing away of the calamity or catastrophe referred to

in said article. A deduction of two-

fifths of the period of his sentence shall be granted in case said prisoner chose to

stay in the place of his confinement

notwithstanding the existence of a calamity or catastrophe enumerated in Article 158

of this Code

FOUR (4) MAIN CLASSES OF PRISONERS

 INSULAR PRISONER – one who is sentenced to a prison term of three (3)

years and one (1) day to death.

 PROVINCIAL PRISONER – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six (6)

months and one (1) day to three (3) years.

 CITY PRISONER – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one (1) day to

three (3) years.

 MUNICIPAL PRISONER – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one (1)

day to six (6) months.

,,,CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCED PRISONERS ACCORDING TO P. D. 29

INSULAR/NATIONAL PRISONER – sentence to serve a prison term of over three

(3) years or to a fine of more than six thousand pesos (P6, 000) or both.

CITY/PROVINCIAL PRISONER – sentenced to serve less than three (3) years but

over six (6) months or to a fine less than six thousand pesos (P6, 000) but more than

two hundred pesos (P200) or both.

MUNICIPAL PRISONER – sentenced to serve less than six (6) months or to a fine

of not more than two hundred pesos (P200).

CATEGORIES OF INMATES

Prisoners

Detainees

DETAINEE

Undergoing investigation

Awaiting or undergoing trial

Awaiting final judgment

JUDGMENT BECOMES FINAL:

After lapse of the period of perfecting an appeal

Sentence has been partially or fully satisfied or served

Accused expressly waived in writing his right to appeal

Accused filed for probation

Commission of crime

Violent insanity or ailment requiring compulsory confinement in hospital

Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three banksof oars, chiefly

used for warfare or piracy and often manned by slaves

or criminals.

Goals of Criminal Sentencing

1. Retribution

2. Punishment

3. Deterrence

4. Incapacitation

5. Rehabilitation
6. Reintegration

7. Restoration

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners,

psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil and criminal

law. First known codified law prior to Roman law. Better organized and

comprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex taliones (an eye

for an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the

satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored,

especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.

Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the penetration

of an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by

complete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the central body mass.

Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation;

2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and

3. those awaiting final judgment

Jails - holds

a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences

b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prison

c. Offenders who have violated their probation or parole

d. Defendants who are awaiting trial

James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and prison

administrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons

(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in the

movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it with

a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 when

it closed.

January 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was

created thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the Department

of Interior and Local Government.

John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive

justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by the

criminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones; punishment

inflicted by throwing stones at the victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48 hours.

A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to the jail.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, whereby

credits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain number of

marks being required for release.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a defined

population during a specified interval of time.

Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an act of

physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of any living

body, sometimes causing death.

National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.

Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various styles

or ideas.

Newgate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine of

Simsbury Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground (Black hole

of horrors).

Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be accommodated

based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally released

from prison to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in the

community.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created pursuant to

Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as amended, to administer the

probation system. Under Executive Order No. 292, the Probation

Administration was renamed as the Parole and Probation Administration,

and given the added function of supervising prisoners who, after serving

part of their sentence in jails are released on parole or granted

conditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and Parole are

the agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders.

PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment of

youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination

of the case.Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor

or youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years of age at the time of the

commission of the offence.

Prison Hulks - (1776-1857) were ships which were anchored in the Thames,

and at Portsmouth and Plymouth. Those sent to them were employed in hard

labour during the day and then loaded, in chains, onto the ship at night.

Prison Reform - is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons,

aiming at a more effective penal system.

Probation - Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over

an offender, ordered by a court instead of serving time in prison.

John Augustus - Father of Probation. Augustus was born in Woburn,

Massachusetts in 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent resident

of Boston and the owner of a successful boot-making business.

Father Cook - a chaplain of the Boston Prison visited the courts

and gained acceptance as an advisor who made enquiries into the

circumstances of both adult and juvenile offenders

Provincial Jail - under the office of the Governor. Where the imposable

penalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the same was

committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her

sentence in the provincial jail.

Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender

shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of

the Bureau of Corrections.

Quakers - (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of a

family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious

Society of Friends. Many Quakers have worked for reform of the criminal

justice systems of their day. Quakers believe that people can always

change: their focus has been on reforms that make positive change more

likely, such as increased opportunities for education, improved prison

conditions, help with facing up to violent impulses, and much else.

John Bellers - (1654-1725) was the earliest British Friend to

pay serious and systematic attention to social reform. He

pleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, the first

time this plea had been made. He argued that criminals were
the creation of society itself and urged that when in prison

there should be work for prisoners so that they might return

to the world with an urge to industry.

Elizabeth Fry - (1780-1845) was the most famous of Quaker

reformers, though others were equally influential in raising

public awareness. Reforms such as the separation of women and

children from men and the development of purposeful activity

of work or education came about through pressure from

info.

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an expression

of justice. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation

of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

rmed people.

RA 6975 - sec.60 to 65, created the BJMP.

Rank Classification of BJMP

Director

Chief Superintendent

Senior Superintendent

Superintendent

Chief Inspector
 Senior Inspector

Inspector

Senior Jail Officer IV

Senior Jail Officer III

Senior Jail Officer II

Senior Jail Officer I

Jail Officer III

Jail Officer II

Jail Officer I

RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the rehabilitation

of national prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment

of more than three years.

- has 7 prison facilities

- 1 prison institution for women

- 1 vocational training centre for juveniles.

- Classification Board - classifies inmates according to

their security status.

- Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) receives, studies

and classifies inmates committed to Bureau of Corrections.

- Board of Discipline - hears complaints and grievances with

regard to violations of prison rules and regulations.

- Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon orders of Gov.

 Forbes, then the Sec. of Commerce and police.

- New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in Muntinlupa

Camp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security prison.

Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison

- Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 (RA 3732)

- Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established Sept.27, 1954

(Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental Mindoro

- Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, 1973

- Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the Phil.

designated as insular penitentiary by Royal Decree in 1865.

Rack - a form of torture or punishment wherein pain is inflicted to

to the body through stretching.

Rated Capacity - the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating

official to institutions within the jurisdiction.

Reformation - the object of punishment in a criminal case is to correct

and reform the offender.

Reformatory Movement - The reformatory movement was based on principles

adopted at the 1870 meeting of the National Prison Association.

The reformatory was designed:

a. for younger, less hardened offenders.

b. based on a military model of regimentation.

c. with indeterminate terms.

d. with parole or early release for favorable progress

in reformation.

Retribution - punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal

act.

Security Level - A designation applied to a facility to describe the

measures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security and custody.

The simplest security level categorization is:

a. maximum

b. medium

c. minimum

Maximum - security facilities are characterized by very

tight internal and external security.

security measures include: (Maximum)

- A high wall or razor-wire fencing

- Armed-guard towers

- Electronic detectors

- External armed patrol

- A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall or fence

and the community.

- Restrictions on inmate movement

- The capability of closing off areas to contain riots or disruptions.

Houses the following inmates:

- Those sentenced to death

- Those sentenced with min. 20 years

- Those remanded inmates/detainees with min. 20 years sentence

- Those whose sentences is under review by SC (min.20 years)

- Those whose sentences is under appeal (min.20 years)

- Those with pending cases

- Those who are recidivist

Ultra-Maximum/Super-Maximum Security Prison

- house notorious offenders and problem inmates from other institutions.

These institutions utilize: Total isolation of inmates, Constant lockdowns Medium

security institutions - place fewer restrictions on inmate movement inside the facility.

Characteristics often include:(Medium)

- Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters

- No external security wall

- Barbed wire rather than razor wire

- Fences and towers that look less forbidding

Houses the following inmates:

- Those sentenced to less than 20 years

Minimum-security prisons

- are smaller and more open. They often house inmates who:

- Have established records of good behavior

- Are nearing release

Characteristics often include:(Minimum)

- Dormitory or barracks living quarters

- No fences

- Some inmates may be permitted to leave during the day

to work or study.

- Some inmates may be granted furloughs

Sing Sing Prison - was the third prison built by New York State. It is a maximum-

security prison.
Stocks - an instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame with holes

in which the feet and sometimes the hands of an offender can be locked.

Three major government functionaries involved in the Philippine correctional

system:

1. DOJ

2. DILG

3. DSWD

DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the Bureau of Corrections,

administers the parole and probation system through the Parole and Probation

Administration, and assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through

the Board of Pardons and Parole.

DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal jails through the

provincial governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,

respectively.

DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centers for youth offenders through

the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.

Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were transported from their home

nation to one of that nation's colony to work.

Twelve Tables - The Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim Tabularum

or Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of

Roman law. Established basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens as against

one another.

Underground Cistern - a reservoir for storing liquids, an underground tank for

storing water. This was also used in prison in ancient times.

Voltaire - believes that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime.

Workhouses - European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison, where offenders

were sent to learn discipline and regular work habits.

SOME IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN THE HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS

oWILLIAM PENN – founder of Pennsylvania and leader of the English Quakers.

Before he conceived the idea of Pennsylvania, he became the leading defender of

religious toleration of England. He was imprisoned six times for speaking out

courageously. While in prison, he wrote one pamphlet after another which gave

quakers literature and attacked intolerance. In 1682, he legislated the Quaker’s

“Great Law” – a more or quite humane law compared with harsh colonial codes in

force at the time as a punishment for serious crime. In 1718, one day after his death,

Quaker code gave way to English Anglican Code, a harsher code.

oPOPE CLEMENT XI – in 1704 he built Hospice of San Michelle – a reformatory fro

delinquent boys used to this date. He placed an inscription over the door. It is

insufficient to restrain the wicked by punishment them virtuous by corrective

discipline.

oCHARLES LOUIS de SECONDAT, BARON DELA BREDE ET DE

MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755) – he inherited the seat in the Parliament of Bordeaux,

France, and was active in politics and writing for most of his life. By far, his most

influential work is “On the Spirit of the Laws – 1748”, which presented his analysis

the nature believed that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that

appealing to moral sentiment was better means of preventing crime. He was credited

to have introduced the idea of “separation of powers” in the government to the

following executive, for the enforcement of laws; legislative for the making of laws,

and the interpretation and scrutiny of laws.

oFRANCOIS MARIE AROUET (pen name VOLTAIRE) 1694-1778 – a French

author and philosopher who believed that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime. He

was born on November 21, 1694 in Paris, whose wit, intelligence and keen sense of

justice made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers. He was

however an ardent critic of church, as such, Voltaire was denied burial church

ground.
oSir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - was a British prison administrator and reformer, and

founder of the Borstal system.

oDENNIS DESIDEROT (1718-1784) – French encyclopedic and philosopher whose

encyclopedia became a force for a change in the 18th century. Like Montesquieu

and Votaire, he was also imprisoned fro denouncing orthodox religion in his work

“Letters fro the Blind”.

oCESARE BONESANA MARCHESE DI BECCARIA (1738-1794) – founder of the

Classical School of Criminology. As a Milanese lawyer, published short treaties “On

Crimes and Punishments” at the age of 26. It was the most exciting essay on law of

the 18th century

oJEREMY BENTHAM – devised the Panopticon Inspection House

oSir Walter Crofton - the director of Irish prisons. In his program, known as the Irish

system, prisoners progressed through three stages of confinement before they were

returned to civilian life. The first portion of the sentence was served in isolation. After

that, prisoners were assigned to group work projects.

oSIR SAMUEL ROMILY (1757-1818) – a follower of Bentham who pressed for the

construction of the first modern English prison, the Milbank Prison in 1816.
oJEAN JACQUES VILAIN – in 1773, he built the Maison de Foce (stronghouse). He

is one of the first who developed the system.

oJAMES V. BENNETT - was a leading American penal reformer and prison

administrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons

(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in the

movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it with

a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 when

it closed.

oJohn Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive

justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by the

criminal.

oZebulon Reed Brockway - was a penologist and is sometimes regarded as the

Father of prison reform and Father of American Parole in the United States.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CORRECTION

The Code of Hammurabi

- is a well preserved Babylonian law code, dating back to about 1772 BC. It is

one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.

 - The sixth Babylonian King, Hammurabi, enacted the code, and partial copies

exist on a human-sized stone steel and various clay tablets.

- The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting “an eye for

an eye, a tooth for a tooth” (lex talionis) as graded depending on social status, of

slave versus free man.

Justian Code

- 6th A.D., Emperor Justian of Rome wrote his code of law. An effort to match a

desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes.

- However the law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a

foundation of Western legal codes.

- The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae, 451,450 BC) - represented the earliest

codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justian Code.

Burgundian Code

- Introduced the concept of restitution. An offender had to pay specified value in

order not to undergo physical suffering as penalty.

- An offender who cannot pay will be subjected to death penalty. But this is

applied only to members of nobility and middle classes.

 - Death penalty awaits slaves who commited murder, assaults on noble or middle

class women, and sexual relations with noble or middle class women, and giving aid

and comfort to escape offenders among others.

Code of Draco

- Greed Code of Darco-in Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides

the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive

concepts( Vengeance, Bllod Feuds).

Early Forms of Punishment in Primitive Time

Punishment

- It is the redress that the stake takes against an offending member of society

that usually involve pain and suffering, It is also the imposed on an offender for a

crime or writing doing.

Blood Feud

- Ancient Cultured developed the idea of justie based on vengeance, retribution

and compensation. When a crime is committed, the victim is expected to dole out the

justice with his own hands. Punishment was carried out by the victim personally,

along with that help provided by ones family.

The Rack

- A kind of a device that drags apart the joints in the feet and hands.

Iron Maiden

- Is a box-like device with the fromt half hinged like a door so that a person could

be placed inside: when the door was shut, protruding spikes both the back and front

entered the body of the victim.

The Tower of London

- Originally built as a fortress for the defense of the city. This is a famous symbol

for such a cruel punishment. It was there that even more torturous contraption was

developed. Where the rack stretched its victims, this machine compressed the body

of the victims; it is more dreadful and more complex than the rack. The whole body is

bent that some blood exudes from the tips of the hands and feet.

The Pillory

- It was a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with

holes for securing the head and hands, formerly used for punishment by public

humiliation and often further physical abuse, sometimes lethal.

Branding
 - Brand marks have also been used as punishment for convicted criminals,

combing physical punishment, as burn are very painful, with public humiliation

(greatest if marked on a normally visible part of the body) which is here the more

important intention, and with the imposition of an indelible criminal record.

Banishment / Exile

- Sending pr putting away of an offender which war carried out either by

prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the

offender has been removed.

Physical Torture

- Affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms

of inflicting pain.

Death: Capital Punishment

Death by Hanging

Death with Dissection

Asphyxiation or Strangulation

Boiling to Death

Burning

Crucifixion

Beheading

Drowning
Electrocution

Lethan Injection

Shooting

Starvation and Dehydration

Death Flights

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The study and practice of systematic management of jails and prison and other

institution charged with rehabilitation of criminal (Correctional Administration) A

facility or a place of confinement for inmates coming from a city or clustered

municipalities who are waiting or undergoing trial or serving sentence of one (1) day

to three (3) years (District Jail). Inmates who are likely and have the tendency to

escape from the jail facility (Escape-Prone Inmates).

Long, low, narrow, and single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by

criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century

(Galleys). The description given to pretrial detention facilities operated by English

sheriff in England during the 18th century (Gaols/jails).

Those who are not necessarily charged with heinous crimes but are prominent

figures in society or public figures whose cases have drawn public interest (High

Profile Inmates in BJMP Jails).

 Those considered as highly dangerous or with high probability of escaping or

being rescued because of the gravity of the crimes they are accused of or have a

propensity for being troublemakers or initiators of jail riots and disturbance and who

require a high degree of control and supervision (High Risk Inmates in BJMP

Jails).

These are former warships used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th

century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of

relieving congestion of prisons. They were called as the floating hells (Hulks). Are

those that are unlawful in themselves and not because of some extraneous

circumstances (i.e. dangerous drugs, weapons, potential weapons,

explosives) Illegal Contraband).

Inmates who are physically or mentally weak for a prolonged period of time

specifically caused by age or illness (Infirmed Inmates) Refers to the means of

correcting an individual by placing him in a prison/jail for his treatment until he is

ready for his reintegration into the community (Institutional Corrections).

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 Inmate who requires less supervision than other inmates. Although he/she may

be assigned special tasks, he/she has no special privileges, and is not allowed to

work alone nor exercise any authority over other inmates (Jail Aide).

The escape from jail by more than two (2) inmates by the use of force, threat,

violence or deceit or by breaching security barriers such as by scaling the perimeter

fence, by tunneling and/or by other similar means or by burning or destructing of the

facility or a portion of the facility with or without the aid of jail officer or any other

person (Jailbreak). An act of leaving from jail of an inmate through unofficial and

illegal ways or without any legal order from the authorities (Jail escape).

Any untoward or uncommon actions, events, or conditions such as jail break,

riot, noise barrage, stabbing or assault upon personnel that occurs in jail and

perpetrated by any person, which may or may not have followed or depended upon

another action of grave or serious consequences such as escape, injury, death, fire,

flood, earthquake, or other calamity which affects the jail (Jail Incident).

Person charged with the overall operational and administrative control of jail (Jail

Warden). Those inmates who suffer from mental illness and afflicted with or

exhibiting irrationality and mental unsoundness (Mentally ill). A facility or a place of

confinement for those who are sentenced with a penalty for a term not exceeding six

(6) month imprisonment (Municipal Jail).

Those that may not be classified as illegal under the Philippine laws but are

forbidden by jail rules i.e. cellphone, money or other commodities of exchange such

as jewelry, appliances and gadgets, excessive wearing apparels and sleeping

paraphernalia (Nuisance Contraband). The practice of managing or controlling

places of confinement in jails and prisons Facility or a place of confinement for

inmates who are sentenced with imprisonment from six (6) months and (1) one to

three (3) year imprisonment (Provincial Jail).

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Refers to the official duly designated to head the BJMP Provincial Jail

Administrator’s Office and to oversee the implementation of jail services of all district,

city and municipal jails within its territorial jurisdiction (Provincial Jail

Administrator).Those inmates who have reached sixty years old, or those who have

retired from work, and those who generally belong to the “old age” bracket (Senior

Citizen Inmates)

Those inmates who committed crimes involving sex, including rape, molestation,

pedophilia, sexual harassment and pornography production or distributions (Sex

Offenders). Inmates who have a type of mental disorder characterized by a

preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices, as pedophilia,

sadomasochism, or exhibitionism or inmates whose sexual practices are socially

prohibited. (Sexual Deviates)

ORGANIZATION AND KEY FUNCTIONS OF THE BJMP

 The BJMP shall be respectively headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by

two (2) deputy chiefs, one (1) for Administration and one (1) for Operations, all of

whom shall be appointed by the President upon recommendation of the Secretary of

the DILG from among the qualified officers with at least the rank of senior

superintendent in the service: Provided, that in no case shall any officer who has

retired or is retirable within six (6) months from his/her compulsory retirement age be

appointed as the Chief of the Jail Bureau, as the case may be, Provided, further, that

the Chief of the Jail Bureau shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4)

years: Provided, however, that in times of war or other national emergency declared

by Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.

The Heads of the BJMP with the rank of director shall have the position title of

Chief of the Jail Bureau, respectively. The second officers in command of the BJMP

with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the position title of Deputy Chief for

Administration of the Jail Bureau, respectively. The third officer in command of the

BJMP with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the position title of Deputy

Chief for Operation of the Jail Bureau. The fourth officers in command of the BJMP

with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the respective position title of Chief

of Directorial Staff of the Jail Bureau, who shall be assisted by the directors of the

directorates in the respective national headquarters office with at least the rank of

senior superintendent.

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 The BJMP shall establish, operate and maintain their respective regional offices

in each of the administrative regions of the country which shall be respectively

headed by a Regional Director of Jail Management and Penology with the rank of

senior superintendent. He/She shall be respectively assisted by the following officers

with the rank of superintendent: Assistant Regional Director for Administration,

Assistant Regional Director for Operations, and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff.

APPOINTMENT OF UNIFORMED PERSONNEL TO THE BJMP

a) Jail Officer I to Senior Jail Officer IV. – Appointed by the Regional Director

for Jail Management and Penology for the regional office uniformed personnel or by

the respective Chief of the Jail Bureau for the national headquarters office uniformed

personnel, and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC);

b) Jail Inspector to Jail Superintendent. – Appointed by the respective Chief of

the Jail Bureau, as recommended by their immediate superiors, and attested by the

CSC;

c) Jail Senior Superintendent. – Appointed by the Secretary of the DILG upon

recommendation of the respective Chief of the Jail Bureau, with the proper

attestation of the CSC; and

 d) Jail Chief Superintendent to Jail Director.- Appointed by the President upon

recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG, with the proper endorsement by the

Chairman of the CSC.

Lateral Entry of Officer into BJMP – In general, all original appointments of

officers in the Jail Bureau shall commence the rank of jail inspector wherein

applicants for lateral entry shall include all those with highly specialized and technical

qualifications such as, but not limited to, social workers, psychologists, teachers,

nurses, dentists and engineers. Doctor of Medicine, members of the Philippine Bar

and chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of jail senior inspector in their particular

technical service. Graduate of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) shall

be automatically appointed to the initial rank of jail inspector.

No person shall be designated to the following key positions of the BJMP unless

he/she has met the qualification provided in the Republic Act 9263.

1) Municipal Jail Warden. – Should have the rank of chief inspector, who have

finished at least second year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twelve (12) units in

a master’s degree program in management, public administration, public safety,

criminology, penology, sociology, national security administration, defense studies,

or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and must have

satisfactory passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as

may be established by the Jail Bureau;REPORT THIS AD

2) City Jail Warden. – Should have the rank of chief inspector, who must have

finished at least second year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twenty four (24)
units in master’s degree program in management, public administration, public

safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security administration, defense

studies or related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning and must

satisfactory passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as

may be established by the Jail Bureau: Provided, That in city jails with a population

of one thousand (1,000) or more inmates, the city jail warden shall the rank and

qualification of a district jail warden;

3) District Jail Warden, Provincial Jail Administrator, Assistant Regional

Director for Administration, Assistant Regional Director for Operations and

Regional Chief of Directorial Staff. – Should have the rank of senior

superintendent, who must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a

master’s degree in management, public administration, public safety, criminology,

penology, sociology, national security administration, defense studies or other

related discipline from a recognized institution of learning, and must satisfactory

passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be

established by the Jail bureau;

4) Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology and Director of the

Directorate of the National Headquarters Office. – Should have the rank of senior

superintendent, who must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a

master’s degree in management, public administration, public safety, criminology,

penology, sociology, national security administration, defense studies or other

related discipline from a recognized institution of learning, and must satisfactory

passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be

established by the Jail bureau;

 5) Deputy Chief for Administration of the Jail Bureau, Deputy Chief for

Operations of the Jail Bureau and Chief of Directorial Staff of the Jail Bureau. –

Should have the rank of senior superintendent, who must be a member of the

Philippine Bar or a holder of a master’s degree in management, public

administration, public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security

administration, defense studies or other related discipline from a recognized

institution of learning, and must satisfactory passed the necessary training or career

courses for such position as may be established by the Jail bureau; and

6) Chief of the Jail Bureau. – Should have the rank of director, who must be a

member of the Philippine Bar or a holder of a master’s degree in management,

public administration, public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national

security administration, defense studies or other related discipline from a recognized

institution of learning, and must satisfactory passed the necessary training or career

courses for such position as may be established by the Jail bureau.

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by cutting the

head.
Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners,

psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society.

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil and

criminal

law. First known codified law prior to Roman law. Better organized and

comprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex taliones (an eye

for an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the

satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human

life.

Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored,

especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.

Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the

penetration

of an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by

complete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the central body
mass.

Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Gaol - old name/term of jail.

Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation;

2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and

3. those awaiting final judgment

Jails - holds

a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences

b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prison

c. Offenders who have violated their probation or parole

d. Defendants who are awaiting trial

James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and prison

administrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons

(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in

the

movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it with

a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 when

it closed.
January 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was

created thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the Department

of Interior and Local Government.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive

justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by the

criminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones; punishment

inflicted by throwing stones at the victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48 hours.

A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to the jail.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie,

whereby

credits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain number

of

marks being required for release.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a defined

population during a specified interval of time.

Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an act of

physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of any living

body, sometimes causing death.

National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.

Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various styles or ideas.

New gate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine of

Simsbury Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground (Black hole

of horrors).

Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be

accommodated

based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally released

from prison to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in the

community.
Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created pursuant to

Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as amended, to administer the

probation system. Under Executive Order No. 292, the Probation

Administration was renamed as the Parole and Probation

Administration,

and given the added function of supervising prisoners who, after

serving

part of their sentence in jails are released on parole or granted

conditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and Parole are

the agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders.

PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment

of

youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination

of the case.

Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor

or youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years of

age at the time of the commission of the offence.

PROFESSIONALIZATION AND QUALIFICATIONS UPGRADING PROGRAM

 The DILG shall design and establish a professionalization and qualifications

upgrading program for uniformed personnel of the BJMP in coordination with the

CSC and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) though an off-campus

education program or other similar programs within ninety (90) days from the

effectivity of RA 9263.

CORE VALUES. The BJMP’s officers and staff are guided by the following core

values:

a. Commitment – strong sense of dedication to the ideals of the organization and

to the public that it serves;

b. Respect for Human Rights – to promote and protect the rights of our fellow

human beings;

c. Efficiency/Competence – mastery of important skills for delivery of quality

services;

d. Cooperation – willingness to share efforts in implementing plans and

achieving goals; and

e. Teamwork – the combined effective action of all personnel

COMMITMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS AND DETAINEES

 The following (courts and entities) are authorized to commit a person to jail:

 Supreme Court

 Court of Appeals;

 Sandiganbayan;

 Regional Trial Court;

 Metropolitan/Municipal Trial Court;

 Municipal Circuit Trial Court;

 Congress of the Philippines;

 All other administrative bodies or persons authorized by law to arrest and

commit a person to jail.

Categories of Inmates -The two (2) general categories of inmates are:

a. Prisoner – inmate who is convicted by final judgment;

b. Detainee – inmate who is undergoing investigation/trial or awaiting final

judgment.

Classification of Detainees

 Undergoing investigation;

 Awaiting or undergoing trial;

 Awaiting final judgment.

Inmates Security Classification -The following are the classifications of inmates

according to security risk each may pose:

a. High Profile Inmate – those who require increased security based on intense

media coverage or public concern as a result of their offense such as but not limited

to those who have been involved in a highly controversial or sensationalized crime or

those who became prominent for being a politician, government official, multi-million

entrepreneur, religious or cause-oriented group leader and movie or television

personality.

b. High Risk Inmate – those who are considered highly dangerous and who

require a greater degree of security, control and supervision because of their

deemed capability of escape, of being rescued, and their ability to launch or

spearhead acts of violence inside the jail. This includes those charged with heinous

crimes such as murder, kidnapping for ransom, economic sabotage, syndicated or

organized crimes, etc. Also included are inmates with military or police trainings or

those whose life is in danger or under imminent threat.

c. High Value Target (HVT) – a target, either a resource or a person, who may

either be an enemy combatant, high ranking official or a civilian in danger of capture

or death, typically in possession of critical intelligence, data, or authority marked as

an objective for a mission and which a commander requires for the successful

completion of the same.

d. Security Threat Group – any formal or informal ongoing inmates’ group, gang,

organization or association consisting of three or more members falling into one of

the following basic categories: street gangs, prison gangs, outlaw gangs, traditional

organized crime, aboriginal gangs, subversive groups and terrorist organizations.

e. Subversive Group – a group of persons that adopts or advocates subversive

principles or policies tending to overthrow or undermine an established government.

f. Terrorist Group – a group of persons that commits any of the following: piracy

and mutiny in the high seas or in the Philippine waters, rebellion or insurrection, coup

d’état, murder, kidnapping and serious illegal detention, crimes involving destruction,

arson, hijacking, violation of laws on toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear

waste control, violations of atomic energy regulations, anti-piracy and anti highway

robbery, illegal and unlawful possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or

disposition of firearms, ammunitions or explosives.

g. Violent Extremist Offender (VEO) – a person whose political or religious

ideologies are considered far outside the mainstream attitudes of the society or who

violates common moral standards and who has adopted an increasingly extreme

ideals and aspirations resorting to the employment of violence in the furtherance of

his/her beliefs.

h. Medium Risk Inmates -those who represent a moderate risk to the public and

staff. These inmates still require greater security, control and supervision as they

might escape from and might commit violence inside the jail.
 i. Minimum Risk Inmates (Ordinary Inmates) – those inmates who have lesser

tendencies to commit offenses and generally pose the least risk to public safety. In

most cases, they may be first time offenders and are charged with light offenses.

Requirements for Commitment – No person shall be committed to any jail

facility without the following required documents:

a. Commitment Order;

b. Medical Certificate – recent medical certificate taken within 24 hours prior to

admission;

c. Complaint/Information;

d. Police Booking Sheet; and

e. Certificate of Detention from PNP and/or NBI.

SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN PENOLOGY

1. CLASSICAL SCHOOL

-This maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “freewill”. That the

individual calculates the pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his

conduct by the result of his calculations. Thus, this school agrees that people who

commit crimes deserve to be punished.

-It governs the principle of ‘Let the punishment fit the criminals’
 FOUNDERS OF CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

CESARE BECCARIA - It was pioneered by an Italian nobleman and professor of

Law. He was one of the scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why

people commit crime.

JEREMY BENTHAM - A british lawyer and philosopher who wrote ‘Principles of

Morals And Legislation’ where he applied the principle of utility. He was concerned

with achieving ‘The greatest happiness of the greatest number’.

UTILITARIANISM – a principle introduced by Jeremy Bentham claiming that individuals put

every situation into an equation to determine the pleasure from the commission of a crime

and pain that will sustain be as a consequence. Law should be used to inflict enough pain to

offenders for them to cease from committing crime.

2. NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL

- It maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it should be

modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate the difference

of pleasure from pain, they should not be regarded as criminals, hence they should

be free from punishment.

3. POSITIVIST/ITALIAN SCHOOL

- The school that denied individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive

reactions to crime and criminality, it adheres that crimes, as any other act are a
natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered sick individuals who need to be

treated by treatment programs rather than punitive actions against them.

Determinism- Means that events have causes that proceed them.

Positivism- is that criminals are born as such and not made into criminals; in other

words, it is the nature of the person, not nurture, that results in criminal propensities.

Scientific method - The use of verifiable principles and procedures for the

systematic acquisition of knowledge.

They were Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Raffael Garofalo. Because of thier

contribution in the prograssion of positivist ideas, they were called the " HOLY

THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY. Father of Modern Empirical Criminology due to his

application of modern scientific methods to trace criminal behaviour.

Cesare Lombroso

- became known as the father of modern criminology. One of the first to realise

that crime and criminals could be studied scientifically, Lombroso's (1876) theory of

criminology suggests that criminality is inherited and that someone "born criminal"

could be identified by the way they look.

 According to him, There (3) classes of criminal

Born Criminal- could be anatomically identified by such items as a sloping

forehead, ears of unusual size, asymmetry of the face, excessive length of arms,

asymmetry of the cranium, dark skin and other “physical stigmata”.

Insane criminals- Those who became criminals because of some brain defect

which affected their ability to understan and differentiate what is right from what is

wrong.

Criminaloids- Those with make of an ambiguos group that includes habitual

criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types.

Enrico Ferri

- investigated social and economic aspects. He focused on the study of

psychological characteristics, which he believed accounted for the development of

crime in an individual. These characteristics included slang, handwriting, secret

symbols, literature, and art, as well as moral insensibility and "a lack of repugnance

to the idea and execution of the offence, previous to its commission, and the

absence of remorse after committing it".

 Raffael Garofalo

- He is considered to be the most important follower of Cesare Lombroso. His

major contribution was the formulation of a theory of natural crime. The theory

embraces crimes. of two types: those of violence and those against property. He

attempted to formulate a sociological definition of crime that would designate those

acts which can be repressed by punishment. These constituted "Natural Crime" and

were considered offenses violating the two basic altruistic sentiments common to all

people, namely, probity and piety.

The types of criminals according to Garofalo

A. Murdered –Murderer refers to a criminal who kills another person andis satisfied from

vengeance/revenge. This type of criminal totally lacks bothpity and probity and will kill

whenever opportunity arises

B. Violent criminal –Violent criminal lacks pity and can be influenced byenvironmental

factors such as the consumption of alcohol or the fact thatcriminality is endemic to

criminal’s particular population

C. Deficient criminal- Deficient criminal refers to a person who commitscrime against

property like thieves and robbers.

D. Lascivious criminal –Lascivious criminal refers to a person who commitscrime

against chastity like acts of lasciviousness, seduction, adultery, andthe like (burke, 2005)

.JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT

1. RETRIBUTION - the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is

violated to afford the society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender
suitable punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they

deserve it.

2. EXPIATION / ATONEMENT - group vengeance

3. DETERRENCE - punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what

would happen to them if they violate the law.

a. Specific b. General

4. INCAPACITATION & PROTECTION - the public will be protected if the offender has

being held in conditioning where he can not harm others especially the public.

5. REFORMATION/REHABILITATION- the establishment of the usefulness and sense

of responsibility of the offender.

OLD BILIBID PRISON:

- A 1969 Senate Report prepared by Senator Salvador Laurel described

the Old Bilibid Prison as "the main insular penitentiary designed to house the

prison population of the country." This prison was known as the "Carcel y

Presidio Correccional" and could accommodate 1,127 prisoners. The Carcel

was designed to house 600 prisoners who were segregated according to class,

sex and crime while the Presidio could accommodate 527 prisoners.
 THE EARLY CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES

• THE CODE OF KALANTIAW

- The Code of Kalantiaw was a legendary legal code in the epic story Maragtas. It

is said to have been written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw, a chief on the island of

Negros in the Philippines. It was actually written in 1913 by Jose E. Marco as a part

of his historical fiction Las antiguas leyendas de la Isla de Negros (Spanish, “The

Ancient Legends of the Island of Negros”), which he attributed to a priest named

Jose Maria Pavon. In 1917, the historian Josué Soncuya wrote about the Code of

Kalantiaw in his book Historia Prehispana de Filipinas (“Prehispanic History of the

Philippines”) where he moved the location of the Code’s origin from Negros to the

Panay province of Aklan because he suspected that it may be related to the Ati-

atihan festival. Other authors throughout the 20th century gave credence to the story

and the code. In 1965, then University of Santo Tomas doctoral candidate William

Henry Scott began an examination of prehispanic sources for the study of Philippine

history. Scott eventually demonstrated that the code was a forgery committed by

Marco. When Scott presented these conclusions in his doctoral dissertation,

defended on 16 June 1968 before a panel of eminent Filipino historians which

included Teodoro Agoncillo, Horacio de la Costa, Marcelino Foronda, Meceredes

Grau Santamaria, Nicolas Zafra and Gregorio Zaide, not a single question was

raised about the chapter which he had called The Contributions of Jose E. Marco to

Philippine historiography. Scott later published his findings debunking the code in his

book Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Filipino

historians later removed the code from future literature regarding Philippine history.
When Antonio W. Molina published a Spanish version of his The Philippines Through

the Centuries as historia de Filipinas (Madrid, 1984), he replaced the Code with one

sentence: “La tésis doctoral del historador Scott desbarate la existencia misma de

dicho Código” (The doctoral dissertation of the historian Scott demolishes the very

existence of the Code). Philippine historian Teodoro Agoncillo describes the Code as

“a disputed document”. Some history texts continue to present it as historical fact.

Struggle for Freedom (subtitled A textbook on Philippine History) says, “Reproduced

herein is the entire Code of Kalantiaw for your critical examination and for you to

decide on its veracity and accuracy.” The story is still believed by people in the

central provinces. Some maintain the opinion that this is due to mis-education. But

taking into consideration that after the Spanish colonization, local literary

achievements in culture and government in the former territories of the

Confederation of Madyaas were eclipsed by the emphasis of the Spanish colonial

regime on Catholic Christian faith, and the fact that Ilonggo litearary heritage was

primarily orally passed from one generation to another, as in the case of the oldest

and longest epic in Hiligaynon Hinilawod that survive in the Sulod society in the

hinterlands of Panay, the local beliefs inherited by the Ilonggos from their ancestors

cannot be just be hastily dismissed as fabricated. In fact, Maragtas and the Code of

Kalantiaw are something that serious historians have to study more carefully. What

Walter Scott failed to consider in his jusgement is the nature of the transmission of

Ilonggo local literature. He just limited himself with evaluating a relatively recent

attempt to into writing what Ilonggos have bequeathed to their descendants through

generations by means of oral tradition.

LAWS OF KALANTIAW CODE

ARTICLE I

- You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall you do harm to the

aged, lest you incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall

be condemned to death by being drowned in the river, or in boiling water.

ARTICLE II

- You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be met punctually.

He who does not obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. If the

debt is large, he shall be condemned to thrust his hand in boiling water thrice.

For the second time, he shall be beaten to death.

ARTICLE III

- Obey you: let no one have women that are very young nor more than he

can support; nor be given to excessive lust. He who does not comply with, obey,

and observe this order shall be condemned to swim for three hours for the first

time and for the second time, to be beaten to death with sharp thorns.

ARTICLE IV

- Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the graves. When

passing by the caves and trees where they are, give respect to them. He who

does not observe this shall be killed by ants, or beaten to death with thorns.

ARTICLE V
 - You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be always done in

accordance with his word. He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one

hour, he who repeats the offense shall be exposed for one day among ants.

ARTICLE VI

- You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in respect, such as

those of trees of recognized worth and other sights. He who fails to comply shall

pay with one month’s work in gold or in honey.

ARTICLE VII

- These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance;

who shoot arrows at night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of

the headmen without permission; he who kills a shark or a streaked cayman.

ARTICLE VIII

- Slavery for a doam (a certain period of time) shall be suffered by those

who steal away the women of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs

that bite the headmen; by him who burns the fields of another.

ARTICLE IX

- All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night;

kill the Manaul; tear the documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or

who mock the dead.

ARTICLE X
 - It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her

daughters matters pertaining to lust and prepare them for womanhood; let not

men be cruel nor punish their women when they catch them in the act of

adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be killed by being cut to pieces and

thrown to the caymans.

ARTICLE XI

- These shall be burned: who by their strength or cunning have mocked

at and escaped punishment or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away

the women of the elders.

ARTICLE XII

- These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their superiors, or their

owners or masters; all those who abuse themselves through their lust; those

who destroy their anitos (idols) by breaking them or throwing them down.ARTICLE

XIII

- All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who kill black cats during

a new moon; or steal anything from the chiefs or agorangs, however small the

object may be.

ARTICLE XIV

- These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful daughters and

deny them to the sons of chiefs, and with bad faith hide them away.
ARTICLE XV

- Concerning beliefs and superstitions; these shall be beaten: who eat the

diseased flesh of beasts which they hold in respect, or the herb which they

consider good, who wound or kill the young of the Manaul, or the white monkey.

ARTICLE XVI

- The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break idols of wood and clay

in their alangans and temples; of those who destroy the daggers of the

tagalons, or break the drinking jars of the latter.

ARTICLE XVII

- These shall be killed: who profane sites where idols are kept, and sites

where are buried the sacred things of their diwatas and headmen. He who

performs his necessities in those places shall be burned.

ARTICLE XVIII

- Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are headmen,

they shall be put to death by being stoned and crushed; and if they are agorangs

they shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and caymans.

• THE MARAGTAS CODE

- The Code of Maragtas semi-historical document dated between 1200 to 1250

and was previously known as the oldest written laws in the Philippines. The Code of
Maragtas or Sumakwel Code contained laws written by Datu sumakwel, one of the

ten Bornean datus who left Borneo in search for freedom and new territories. This

document also narrates the story of the arrival of the “Ten Bornean Datus” who

allegedly bought the island of Panay from Marikudo, the leader of the Atis/Atis for a

golden salakot (native hat) and a long gold necklace for his queen Maniwantiwan.

William Henry Scott found out that the Code of Maragtas was merely an invention of

Guillermo Santiago-Cuino’s mind which was probably based on Pedro Monteclaro’s

book published in 1938.

THE MARAGTAS (SUMAKWEL) CODE :

1) Deliberate refusal to work in the fields or failure to plant anything for daily

subsistence is the most serious crime and deserves severe penalty.

a. The lazy person shall be arrested and sold to a rich family to serve as a slave, as

such, to learn the lesson of service and the value of work in the house and in the

fields.

b. Later, when he has been trained for work and has come to love it, he shall be

restored to his family. The price paid for him shall be returned and he shall no longer

be considered a slave, but a free man who has been regenerated and desires to live

by the fruit of his labor.

c. If much later it is found out that he has not reformed in any way and that he

wastes his time in idleness, he shall be arrested again by the authorities and sent to

the forest. He shall not be allowed to associate with the rest of the community

because he is a bad example.

2) Robbery of any sort shall be punished severely. The fingers of the thief shall be

cut-off.

3) Only those who can support a family or several families can get married more

than once and have as many children as they can.

a. The poor family cannot have more than two children because it cannot support

and properly bring up in the community a greater number of children.

b. The children who cannot be supported by their parents shall be killed and thrown

into the river.

4) If a man has a child by a woman and he runs away from her because he does not

want to marry her because he does not want to marry her, his child by this woman

shall b killed because it is difficult for a woman Without a husband to support a child.

a. The parents of the woman shall disinherit her.

b. The village authorities shall look for the man; and when they catch him and he still

refuses to marry the mother of his child, he shall be executed before the child of the

woman he has abandoned. Father and child shall be buried in the same grave.

.MODULE 8 : DEVELOPMENT OF PRISON

• MAMERTINE PRISON
 - Mamertine Prison is an ancient prison, overlooking the Roman Forum.

According to popular belief, the Apostles St. Peter & St. Paul were incarcerated by

Emperor Nero here. High-status prisoners were kept here. Jugurtha, king of Numidia

in Africa, was brought to Rome as a captive by Sulla. He starved to death here in

106 BC. After Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, the Gallic leader Vercingetorix lived

incarcerated here for some years before being paraded through the Forum in

Caesar’s triumph in 46 BC. These are just some of the eminent names recorded on

one of the plaques beside the entrance to the upper cell, while the other provides a

list of the Christian martyrs. It was built originally as a cistern by Ancus Martins, the

fourth king of Rome, around 640 B.C. (according to historian Titus Livius). An

inscription on the front records that the building was restored in the 1st century A.D.

The lower dungeon excavated it out of the solid rock in 578 B.C. (according to

Roman Writer Marcus Terentius Varro). It was then believed to have a healing

property and used to baptize prisoners & guards in the prison. There are plaques on

which names of the martyrs are listed. There is also an altar with the busts of the

Apostles Peter & Paul who were incarcerated. It was decorated with an upside-down

cross because St. Peter was crucified upside-down there in 64 A.D. Twelve feet

underground, there was a lower secret room of the jail. It was known as Tullianum,

named after Servius Tullius who was the builder of it. This ancient prison consisted

of two subterranean dungeons, one below the other, with only one round aperture in

the center of each vault, through which light, air, food, and men could pass. No other

means of ventilation, drainage, or access existed. The walls of large stone blocks

had rings fastened into them for securing the prisoners. Executions were made

either by strangulation or starving to death. Dead bodies were dumped into the Tiber

River via the sewer. Other parts of the small building have been used by the Vatican
to show remodelings of the prison and multimedia shows and a film on the life of St

Peter. You can also visit the 16th -century Church of San Giuseppe dei Falegnami:

Giacomo Della Porta designed and built the church in 1538, which is the ‘Carpenters’

Church’ and so is dedicated to St Joseph. In the oratory are four columns of jasper

and some finely worked benches. Exploring Mamertine Prison The eerie aura of

Mamertine Prison is palpable to anyone who ventures within its walls. Descending

into the lower levels, visitors can witness the remnants of an ancient cistern, where

prisoners were once lowered by rope. The tight confines and suffocating air evoke a

sense of claustrophobia, while the echoes of the past resonate in every corner.

Visiting Mamertine Prison is not only a physical experience but also a journey

through a complex tapestry of emotions, ideas, and memories. It is a place where

the ghosts of ancient Rome continue to tell their stories and remind us of the stark

contrast between the empire’s grandeur and its dark underbelly. To access

Mamertine Prison, visitors must enter through a side entrance beneath the church of

San Giuseppe dei Falegnami (Saint Joseph the Carpenter). The church itself is not

open to the public, and an admission fee is required to enter the prison. Located

directly across from the iconic Arch of Septimius Severus, Mamertine Prison is easily

accessible from both the Colosseo Metro station (Line B) and the Colosseum. The

prison Is open to visitors from Monday to Sunday, between 8:30 a.m. and 6:15 p.m.

As you explore the haunting depths of Mamertine Prison, you will come face to face

with a pivotal piece of Rome’s history, where the powerful tales of suffering,

martyrdom, and injustice continue to reverberate through time.

PARTS OF MAMERTINE PRISON :

➢ San Giuseppe dei Falegnami

- Just north of the Forum in Rome stands San Giuseppe dei Falegnami (St.

Joseph’s of the Carpenters), a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Jesus’s foster

father, Joseph of Nazareth. Beneath this structure are the remains of the traditional

site of the imprisonments of the Apostle Paul and the Apostle Peter in Rome. This

prison was simply known as “Carcer” (“prison”) in Paul’s day. The term “Mamertine”

was attributed to the prison in the Medieval Period.➢ Upper

Chamber

-The Carcer was the only prison in ancient Rome. When someone was sentenced

to death, they were brought here to await execution. Pictured here is the upper

chamber of the ancient prison. Though it is now subterranean, this section of the

Carcer was once at street level.

➢ Tullianum

-Below the upper chamber is a circular room called the Tullianum. This structure

may have held religious importance even before the days of the apostles; votive

offerings were found during excavations, indicating ceremonial activity from the

period before it was linked to the Carcer

.➢ Access to the Chamber

 - Before the stairs were added, those prisoners who entered the Tullianum from

the Carcer were lowered through a hole in the Carcer’s floor. The name “Tullianum”

is probably derived from the Latin word for a spring of water, and incidentally, this

section of the prison does, in fact, house a well. According to tradition, the apostle

Peter caused the well-water to spring up so that he might baptize his jailors, St.

Processus and St. Martinianus. It is debated, however, whether Peter was actually

incarcerated here.

➢ Executions

- The state rarely incarcerated common criminals, but kept the Mamertine Prison

for political prisoners doomed for execution by being thrown off the Tarpeian Rock.

Enemies of the State, such as Jugurtha and Vercingetorix, were often strangled in

the Tullianum. A door in the chamber offered access to the Cloaca Maxima (Rome’s

sewer system), and it is thought that the bodies of executed prisoners may have

been carried out through there.

➢ Chapel Because of its association with Paul and Peter, the Mamertine Prison

has been used as a place of worship since roughly the 7th century. This chapel,

which sits above the Carcer’s upper chamber, was established as a place to house

the ornate crucifix which once adorned the structure’s façade

.• BRIDEWELL PRISON
 - Bridewell Prison and Hospital was established in a former royal palace in 1553

with two purposes: the punishment of the disorderly poor and housing of homeless

children in the City of London. Located on the banks of the Fleet River in the City, it

was both the first house of correction in the country and a major charitable institution

(reflecting the early modern definition of a “hospital”). Its records provide valuable

evidence of both petty crime and pauper apprenticeships in the eighteenth century.

➢ Prisoners

- Petty offenders were committed to Bridewell by a number of City officers,

including constables and magistrates, and even occasionally by parents and

masters. Beadles were supposed to search their wards daily and bring any vagrants

and idle persons to the prison. From 1785, however, only magistrates were allowed

to make commitments. As recorded in the Warrants of Commitment and Discharge

(PM) and the Minutes of the Court of Governors (MG), those committed were

accused of a very wide range of offences, including vice, vagrancy, and property

crimes. In 1797 188 women were committed for prostitution, 43 women and 95 men

were committed for “smaller acts of dishonesty”, and 34 were disorderly apprentices.

But by this time the vast majority of prisoners, 979, were vagrants

committed to Newgate and not Bridewell, in fact many inmates were accused of

indictable property thefts. Between 1701 and 1760 all these offenders could also be

sent to the Workhouse of the London Corporation of the Poor in Bishopsgate; it

appears that the offenders from the eastern half of the City were normally sent to the

London Workhouse, while those from the western half were sent to Bridewell. The

wide range of offences punisha”le in Bridewell meant that a very large number of
offenders passed through its doors. Faramerz Dabhoiwala estimates that in most

years there were at least nine or ten commitments per 1,000 inhabitants in the City.

While there were significant annual fluctuations in the total number of prisoners,

numbers peaked around 1700 (1,474 in 1702) during the first reformation of manners

campaign. Commitments then declined gradually (but with periodic peaks during the

crime panics of 1723, 1748-54 and 1762-63) to a low of 336 in 1764, followed by a

gradual increase (with peaks during the economic difficulties of the late 1760s, the

late 1770s when transportation was suspended, and the crime wave of 1783-84), to

high levels from 1792, perhaps owing to worries about disorder prompted by events

in France. The century ended with 1,989 commitments in 1800, but the highest total

for the century came in 1784 (2,956), during the panic about crime which followed

the end of the American War.2 The purpose of a house of correcti”n was to punish

and correct offenders, not merely hold them in incarceration. Most prisoners were

therefore given punishments, which were determined by the governors. These were

usually whipping and/or being put to hard labour, typically beating hemp. Whippings

were notoriously carried out in front of the governors, and could be observed by

others from a public gallery.

➢ Government

- From the 1570s Bridewell was governed jointly with Bethlem Hospital (which

treated the insane) by a Court of Governors. Because appointment as a governor

was socially prestigious, and gave elite men the right to nominate apprentices, a

large number of governors were appointed (there were 270 in 1700). Needless to
say, only a small proportion showed up for meetings of the Court, and over the

course of the eighteenth century the Court’s business was increasingly devolved to

committees, and the court met less frequently. As recorded in its Minutes (MG), the

Court’s business included determining the fate of prisoners and apprentices, the

appointment of officers, and administering the hospital’s properties and finances.

One of the most important committees was the Prison Committee, whose Minutes

(MB), and those of its sub-committee which met weekly, are included on this

website. Moll Hackabout, arrested and set to hard labour in Bridewell can be seen

still wearing her fine clothes, a hemp mallet raised. A guard with a stick stands

beside her pointing to the work, while a fellow prisoner picks her pocket. A figure can

be seen in the background, their arms locked into a set of stocks on which is written:

Better to work than Stand thus.Detail: A Scene in Bridewell, plate IV. William

Hogarth, A Harlot’s Progress, April 1732. © Tim Hitchcock. From the 1770s,

Bridewell became subject to increasing criticism from the City of London and prison

reformers. As with other London prisons, reformers were concerned that prison life

corrupted rather than reformed the prisoners, and the apprentices who mixed with

them.There were suggestions that the apprentices might be better trained

elsewhere, such as the London Workhouse, and that Bridewell should be turned

solely into a disciplinary institution. Although the number of arts masters training the

apprentices was reduced towards the end of the century, the apprentices remained

until 1827. Nonetheless, prison life was dramatically changed in the last two decades

of the century, as Bridewell fell under the influence of the prison reform movement. A

combination of improved conditions with more strict regimes made life different, if not

necessarily better, for its inhabitants. Solitary confinement was introduced, and in

1792 the whipping of female prisoners was abolished. The same year, the prison
sub-committee was established in order to carry out weekly inspections. In 1797,

following the construction of a new wing, a new system of segregation and

classification of inmates was introduced, and wellbehaved women were invited to

stay after their discharge from the prison while they waited until they found a place in

service.

➢ The history of Bridewell

- A House of Correction in 16th century England did exactly what it said on the

tin. They were established to correct what was considered as disorderly behaviour.

Petty criminals and citizens considered ‘idle’ would receive whippings and be

subjected to intense periods of hard labour. The first House of Correction was

opened at Bridewell Palace in 1553 at the former residence of King Henry VIII.

Houses of Correction, thereafter, became known as Bridewells. The name Bridewell

came from the nearby ‘holy well’ of St. Bride’s church. And the church’s name is from

Saint Brigid of Kildare, which is sometimes written as Bride.

➢ Wolsey & Westminster

- In 1510 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey built a house on the site of the old St. Brides

Inn close to the church and the banks of the River Thames. Wolsey lived here until

taking up residence in Hampton Court in 1515. Since Saxon times Westminster has

been the centre of government and court. Following a fire there in 1512, which
destroyed a large part of Westminster Palace, Henry VIII was without a palace in

London. Cardinal Wolsey thus transferred Bridewell House to Henry VIII. However,

in 1530, Wolsey failed to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon and was

subsequently stripped of all his titles. Bridewell ceased to be a royal palace with

Henry moving into Wolsey’s home, Hampton Court.

➢ Bridewell and the French Ambassador

- In 1531, Bridewell was leased to the French Ambassador to the court of Henry

VIII, Jean de Dinteville. In 1533 Hans Holbein captured de Dintevill in his painting

The Ambassadors. He stands next to the Bishop of Lavaur, Georges de Selve.

➢ Bridewell’s transition to a prison

- Henry VIII’s son, Edward VI in 1553, gave the palace to the City of London for

use as a prison for petty offenders. Offences included:

o Prostitution with women often described as nightwalkers or accused of strolling

in the streets and picking up men

o Pilfering and other petty thefts

o Fraud o Being runaway or disorderlyapprentices and servants o Begging

o Being pedlars and petty chapman selling goods without a licence.

o Having been taken wandering or sleeping in the streets

o Having with no visible means of earning a living

o Abusing the poor relief system (insulting officers; pawning the clothes provided;

making fraudulent claims; carrying counterfeit passes; returning to the City of London

after being passed to their parish of settlement).

o Committing a host of other types of disorderly conduct, including swearing,

drunkenness and assault, or simply “loose, idle and disorderly conduct”

➢ How Bridewell operated as a prison

- Bridewell operated under a royal charter and not as an ‘Act of Parliament’. A

court of governors was established who would meet to discuss the management of

their relevant institution. The governors of Bridewell met every two-to-three weeks

and would record the minutes. “The record of each meeting of the court starts with a

list of the governors present and then includes a list of offenders currently kept in

Bridewell Prison and the court’s decisions about what to do with them. This is

typically followed by decisions taken about matters pertaining to the running of the

institution and its property, and the report ends with decisions taken about the

Bridewell apprentices. “The governors were responsible for the appointment of new

governors, as well as the appointment of all the hospital’s officers, including the

president, treasurer, and auditor general. They also appointed those who actually

carried out the work of the hospital including stewards, beadles, porters, matrons,

physicians, apothecaries, surgeons, nurses, and arts masters (for instructing the

apprentices). They decided on salaries, and on annual gratuities which topped up

the salaries. Much of the business of the court was taken up with the management of

the hospital’s finances and its properties, for example granting leases. Some of the

governors’ work was devolved to separate committees.’

➢ The closure of Bridewell

- Towards the close of the 18th century, prison reformers became increasingly

critical of Bridewell along with other prisons. Far from reforming individuals, prisons

were becoming training grounds for criminals, corrupting prisoners into more serious

crimes upon release. As the influence of the reformers spread prison conditions

began to improve, such as the abolition of whipping females. However, the

introduction of solitary confinement became the norm. Bridewell closed as a prison

by 1855. Come 1864 the prison buildings were demolished. The only evidence left

behind is the former gatehouse, with a carving of Edward VI in the arch, located in

Blackfriars, London.

• HOSPICIO DE SAN MICHELLE

- The Ospizio di San Michele a Ripa Grande (Hospice of St Michael) or Ospizio

Apostolico di San Michele in Rome is represented today by a series of buildings in

the south end of the Rione Trastevere, facing the Tiber River and extending from the

bank of Ponte Sublicio for nearly 500 meters. It stands across the river from the

Rione Ripa and the area known as the Porto di Ripetta, once in the Aventine

neighborhood of Rome. The Porto di Ripa Grande was the river port that served

those coming up from the Mediterranean port of Ostia. This area was once a main

port of Rome. While large seafaring ships could not forge easily up the Tiber river to

Rome; smaller boats frequently brought supplies from the coast to the city and

offloaded at the Porta.

History
 - The buildings of the Ospizio di San Michele were built during the 17th and 18th

centuries and served a number of purposes including an orphanage, a hospice for

abandoned elderly, and jails for minors and women. In 1679, a nephew of the new

Pope Innocent XI (reigned 1676 -1689), Monsignor Carlo Tommaso Odescalchi

commissioned architect Mattia de Rossi to design, andwithin five years had built an

hospice to house and train orphan children to manufacture of woven carpets and

tapestries. To this building were added in 1693, the Ospizio dei Poveri Inabilito

(disabled poor), and in 1709, Pope Clement XI commissioned the architect Carlo

Fontana to extend the complex even further and transferred the elderly residents

here from the Ospedale dei Mendicanti, located where the Via Giulia reached the

Ponte Sisto. Later additions to the building were the prison for minors and an art

school. In 1735, Pope Clement XII commissioned architect Ferdinando Fuga to

design a woman’s prison and a barracks for customs officers. The Chiesa Grande,

also known as the San Salvatore degli Invalidi, follows a design (1706) of Carlo

Fontana, but construction was completed only in 1834 by Luigi Poletti. It has been

reconsecrated. The church has an aedicula with a statue of the Saviour by Adamo

Tadolini. The smaller ancient church of Santa Maria del Buon Viaggio, on the south

east end of the complex, was dedicated to sailors, who were embarking from here to

travel down the Tiber. Initially the church incorporated part of the walls of the city,

then was incorporated by the complex. It remains closed.

➢ Remodeling

- The complex was most active as a charitable institution in the early 19th

century. The factory manufacturing tapestries, the Arazzeria Albani, existed for

centuries until 1910. After the unification of Italy, the property was confiscated and

given to the city of Rome. The buildings fell in great decay. During the Second World
War, it was used for barracks by both German and Allied armies. In 1969, the

complex was bought by the state, and offices of the Ministero dei Beni Culturali were

housed there. The complex now houses the Ministry of Cultural Assets and the

Environment, which uses the large rooms once belonging to the Tapestry factory for

restoration of artworks.

• MAISON DE FORCE

- This prison is situated just out of the city. It was originally intended to be an

octagon, but at present only five departments are finished;–still an entire separation

is effected between, It is in contemplation to finish the building, and when this takes

place, there will be six additional subdivisions. For each of the above description of

prisoners, an open court is provided, in which they have their daily exercise. First we

saw the untried, and those who have appealed against their sentences. There is

nothing peculiar in their treatment. They do not work, and no instruction is afforded to

them. We next visited the tried. Their beds are in small recesses, from a gallery

opening to the court. Each has a separate sleeping cell, which is furnished with a

metal bedstead, a thick mattress, a double sheet, a double and single blanket, and a

pillow. The bedding is brought out to be aired in fine weather, and the doors are

open all day. The rooms were perfectly sweet and clean. The major part of the

prisoners of the same class work together, in rooms 170 feet long and 26 broad. The

principal employment is weaving calico, damask, and sacking cloth, but

there are shops for sawyers, carpenters, blacksmiths, Like the asylum the modern

prison dates from the end of the 18th century. Its birth is marked by the

establishment of a string of pioneer prisons later to become models for emulation all
over the Western world. In Europe the important event was the radical reorganization

of the Maison de Force at Ghent in Belguim in 1775. It was not a new institution

then, it had been founded in 1627 on the model of exemplary ‘houses of correction’

at Amsterdam, the Rasphuis and the Spinnhuis. As part of its reorganization it came

to be housed in an octagonal building.

- an architectural form popularized by Bentham in his famous Panopticon project

which later became a paradigm for the new prisons of the 19th century. The

reorganized Maison de Force introduced a regime for internees combining work in

common by day and solitary confinement at night. Further, it provided improved

living conditions for internees (Grünhut, 1948: 22; Sellin, 1944: 103). The second

important event was the revision of the Pennsylvania criminal code in 1786, to

substitute imprisonment in place of corporal punishments for robbery, sodomy and

burglary. Four years later the Pennsylvania legislature transformed the internal

regime at Walnut Street jail in Philadelphia by introducing solitary confinement of

internees — a technique which in its various forms became the central feature of the

new prisons of the 19th century (Walker, 1980: 49).• HULKS PRISON A prison ship,

often more accurately described as a prison hulk, is a current or former seagoing

vessel that has been modified to become a place of substantive detention for

convicts, prisoners of war or civilian internees. While many nations have deployed

prison ships over time, the practice was most widespread in 18th - and 19th -century

Britain, as the government sought to address the issues of overcrowded civilian jails

on land and an influx of enemy detainees from the War of Jenkins’ Ear, the Seven

Years’ War and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

HISTORY

- The terminology “hulk” comes from the Royal Navy meaning a shipincapable of

full service either through damage or from initial non-completion. In England in 1776,

during the reign of King George III, due to a shortage of prison space in London, the

concept of “prison hulks” moored in the Thames, was introduced to meet the need

for prison space.The first such ship came into use on 15 July 1776 under command

of Mr Duncan Campbell and was moored at Barking Creek with prisoners doing hard

labour on the shore during daylight hours. The vessels were a common form of

Internment in Britain and elsewhere in the 18th and 19th centuries. Charles F.

Campbell writes that around 40 ships of the Royal Navy were converted for use as

prison hulks. Other hulks included HMS Warrior, which became a prison ship at

Woolwich in February 1840. One was established at Gibraltar, others at Bermuda

(the Dromedary), at Antigua, off Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay, and at Sheerness. Other

hulks were anchored off Woolwich, Portsmouth, Chatham, Deptford, and Plymouth-

Dock/Devonport.[6] HMS Argenta, originally a cargo ship with no portholes, was

acquired and pressed into service in Belfast Lough Northern Ireland to enforce the

Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922 during the period

around the Irish Catholics’ Bloody Sunday (1920). Private companies owned and

operated some of the British hulks holding prisoners bound for penal transportation

to Australia and America. HMP Weare was used by the British as a prison ship

between 1997 and 2006. It was towed across the Atlantic from the United States in

1997 to be converted into a jail. It was berthed in Portland Harbour in Dorset,

England. During the American War of Independence, more American Patriots died

as prisoners of war on British prison ships than died in every engagement of the war

combined. During the war, 11,500 Americans onboard British prison ships died due
to overcrowding, contaminated water, starvation, and disease on ships anchored in

the East River; the bodies of those who died were hastily buried along the shore.This

is now commemorated by the “Prison Ship Martyrs’ Monument” in Fort Greene Park,

Brooklyn in New York City. Christopher Vail, of Southold, who was aboard one such

prison ship, HMS Jersey in 1781, later wrote: “ When a man died he was carried up

on the forecastle and laid there until the next morning at 8 o’clock when they were all

lowered down the ship sides by a rope round them in the same manner as tho’ they

were beasts. There was 8 died of a day while I was there. They were carried on

shore in heaps and hove out the boat on the wharf, then taken across a hand

barrow, carried to the edge of the bank, where a hole was dug 1 or 2 feet deep and

all hovein

together.” In 1778, Robert Sheffield, of Stonington, Connecticut, escaped from one of

the prison ships, and told his story in the Connecticut Gazette, printed July 10, 1778.

He was one of 350 prisoners held in a compartment below the decks. “The heat was

so intense that (the hot sun shining all day on deck) they were all naked, which also

served well to get rid of vermin, but the sick were eaten up alive. Their sickly

countenances, and ghastly looks were truly horrible; some swearing and

blaspheming; others crying, praying, and wringing their hands; and stalking about

like ghosts; others delirious, raving and storming,-- all panting for breath; some dead,

and corrupting. The air was so foul that at times a lamp could not be kept burning,

because of which the bodies were not missed until they had been dead ten days.”

Use in Napoleonic Wars Some British scholars have written that for prisoners of war

held in hulks mortality amongst prisoners were misrepresented by the French for

propaganda purposes during the Wars and by individual prisoners who wrote their

memoirs afterwards and exaggerated the sufferings they had undergone. Memoirs
such as Louis Garneray’s Mes Pontons (translated in 2003 as The Floating Prison),

Alexandre Lardier’s Histoire des pontons et prisons d’Angleterre pendant la guerre

du Consulat et de l’Empire, (1845), Lieutenant Mesonant’s Coup d’œuil rapide sur

les Pontons de Chatam, (1837) the anonymous Histoire du Sergent Flavigny (1815)

and others, are largely fictitious and contain lengthy plagiarised passages. Reputable

and influential historians such as Francis Abell in his Prisoners of War in Britain,

1756–1814 (1914) and W. Branch Johnson in his The English Prison Hulks, (1970)

took such memoirs at their face value and did not investigate their origins. This has

resulted in the perpetuation of a myth that the hulks were a device for the

extermination of prisoners and that conditions on board were intolerable. The truth

appears to be much less lurid and when the death rates of prisoners are properly

investigated a mortality of between 5 and 8 per cent of all prisoners, both on shore

and on the hulks seems to have been normal.[18]

• PANOPTICON PRISSON

- Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher and social theorist in the mid- 1700s,

invented a social control mechanism that would become a comprehensive symbol for

modern authority and discipline in the western world: a prison system called the

Panopticon. The basic principle for the design, which Bentham first completed in

1785, was to monitor the maximum number of prisoners with the fewest possible

guards and other security costs. The layout (which is depicted below) consists of a

central tower for the guards, surrounded by a ring-shaped building of prison cells.

The building with the prisoners is only one cell thick, and every cell has one open
side facing the central tower. This open side has bars over it, but is otherwise

entirely exposed to the tower. The guards can thus see the entirety of any cell at any

time, and the prisoners are always vulnerable and visible. Conversly, the tower is far

enough from the cells and has sufficiently small windows that the prisoners cannot

see the guards inside of it. The sociological effect Is that the prisoners are aware of

the presence of authority at all times, even though they never know exactly when

they are being observed. The authority changes from being a limited physical entity

to being an internalized omniscience- the prisoners discipline themselves simply

because someone might be watching, eliminating the need for more physical power

to accomplish the same task. Just a few guards are able to maintain a very large

number of prisoners this way. Arguably, there wouldn’t even need to be any guards

in the tower at all. In 1813, parliament granted Bentham 23,000 pounds to build the

first ever panopticon prison. This panopticon in New Dehli was completed in 1817

and is still functioning as a prison to this day (Wikipedia: Panopticon). Michel

Foucault, a French intellectual and critic, expanded the idea of the panopticon into a

symbol of social control that extends into everyday life for all citizens, not just thosein

the prison system (Foucault 1970). He argues that

social citizens always internalize authority, which is one source of power for

prevailing norms and institutions. A driver, for example, might stop at a red light even

when there are no other cars or police present. Even though there are not

necessarily any repercussions, the police are an internalized authority- people tend

to obey laws because those rules become self-imposed. This is a profound and

complicated idea, namely because the process entails a high degree of social

intuition; the subject must be able to situate him or her self amidst a network of

collective expectations. The crucial point is that the subject’s specific role within the
network is incorporated as a part of the body and mind, which then manifests as self-

discipline. In the course of my project, I will argue that the mirror enables people to

very realistically project their body images into a visible and objective space. This

results in more comprehensive control over body images, and this control results in

self-discipline according to a number of body norms and myths. People use the

mirror to help affect their bodies in relation to the social definitions of beauty,

hygiene, productivity, diet/consumption, disgust- and inevitably situate their bodies

within a multitude of different identities that interact with these constructions. A mirror

is a powerful tool that socialized people use to monitor their bodies in relation to a

network of body images and signs (citizens are to the social network as prisoners

are to the panopticon). Rather than a legal law like stopping at red lights, the rules

implicated in self-monitoring with mirrors involve social etiquette and aesthetic

norms. This project is divided into two main sections. The first section will explore the

history of mirror production, and its implications for self-monitoring in the context of a

social-psychological framework. The second part is dedicated to several specific

forms of social rhetoric that inform our body images and they ways that we construct

them.

• The Panopticon legacy

- As a work of architecture, the panopticon allows a watchman to observe

occupants without the occupants knowing whether or not they are being watched. As
a metaphor, the panopticon was commandeered in the latter half of the 20th century

as a way to trace the surveillance tendencies of disciplinarian societies. Is it still a

useful way to think about surveillance in an age of NSA and GCHQ.The basic setup

of Bentham’s panopticon Is this: there is a central tower surrounded by cells. In the

central tower is the watchman. In the cells are prisoners – or workers, or children,

depending on the use of the building. The tower shines bright light so that the

watchman is able to see everyone in the cells. The people in the cells, however,

aren’t able to see the watchman, and therefore have to assume that they are always

under observation. “The panopticon wasn’t originally Bentham’s idea. It was his

brother’s,” says Philip Schofield, professor of the History of Legal and Political

Thought and Director of the Bentham Project at UCL. “His brother Samuel was

working in Russia on the estate in Krichev and he had a relatively unskilled

workforce, so he sat himself in the middle of this factory and arranged his workforce

in a circle around his central desk so he could keep an eye on what everyone was

doing.” Bentham went to visit his brother in the late 1780s, saw what he was doing,

and decided the centralised arrangement could be applied to all sorts of different

situations – not just prisons but factories, schools and hospitals. Bentham managed

to persuade the prime minister, William Pitt the Younger, to fund a panopticon

National Penitentiary, but a stream of problems eventually meant the project was

abandoned. Bentham never saw a panopticon built during his lifetime. A number of

prisons have since incorporated panopticon elements into their design but it wasn’t

until the 1920s that the closest thing to a panopticon prison was built – the Presidio

Modelo complex in Cuba, infamous for corruption and cruelty, now abandoned.

• The panopticon today:

 - Today, we are more likely to identify the panopticon effect in new technologies

than in prison towers. Philosopher and psychologist Shoshanna Zuboff highlights

what she calls “surveillance capitalism”. While Foucault argued the “ingenious”

panoptic method of surveillance can be used for disciplinary methods, Zuboff

suggests it can also be used for marketing. Concerns over this sort of monitoring

date back to the beginning of the rise of personal computers in the late 80s. Zuboff

outlined the PC’s role as an “information panopticon” which can monitor the amount

of work being completed by an individual. Today this seems more applicable.

Employers can get programs to covertly track keystrokes of staff working from home

to make sure they really are putting in their hours. Parents can get software to

monitor their children’s mobile phone use. Governments around the world are

passing laws so they can collect internet data on people suspected of planning terror

attacks. Even public transport cards can be used to monitor physical movements of

citizens.This sort of monitoring and data collection is particularly analogous with the

panopticon because it’s a one-way information avenue. When you’re sitting in front

of your computer, browsing the web, scrolling down your newsfeed and watching

videos, information is being compiled and sent off to your ISP. In this scenario, the

computer is Bentham’s panopticon tower, and you are the subject from which

information is being extracted. On the other end of the line, nothing is being

communicated, no information divulged. Your online behaviour and actions can

always be seen but you never see the observer. The European Union has

responded to this with a new regulation, known as “the right to an explanation”. It

states users are entitled to ask for an explanation about how algorithms make

decisions. This way, they can challenge the decision made or make an informed

choice to opt out. In these new ways, Bentham’s panopticon continues to operate
and influence our society. Lack of transparency and one-way communication is often

disconcerting, especially when thought about through a lens of control. Then again,

you might also argue to ensure a society functions, it’s useful to monitor and

influence people to do what is deemed good and right.

• WALNUT STREET PRISON JAIL

- The Walnut Street Prison was a pioneering effort in prison reform. Originally

built as a conventional jail just before the American Revolution, it was expanded in

1790 and hailed as a model of enlightened thinking about criminals. The prison, in

fact, was known as a “penitentiary” (from the Latin word for remorse). It was

designed to provide a severe environment that left inmates much time for reflection,

but it was also designed to be cleaner and safer than past prisons. The Walnut

Street Prison was one of the forerunners of an entire school of thought on prison

construction and reform. The prison was built on Walnut Street, in Philadelphia, as a

city jail in 1773 to alleviate overcrowding in the existing city jail. Although designed

by ROBERT SMITH, Pennsylvania's most prominent architect, the building was a

typical U-shaped building, designed to hold groups of prisoners in large rooms. By

and large the role of prisons was to incarcerate criminals.There was little regard for

their physical well-being, nor were there any attempts to rehabilitate them. Prisons

were overcrowded and dirty, and inmates attacked each other regularly. Those who

served their sentences came out of prison probably more inclined toward a criminal

life than they were before their incarceration. It was the Quakers of Philadelphia who

came up with the concept for what they called a penitentiary—a place where

prisoners could reflect on their crime and become truly sorry for what they had done.
The Quakers believed that through reflection and repentance, inmates would give up

crime and leave prison rehabilitated. Shortly after the American Revolution, a group

of Quakers formed the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public

Prisons, whose goal was made clear in its name. (Later the group became known as

the Pennsylvania Prison Society.) In the years after the Revolution this group worked

to encourage prison reform, and its efforts finally paid off in 1790 when the Walnut

Street Jail became the first state penitentiary in the country. The main addition to the

Walnut Street complex was a new cellblock called the "Penitentiary House." Built in

the courtyard of the existing structure, it included a series of small cells designed to

hold individual prisoners. The cells and the corridors connecting them were designed

to prevent prisoners from communicating with each other. Windows were high up

(the cells had nine-foot high ceilings) and grated and louvered to prevent prisoners

from looking onto the street. Each cell had a mattress, a water tap, and a privy pipe.

Inmates were confined to their cells for the duration of their confinement. The only

person they saw was the guard and then only briefly once a day. They were

sometimes allowed to read in their cells, but for the most part they sat in solitude.

The Quakers saw this solitary confinement not as a punishment but as a time for

reflection and remorse. That was the reason the inmates were not put to work.

Labor, said penitentiary proponents, would preoccupy the inmates and keep them

from reflecting on their crimes.

The Walnut Street Prison became in”part the model for what became known as

the “Pennsylvania System” of prison design and philosophy. Other prisons built on

the Pennsylvania model included a prison in Pittsburgh in 1821, the Eastern State

Penitentiary (Cherry Hill) in eastern Philadelphia in 1836, and the Trenton State

Prison in New Jersey the same year. The concepts of solitary confinement and
repentance were key components of prison life at these institutions, although some

Pennsylvania System prisons did introduce labor to the inmates. Visitors from

overseas who were interested in prison reform visited Walnut Street, Eastern State,

and similar prisons to see how they operated and to gain knowledge about prison

reform strategies. Meanwhile, in 1821 a prison was opened in the small upstate New

York town of Auburn. That prison, which relied on individual cellblock architecture,

required inmates to work 10 hours per day, six days per week. A number of prison

reformers believed that by making the inmates work in an atmosphere free of

corruption or criminal behavior, they would build new sets of values. The work would

rehabilitate them because it would give them a sense of purpose, discipline, and

order. This system became known as the “Auburn System,” and it was followed in

1826 with the opening of Sing Sing prison on better at rehabilitating prisoners than

the Pennsylvania system, and in the next century the Auburn system became the

dominant one. Many prisons built to operate under the Pennsylvania System

switched to the Auburn System. Vestiges of the Pennsylvania System exist in the

philosophy of humane punishment, although no prison in the U.S. as of 2003 would

place anyone in near-total isolation except in extreme circumstances. As for Walnut

Street, its success was short-lived despite the good intentions of the Quakers. The

practical matter of housing prisoners became more pressing than the desire among

prison officials to rehabilitate the inmates.

Walnut Street became overcrowded and dirty, and there was no sign that isolated

prisoners were being rehabilitated through solitude. By the 1830s the prison had

outlived its usefulness, and it was closed in 1835. Later it was razed, and a library

now stands on the site.

.• AUBURN PRISON

-Auburn State Prison, prison located in Auburn, New York. Opened in 1816, it

established a disciplinary and administrative system based on silence, corporal

punishment, and “congregate” (group) labour. In architecture and routine, Auburn

became the model for prisons throughout the United States. In the early 19th

century, many Americans believed that industrialization and dramatic demographic,

economic, and political upheavals had “conspired” against the traditional controls of

family, church, and community. From their perspective these moral guardians could

no longer adequately control disorder. They saw crime as the product of social

chaos. Necessary to its eradication was a structured environment in which deviants

could be separated from the disorder of society and the contagion of one another.

Their solution was to create the “penitentiary”—a new institution for “reforming”

offenders and, ultimately, restoring social stability. Auburn originally used congregate

cells, but in 1821 Warden William Brittin borrowed the concept of solitary cells from

the so-called Pennsylvania system. Brittin designed a unique five-tiered cell-block of

two rows of single cells, placed back to back in the centre of the building. Cells

measured only 3.5 feet (1.06 metres) wide, 7.5 feet (2.3 metres) long, and 7 feet (2.1

metres) high; doors faced outer walls lined with grated windows that provided

indirect light and air. This pattern of small inside cellblocks was later adopted by

most state prisons in the United States. Whereas the Pennsylvania system’s inmates

did handicraft work in their cells, Auburn prisoners laboured in congregate

workshops, offsetting imprisonment costs by fulfilling private-industry contracts. A

hidden passageway with small openings surrounded the work area, allowing

inspectors and visitors to surreptitiously monitor the inmates. A uburn briefly (1821–

25) implemented a three-level classification system. Under it, minor offenders

laboured in workshops during the day and retired to separate cells at night; serious

offenders alternated their days between solitary confinement and congregate work.

The most-hardened criminals were placed in solitary confinement without work. After

numerous suicides, instances of mental illness, and attempted escapes, the

governor of New York terminated the classification system and the experiment in

solitary confinement. Subsequently, all male inmates worked in congregate shops by

day, returning to individual cells at night. (Females, first committed to Auburn in

1825, were relegated to an attic and excluded from regular work and exercise.) To

ensure that inmates did not corrupt one another, Brittin’s successor, Elma Lynds,

enforced a quasi-military routine of absolute silence, strict discipline, and economic

productivity. In response to bells, head-shaven inmates dressed in striped clothing

silently marched in lockstep formation to and from their cells for meals and work

assignments. Letters were banned, and the chaplain was the only occasional visitor.

Flogging and other forms of corporal punishment enforced the rules. Such

regimentation was thought necessary to restrain the rebellious nature of the

offenders. Eventually, overcrowding made the silence system unenforceable, and

Auburn’s system of discipline deteriorated into corrupt and lax routines of harsh

punishment. After the Civil War, the spirit of reform withered, and contract labour

was no longer profitable. Despite the demise of the “ideal” system, Auburn remained

the model for nearly a century,primarily because it had been inexpensive to construct

and maintain.

➢ AUBURN SYSTEM
 - Auburn system, penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked

during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence

at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in

Auburn,N.Y., as an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania system of

solitary confinement, which it gradually replaced in the United States. Later

innovations at Auburn were the lockstep (marching in single file, placing the right

hand on the shoulder of the man ahead, and facing toward the guard), the striped

suit, two-foot extensions of the walls between cells, and special seating

arrangements at meals—all designed based on a belief that criminal habits were

learned from and reinforced by other criminals.

➢ SOLITARY CONFINEMENT

- Solitary confinement, form of incarceration in which a prisoner is isolated from

other inmates. Critics of this controversial practice characterize it as inhumane.

Solitary confinement, also called punitive segregation, is often used strictly as a

punishment. However, that was not always the case. In the late 18th century,

Quakers in Pennsylvania sentenced criminals to solitary confinement at the Walnut

Street Jail in Philadelphia in the belief that removing them from the evil influences of

society would help rehabilitate them—“a noble experiment that was an absolute

catastrophe,” according to Stuart Grassian, a clinical psychiatrist who has studied

the long-term impact of solitary confinement. In 1890 the U.S. Supreme Court nearly

declared solitary confinement unconstitutional. Writing for the majority, Justice

Samuel Freeman Miller, who was also a doctor, flagged serious concerns about the

practice. Studies have found that prisoners held in solitary confinement face higher
risks of suicide, depression, anxiety, and psychosis than other prisoners. Indeed, this

may have been the case with one of the most famous prisoners to be held in

isolation, Robert Stroud, whose story is told in the motion picture Birdman of Alcatraz

(1962), in which Burt Lancaster starred in the title role. Stroud, whose death

sentence was commuted to life in solitary confinement by Pres. Woodrow Wilson in

1920, raised birds and became an expert on them while an inmate; however, it has

been claimed that his time in solitary confinement led to depression and several

suicide attempts. Among those who have written about the devastating effects of

being held in isolation was U.S. Sen. John McCain, who, as a U.S. Navy pilot during

the Vietnam War, spent more than two of his five and a half years as a prisoner of

war isolated in a 15-by-15-foot (4.6-by-4.6-metre) cell. Solitary confinement, wrote

McCain, “crushes your spirit and weakens your resistance more effectively than any

other form of mistreatment.” Nelson Mandela called his experience in solitary

confinement “the most forbidding aspect of prison life,” saying that “there was no end

and no beginning…only one’s own mind, which can begin to play tricks.” Terry

Anderson, who was taken hostage in 1985 while working as an Associated Press

journalist in Lebanon, wrote that his time in isolation made him think he was losing

his mind. Anderson recalled thinking:

HISTORY

- Constructed in 1816[3] as Auburn Prison, it was the second state prison in New

York (after New York City’s Newgate, 1797–1828), the site of the first execution by

electric chair in 1890, and the namesake of the “Auburn system,” a correctional
system in which prisoners were housed in solitary confinement in large rectangular

buildings, and performed penal labor under silence that was enforced at all times.

The prison was renamed the Auburn Correctional Facility in 1970.The prison is

among the oldest functional prisons in the United States. In its early years, the prison

charged a fee to tourists in order to raise funds for the prison. Eventually, to

discourage most visitors, the fee was increased. In contrast with the purely

reformatory type prison instituted in Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia System

introduced by the Quakers, the “Auburn system” modified the schedule of prayer,

contemplation, and humane conditions with hard labor. Prisoners were compelled to

work during the day, and the profit of their labor helped to support the prison.

Prisoners were segregated by offense; additionally they were issued clothing that

identified their crime. The traditional American prison uniform, consisting of

horizontal black and white stripes, originated at the Auburn prison. The prisoners had

their heads closely cropped placed a hand on the shoulder of the man in front of him

to maintain a rigid separation.There was a communal dining room so that the

prisoners could gather together for meals, but a code of silence was enforced

harshly at all times by the guards. Thus the inmates worked and ate together, but in

complete silence. At night the prisoners were kept in individual cells (even though

the original plan called for double cells). For several decades, this system was

adopted by other jurisdictions. This system was also called the “Congregate

System.” The Sing Sing Correctional Facility, also in New York, was built using this

system under the supervision of the former warden of the Auburn prison, Elam

Lynds. As of 2010, Auburn Correctional Facility is responsible for the manufacturing

of New York State’s license plates. Auburn has “a long history of controversy,

scandal, and riot.”[5] It has been the site of several notable riots over the years,
including November 1820 and a race-related riot in 1921. The most serious were two

related incidents in the summer and winter of 1929. On July 28, 1929—only a week

after a similar incident at Clinton Prison in Dannemora—inmates sprayed acid in an

officer’s face and gained access to the prison’s armory. Prison shops were set on

fire, six buildings were destroyed, and four prisoners escaped. Two inmates were

killed and one wounded, and five officers were injured. Later that year, on December

11, Warden Edgar Jennings and six guards were taken hostage by a group of

inmates, some of whom had obtained guns in the July riot and concealed them in the

interim. This uprising caused the death of Principal Keeper George A. Durnford as

well as eight prisoners. Three inmates were later charged, convicted, and executed

at Sing Sing for their roles in the riots. On November 4, 1970, inmates succeeded in

seizing control of the facility and held 50 people, including guards and outside

construction workers, hostage for more than eight hours. The incident was attributed

to increasing racial tensions and to prisoners’ rights being violated. Copper John is a

statue of an American Revolutionary War soldier that stands atop the Auburn

Correctional Facility. It has entered the local lexicon as a reference to the prison and

aspects of it, for example, getting sent to Auburn Prison is “going to work for Copper

John.” “John” was originally a wooden statue that was erected atop the

administration office of the prison in 1821. In 1848, the statue had weathered so

much that it was taken down and a new statue was made out of copper by the

prisoners in the prison foundry. In 2004, the New York state government became

aware that the statue

was fashioned to be “anatomically correct” and ordered the statue to be

“incorrected”. Some correctional officers made an impromptu protest by passing out

T-shirtsshowing the iconic statue and reading “Save Copper John’s Johnson”; but
the statue was nonetheless removed, his penis was filed off, and remounted in

August

➢ NOTABLE INMATES

• Jimmy Burke, Lucchese crime family mob associate

• Harold “Kayo” Konigsberg, Mafia hit man from Bayonne NJ

• Robert Chambers, the “preppy murderer”

• Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of President William McKinley,

electrocuted in Auburn on October 29, 1901

• Timothy Dean, former police chief of Sunray Texas. Convicted of the

murders of Josh Niles and Amber Washburn

• Donald Frankos, Contract killer

• Joe Gallo, Colombo crime family caporegime

• Robert F. Garrow: Serial rapist/murderer; transferred to Auburn twice

from Clinton Correctional Facility: 1963 while serving for rape

conviction, and 1977 while serving for second-degree murder

(transferred to Fishkill Correctional Facility in 1978).

• Chester Gillette, convicted for murder of Grace Brown, electrocuted in 1908

• Craig Godineaux, accomplice in the Wendy’s Massacre

• Abraham Greenthal, notorious pickpocket; incarcerated 1877-1884,

sentence commuted by Governor Grover Cleveland on Friday, May 16, 1884.

• J. Frank Hickey, the Post Card Killer

• William Kemmler, first person executed in the electric chair

• Victor Folke Nelson, sensational prison escapist, author, and mentee

of Thomas Mott Osborne

• Austin Reed, the reputed author of the first prison memoir by an African

American[28]

• Matias Reyes, serial rapist sentenced to life in prison.

• David Sweat, Dannemora escapee.

• Korey Wise, falsely convicted in the Central Park jogger case

• PENNSYLVANIA PRISON

- The Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (PADOC) is the Pennsylvania

state agency that is responsible for the confinement, care and rehabilitation of

approximately 37,000 inmates at state correctional facilities funded by the

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The agency has its headquarters in Hampden

Township, Cumberland County in Greater Harrisburg, near Mechanicsburg. In

October 2017, Gov. Tom Wolf signed a “memorandum of understanding” that allows

the PADOC and the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole to share like

resources and eliminate duplicative efforts. All parole supervision now falls under the

jurisdiction of the PADOC; while parole release decisions remain under the

jurisdiction of the PA Board of Probation and Parole. The two agencies remain
separate. With the passage of the 2021-2022 Pennsylvania budget, this merger

became official and permanent There are currently 23 state correctional institutions,

one motivational boot camp, one central training academy, 14 community corrections

centers, and the DOC contracts with approximately 40 contractors across the

Commonwealth that provide transitional services. The DOC employs more than

16,000 individuals, and the PADOC’s population report .

HISTORY

- Pennsylvania has a distinguished reputation in penology.[peacock prose] The

commonwealth was the birthplace of the penitentiary concept, also known as the

Pennsylvania System. Eastern State Penitentiary opened in 1829 on what was then

a cherry orchard outside of Philadelphia. It was considered at the time to be “the

world’s greatest penitentiary.” Known to historians as “the first true penitentiary,”

Eastern State operated until 1970. The Bureau of Correction was created by an act

of Legislature in September 1953. The foundation was based on a report by Retired

Army Major General Jacob L. Devers, and his special committee to investigate

prison problems. The committee was convened shortly after riots at Pittsburgh and

Rockview in early 1953. It was the committee’s mission to recommend ways to

improve the correctional system and reduce unrest. Up to this point the state’s

prisons fell under the Department of Welfare. Here they were governed by their own

boards of trustees. The Devers Committee suggested the establishment of one

agency, whose sole purpose was to manage the state prison system. Appointed by

Gov. John S. Fine, Arthur T. Prasse was selected as the first commissioner of

corrections, where he remained until 1970. In 1980, the Bureau of Correction

changed hands from the former Pennsylvania Department of Justice, to the newly

created Office of General Counsel to the Governor. Constitutional changes resulted

in an elected state attorney general and the disbanding of the Justice Department. In

1984, under Act 245, the Bureau of Correction was elevated to cabinet-level status,

making it the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

QUESTION & ANSWER

1.It was a legendary legal code in the epic story Maragtas. It is said to have been

written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw, a chief on the island of Negros in the Philippines.

A. The Code of Kalantiaw B. The Maragtas Code

C. The Code of Conduct D. The Morse Code

2. Besides religious laws such as the Torah, important codifications of laws were

developed in the ancient Roman Empire, with the compilations of the Lex Duodecim

Tabularum.This law refers to

A. the Corpus Juris Civilis B. the Twelve Tables

C. the Hammurabic code D. lex taliones

3. Who was the British prison administrator and reformer, and Founder of the

Borstal system?

A. Zebulon Brockway B. Alexander Mocanochie

C. Evelyn Ruggles Brise D. Sir John Watson

4. Which of the following is a maximum security prison in Ossining, New York, USA?

It is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of New York City on the banks of

the Hudson River which the Auburn Prison system was applied

A. Alcatraz prison B. Sing Sing Prison

C. Wulnut Street Jai D. Silver Mine Farm

5. After individuals are found guilty of an offense and sentenced to execution, they

will remain on death row while following an appeals procedure, if they so choose,

and then until there is aconvenient time for __.

A. Execution B. Pardon

C. Parole D Amnesty

6. It is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its

contribution to overall utility, that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure

assummed among all persons. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that

the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome—the ends justify the

means.

A. Hedonism B. Positivism

C. Determinism D. Penology
7.This prison is situated in Abuyog, Southern Leyte, was established a year after the

declaration of martial law in 1972 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 28.

A. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm B. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

B. Leyte Regional Prison D.Davao Prison and Penal Farm.

C.

8.It is the main insular penitentiary designed to house the prison population of the

Philippines. It is maintained by the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) under the

Philippine Department of Justice.

A. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm B. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

C. Leyte Regional Prison D. The New Bilibid Prison

9.Originally called Campo prison the supply in prison and penal farm in Occidental

Mindoro was created under Proclamation number 72 and September 26 1954 during

the administration of the late president from one Magsaysay it has a total land area

of 16,190 hectares.

A. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm B. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

C. Leyte Regional Prison D. The New Bilibid Prison

10.It is situated in Zamboanga City, Philippines. It was established to house the

Muslim rebels and prisoners opposing the Spanish leadership. The prison is right in

front of the Jolo sea and is sprawled within a 1, 414- hectare property.

A. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm B. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
 C. Leyte Regional Prison D. The New Bilibid Prison

11.It is formerly the Davao Penal Colony (DaPeCol), was established on January 21,

1932 in Panabo City, Davao del Norte, Philippines. It has a land area of 30,000

hectares with a prison reservation of 8,000 hectares. During World War II, the Davao

Penal Colony was the biggest prison establishment in the country which was used by

the Japanese invading army as their imperial garrison.

A. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm B. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

C. Leyte Regional Prison D. Davao Prison and Penal Farm.

12.It is an agency under the Department of Justice that is charged with custody and

rehabilitation of national offenders, that is, those sentenced to serve a term of

imprisonment of more than three (3) years.

A. Bureau of Correction B. Department of Health

C. DepEd D. DPWH

13.This is the most recent facility organized in the Bureau of Conections, it was only

inaugurated in September 18, 2007, the second institution which branched out from

the first and only penal establishment dedicated in rehabilitating female offenders.

A. Bureau of Correction B. Department of Health

C. DepEd D. CIWM
14.When was the Davao Penal Colony was formally established under Act No. 3732.

During World War II, it was used by the Philippine-American Armed Forces where

more than 1000 Japanese were treated in accordance with the orders of the

American commanding officer.

A. January 21, 1932 B. January 22, 1932

C. January 23, 1932 D. January 24, 1932

15.When was the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm was built.

A. August 24, 1869 B. August 23, 1869

C. August 22, 1869 D. August 21, 1869

16.Farm is one of the most popular prisons in the Philippines. It was established in

1902 by the United States for the Filipino prisoners who had fought with the

American during their colonization in the Philippines.

A. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm B. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

C. Leyte Regional Prison D. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm

17.How many Penal Institution does we have in the Philippines ?

A. 7 B. 8

C. 9 D. 6
18.It was the semi-historical document dated between 1200 to 1250 and was

previously known as the oldest written laws in the Philippines. It contained laws

written by Datu sumakwel, one of the ten Bornean datus who left Borneo in search

for freedom and new territories.

A. The Code of Kalantiaw B. The Maragtas Code

C. The Code of Conduct D. The Morse Code

19.What article in the law of Kalantiaw Code is this, “ You shall not kill, neither shall

you steal, neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest you incur the danger of death.

All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being drowned in

the river, or in boiling water.”

A. Article I B. Article II

C. Article III D. Article IV

20.What article in the law of Kalantiaw Code is this, “ You shall obey. Let all your

debts with the headman be met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive for

the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be condemned to

thrust his hand in boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be beaten to

death.”

A. Article I B. Article II

C. Article III D. Article IV

21.What article in the law of Kalantiaw Code is this, “ Obey you: let no one have

women that are very young nor more than he can support; nor be given to excessive

lust. He who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order shall be condemned

to swim for three hours for the first time and for the second time, to be beaten to

death with sharp thorns.”

A. Article B. Article II

C. Article III D. Article IV

22.What article in the law of Kalantiaw Code is this, “Observe and obey; let no one

disturb the quiet of the graves. When passing by the caves and trees where they are,

give respect to them. He who does not observe this shall be killed by ants, or beaten

to death with thorns.”

A. Article I B. Article II

C. Article II D. Article IV

23. The basis of this old school of penology is the human free-will.

A. Penology School B. Classical School

C. Neo-classical D. Positivist

24. A person who is detained for the violation of law or ordinance

and has not been convicted is a -

A. Detention Prisoner B. Provincial Prisoner

C. Municipal Prisone D. City Prisoner

25. The following are forms of executive clemency, EXCEPT

A. Commutation B. Reform model

C. Amnesty D. Pardon

26. It is that branch of the administration of Criminal Justice System charged with the

responsibility for the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of the convicted

offender.

A. Conviction B. Corrections

C. Penalty D. punishment

27. This group consists of chronic troublemakers but not as dangerous as the super

security prisoners. They are not allowed to work outside the institution.

A. maximum security prisoners B. super security prisoners

C. minimum security prisoners D. medium security prisoners

28. Among the following, which has the authority to grant parole?

A. President B. Board of Pardons and Parole

C. Director of Prison D. Court

29. A recipient of absolute pardon is ________ from civil

liability imposed upon him by the sentence.

A. partially exempted B. exempted

C. conditionally exempted D. not exempted

30. ___ is an act of grace and the recipient is not entitled to

it as a matter of right.

A. Pardon B. Parole

C. Probation D. none of these

31.The Bureau of Corrections is under the _____.

A. Department of Social Welfare and Development B. Department of

Justice

C. Department of the Interior and Local Government D. Department of Health

32. The maintenance or care and protection accorded to people who by authority of

law are temporarily incarcerated for violation of laws and also those who were

sentenced by the court to serve

judgment is called –

A. Custody B. safe-keeping

C. Classification D. caring

33. Which of these refers to the assigning or grouping of offenders according to their

sentence, gender, age, nationality, health, criminal record, etc.?

A. Custody B. Security

C. Safe-keeping D. None of these

34. The institution for dangerous but not incorrigible prisoners in the Philippine is the

A. NBP B. Medium Security Institution

 C. Maximum Security Institution D. Minimum Security Institution

35. The act of grace from a sovereign power inherent in the state which exempts an

individual from the punishment which the law imposes or prescribes for his crime,

extended by the President thru the recommendation of the Board of Parole and

Pardon is called

A. Amnesty B. Parole

C. Pardon D. Probation

36. Under the prison service manual, the prescribed color of prison uniform for

maximum security prison is

A. Orange B. Brown

C. Stripe Orange D. Blue

37. When an inmate is given a “shakedown” before admission, it means:

A. He has taken the process of identification, record, fingerprint and photograph

B. He has been examined for contraband

C. His commitment paper are delivered to record clerk

D. All of these

38. The putting of offenders in prison for the purpose of protecting the public and at

the same time rehabilitating them by requiring the latter to undergo institutional

treatment program is referred to as:

A. Imprisonment B. Trial

C. Conviction D. Detention
39. The Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm, a National Penitentiary in the Philippines

under the BUCOR is located in ____.

A. Palawan B. Zamboanga

C. Davao D. Occidental Mindoro

40. In Babylon, about 1990 BC, this is credited as the oldest code prescribing

savage punishment but in fact ___ is nearly.100 years older

A. Hammurabic Code B. Sumerian Code

C. Justinian Code D. Code of Draco

41. The New Bilibid Prison, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW), Iwahig

Prison and Penal Farm, and Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm are all under this

agency.

A. BJMP B. Bureau of Corrections

C. Provincial Government D. Department of Justice

42. The New Bilibid Prison, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW), Iwahig

Prison and Penal Farm, and Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm are all under this

agency.

A. BJMP B. Bureau of Corrections

C. Provincial Government D. Department of Justice

43. An attached agency of the Department of Justice which provides a less costly

alternative to imprisonment of offenders who are likely to respond to individualized

community based treatment programs.

 A. BJMP B. Bureau of Corrections

C. Provincial Government D. Parole and Probation Administration

44. Prisoners whose sentences are more than three years to capital punishment are

considered

A. municipal prisoners B. provincial prisoners

C. city prisoners D. insular prisoners

45. Prisoners whose sentences are from one day to six months are

A. municipal prisoners B. provincial prisoners

C. city prisoners D. insular prisoners

45. A prison model which sought penitence (hence the term penitentiaries) through

total individual isolation and silence.

A. Pennsylvania Prison Model B. Auburn Prison Model

C. Work Release D. Halfway Houses

46. Who among the following is a provincial prisoner?

A. A prisoner serving a term below six (6) years

B. A prisoner serving a term of six (6) years and up

C. A prisoner serving a term of six (6) months and one (1) day to three (3)

years

D. A prisoner serving a term of three (3)years and one(1) day up

47. This theory in criminology states that people are totally responsible for their

behaviors and the stress is more on the effect of their felonious act than upon the

criminal.

A. Positivist Theory B. Psychological Theory

C. Biological Theory D. Classical Theory

48. Which of the following is an executive clemency that requires the concurrence of

congress?

A. Probation B. Pardon

C. Amnesty D. Parole

49. Articles 1706 - 1727 of the revised Administrative Code as amended is known as

A. Correction Law B. Jail Management Law

C. Prison Law D. Parole and Probation Law

50. Who is tasked with the gathering and collecting of information and other data of

every prisoner into a case study to determine the work assignment, the type

supervision and degree of custody and restriction under which an offender must live

in jail?

A. Classification Board B . Board of Custody

C. Diagnostic Board D. Treatment Board

51. Public humiliation or public exhibition also mean:

A. public execution B. social degradation

C. Banishment D. public trial

52. During the 16th up to the 18th century, a criminal may be sent away from a place

carried out by prohibition to coming against a specified territory. This is an ancient

form of punishment called:

A. Exile B. Transportation

C. Banishment D. Public trial

53. One of the following represents the earliest codification of the Roman law, which

was incorporated into the Justinian Code.

A. Twelve Tables B. Burgundian Code

C. Code of Draco D. Hammurabic code

54. Retaliation is the earliest remedy for a wrong act to any one (in the primitive

society). The concept follows that the victim’s family or tribe against the family or

tribe of the offender, hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the early primitive

societies. Retaliation means:

A. Personal Vengeance B. Tooth for a tooth

C. Eye for an Eye D. All of these

55. In 1936, the City of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of

Prisons originally intended as a site for boys’ training school. Today, the old Bilibid

Prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the :

A. “ May Halique Estate” B. “Tandang Sora State”

C. New Bilibid Jail D. Muntinlupa Jail

56. The sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life and fortune to prison

reform.After his findings on English Prisons, he recommended the following: single

cells for sleeping, segregation of women, segregation of youth, provision of

sanitation facilities, and abolition of fee system by which jailers obtained money from

prisoners.

A. John Howard B. Robert Peel

C. William Penn D. Manuel Montesimos

57. The Camp Sampaguita of the national Bilibid Prison houses

A. Super Maximum Security Prisoners B. Maximum Security Prisoners

C. Medium Security Prisoners D. Minimum Security Prisoners

58. The only early Roman place of confinement which was built under the main

sewer of Rome in 64 B.C.

A. Bridewell Workhouse B. Wulnut Street Jail

C. Burgundian House D. none of these

59. Upon receipt of the probation officer investigation report, the court shall resolve

the application for probation not later than-

A. 60 days B. 5 days

C. 15 days D. 30 days

60. A correctional institution that has the authority to detain persons awaiting trial or

adjudication or confine convicted offenders for a short period of time.

 A. Halfway houses B. Penal colonies

C. Jails D. All of these

61. A correctional institution that has the authority to detain convicted offenders for

longer or extended period of time, including those who are waiting their death

sentence.

A. Halfway house B. Farm house

C. Jail D. Prison

62. A person convicted and sentenced to serve for not more than six months is

classified as –

A. Municipal prisoner B. City prisoner

C. Insular prisoner D. Colonist

63. An inmate maybe excused from mandatory labor if he or she is...

A. over 55 years of age B. over 60 years of age

C. over 65 years of age D. over 70 years of age

64. Detention prisoners who are awaiting judgment or trial of their case are under the

supervision and control of

A. Provincial Jails B. National Bilibid Prisons

C. Bureau of Corrections D. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

65. The ideal ratio on escort is ____ prison guard for every ____ number of inmates.

A. 12 B. 14

C. 17 D. 112

66. A municipal warden must have the minimum rank of.

A. SJO1 B. J/INSP

C. J/SINSP D. J/CINSP

67. A person who is detained for the violation of law or ordinance and has not been

convicted is a -

A. Detention Prisoner B. Provincial Prisoner

C. Municipal Prisoner D. City Prisoner

68. A person who is sentenced to serve a prison term of over three

(3) years is a _________________.

A. Municipal prisoner B. Detention prisoner

C. City prisoner D. National or Insular prisoner

69. Ideal number of days for proper classification of newly convicted offenders at the

RDC?

A. 45 days B. 30 days
 C. 55 days D. 15 day

70. Refers to those who are confined in correctional facilities awaiting verdict in their

cases

A. Prisoner B. Detainees

C. Probationer D. Offender

71. The law creating the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) is

A. RA 8551 B. RA 9165

C. RA 6975 D. RA 4890

72. Force is used only by correctional institution to:

A. exact respect B. perform assignments

C. enforce discipline D. show physical strength and power

73. An inmate maybe transferred by the Prison Director upon the recommendation of

the ____ concerned to another prison facility to bring said inmate closer to family or

as part of his rehabilitation program.

A. President B. Superintendent

C. Prison Guard D. DOJ Secretary

74. In admission process of the inmates, several procedures will be followed

including the registration of all information of about the inmate. The register shall

contain the following except?

A. date of admission B. reason for commitment

C. sentence D. name of the authority

75. The punishment which affords the society or the individual who was wronged, the

opportunity to impose upon the offender such suitable punishment as may be

enforced

A. Reformation B. Retribution

C. Expiation D. Deterrence

76. Giving punishment to a person so to serve as an example to others is the theory

of

A. Self-defense B. Social defense

C. Exemplary D. Equality

77. Infant born in prison may be allowed to stay with sentenced serving mother for-

A. 1 year B. 2 year

C. 3 years D. 4 years

78. He was the first superintendent of Elmira Reformatory.

A. John Howard B. Zebulon Brockway

 C. John Augustus D. Teodulo Natividad

79. The features of the prison system were confinement of the prisoners in these is

cells days and night.

A. Pennsylvania B. Mammertime

C. Auburn D. Alcatraz

80. Introduces profit margin and religion congregate loan with efficient discipline

permitted to set up factory style working conditions and become the first prison to

achieve a profitable work program.

A. Pennsylvania B. Auburn

C. Walnut street jail D. Sins sing prison

81. A correctional institution that has the authority to detain convicted offenders for

longer or extended period of time, including those who are waiting their death

sentence.

A. Halfway house B. Farm house

C. Jail D. Prison

81. A satellite unit of NBP that houses the Mediums Security Risk prisoner located

near the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC) and Youth Rehabilitation Center.

A. Camp Sampaguita B. Camp Bukang Liwayway

 C. Camp Abelon D. Camp Abubakar

82. If the color of the maximum Security prisoner is Tangerine, Medium Security

Prisoner is Blue, What color is the uniform for the Minimum Security?

A. Brown B. Gray

C. Orange D. Stripe White and Orange

83. It is amendment and penitence model of prison built in 1820’s were

communication among the prisoners was next to impossible, prisoners are

individually isolated.

A. Pennsylvania system B. Auburn Prison

C. Mammertime Prison D. Justinian Prison

84. The Director of Prison at Valencia, Spain in 1835 who divided prisoners into

companies and appointed them as petty officers; also, he allowed the reduction of

inmate’s sentence by 1/3 for good behavior.

A. John Howard B. Dometz of France

C. Alexander Macanochie D. Manuel Montesimos

85. The putting of offenders in prison for the purpose of protecting the public and at

the same time rehabilitating them by requiring the latter to undergo institutional

treatment program is referred to as:

 A. Imprisonment B. Trial

C. Conviction D. Detention

86. These refers to information concerning an inmate’s personal circumstances,

such as the offense committed, imposed sentence, criminal case number in the trial,

date of the commencement of the service of sentence and other analogous

information.

A. Prison Record B. Carpeta

C. Prisoner’s record D. Inmate’s Record

87. The prisoners who cannot be trusted in open condition and maybe allowed to

work outside the fence or walls of the penal institution but under guards or escorts

are known as:

A. Medium Security Prisoners B. Maximum Security Prisoners

C. Minimum Security Prisoners D. Maximum Security Prisoners

88. Who is the Director of the Irish Prison who introduced the Irish system that

modified the Maconochies Mark System?

A. Manuel Montesimus B. Walter Crofton

C. Domets of France D. Zebulon Brockway

89. A prison model where incarcerated persons are allowed to work outside the

institution that houses them.

A. Pennsylvania Prison Model B. Auburn Prison Model

C. Work Release D. Halfway Houses

90. Are prisoners who cannot be trusted in open conditions and pose less danger to

society if they escape;

A. Medium security prisoner B. Minimum Security Prisoner

C. Maximum Security Prisoner D. None of the above

91. Which is called the finest penal farm in the world?

A. Davao penal farm B. Sablayan penal colony

C. San Ramon prison and penal farm D.Iwahig penal colony

92. The systems of prison were the confinement of the prisoners in single cells at

night and congregate work in stop during the day.

A. Pennsylvania prison B. Auburn prison

C. Elmira reformatory D. Alcatraz prison

93. This refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling the rehabilitation

and reformation of prisoners.

A. Penal Management B. Corrections Administration

 C. Penal Justification D. Corrections Justification

94. The infamous gulag prison in Germany was the place where thousands of Jews

were slaughtered during the reign of Adolf Hitler.

A. Gulag of Russia B. Gulag Prison of Aleksandr Solzhenisyn

C. Gulag of Germany D. The gulag of Banaue

95. The society is protected from the further depredations of criminals if they are all

imprisoned immediately after committing a crime”. This justification of penalty is

known as

A. Expiation B. Reformation

C. Deterrence D. Protection

96. This group consists of chronic troublemakers but not as dangerous as the super

security prisoners. They are not allowed to work outside the institution.

A. Maximum security prisoners B. Super security prisoners

C. Minimum security prisoners D. Medium security prisoners

97. This is group of prisoners who may be allowed to work outside the fence of the

institution under guard escorts. Generally they are employed as agricultural workers.

A. Medium security prisoners B. Minimum Security Prisoners

C. Maximum Security Prisoners D. None of the above

98. What Prison system that is consisted in the solitary confinement of the prisoners

in their own cells day and night where they lived, slept, received religious instruction

or read the bible, and given the work and also known as separate system?

A. Pennsylvania Prison System B. Auburn Prison System

C. Walnut Street D. Auburn System

99. Which of the following is a maximum security prison in Ossining, New York,

USA? It is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) North of New York City on the

banks of the Hudson River which the Auburn Prison system was applied

A. Alcatraz prison B. Sing Sing Prison

C. Walnut Street Jail D. Silver Mine Farm

100. Classification of an inmate as to entitlement who has served imprisonment with

good conduct for a period equivalent to 1/5 of the maximum term or of his prison

sentence or those who served 7 years in the case of those who was meted with the

penalty of life sentence.

A. First class inmates B. Second Class inmates

C. Third class inmates D. Colonist

EVOLUTION OF CORRECTIONS
Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC) - the
first formal law dealing with the
concept of justice As
LexTaliones “An Eye for an Eye and a
Tooth for a Tooth”.
Mosaic Law – allowed extreme
punishments such as flogging or
burning alive, offenders are entitled to
freedom from
torture and admission of guilt is
admissible only when there is a
confirmatory testimony from at least
one witness.
King Ur-Nammu’s Code – decreed the
imposition of restitution and fines of
execution, mutilation or other savage
penalties. It holds the principle that
offender can be punished and victims
can be paid by making the
offender reimburse the value of
whatever damages as the result of
crime.
Nicodemeans Ethics – written in 400
BC first publication that explains crime
and
corrective justice stating that “
Punishment is a mean of restoring the
balance between pleasure and
pain”
509 BC – a law was passed prohibiting
flogging or execution unless affirmed
by the Centuriate Assembly.
Underground cisterns – a form of
prison used to detain offenders
undergoing trial in some cases and to
hold sentences offenders where they
were to be starved to death.
Ergastulum– Roman prison that was
used to confine slaves where they were
attached to
workbenches and forced to do hard
labor in the period of their
imprisonment.
Justinian Code – Roman Emperor
Justin put this code into law in 529 AD
and became the standard law in all the
areas
occupied by the Roman Empire
particularly Europe. This code was a
revision of the Twelve Tables of
Roman Law that originated at bout 500
BC stating every crime and penalties
for every offense listed in
the said table.
Burgundian Code – code that
introduced the concept of restitution
but punishment was meted according
to the social
class of the offenders. Offender had to
pay the specified value in order not to
undergo physical
sufferings as penalty.
Pope Innocent VIII (1487) – issued
Papal Bull that allowed refugee
offenders to be driven out of the
sanctuary if
they used this for committing crimes
but half centuries later, many
sanctuaries closed and those still
remaining have refused to accept
offenders of serious crimes such as
rape, murder and robbery.
Pope Leo I – 440AD was the first Pope
to fully expressed approval for killing,
otherwise
human and divine law would be
subverted.
Priscilian– 385 AD the first recorded
Christian who was put to death for
being a heretic (Unorthodox) but death
as
capital punishment was first used in
1022 in Orleans, France when thirteen
heretics were burned at the
instigation of the church. Pope
Innocent II tried to wash his hands like
a Pontius Pilate when it turned
over heretics to the secular authorities
for proper punishment that included
death.
Pope Gregory IX – through his Papal
Encyclical “Encommunicamus” issued
in 1231 that
3
made part of the Canon Law the
burning of non-believers at the stake.
He also initiated the Inquisition
that led to the burning of hundreds of
heretics.
Pope Innocent IV – officially
introduced torture to the Inquisition
procedure in 1252.
Pope John Paul II – reversed the
practice of death as form of
punishment, Pro-Life Pope in his
Encyclical
TertioMillenioAdveniente, formally
apologized to the past intolerance and
use of violence in the defense
of truth and has challenged to break
away from the “culture of death”.
Gaols – other word for jails during
early days, were hard for poor
prisoners but not for those who were
wealthy. This
was because prisoners had to pay for
their accommodations, food and cost
of administration and
security. Beddings, blankets, lights and
everything were sold or rented to
prisoners at very high rates.
The jailer or gaoler was paid from
payment of prisoners.
King Henry VII of England – he
decreed corporal punishment for
vagrants in 1531 and penal
slavery in 1547 to depend the interests
of the still dominant landlord class.
Bridewell Institution in Bridewell,
England – established during the reign
of King
Edward VI, as a workhouse for
vagabonds, idlers and rogues. The
Bridewell was a reform of some sort
over the traditional, already
unworkable system of punishment.
Vagrants and prostitute were given
work
while serving their sentence. After two
centuries this system lost its usefulness
due to banishment of
offenders to the colonies.
Lombroso, Beccaria and Betham –
their efforts changes the prison system
based on solitary confinement and
hard
labor so that by 1779 a penitentiary act
was passed that mandated the
establishment of prison system.
Norfolk Prison at Wymondham,
England – after the Penitentiary Act of
1779 this prison was
opened.
National Penitentiary of Milkbank –
followed in 1821.
Pentonville National Penitentiary –
opened in 1842.
Alexander Solshenitsyn – a political
prisoner who popularized banishment
is the Gulag
Archipelago in a novel.
Penal Code of Russia (1845) –
punishes offenders to hard labor of
four years to life. Fortunate prisoners
sentenced to
hard labor were destined to the
factories or construction of fortresses.
Sentences to labor in the mines
were the unluckiest of the destinati
EVOLUTION OF CORRECTIONS
Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC) - the
first formal law dealing with the
concept of justice As
LexTaliones “An Eye for an Eye and a
Tooth for a Tooth”.
Mosaic Law – allowed extreme
punishments such as flogging or
burning alive, offenders are entitled to
freedom from
torture and admission of guilt is
admissible only when there is a
confirmatory testimony from at least
one witness.
King Ur-Nammu’s Code – decreed the
imposition of restitution and fines of
execution, mutilation or other savage
penalties. It holds the principle that
offender can be punished and victims
can be paid by making the
offender reimburse the value of
whatever damages as the result of
crime.
Nicodemeans Ethics – written in 400
BC first publication that explains crime
and
corrective justice stating that “
Punishment is a mean of restoring the
balance between pleasure and
pain”
509 BC – a law was passed prohibiting
flogging or execution unless affirmed
by the Centuriate Assembly.
Underground cisterns – a form of
prison used to detain offenders
undergoing trial in some cases and to
hold sentences offenders where they
were to be starved to death.
Ergastulum– Roman prison that was
used to confine slaves where they were
attached to
workbenches and forced to do hard
labor in the period of their
imprisonment.
Justinian Code – Roman Emperor
Justin put this code into law in 529 AD
and became the standard law in all the
areas
occupied by the Roman Empire
particularly Europe. This code was a
revision of the Twelve Tables of
Roman Law that originated at bout 500
BC stating every crime and penalties
for every offense listed in
the said table.
Burgundian Code – code that
introduced the concept of restitution
but punishment was meted according
to the social
class of the offenders. Offender had to
pay the specified value in order not to
undergo physical
sufferings as penalty.
Pope Innocent VIII (1487) – issued
Papal Bull that allowed refugee
offenders to be driven out of the
sanctuary if
they used this for committing crimes
but half centuries later, many
sanctuaries closed and those still
remaining have refused to accept
offenders of serious crimes such as
rape, murder and robbery.
Pope Leo I – 440AD was the first Pope
to fully expressed approval for killing,
otherwise
human and divine law would be
subverted.
Priscilian– 385 AD the first recorded
Christian who was put to death for
being a heretic (Unorthodox) but death
as
capital punishment was first used in
1022 in Orleans, France when thirteen
heretics were burned at the
instigation of the church. Pope
Innocent II tried to wash his hands like
a Pontius Pilate when it turned
over heretics to the secular authorities
for proper punishment that included
death.
Pope Gregory IX – through his Papal
Encyclical “Encommunicamus” issued
in 1231 that
3
made part of the Canon Law the
burning of non-believers at the stake.
He also initiated the Inquisition
that led to the burning of hundreds of
heretics.
Pope Innocent IV – officially
introduced torture to the Inquisition
procedure in 1252.
Pope John Paul II – reversed the
practice of death as form of
punishment, Pro-Life Pope in his
Encyclical
TertioMillenioAdveniente, formally
apologized to the past intolerance and
use of violence in the defense
of truth and has challenged to break
away from the “culture of death”.
Gaols – other word for jails during
early days, were hard for poor
prisoners but not for those who were
wealthy. This
was because prisoners had to pay for
their accommodations, food and cost
of administration and
security. Beddings, blankets, lights and
everything were sold or rented to
prisoners at very high rates.
The jailer or gaoler was paid from
payment of prisoners.
King Henry VII of England – he
decreed corporal punishment for
vagrants in 1531 and penal
slavery in 1547 to depend the interests
of the still dominant landlord class.
Bridewell Institution in Bridewell,
England – established during the reign
of King
Edward VI, as a workhouse for
vagabonds, idlers and rogues. The
Bridewell was a reform of some sort
over the traditional, already
unworkable system of punishment.
Vagrants and prostitute were given
work
while serving their sentence. After two
centuries this system lost its usefulness
due to banishment of
offenders to the colonies.
Lombroso, Beccaria and Betham –
their efforts changes the prison system
based on solitary confinement and
hard
labor so that by 1779 a penitentiary act
was passed that mandated the
establishment of prison system.
Norfolk Prison at Wymondham,
England – after the Penitentiary Act of
1779 this prison was
opened.
National Penitentiary of Milkbank –
followed in 1821.
Pentonville National Penitentiary –
opened in 1842.
Alexander Solshenitsyn – a political
prisoner who popularized banishment
is the Gulag
Archipelago in a novel.
Penal Code of Russia (1845) –
punishes offenders to hard labor of
four years to life. Fortunate prisoners
sentenced to
hard labor were destined to the
factories or construction of fortresses.
Sentences to labor in the mines
were the unluckiest of the destinations

EVOLUTION OF CORRECTIONS
Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC) - the
first formal law dealing with the
concept of justice As
LexTaliones “An Eye for an Eye and a
Tooth for a Tooth”.
Mosaic Law – allowed extreme
punishments such as flogging or
burning alive, offenders are entitled to
freedom from
torture and admission of guilt is
admissible only when there is a
confirmatory testimony from at least
one witness.
King Ur-Nammu’s Code – decreed the
imposition of restitution and fines of
execution, mutilation or other savage
penalties. It holds the principle that
offender can be punished and victims
can be paid by making the
offender reimburse the value of
whatever damages as the result of
crime.
Nicodemeans Ethics – written in 400
BC first publication that explains crime
and
corrective justice stating that “
Punishment is a mean of restoring the
balance between pleasure and
pain”
509 BC – a law was passed prohibiting
flogging or execution unless affirmed
by the Centuriate Assembly.
Underground cisterns – a form of
prison used to detain offenders
undergoing trial in some cases and to
hold sentences offenders where they
were to be starved to death.
Ergastulum– Roman prison that was
used to confine slaves where they were
attached to
workbenches and forced to do hard
labor in the period of their
imprisonment.
Justinian Code – Roman Emperor
Justin put this code into law in 529 AD
and became the standard law in all the
areas
occupied by the Roman Empire
particularly Europe. This code was a
revision of the Twelve Tables of
Roman Law that originated at bout 500
BC stating every crime and penalties
for every offense listed in
the said table.
Burgundian Code – code that
introduced the concept of restitution
but punishment was meted according
to the social
class of the offenders. Offender had to
pay the specified value in order not to
undergo physical
sufferings as penalty.
Pope Innocent VIII (1487) – issued
Papal Bull that allowed refugee
offenders to be driven out of the
sanctuary if
they used this for committing crimes
but half centuries later, many
sanctuaries closed and those still
remaining have refused to accept
offenders of serious crimes such as
rape, murder and robbery.
Pope Leo I – 440AD was the first Pope
to fully expressed approval for killing,
otherwise
human and divine law would be
subverted.
Priscilian– 385 AD the first recorded
Christian who was put to death for
being a heretic (Unorthodox) but death
as
capital punishment was first used in
1022 in Orleans, France when thirteen
heretics were burned at the
instigation of the church. Pope
Innocent II tried to wash his hands like
a Pontius Pilate when it turned
over heretics to the secular authorities
for proper punishment that included
death.
Pope Gregory IX – through his Papal
Encyclical “Encommunicamus” issued
in 1231 that
3
made part of the Canon Law the
burning of non-believers at the stake.
He also initiated the Inquisition
that led to the burning of hundreds of
heretics.
Pope Innocent IV – officially
introduced torture to the Inquisition
procedure in 1252.
Pope John Paul II – reversed the
practice of death as form of
punishment, Pro-Life Pope in his
Encyclical
TertioMillenioAdveniente, formally
apologized to the past intolerance and
use of violence in the defense
of truth and has challenged to break
away from the “culture of death”.
Gaols – other word for jails during
early days, were hard for poor
prisoners but not for those who were
wealthy. This
was because prisoners had to pay for
their accommodations, food and cost
of administration and
security. Beddings, blankets, lights and
everything were sold or rented to
prisoners at very high rates.
The jailer or gaoler was paid from
payment of prisoners.
King Henry VII of England – he
decreed corporal punishment for
vagrants in 1531 and penal
slavery in 1547 to depend the interests
of the still dominant landlord class.
Bridewell Institution in Bridewell,
England – established during the reign
of King
Edward VI, as a workhouse for
vagabonds, idlers and rogues. The
Bridewell was a reform of some sort
over the traditional, already
unworkable system of punishment.
Vagrants and prostitute were given
work
while serving their sentence. After two
centuries this system lost its usefulness
due to banishment of
offenders to the colonies.
Lombroso, Beccaria and Betham –
their efforts changes the prison system
based on solitary confinement and
hard
labor so that by 1779 a penitentiary act
was passed that mandated the
establishment of prison system.
Norfolk Prison at Wymondham,
England – after the Penitentiary Act of
1779 this prison was
opened.
National Penitentiary of Milkbank –
followed in 1821.
Pentonville National Penitentiary –
opened in 1842.
Alexander Solshenitsyn – a political
prisoner who popularized banishment
is the Gulag
Archipelago in a novel.
Penal Code of Russia (1845) –
punishes offenders to hard labor of
four years to life. Fortunate prisoners
sentenced to
hard labor were destined to the
factories or construction of fortresses.
Sentences to labor in the mines
ere tkiest of the destin