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ATLAS OF DEFORMED AND METAMORPHOSED
ROCKS FROM PROTEROZOIC OROGENS
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ATLAS OF
DEFORMED AND
METAMORPHOSED
ROCKS FROM
PROTEROZOIC
OROGENS
T.R.K. Chetty
CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
K.V. Wilbert Kehelpannala

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana,
Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
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Contents
Preface vii 2.3.4 Mahanadi shear zone 99

2.3.5 Nagavali-Vamsadhara shear
Acknowledgements ix
zone 104
1. Proterozoic orogens: introduction 2.3.6 Khariar-Bolangir Terrane 112
1.1 Introduction 1
2.3.7 Kanigiri ophiolitic melange 118
1.2 Orogenic evolution 2
References 125
1.3 Proterozoic high-grade rocks 2
2.4 Central Indian Tectonic Zone 126
1.4 Gondwana orogens 3
2.4.1 Introduction 126
References 4
2.4.2 Shear zones 127
Further reading 4
2.4.3 Supracrustal belts 141
2.4.4 Chhotanagpur GraniteeGneiss
2. Proterozoic orogens of Indian Complex 145
shield References 150
2.1 Proterozoic orogens of India 5 Further reading 150
2.1.1 Introduction 5 2.5 Aravalli-Delhi Orogenic Belt 151
References 7 2.5.1 Introduction 151
2.2 Southern Granulite Terrane 8 2.5.2 South Delhi Terrane 153
2.2.1 Introduction 8 2.5.3 Sandmata Terrane 163
2.2.2 Northern Granulite Block 9 2.5.4 Sirohi Terrane 166
2.2.2.1 Salem 2.5.5 Udaipur Terrane 174
mafic-ultramafic 2.5.6 Phulad shear zone 181
complex 10 References 184
2.2.2.2 Mettur shear zone 13
2.2.3 Cauvery suture zone 18
3. Proterozoic orogens of Sri Lanka
2.2.3.1 Regional/general 19
3.1 Introduction 185
2.2.3.2 Kanjamalai hills 37
3.2 The Wanni Complex 187
2.2.3.3 Mahadevi hills 47
3.3 The Highland Complex 203
2.2.3.4 Devathur shear zone 50
3.4 The Vijayan Complex 214
2.2.3.5 Namakkal-Mohanur 3.5 The Wanni Complex-Highland
rail cutting section 55
Complex Boundary Shear Zone
2.2.4 Madurai Granulite Block 69
(WHBSZ) 222
2.2.4.1 Kadavur hills 70
3.6 The Highland Complex/Vijayan
2.2.4.2 NortheEastern part Complex Boundary Shear Zone 228
of Madurai Granulite References 233
Block 75 4. Proterozoic orogens of Southern Africa
2.2.5 Achankovil shear zone/suture 4.1 Introduction 237
zone 80 4.2 The Limpopo Belt 238
2.2.6 Trivandrum Granulite Block 83 4.3 The Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt 239
References 85 4.4 The Mahalapye Complex 240
2.3 Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt 88 4.4.1 The Mahalapye Granite 240
2.3.1 Introduction 88 4.4.2 The Mokgware Granite 251
2.3.2 Sileru shear zone 89 4.4.3 The Mahalapye Migmatite 259
2.3.3 Northern boundary shear zone 97 4.5 The Phikwe Complex 268
v
vi Contents
4.6 Beit Bridge Complex 282 5.8 The Bunger Hills 365
4.7 The Magogaphate Shear Zone 301 References 371
References 311
6. Proterozoic orogens of Western
5. East Antarctica Australia
5.1 Introduction 315 6.1 Introduction 373
5.2 The Sør Rondane Mountains 317 6.2 The AlbanyeFraser orogen 373
5.3 The Maud Belt 342 6.3 The Pinjarra orogen 392
5.4 The Muhlig-Hofmannfjella mountains 345 References 398
5.5 The Lützow-Holm Complex 347 Further reading 399
5.6 The Vestfold Hills 358
5.7 The Grove Mountains 361 Index 401
Preface
In recent decades, there has been a significant shift of interest toward laboratory-centric research studies in
geosciences, neglecting the importance of field geology, which forms a crucial element to the understanding of our
planet Earth and its internal and external geological processes. Most of these processes are preserved in the form of
rock records in the field, which can be considered as “objects of beauty, kindling the imagination and stimulation of the
uninitiated and experts alike” and must be given their rightful place in geoscience education as well as in research
studies.
Basic geological information and knowledge can be obtained through reading and reviewing of published
geological maps and the available literature to understand the general geology, structural, metamorphic, and tectonic
evolution of an area, which is possible only to a limited extent. It always remains superficial and can never substitute
the personal experiences of field geologists on the nature and characteristics of rocks at outcrop scales in the field. It is
in this context a record of field observations, descriptions, and interpretations in the form of a collection of high-quality
field photographs will be of immense utility. These field photographs with brief and comprehensive description and
interpretation in the form of an Atlas will form an important fundamental and essential requirement of the Earth
Science community.
Almost all the rocks currently exposed in Proterozoic orogens have been deformed and metamorphosed under
amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions with some of them obtaining either ultrahigh pressure or ultrahigh
temperature conditions. We have had the opportunity of studying such high-grade metamorphic rocks from several
Proterozoic orogenic belts of Gondwana supercontinent in the field for over three decades, making detailed sketches,
measuring various structural elements, and mapping detailed geology. We have also conducted and participated in
many international field workshops across some of the geologically important regions and had the benefit of inter-
action with many prominent earth scientists from all over the globe. During our long professional career with
structural geology, tectonics, and metamorphic petrology being the focus, we have compiled and preserved innu-
merable number of field photographs, captured from some of the well-exposed areas of key orogenic belts of
Gondwana supercontinent.
This Atlas forms a richly illustrated reference book with a long-lasting value that provides unique and compre-
hensive field images of a range of lithologies that were subjected to multiple events of magmatism, deformation,
metamorphism, and metasomatism. Each chapter in the book begins with a brief review of geology, including
deformation and metamorphic history, along with a regional geological map to help readers to visualize the field
observations in the relevant geological context. The Atlas focuses on amphibolite to granulite facies rocks and
associated maficeultramafic rocks from Proterozoic orogens of India, Sri Lanka, Botswana, South Africa, East
Antarctica, and Western Australia. All the photographs have been sequentially organized considering the
metamorphic complexes, tectonic divisions, and crustal units of respective individual orogens.
The present Atlas of selected photographs is an important source of information for a broad range of earth
scientists, graduate and undergraduate students, researchers, academicians, and other professionals. The Atlas would
be extremely useful, educative, and informative and would provide insights into the understanding of some of the
mysteries of the earth’s processes and its evolution. It will form a great treasure particularly to the younger generations
and to those geoscientists who never had an opportunity to visit any of the Proterozoic orogenic belts.
In view of the above, we present here an Atlas of field photographs of deformed and metamorphosed rocks of
varied rock compositions and structural geometry with a concise description providing location, lithology, structural
fabrics, possible deformational history, metamorphic features, late metasomatism, and other important geological
information. Its relevance and significance in understanding the geological and tectonic history and metamorphic
evolution of a region are highlighted by providing relevant key references.
T.R.K. Chetty
K.V. Wilbert Kehelpannala
vii
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to all our teachers, collaborators and students for their guidance, stimulating discussions and
support during our professional journey. We also thank all those contributors for sparing their valuable photo-
graphs along with brief descriptions to the present Atlas. We appreciate and thank all those authors whose pub-
lications aided us in compiling the photographs published in literature, especially for the chapters on East
Antarctica, Western Australia and some parts of the Limpopo Belt. We thank profusely the Geological Survey and
Resource Strategy, Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, State of Western Australia, 2019, for
permitting us to include some of the photographs from their field guides. We thank the following publishers and
organisations for granting permission to reproduce some of their figures: The Geological Society of Sri Lanka, The
Geological Society of London and the National Institute of Polar Research, Japan. We thank Prof. Yoshikuni Hiroi,
Chiba, Japan, for sharing some spectacular photographs from East Antarctica.
We are very grateful to Elsevier publishers for accepting our proposal for the Atlas and for working with us on
this project. We highly appreciate and wish to acknowledge the high quality and prompt support rendered by the
Elsevier team (Emerald, Sruthi and their team members) in transforming field photographs and the manuscript to
its present shape of the Atlas.
TRK owes gratitude and appreciation to the CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), for making
his entire four-decade scientific career fully satisfying, exciting and meaningful, by providing excellent infra-
structural facilities and a congenial atmosphere for his scientific pursuits. TRK owes a sense of gratitude to all the
directors of CSIR-NGRI for their encouragement and support throughout his career and after superannuation till
2020. TRK is thankful to Dr. P. Rama Rao (CSIR-NGRI) for sparing his valuable time in critically going through
Chapters 2 and 6. He appreciates and acknowledges Prof. T.K. Biswal (Mumbai); Prof. Dilip Saha (Kolkata);
Prof. J.K. Nanda (Bhubaneswar); Dr. Mahapatro (GSI); Dr.Sesha Sai (GSI) for sharing some of their valuable pictures
to Chapter 2. TRK thanks his former colleagues Drs. D.S.N. Murthy, Y.J. Bhaskar Rao, B.L.Narayana, and interna-
tional collaborators Profs. M. Santosh (China), Alan Collins (Australia), T. Tsunogae (Japan) for their valuable
discussions both in the field and laboratory. We also thank Prof. Larry Brown (USA), Dr. Chris Clark (Australia);
Dr. Teale (Australia) for sparing some of their pictures captured during the International Field workshop across the
Southern Granulite Terrane, organised by TRK, in 2004.
TRK is indebted to his late parents Sri. T. Chinnagangulaiah and Smt. T. Subbamma; his life partner Smt. Rama
Devi; and daughters (Sreesusudha, Sowmya and Sujani) and their families for their love and affection, and for
making his life exciting and enjoyable.
KVWK would like to thank his long-time collaborator late Prof. Alfred Kröner, for his valuable discussions in the
field and encouragement. He also acknowledges Dr. K. Laletsang, Head of the Geology Department, University of
Botswana, and Prof. Read Mapeo, the former Head, for their support in providing facilities. Most of the photo-
graphs from the Limpopo Belt in Botswana, published in this Atlas, were taken during field excursions and B.Sc.
final year field research projects funded by the Faculty of Science, University of Botswana. KVWK acknowledges
that the photographs from Sri Lanka included in this Atlas were taken by him during many of his field visits to his
home country and also during his time as a researcher at the former Institute of Fundamental Studies. KVWK
expresses his love and affection to his wife Benedicta and children (Thisura, Kithma and Gimhanie) for their
unstinted support in various ways during the compilation of this Atlas.
ix
C H A P T E R
1
Proterozoic orogens: introduction
1.1 Introduction
Orogens in space and time are the potential sources of information in understanding the mechanism of episodic
global material circulation on a whole-mantle-scale. They represent the hallmarks of the interaction among litho-
spheric plates. The word “orogen” is derived from Greece (oros for “mountain,” genesis for origin). The term “oro-
gen” or “orogenic belt” has been traditionally described as a mountain belt composed of different types of rocks or
rock strata forming a complex of variable size, typically tens to hundreds of kilometres wide and several thousand
kilometre long, later fragmented during younger geological time due to various processes (e.g., Miashiro, 1961). In
modern terminology, an orogen can be defined as a major linear deformed zone, sandwiched between cratons with
prolonged deformational history, repeatedly reactivated and associated with different events of magmatic pulses
and metamorphic episodes in space and time (Dewey and Bird, 1970). An orogen or orogenic belt develops when
a continental plate crumples and is pushed upwards to form one or multiple mountain ranges. This involves a series
of geological processes called “orogenesis.”
The Proterozoic orogenic belts occur wrapping around Precambrian cratons and expose essentially high-grade
rocks metamorphosed under amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. They represent not only important loci of
mineral wealth but also manifest past convergent plate tectonics that provide insightful clues to the processes of
deep crustal evolution, such as subduction, obduction, accretion, magmatism, and collision. They occur as mountain
belts developed through crustal thickening, magmatism, and metamorphism during more than one tectonothermal
event (orogenies) through time. The orogens constitute pronounced linear structural forms displaying terranes or
blocks of deformed rocks, separated by suture/shear zones or dipping thrust faults. The thrust faults carry relatively
thin slices of rock (which are called nappes or thrust sheets and differ from tectonic plateaus) from the core of the
shortening orogen out toward the margins and are intimately associated with folds and development of metamor-
phism. Orogens are significant in revealing the processes of continental growth and deformation including terrane
accretion, ophiolite obduction, terrane amalgamation, terrane dispersal, and crustal reactivation.
The orogens can broadly be grouped into collisional and acccretional types (Windley, 1995). The orogens that
occur at plate margins with continuing subduction and accretion are known as accretionary orogens (also known
as Pacific type) and appear to have been active throughout much of Earth’s history and constitute major sites of
continental growth (Cawood et al., 2009). Examples include Cordilleran, Pacific, Andean, Miyashiro, and Altaid-
type orogens. Accretionary orogenic systems are formed through ongoing plate convergence during the period of
supercontinent break-up and continental dispersal. Collisional orogenic systems (Himalayan-type) are generated
when the ocean is closed during continental assembly and formation of supercontinents. Collisional orogenic
systems may be superimposed on accretionary systems, which can be described as subduction-to-collision orogen-
esis (e.g., Liou et al., 2004).
Plate tectonics has been considered as an active component of the Earth’s processes possibly since the formation of
the first continental crust at >4.3 Ga (Ernst, 2005). Several distinct lines of evidence, in concert, established that the
process of plate tectonics has been active since at least 3.1 Ga. At least four types of collisions are presently recognized:
continent-continent (Alpine/Himalayan), continent-arc (Andean), arc-arc (Alaskan) collisions, and the fourth is a spe-
cial category (Turkic-type) where there is a progressive accretion of small island arcs and migration of magmatic front
that may produce sutures (Sengör and Natal’in). Large strike-slip faults, which juxtapose assemblages formed in
distant regions and metamorphosed at different structural levels, can also be erroneously reckoned as sutures.
Absence or rarity of blue schist- and eclogite-facies (high-P) metamorphic rocks in Precambrian subduction-
accretion complexes may be attributed to elevated thermal gradients and shallow-angle subduction (Brown, 2009).
Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed Rocks from Proterozoic Orogens

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817978-9.00001-9 1 © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 1. Proterozoic orogens: introduction
High-T metamorphism and slab melting would be significant during the subduction of hotter, less viscous, more
buoyant, thicker and faster movement of Precambrian oceanic crust (Polat and Kerrich, 2004).
While Alpine-Himalayan chain represents modern orogens, AppalachianseCaledonian, Grenville, Trans-
Hudson, Capricorn, and Limpopo are some of the well-known examples of ancient orogens. The present Atlas is
confined to Proterozoic orogens with special focus on east Gondwana. The Proterozoic period spans nearly 2 billion
years, which can be divided into three eras: Palaeoproterozoic (2500e1600 Ma); Mesoproterozoic (1600e1000 Ma);
and Neoproterozoic (1000e540 Ma). The Proterozoic is considered to be important because of great crustal
stabilization marked by the development of global-scale orogens.
1.2 Orogenic evolution
Tectonic evolution of orogenic systems is a fundamental research problem in understanding the Earth’s evolution,
which in turn helps in better comprehension of mineral resources, seismicity patterns, and various geological
hazards. There are primarily two types of orogenic systems in the Earth’s history from the Archaean through to mod-
ern Earth: accretionary orogenic systems and collisional systems. Some of the best studied orogenic systems in the
world such as Grenville orogen showed that the Greenville province resulted from a Mesoproterozoic continental
collision and consists of tectonically stacked slices of Archean, Paleozoic, Mesoproterozoic rocks that are exposed
at various crustal levels. Features such as deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism may vary in intensity along
and across the length and breadth of the orogens. In general, orogens are characterized by the presence of complex
zones of transpressive deformation displaying complex styles of structures and metamorphism.
Recent decades of research reveal that deeply eroded ancient orogens provide insights into the hidden roots of
modern orogens. Further advanced analytical techniques and modern concepts in fields like geodynamics, provided
fresh insights that led to the application of realistic modern analogies into the evolution of ancient orogenic belts.
Broadly, orogens also offer the realms of natural laboratory to address the nature of large Earth’s processes such
as the behavior of lithosphere, crust-mantle interaction, supercontinent formation, different geodynamic processes,
and ultimately the Earth’s history.
The orogens, on a whole-Earth scale, represent the surface manifestations of the motion of Earth’s lithosphere and
contribute to the generation of new continental crust through plate tectonics that is horizontally transported and
eventually destroyed at subduction zones prior to orogenic “suturing.” The subducted material accumulates at
660 km depth, being transformed from a curtain-like sheet to a large blob that drops vertically to the CoreeMantle
Boundary (CMB) (Maruyama et al., 1994). The involvement of plate tectonics through a variety of associated
processes like subduction zones after the consumption of oceanic crust produces volcanoes and builds island arcs
magmatism. The other important associated processes include magmatism, metamorphism, crustal melting, and
thickening. However, these are dependent on the strength and rheology of the continental lithosphere and the
change in their properties during orogenesis. The process of orogeny may take tens of millions of years to build
mountains from plains or the ocean floor, and the topography is related to the principle of isostasy.
In summary, the orogenic processes include continental rifting and ocean opening, oceanic and continental sub-
duction, late to post-orogenic extension, sedimentation, magmatism and metamorphism, exhumation of deep seated
rocks, back-arc opening and microcontinent rotation, etc. The interfering orogenic scale tectonics such as thrusting,
folding, and shearing processes and deformation histories within orogenic belts can be treated as second order
processes.
1.3 Proterozoic high-grade rocks
The Proterozoic orogenic belts constitute essentially high-grade rocks metamorphosed under amphibolite to
granulite facies conditions. The Precambrian high-grade rocks occur in the form of thick sequences of interlayered
and intercalated bands, layers, lenses, etc., with complex metamorphic histories and structures with different geom-
etries and interrelationships. These rocks are, in general, dominated by quartzo-feldspathic gneisses with varied
amounts of biotite, hornblende, both clino- and orthopyroxenes, garnet, opaque minerals, and accessory zircon.
In addition, metapelitic rocks with variable amount of biotite, garnet, Al-silicates, cordierite, sapphirine, and spinel
make an important lithology in orogenic belts. Enclaves of other rock types (both sedimentary and igneous origins)
are also common defining them more generally as migmatitic gneisses. The other dominant rocks include
1.4 Gondwana orogens 3
metasedimentary rocks such as quartzite, marble, calc-silicate rocks, metaigneous rocks like metabasite and ultra-
mafic rocks. In some orogenic belts, the occurrence of metamorphosed and deformed layered igneous rocks is
also reported. In general, the rocks witness amphibolite-granulite facies metamorphic conditions.
The structures and their interrelationships preserved in high-grade rocks are usually complex, because of pro-
longed metamorphic recrystallization, mineral reactions, and polyphase deformation through multiple events,
which are often complicated and masked by different magmatic and metamorphic episodes. These rocks have
further been subjected to several phases of ductile deformational processes involving recrystallization and partial
melting, resulting in complex lithological associations and structural patterns. Identification of such complex rock
records and their geometries in the field is important and challenging to all geoscientists. This forms the first crucial
step for understanding the true geological relationships, protolith characteristics, structural features, deformational
history, metamorphism, and tectonic evolution. The difference in lithology and metamorphic grade among the rocks
in orogens has been commonly attributed to the difference in the level of exposure. In the light of above, field
observations are extremely important before selection and collection of rock samples for further laboratory studies.
1.4 Gondwana orogens
Gondwanaland or “Gondwana” is the name described for the southern half of the Pangaean supercontinent (~300
Ma) constituting major continental blocks of South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India,
Antarctica, and Australia (Fig. 1.1). The name “Gondwana” is derived from a tribe in India (Gonds) and “wana”
means “land of.” Gondwanaland is superficially divided into a west Gondwana (Africa and South America) and
an east Gondwana (India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Antarctica, and Australia). The orogens in the continents of
east Gondwana resulted from a complex series of orogenic events during the Proterozoic period (Yoshida, 1995).
Two main periods of orogenesis were identified within east Gondwana (see Fig. 1.1). The first episode resulted
from the amalgamation of arc-terranes in the Arabian-Nubian shield region and oblique continent-continent colli-
sion between eastern Africa and ill-defined collage of continental blocks including parts of Madagascar, Sri Lanka,
Seychelles, India, and East Antarctica (750e620 Ma). This is referred to as the East Africa Orogen (EAO) and the sec-
ond major episode of orogenesis is considered as Kuunga Orogeny that took place between 570 and 530 Ma (Meert
et al., 1995). This episode has resulted from the oblique collision between Australia and an unknown portion of East
Antarctica with the elements previously assembled during the EAO. This may also represent the final suturing of the
Australian and Antarctic segments of the Gondwana (Kusky et al., 2003). Further, the collision between East and
West Gondwana seems to have taken place after the closure of the Mozambique Ocean.
Field photographs presented in this Atlas are mainly from the regions of Proterozoic orogenic belts of east
Gondwana. Some parts in these belts are often covered by sediments, glacial deposits, or vegetation making
them inaccessible for scientific research. Further, crucial information may be lost forever from many critical outcrops,
which are being quarried, defaced, and erased. In the light of the above constraints, the current Atlas may help
geoscientific community indirectly by providing field photographs of a range of lithologies and associated structural
features that are captured from well-exposed sections of Proterozoic orogenic belts of India, Sri Lanka, southern
Africa, East Antarctica, and Western Australia.
4 1. Proterozoic orogens: introduction
FIGURE 1.1 Proterozoic orogenic belts of Gondwana. West Gondwana is shaded in light blue and East Gondwana is shaded yellow. Neo-
proterozoic orogenic belts criss-cross the supercontinent. Those associated with the final amalgamation of the supercontinent are the East African
orogen (red), the BrasilianoeDamara orogen (blue), and the Kuungan orogen (green). After Meert and Lieberman (2008).
References
Brown, M., 2009. Metamorphic patterns in orogenic systems and the geological record. In: Cawood, P.A., Kroner, A. (Eds.), Earth Accretionary
Systems in Space and Time, vol. 318. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. 37e74.
Cawood, P.A., Kroner, A., Collins, W.J., Kusky, T.M., Mooney, W.D., Windley, B.F., 2009. Accretionary Orogens through Earth History, vol. 319.
Geological Society of London, Special Publications, pp. 1e36.
Dewey, J.F., Bird, J.M., 1970. Mountain belts and the new global tectonics. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 2625e2647.
Ernst, W.G., 2005. Alpine and Pacific styles of Phanerozoic mountain building: subduction-zone petrogenesis of continental crust. Terra. Nova 17,
165e188.
Kusky, T.M., Abdelsalam, M., Stern, R.J., Robert, D., Tucker, R.D., 2003. Evolution of the East African and related orogens, and the assembly of
Gondwana. Precambrian Res. 123, 81e85.
Liou, J.G., Tsujimori, T., Zhang, R.Y., Katayama, I., Maruyama, S., 2004. Global UHP metamorphism and continental subduction/collision: the
Himalayan model. Int. Geol. Rev. 46, 1e27.
Maruyama, S., Liou, J.G., Zhang, R.Y., 1994. Tectonic evolution of the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) and high-pressure (HP) metamorphic belts from
central China. Isl. Arc 3, 112e121.
Meert, J.G., Lieberman, B.S., 2008. The Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana and its relationship to the Ediacaran-Cambrian radiation.
Gondwana Res. 14, 5e21.
Meert, J.G., Vander voo, R., Ayub, S., 1995. Paleomagnetic investigation of the late proterozoic Gagwe lavas and Mbozi complex, Tanzania and the
assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Res. 74, 225e244.
Miyashiro, A., 1961. Evolution of metamorphic belts. J. Petrol. 2, 277e311.
Polat, A., Kerrich, R., 2004. Precambrian arc associations: Boninites, adakites, magnesian andesites, and Nb-enriched basalts. Dev. Precambrian
Geol. 13, 567e597.
Sengör, A.M., Natal’in, B.A., 1996. Turkic-type orogeny and its role in the making of the continental crust. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 24, 263e337.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.263.
Windley, B.F., 1995. The Evolving Continents, third ed. Wiley, Chichester, p. 385.
Yoshida, M., 1995. Assembly of east Gondwanaland during mesoproterozoic and its rejuvenation during the Pan-African period. Mem. Geol. Soc.
India 34, 25e45.
Further reading
Gray, D.R., Foster, D.A., Meert, J.G., Goscombe, B.D., Armstrong, R., Truow, R.A.J., Passchier, C.W., 2008. In: A Damaran Perspective on the
Assembly of Southwestern Gondwana, vol. 294. Geological Society of London Special Publication, pp. 257e278.
C H A P T E R
2
Proterozoic orogens of Indian shield
C H A P T E R
Chapter 2.1
Proterozoic orogens of India
2.1.1 Introduction
The Proterozoic orogens of India wrap around the four major Archaean cratons of the Precambrian Indian shield.
The Archaean cratons of India include Dharwar craton in the south, Bastar in the centre, Singhbhum craton in the
east, and Bundelkhand craton in the north, which got welded together by a system of Proterozoic orogens/suture
zones. The cratons remained tectonically fairly stable but for some epirogenic younger movements (Ramakrishnan
and Vaidyanadhan, 2008). The interface between cratons and orogens is invariably marked by crustal-scale ductile
shear zones.
The Proterozoic orogens of India (POI) are defined by curvilinear, high-grade granulite gneiss belts encompassing
the entire Indian continent from Kanyakumari in the south to New Delhi in the north (Fig. 2.1). The POI compises a
sinuous chain of four major orogens from south to north in a counter-clock-wise direction that include: the Southern
Granulite Terrane (SGT), the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB), the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ), and the
Aravalli-Delhi Orogenic Belt (ADOB) (Chetty, 2017). The SGT occurs at the southern margin of the Dharwar craton
and the EGMB is situated along the east coast wrapping around Dharwar and Bastar cratons. The CITZ in the central
India is sandwiched between Bundelkhand craton to the north and the Bastar and Singhbhum cratons to the south,
while the ADOB occurs to the west of Bundelkhand craton and extends upto the Himalayan orogenic belt in the
north. These orogens are also described as fold-thrust belts and their crustal evolution and mineral potential
were described recently by Sarkar and Gupta (2012).
Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed Rocks from Proterozoic Orogens

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817978-9.00009-3 5 © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6 2. Proterozoic orogens of Indian shield
FIGURE 2.1 Map showing the Proterozoic orogens of India, wrapping around the Archaean cratons and showing major shear zones and
associated structural fabrics: ADOB, Aravalli Delhi Orogenic Belt; CB, Cuddapah Basin; CITZ, Central Indian Tectonic Zone; EGMB, Eastern Ghats
Mobile Belt; SGT, Southern Granulite Terrane; VB, Vindhyan Basin. Source: T.R.K. Chetty.
The SGT was not previously considered within the POI and the rest of the chain connecting EGMB-CITZ-ADOB
was described as the Great Indian Proterozoic Fold Belt (GIPFOB) or “Mid-Proterozoic mobile belt” (Radhakrishna
and Naqvi, 1986). However, recent studies extended this belt and included the SGT also to make it a comprehensive
architecture of the POI (Chetty and Santosh., 2013). The characteristics and similarities among the orogenic belts of
POI suggest that the crustal architecture of India developed during Proterozoic period possibly through stitching of
several microcontinents, although the geographical location where such amalgamation occurred remains uncertain
because of inadequate palaeomagnetic database (Li et al., 2008). The presently exposed lower structural levels of
some of the Precambrian orogens serve as potential examples of what the Himalayas might look like after they
have been deeply eroded to lower- or mid-crustal levels.
The application of plate tectonic paradigm has gained increasing acceptance to realize the comprehensive deep
crustal processes that were involved in the evolution models of POI. Different segments of POI have dissimilar
geological histories, uncorrelatable lithologic packages, unconformable structural fabrics, and disparate “time
tables” of events. Tectonic evolution of the POI bears significance not only in understanding the geology of India
but also much relevant to the formation and break-up of the three supercontinentsdColumbia, Rodinia, and
Gondwana (Rogers and Santosh, 2004).
References 7
All the orogens of POI show the following common characteristics: (i) occurrence of high-grade granulite facies
rocks, (ii) subjected to subduction-accretion-collisional processes, (iii) fold-thrust tectonics and the presence of
regional recumbent fold structures, (iv) presence of dismembered ophiolite complexes, (v) association of manganese
formations, (vi) emplacement of anorthositic rocks, (vii) geochronological ages ranging between 2500 Ma and 500
Ma, and (viii) the interface between orogens and the cratons is marked by thrust-ductile shear system. The other
striking common feature of POI is the association of Proterozoic sedimentary basins along their margins implying
that the development of the basins may be genetically related to Proterozoic orogens. The variations in the geometry
of structural features and the vergence of thrusts in different orogens in space and time are defined by the current
disposition of orogens, pointing to the larger-scale geodynamics responsible for the development of POI.
The development of POI involved the closure of the intervening oceans and the destruction of oceanic lithosphere
in a prolonged subductioneaccretion history culminating in final continentecontinent collision. The Peninsular
India thus preserves an unbroken record of a plate tectonic cycle from Pacific-type accretionary tectonics along
the margins of the Columbia supercontinent to a Himalayan-style collisional assembly within the Neoproterozoic
Rodinia supercontinent (Santosh, 2012). The Atlas presented here summarizes the main elements of all POI and
highlights major advances through field photographs in the form of new knowledge providing pathways for new
researches. In order to provide the contextual geological background of each Field photograph, an important and
relevant reference is also given at the end of explanation of the figure for the benefit of readers. If the reference is
mentioned as ‘source’ then it implies that the figures are borrowed from the reference.
References
Chetty, T.R.K., 2017. Proterozoic Orogens of India: A Critical Window to Gondwana. Elsevier, 426pp.
Chetty, T.R.K., Santosh, M., 2013. Proterozoic orogens in southern Peninsular India: Contiguities and complexities. J. Asian Earth Sci. 78, 39e53.
Li, Z.X., Bogdanova, S.V., Collins, A.S., Davidson, A., De Waele, B., Ernst, R.E., Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Fuck, R.A., Gladkochub, D.P., Jacobs, J.,
Karlstrom, K.E., Lu, S., Natapov, L.M., Pease, V., Pisarevsky, S.A., Thrane, K., Vernikovsky, V., 2008. Assembly, configuration, and break-up
history of Rodinia: a synthesis. Precambrian Research 160, 179e210.
Radhakrishna, B.P., Naqvi, S.M., 1986. Precambrian continentalcrust of India and its evolution. J. Geol. 94, 145e166.
Ramakrishnan, M., Vaidyanadhan, R., 2008. Geology of India, 1. Geological Society of India, 556pp.
Rogers, J.J.W., Santosh, M., 2004. Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press, New York, 289pp.
Santosh, M., 2012. India’s Paleoproterozoic legacy. Geol. Soc. Lond. 365, 263e288. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP365.14. Special Publications.
Sarkar, S.C., Gupta, A., 2012. Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny of India. Cambridge.
C H A P T E R
Chapter 2.2
Southern Granulite Terrane
2.2.1 Introduction
The Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT), an important part of the Proterozoic orogens of India, occurs at the south-
ern tip of the Indian shield as well as at the intersection of two global orogenies of East African orogeny and the
Kuunga orogeny (Chetty, 2017). The extensions of the SGT to the northwest into Madagascar, East Africa, and further
north to Arabian shield in the form of East African orogen can probably be correlated with Himalayan scale orogen
(Collins et al., 2014). The SGT also extends to southeast and northeast through Sri Lanka and Antarctica and
witnessed 570e500 Ma old Kuunga orogeny (Meert and Lieberman, 2008). The SGT is one of the largest exposed
Precambrian deep continental crust consisting of multiply deformed Archaean and Neoproterozoic high-grade
metamorphic and magmatic rocks (Fig. 2.2). The major rock types are high-grade granulite facies rocks that include
essentially Neoarchaean charnockites and their variably retrograded assemblages, pyroxene granulites, metasedi-
mentary assemblages, which were subsequently intruded by Cryogenic anorthositic rocks, alkaline plutons, granit-
oids, and mafic-ultramafic rocks including ophiolites. The metasedimentary assemblages include Banded Iron
Formations (BIF), calc-silicates, and metapelites. Intense shearing and migmatization gave rise to a variety of
amphibole-biotite bearing migmatitic gneisses. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the SGT, the
following are some of the recent regional reviews for further reading (Drury et al., 1984; Gopalakrishnan, 1996;
Chetty, 1996, 2017; Braun and Kreigsman, 2003; Ghosh et al., 2004; Chetty et al., 2006, 2016; Ramakrishnan
and Vaidyanadhan, 2008; Santosh et al., 2009; Collins et al., 2014; Kroner et al., 2015; Plavsa et al., 2015; Vijayakumar
et al., 2017).
The SGT can be divided into five distinct crustal/tectonic units based on lithological assemblages, structural
styles, geochronological characteristics, and geophysical signatures. From north to south, they include: (i) Northern
Granulite Block (NGB), (ii) Cauvery Suture/Shear Zone (CSZ), (iii) Madurai Granulite Block (MGB), (iv) Achankovil
Suture/Shear Zone (AKSZ), and (v) Trivandrum Granulite Block (TGB) (see Fig. 2.2). The details of geological,
geochronological, and geophysical characteristics of each tectonic unit are well described recently (Chetty, 2017).
Based on geochemical and isotopic systematics, a possible petrogenetic model would be asthenospheric upwell-
ing in an extensional setting, melting of enriched lithosphere and intersection of magmas with lower crustal domains
with subduction-related components of various ages (Santosh et al., 2014). All the above studies confirm a
Neoarchaean-Early Paleoproterozoic subduction system at the southern margin of the Dharwar craton, the remnants
of which were incorporated within a chaotic mélange of the Neoproterozoic suture of CSZ (Chetty et al., 2016). Euhe-
dral zircons with magmatic cores from the Banded Iron Formations of the CSZ yielded 206Pb/238U age of 760 16Ma
probably marking the turning point from passive margin to active margin in the Wilson Cycle and the construction
of an arc-trench system with a southward subduction polarity (Sato et al., 2011). The timing of the HP-UHT
metamorphism in the CSZ and the MGB is constrained to be during 550e500 Ma (Plavsa et al., 2015). According
to Ghosh et al. (2004), the SGT, in general, has experienced at least seven thermotectonic events at 2.5 Ga, 2.0 Ga,
1.6 Ga, 1.0 Ga, 800 Ma, 600 Ma, and 550 Ma.
There has been growing evidence in recent years that the SGT has been evolved through subduction-accretion and
collisional processes. Based on the synthesis of available structural, petrological, geochemical, geochronological, and
geophysical datasets, the following composite schematic tectonic model proposed by Santosh et al. (2009) seems to
be very appropriate in explaining the tectonic evolutionary history of the SGT. The model envisages an early rifting
stage with the development of Mozambique Ocean, followed by the southward subduction of the oceanic plate. The
tectonic history of the SGT reveals a progressive sequence from Pacific-type to collision-type orogeny, which finally
gave rise to a Himalayan-type Cambrian Orogeny with characteristic magmatic, metasomatic, and metamorphic
factors operating in subduction and collision setting.
2.2.2 Northern Granulite Block 9
FIGURE 2.2 Geological map of Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) showing major rock types and tectonic features along with the digital
elevation model of the southern granulite terrane: AKSZ, Achankovil Shear Zone; BSZ, Bhavani Shear Zone; CG, Closepet Granite; CNSZ,
Chennimalai Noil Shear Zone; CSZ, Cauvery Shear Zone; CTSZ, Cauvery-Tiruchirapalli Shear Zone; DKSZ, Devathur-Kallimandayam Shear
Zone; DSZ, Dharapuram Shear Zone; EDC, Eastern Dharwar Craton; FL, Fermor’s Line; KMSZ, Kasargod-Mercara Shear Zone; KOSZ, Kodaikanal
Oddanchathram Shear Zone; MGB, Madurai Granulite Block; MSZ, Moyar Shear Zone; MTSZ, Mettur Shear Zone; NGB, Northern Granulite
Block; SASZ, Salem-Attur Shear Zone; SSZ, Suruli Shear Zone; TGB, Trivandrum Granulite Block; TMSZ, Theni-Madurai Shear Zones; WDC,
Western Dharwar Craton. Source: Chetty (2017).
The evolution of the SGT involves accretion processes of island arc magmatic suites, thrust stacking with duplex
structures and deformed sheath fold geometries, granitic emplacements, obduction of ophiolite complexes: a
complete range of processes like transpression associated with extrusion and exhumation, typical of modern
orogenic belts (Chetty, 2017). The following field photographs representing different lithologies and structural styles
are compiled from various tectonic blocks of SGT such as NGB, CSZ, MGB, AKSZ and TGB (Figs. 2.3e2.144).
2.2.2 Northern Granulite Block
The Northern Granulite Block (NGB), also described as “Salem Block,” occurs to the north of Moyar-Bhavani
Shear Zone (MBSZ) and Salem-Attur Shear Zone (SASZ), together defining the northern boundary of the Cauvery
Suture Zone (CSZ). Orthogneisses and charnockite massifs, together with minor mafic granulites and high-grade
metasedimentary rocks, dominate the NGB (Chetty et al., 2003). Several NNE-SSW trending parallel shear zones
occur in the NGB which deflect and merge with the northern boundary of the CSZ suggesting dextral kinematics.
Prominent among them is the western most shear zone described as Mettur Shear Zone (MTSZ), considered as an
extended branch of the MBSZ. The MTSZ hosts a series of Neoproterozoic syenite, alkali granite, and carbonatite
plutons showing broadly Cryogenian ages (750e800 Ma), representing the melts derived at high P-T conditions
from the c.2.5 Ga old delaminated/eclogitized slab, which must have enriched the mantle (Santosh et al., 2014b).
Dismembered and agmatized bodies of gabbro, anorthosite, pyroxenite, and norite are also recorded indicative of
thrust transported ophiolitic rocks within the MTSZ (Gopalakrishnan, 1996). All these evidences suggest that the
MTSZ is a suture zone and extends further north for over a length of w1500 km.
The rocks in NGB were metamorphosed to granulite facies during Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic with rela-
tively high-pressure (w14 kbar) metamorphism occurred during the early Neoproterozoic (Peucat et al., 2013). Sen-
sitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) UePb isotope analyses of zircon from a charnockite and a
charnockite-hosted leucosome reveal that the felsic magmatism occurred at 2.53 Ga, which was followed by high-
grade metamorphism and anatexis at 2.48 Ga (Clark et al., 2009a). The geochemical characteristics of granites
from the NGB indicate a dominant calcealkaline nature consistent with their formation in a convergent margin
in an island arc setting at around 2.5 Ga.
The surface geology of NGB shows the remnants of eroded nappe structures and is interpreted to have been
derived possibly from the Neoarchaean subduction-related crustal thickening and palaeoproterozoic thrusting
(Chetty, 2017). The presence of possible ophiolitic rocks, alkaline magmatism, thrust-related structures, uplift of
Moho, bipolar gravity anomalies, southerly dipping refraction, and reflection banding suggest that the MTSZ is a
well-defined suture zone and that convergent tectonics must have occurred between the southern margin of
the Dharwar craton and the SGT. Selected field photographs from two distinct lithological domains of Salem
mafic-ultramafic complex and Mettur shear zone are presented below (Figs. 2.3e2.17).
2.2.2.1 Salem mafic-ultramafic complex

(Figs. 2.3e2.7).
FIGURE 2.3 Network of magnesite veins in mafic-ultramafic complex comprising ultramafic cumulates of dunite, peridotite, wherlite, py-
roxenite, hornblendite, mafic and felsic intrusions of gabbros and amphibolites, and quartzofeldspathic alkaline rocks together with several
ultrapotassic dykes. The UePb zircon yielded a weighted mean age of 819 2.4 Ma, suggesting that the complex formed during the
Neoproterozoic and can be correlated with the Alaskan-type complex. Loc: North of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Yellappa et al., 2019).
FIGURE 2.4 Magnesite veins with varying thickness and orientation in dunites of mafic-ultramafic complex of Salem. Loc: North of Salem.
Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Yellappa et al., 2019).
FIGURE 2.5 Garnet-bearing fine- to medium-grained and undeformed metagabbro, an important rock type at the southern margin of the
mafic-ultramafic complex of Salem. Loc, North of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Yellappa et al., 2019).
FIGURE 2.6 Thick-layered and coarse-grained thick hornblendite, an important rock type in mafic-ultramafic complex of Salem. Loc, North of
Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Yellappa et al., 2019).
FIGURE 2.7 A sectional view of layered mafic-ultramafic complex of Salem showing thick hornblendite and pyroxenite layers showing sharp
contacts with serpentinized dunite at the bottom. Loc, North of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Yellappa et al., 2019).
2.2.2.2 Mettur shear zone
(Figs. 2.8e2.17).
FIGURE 2.8 Tectonic melange displaying the disoriented mafic-ultramafic enclaves of different shapes and orientations in Pakkanadu alkaline
complex comprising mainly of syenite associated with dunite, ijolite, pyroxenite, and carbonatite. The host rocks include charnockites, gneisses,
and granulites, located along the Mettur shear zone that occurs between Biligrirangan hills and Shevroy hills, Northern Granulite Block. Loc:
About 50 km NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.9 Tectonic melange in Pakkanadu alkaline complex displaying well-developed mylonitic fabrics. Loc, Mettur shear zone, 50 km
NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.10 Well-developed folds in ferruginous and calcareous bands of alkaline rocks in a matrix of undeformed mafic-ultramafic complex
of Pakkanadu alkaline complex located in Mettur shear zone. Loc: 50 km NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.11 Deformed sheath folds within Pakkanadu alkaline rocks in a matrix of undeformed mafic-ultramafic rocks of Pakkanadu
alkaline complex located in Mettur shear zone. Loc: 50 km NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.12 Complexly folded alkaline rocks in a matrix of undeformed mafic-ultramafic complex of Pakkanadu alkaline complex located in
Mettur shear zone. Loc: 50 km NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.13 Refolded concentric folds defined by competent syenitic rocks of Pakkanadu alkaline rocks in a matrix of undeformed mafic-
ultramafic complex of Pakkanadu alkaline complex located in Mettur shear zone. Loc: 50 km NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.14 Typical sheath fold defined by competent syenitic rock in Pakkanadu alkaline complex located in Mettur shear zone. Loc: 50 km
NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.15 Intensely deformed sheath folds and other complex fold styles displayed in Pakkanadu alkaline complex located in Mettur
shear zone. Loc: 50 km NW of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty, 2017).
FIGURE 2.16 Medium- and large-size microgranular mafic enclaves in syenite, Yelagiri alkaline complex, located in Mettur shear zone. The
rocks yielded an age of 780 Ma. Loc: Northeast of Pakkanadu alkaline complex. Source: Renjit et al., (2014).
FIGURE 2.17 Randomly oriented crystal accumulation fabric of Kfeldspars in syenite of Yelagiri alkaline complex. Loc: North east of Pak-
kanadu alkaline complex. Source: Renjit et al., (2014).
2.2.3 Cauvery suture zone
The Cauvery suture zone (CSZ) is the most significant and deeply eroded east-west tectonic belt (350 70 km)
that separates the Archaean Dharwar cratonic rocks in the north and the Proterozoic granulites in the south. The
CSZ constitutes a pervasive network of shear zones and is collectively described as the Cauvery suture/shear
zone (CSZ) (Gopalakrishnan, 1996; Bhaskar Rao et al., 1996; Chetty et al., 2003). The granulite facies rocks within
the CSZ are dominantly represented by charnockites (w2.5 Ga), migmatitic gneisses including biotite-hornblende
gneisses, mafic and ultramafic intrusives followed by Neoproterozoic younger syenitic-granitic plutons. The north-
ern boundary of the CSZ is marked by Moyar-Bhavani shear zone (MBSZ), while the southern margin is defined by
Chennimalai-Noyil Shear Zone (CNSZ), which is also described by some as the Palghat-Cauvery shear zone. The
fabrics along the MBSZ dip dominantly to south with steep values (70e80 degrees), while they dip to north with
gentle to moderate dips along the CNSZ. The former is associated with the presence of north verging thrusts
dominated by the presence of w2.5 Ga old charnockitic rocks and the latter is marked by south verging back thrusts
comprising mostly mafic-ultramafic complexes and granite plutons (0.8e0.5 Ga).
The regional disposition, structural geometry, consistent dextral kinematics, complex behavior of foliation
trajectories and stretching lineations, heterogeneous strain patterns and the contemporaneity of mylonitic fabrics
(750e500 Ma), and the crustal architecture of the CSZ are interpreted as a crustal-scale positive “flower structure”
typical of transpressional tectonics in a convergent regime (Chetty and Bhaskar Rao, 2006). The central part of the
CSZ may constitute a deeply eroded part of orogen-scale pop-up structure and that the highland areas within the
CSZ could represent uplifted blocks during the transpressional tectonic regime (Chetty, 2015). The presence of
domes and basin structures and structural heterogeneity in the region of Perundarai Dome are interpreted to be
the resultant features of constrictive deformation in a larger transpressional zone (Chetty and Bhaskar Rao, 2006).
The CSZ shows several features typical of a deeply eroded transpressional orogen such as: high-grade meta-
morphism characterized by a clockwise P-T-t trajectory with a steep isothermal decompressive segment, ductile
strike-slip shearing, convergence of crustal-scale shear systems at depth reaching the lithospheric mantle, evidence
for significant Moho up-warp, heterogeneous strain variation, widespread melting, granite magmatism, and
migmatization. Several recent studies have documented the presence of high-pressure granulites within the CSZ
with pressures in the range of 12e20 kb (Sajeev et al., 2009; Saitoh et al., 2011; Anderson et al., 2012) as well as
ultrahightemperature mineral assemblages (Tsunogae and Santosh, 2007).
Considering the geological characteristics and the geochronological constraints of ophiolitic complexes of the
CSZ, at least two major episodes of oceanic crust generation and subduction followed by accretion and collision
could be identified during Neoarchaean and Neoproterozoic, the two critical periods of the Earth’s history (Yellappa
et al., 2010; Santosh et al., 2012). The understanding of subduction, accretion, and collisional history along the CSZ
within the SGT together with a long-lived transpressional tectonics has been well reflected from several recent pub-
lications (e.g., Chetty and Santosh, 2013). Santosh et al. (2009) proposed a plate tectonic model for the
Neoproterozoic-Cambrian evolution of southern India involving southward subduction of the oceanic lithosphere
of Mozambique Ocean and its final closure during the Cambrian assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent. The
following field photographs are compiled representing different lithologies with distinct structural styles covering
the entire region of the CSZ as Regional, and with a special focus in select tectonic domains such as Kanjamalai hills,
Mahadevi hills, Devathur shear zone, and Namakkal-Mohanur rail cutting section (Figs. 2.18e2.117).
2.2.3.1 Regional/general
(Figs. 2.18e2.54).
FIGURE 2.18 Folded granite gneisses intruded by coarse grained pegmatite veins, Ayyermalai hills. The A-type granite of Ayyermalai has
yielded UePb zircon age of w590 Ma and that the granitic magmatism in the Cauvery suture zone is mostly associated with the Neoproterozoic
subductionecollisioneaccretioneorogeny. Loc: Southern bank of Cauvery river, 45 east of Karur. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Sato et al., 2012).
FIGURE 2.19 Pink granites interlayered with mafic bands and calc-granulites within Sankaridurg granitoids within the Cauvery suture zone.
It is a sectional and westward looking view of the photograph (2 2m). These are S-type and formed in continental collision tectonic setting. Loc:
North of Sankaridurg in the proximity of Moyar-Bhavani shear zone, the northern margin of Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Nathan
et al., 1994).
FIGURE 2.20 Sankari granitoids criss-crossing the TTG gneissic rocks. Loc: north of Sankaridurg in the proximity of Moyar-Bhavani shear
zone, the northern margin of Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Nathan et al., 1994).
FIGURE 2.21 Tectonic melange and duplex structures in a matrix of metapelitic assemblage, associated with charnockitic rocks, amphibolites,
calc-granulites, BIFs. Loc: Chennimalai Ridge, western part of PalghateCauvery shear zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.22 Fold structures defined by different compositional layers within the calc-granulites in a quarry surrounded by Sankaridurg
graniroids. Loc: Sankaridurg town, northern margin of Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.23 Multilayered duplex structures within calc-granulites in a limestone quarry on the road between Salem-Bhavani near the town
Sankaridurg, located along the Moyar- Bhavani shear zone, the northern margin of Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al.,
2016).
FIGURE 2.24 Intense folding in calc-granulites as ground level outcrops on the road between Manamedu-Tatayyangaripet, 2 km north of
Manamedu village. Loc: North of Manamedu ophiolite complex, 45 km east of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Yellappa et al., 2010).
FIGURE 2.25 Sectional view of highly deformed tectonic melange in Chennimalai ridge showing the association of metapelitic rocks, BIF, calc-
granulites with well-developed fabrics, and the charnockites structurally lying below. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.26 Garnet-kyanite-biotite-rich mafic rock near Panangad along the southern margin of Cauvery suture zone, Loc: 30 km north of
Karur. Source: Clark et al., (2009b).
FIGURE 2.27 Garnet-kyanite-rich mafic rock near Panangad along the southern margin of Cauvery suture zone, Loc: 30 km north of Karur.
Source: Clark et al., (2009b).
FIGURE 2.28 Close-up view of coarse-grained porphyroblast garnet-kyanite-biotite-rich near Panangad along the southern margin of
Cauvery suture zone. Loc: 30 km north of Karur. Source: Clark et al., (2009b).
FIGURE 2.29 Leucosomes intercalated with folded mafic rocks, surrounded by hornblende bearing migmatitic gneisses on the way between
Bhavani and Perundarai. Loc: Perundarai Dome, Central part of the Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty and Bhaskar Rao, 2006).
FIGURE 2.30 Intensely folded hornblende bearing migmatitic gneisses occurring between Bhavani and Perundarai. Loc: Perundarai Dome,
Central part of the Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty and Bhaskar Rao, 2006).
FIGURE 2.31 Blocks of mafic rocks (amphibolites) embedded in flow layers of leucosomes in Perundarai dome, located between Bhavani and
Perundarai, Central part of the Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty and Bhaskar Rao, 2006).
FIGURE 2.32 Leucosome front showing the relict floating amphibolite/mafic blocks in the central part of Perundarai dome. Loc: Perundarai
dome, Central part of the Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty and Bhaskar Rao, 2006).
FIGURE 2.33 Intensely developed stretching lineations in Charnockitic gneissic rocks along Bhavani shear zone, near Mettupalyam, located
on the way between Coimbatore and Kodaikanal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.34 Serpentinite block within charnockites along Bhavani shear zone. Loc: Between Mettupalyam and Bhavanisagar, Cauvery
suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.35 Quartzofeldspathic gneisses, popularly known as “Bhavani gneisses” along a road cutting section between Bhavani and
Sankaridurg located along the Bhavani shear zone. Loc: 20 km east of Bhavani. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.36 Well-developed phyllonites with down-dip stretching lineations in Belur out crop (the person standing is Late Prof. Alfred
Kroner). Loc: Salem-Attur shear zone, northern margin of the Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty and Bhaskar Rao, 1998).
FIGURE 2.37 Boudin structures exhibiting different shapes and geometry developed in mafic bands in intensely sheared migmatitic gneisses.
Loc: South of Kanjamalai hills, 25 km southwest of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Mohanty and Chetty, 2014).
FIGURE 2.38 Deformed sheath fold structures in Quartzofeldspathic gneisses, surrounded by migmatitic gneisses along Moyar-Bhavani
shear zone. Loc: South of Kanjamalai hills, 25 km southwest of Salem. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Mohanty and Chetty, 2014).
FIGURE 2.39 Zebra look-alike metagabbros associated with garnetiferous cherty bands located west of Tatayyangaripeta, 50 km east of
Namakkal. These rocks form a part of back thrust in the “flower structure” of Cauvery suture zone. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2011).
FIGURE 2.40 Two pyroxene granulites with well-developed metamorphic gneissosity and the subparallel thin cherty bands. Loc: Southwest
of Tatayyangaripeta and 50 km east of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2011).
FIGURE 2.41 Alternate layers of mafic and cherty bands, which are cofolded together. Loc: Southwest of Tatayyangaripeta. Photo by T.R.K.
Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2011).
FIGURE 2.42 Interfolded metagabbros, pyroxenites, along with chert bands and BIFs. Two boudin-like structures representing sheath fold
geometries (?) Loc: Southwest of Tatayyangaripeta. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2011).
FIGURE 2.43 Intense fold structures with thickening of hinges and associated shearing, possibly related to subhorizontal shearing in gabbroic
gneisses. Loc: Talamalai hills, 45 km southeast of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al. 2011).
FIGURE 2.44 Mesoscopic shear zone in gabbroic rocks of Sittampundi anorthositic complex, southern margin of the Cauvery suture zone.
Loc: 25 km southeast of Tiruchengodu. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Bhaskar Rao et al., 1996).
FIGURE 2.45 Perthitic texture seen in granitic rock surrounded by charnockites and mafic granulites, southern margin of the Cauvery suture
zone. Loc: Near Valayapatti, southeast of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.46 Very coarse-grained pyroxenes and garnet aggregates in a massive pyroxenite (eclogite?), Valayapatti. This occurs as a distinct
lensoid body amidst the other high-grade supracrustals. Loc: Jambumalai hills, south of Pavitram, east of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty.
(Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.47 Coarse-grained massive, hard, and compact pyroxenite, near Valayapatti (eclogite ?). This occurs as a distinct lensoid body
amidst the other high-grade supracrustals. Loc: Jambumalai hills, south of Pavitram, east of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.48 Coarse-grained pyroxene with rich concentrates of garnet aggregates. This occurs as a distinct lensoid body amidst the other
high-grade supracrustals. Loc: Jambumalai hills, south of Pavitram, east of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
FIGURE 2.49 Large pyroxene crystal in a matrix of medium-to-coarse-grained pyroxenites. This occurs as a distinct lensoid body amidst the
other high-grade supracrustals. Loc: Jambumalai hills, east of Namakkal. Photo by T.R.K. Chetty. (Chetty et al., 2016).
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"Yes, ma'am, indeed it is very lonely sometimes," Salome acknowledged, "but I don't mind
that much. I have plenty to do, keeping the cottage clean and tidy, and preparing father's
meals, mending his clothes, and seeing to the flowers in the garden."
"How busy you must be. And you have lost your mother, poor child."
Salome pointed to a green mound at a little distance, whilst her brown eyes filled with
tears.
"She was such a good mother," she said softly, "oh, such a very good mother! And I was
such a fretful, tiresome child. I used to grieve her so often, and I can't bear to think of it
now."
She paused, but, encouraged by the sympathy on her companion's face, she continued,
"She used to be so patient with me when I was naughty and grumbled because I was not
able to run about and play like other children. And, until she lay dying, I never thought
how sorry I must have made her, and what a selfish girl I'd been. Then, I would have given
anything if I'd been different, but it was too late." And the repentant tears streamed down
Salome's cheeks.
"Don't grieve," said Mrs. Fowler, a little huskily, for she was much touched at the other's
evident remorse.
"I am sure Miss Margaret never treated you, ma'am, as I used to treat my mother!"
Salome exclaimed.
Mrs. Fowler was silent as she acknowledged to herself that Margaret had always been
patient and considerate when she had been an exacting invalid.
"I suppose your father is out in his fishing boat?" she asked by way of changing the
conversation.
"No, ma'am," Salome replied, the look of grief deepening on her face.
"Let us go into the church and hear Miss Conway play," Mrs. Fowler said, rising as she
spoke. "I hear Margaret's lesson is at an end. Ah, here comes the Vicar. How do you do,
Mr. Amyatt?"
"I am glad to see you are better, Mrs. Fowler," the Vicar exclaimed. "What, you here,
Salome? Don't go away; I want Mrs. Fowler to hear you sing."
Salome smiled, and blushed. She followed the others into the church and seated herself in
a pew near the door, whilst the Vicar pointed out beauties in the architecture of the
building to his companion, which she had failed to notice. Miss Conway was at the organ,
playing "The Heavens are telling," and when the last notes died away the Vicar beckoned
to Salome, who swung herself up the aisle on her crutches, and, at his request, consented
to sing.
"I will play the accompaniment," Miss Conway said, smiling encouragingly at the lame girl,
who felt a little shy at being called upon to sing alone. "What shall it be?" she inquired.
"Whatever you please, miss," Salome answered.
"Oh, no! You must choose," the Vicar declared decidedly.
"Then I will sing 'Abide with Me.'"

Mrs. Fowler and Margaret considerately withdrew to a side seat so that the sight of them
should not embarrass the singer, and Mr. Amyatt followed them. Salome stood a little
behind Miss Conway, who softly played the accompaniment of the hymn:
"Abide with me; fast falls the eventide;

The darkness deepens; Lord, with me abide;
When other helpers fail, and comforts flee,
Help of the helpless, O abide with me."
Salome's fresh, sweet voice rang clearly through the dim church, and its tender tones
touched the hearts of her audience. She was very fond of "Abide with Me," for it had been
her mother's favourite hymn, and to-night she sang her best.
"Heaven's morning breaks, and earth's vain shadows flee;

In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me."
The beautiful voice died lingeringly away, and for a few minutes there was a complete
silence. Then Mrs. Fowler rose, and coming eagerly forward, took Salome by the hand,
whilst she thanked her for giving her such a "rare treat" as she called it.
Margaret was delighted to see what a favourable impression her lame friend had evidently
made upon her mother, and great was her surprise when, on their all adjourning to the
churchyard, Mrs. Fowler asked Salome to come and see them at Greystone.
"I think you would be able to get as far as that, don't you?" she said with a winning smile.
"I should like you to come and sing to me. Will you, one evening?"
"Oh, yes," Salome replied. She had never been inside the doors of Greystone in her life,
though she had often desired to see what the house was like, having been told it was a
fine place.
"Then that is settled. I shall expect you."
Mrs. Fowler nodded and turned away, followed by Miss Conway, and Margaret who looked
back to wave her hand in farewell as she disappeared through the churchyard gate. The
Vicar accompanied them thus far, then turned back to speak a few words to Salome. The
village lad who had been employed to blow the organ had taken a short cut homewards
over the low wall.
"You sang remarkably well to-night," Mr. Amyatt said, "I felt quite proud of my pupil. You
showed excellent taste, too, in the hymn you chose. It was most suitable for the occasion.
I wonder if you know the circumstances under which that hymn came to be written?"
"No," Salome rejoined, shaking her head, "I don't know, sir."
"Then I will tell you. It was composed more than fifty years ago by a sick clergyman of the
name of Lyte, at a little fishing town called Brixham, in South Devon. He had become so
seriously ill that the doctors had ordered him abroad for his health's sake, and, after
service on the Sunday evening, prior to his leaving England, he went down to the sea-
shore, sad at heart, for he was convinced that he had spoken to his parishioners, who
were very dear to him, for the last time. He was sorrowful and low-spirited, but, by-and-
by, the remembrance that his Saviour was ever near to help and sustain him brought him
consolation. After watching the sunset, he went home, and immediately wrote the
beautiful hymn you sang to-night."
Salome had listened with deep interest, and she exclaimed earnestly: "Oh, Mr. Amyatt, I
am glad you have told me this. I shall love 'Abide with Me' better than ever now."
The Vicar smiled, then pointed towards the sea, over which a soft summer mist was
creeping.
"It is time for you to go home," he reminded her. "Where is your father this evening?"
"At the 'Crab and Cockle,' sir."
He shook his head sadly, but refrained from questioning her further. He saw she was
thinner than she had been a few months previously, and wondered if she was sufficiently
well fed, or if Josiah Petherick expended the money he should have spent on his home, on
the friends he met at the inn. As he watched the little girl swinging herself slowly down the
hill by the aid of her crutches, he felt very grieved and troubled on her account.
"What a curse this drink is!" he thought. "And it's a curse that creeps in everywhere, too."
In the village that afternoon, he had been told that Mr. Fowler had summarily dismissed a
groom who had been discovered with a bottle of beer in the stable, and he had listened to
various comments upon the strict notions of the master of Greystone. Most of the villagers
were inclined to think that the man's fault in disobeying his master's rule that no
intoxicating liquor should be brought on the premises might have been overlooked, as it
was his first offence, whilst some few argued that Mr. Fowler had acted rightly.
As Salome passed the "Crab and Cockle" on her way home, she heard sounds of hilarity
within, and recognised her father's voice singing a rollicking sea song. She sighed,
remembering how, during his wife's lifetime, Josiah had been a member of the church
choir; it appeared unseemly to her that a voice which once had been raised to the praise
and glory of God should lend itself to the entertainment of a set of half-drunken men in the
bar of a public-house. As she paused, involuntarily listening, a whiff of foul air, laden with
the mingled odour of smoke and beer, was wafted before her nostrils from the open
doorway, and she moved on with a sickening sense of shame and disgust, her heart heavy
as lead, her eyes smarting with tears. Oh, hers was a hard life, she thought bitterly.
Arrived at home, she laid a frugal supper of bread and cheese, and soon afterwards her
father reeled up the garden path and into the kitchen. Sitting down at the table, he helped
himself to bread and cheese in silence, and commenced eating, whilst his little daughter
took her accustomed place opposite to him.
"Where've you been?" he questioned. "I saw you pass the inn."
She told him how she had spent the evening, explaining that she had sung at the Vicar's
request, and that Mrs. Fowler had invited her to Greystone.
"I won't let you go there!" he cried. "I hate those new people! What did Mr. Fowler do
yesterday, but dismiss as honest a chap as ever lived, at a moment's notice, just because
he'd got a bottle o' beer in the stable! An' the man wasn't drunk either! No, you shan't go
nigh folks as treats their servants like that."
"Oh, father!" Salome exclaimed, disappointedly. She was wise enough, however, not to
pursue the subject. After a brief silence, she asked, with some timidity, "Father, have you
any money? Because, when Silas Moyle left the bread this afternoon, he said he couldn't
supply us with any more unless you paid him what you owe."
Silas Moyle was the one baker of the place, and the owner of the village shop, in which his
wife served. Josiah Petherick had formerly paid ready money for everything, but latterly he
had been spending at the "Crab and Cockle" what should have gone into Silas Moyle's
pocket. This was an additional trouble to Salome, but her father did not appear to care. He
was enraged, though, when he heard what the baker had said, and, as his creditor was not
present to bear the brunt of his indignation, Salome had to stand it instead. She turned
white when he swore at her, and sat perfectly still whilst he abused her roundly, but when
he called her extravagant she began to protest.
"Father, that's not fair of you! I'm as careful as ever I can be. We're obliged to have bread!
Won't you see Silas yourself? Perhaps he'll continue to supply us, if you can arrange to pay
him part of what we owe. Of course, he wants his money."
"He's another of your teetotal humbugs!" sneered the angry man.
"He isn't a humbug at all!" Salome retorted hotly, her indignation and sense of justice
overcoming her fear of her father; "but he did say he wasn't minded to wait for his money
when it was being squandered with that drunken crew at the 'Crab and Cockle.' Oh, father,
it was terrible for me to hear that, and I couldn't contradict him!"
With a fierce oath, Josiah pushed back his chair and rose from the table, declaring things
had come to a pretty pass when his own daughter, a mere child, thought fit to discuss him
with outsiders.
Salome broke into passionate weeping at this, whereupon he flung himself out of the
kitchen, and the next minute she heard his footsteps in the garden.
"He's gone to the 'Crab and Cockle' again," thought the unhappy little girl. "Oh, how could
he swear at me like that? Oh, how shall I bear it!" Presently she arose, put away the
supper things and then sat down by the open window to wait, as she knew she would have
to do, until the inn door was closed for the night, and her father would return. By-and-by,
the soft lap, lap of the sea had a soothing effect upon her troubled spirit, the peacefulness
of the summer night stole into her soul, and she murmured to herself the words of
consolation she had sung an hour or so before in the dim, old church:
"When other helpers fail, and comforts flee,

CHAPTER V.
Salome's Humiliation.
JOSIAH PETHERICK sat on the beach mending his fishing nets in the shade of a tall rock. It
was intensely hot, and there was scarcely a ripple on the glassy sea, whilst the sky was a
broad canopy of blue. Josiah was thinking deeply. That morning, consequent on the
information his daughter had given him on the previous evening, he had been to interview
Silas Moyle, and had induced the baker to allow him further credit. Never in his life before
had Josiah found himself in such a humiliating position, and he felt it all the more because
it was entirely his own fault. He had always prided himself on being able to pay his way,
and now he was not in the position to do so.
Glancing up from his work presently, the fisherman saw three figures come down to the
beach—a lady, a gentleman, and a small boy clad in a sailor's suit and broad-brimmed
straw hat. He knew them to be Mr. and Mrs. Fowler and their little son. He had often held
lengthy conversations with Gerald, who was always delighted to talk with anyone who
could tell him about the manifold wonders of the sea, but he had never spoken to either of
the boy's parents. Despite his disapproval of the strict teetotal principles of the master of
Greystone, he regarded that gentleman with considerable interest, and when Mr. Fowler
strolled up to him, and inquired from whom a boat might be hired, he answered him civilly,
"You can have a boat from me, if you like, sir; but there's no wind for sailing to-day."
"Perhaps you would row us around those high rocks yonder. My wife has a fancy to see
what lies beyond that point."
Josiah assented willingly, seeing an opportunity of earning a few shillings; and so it came
to pass that he spent a very pleasant and lucrative morning, returning home to dinner in
the best of spirits.
"The new folks at Greystone have a liking for boating," he informed Salome; "and see
here," tossing a half-crown as he spoke upon the table, "give that to Silas Moyle when he
calls with the bread this afternoon."
The lame girl's face brightened as she took up the coin, and looked at her father
questioningly.
"I saw Mr. and Mrs. Fowler and Master Gerald pass here on their way to the beach," she
said. "Did you take them out in your boat, father?"
"Yes. They treated me very fairly, I must admit that, an' Mrs. Fowler—she seems a nice
lady—spoke of you."
"Did she?"
"She said you had a lovely voice, an' that she was looking forward to hear you sing again.
I say, Salome, I shouldn't like to disappoint her, so if she really wants you to go and see
her, you may—" and Josiah, mindful of all he had said on the preceding night, avoided
meeting his little daughter's eyes as he made this concession.
"Oh, thank you, dear father," she cried. "I should like to go to Greystone so much."
"That little Master Gerald is a tiresome monkey," Josiah remarked. "He wouldn't sit still in
the boat at first, though his mother kept on with him. At last his father spoke, an' after
that, there was no need to tell him to be quiet again. Mr. Fowler looks a man as would
have his own way."
"Master Gerald is very disobedient, I know," Salome said, "and sometimes his governess
has great trouble with him. Miss Margaret says her mother spoils him."
"Then, 'tis a good job he's got a father who doesn't."

After dinner, Josiah went on with his interrupted work of mending his fishing nets, whilst
Salome tidied up the cottage and waited for Silas Moyle.
The baker looked gratified as he took the half-crown the lame girl tendered him, for he had
not expected to be paid even a small part of his account.
"That's right," he said, as he pocketed the money; "it appears I did some good by
speaking yesterday. Look here, my dear, you must try to keep that father of yours up to
the mark. Can't you make him stay at home of an evening?"
The little girl shook her head, and looked distressed as she replied, "I'm afraid not, Mr.
Moyle."
"He's not at the 'Crab and Cockle' now, I s'pose?"
"No, he's on the beach mending his nets; and this morning he took Mr. and Mrs. Fowler
and their little boy for a row in his boat."
"It's a pity Mr. Fowler can't get your father to his way of thinking—about drink, I mean. I
say the new folks at Greystone set an example that many in Yelton might follow with
advantage. Theirs is a teetotal household, I'm told."
"So I've heard," Salome responded.
Silas Moyle nodded kindly, and took himself off, whilst Salome locked up the cottage and
joined her father on the beach. She told him the baker had been pleased to receive the
half-crown, and then tactfully changed the subject. Josiah and his daughter were always
excellent friends when the former had not been drinking.
"Look!" Salome exclaimed suddenly, "There's Master Gerald. Why, he seems to be alone.
He sees us."
The child came running towards them, laughing as he stumbled over the rough shingles,
his face aglow with excitement, his broad-brimmed sailor's hat at the back of his head,
revealing the fair curls which clustered thickly around his brow.
"I've run away," he cried merrily. "I wanted Miss Conway to bring me down to the beach,
but she would not—the disagreeable thing! She said it was too hot, and I must stay in the
garden. So I came by myself."
"Doesn't Miss Conway know where you are?" Salome inquired.
"No one knows," he replied proudly. "I can take care of myself."
"I'm not so sure of that, young gentleman," Josiah remarked, with a chuckle of
amusement at Gerald's air of importance.
"It was naughty of you to run away," Salome told him in a tone of reproof.
The child made a grimace at her, and ran off towards some rocks which the receding tide
had left uncovered.
"He's a pretty handful," Josiah exclaimed, shaking his head.
"I expect someone will be here looking for him soon," said Salome. "I hope so, for his
mother will be anxious if she does not know where he is, and she is not strong."
But nobody came in search of Gerald, who at last disappeared from sight beyond the
rocks. In spite of her father's assurance that the boy could come to no harm, the little girl
grew uneasy about him; and, by-and-by, rose and went to make certain he was safe. She
found him lying flat on the wet beach, gazing into a pool between two rocks at some
beautiful anemones; and tried to induce him to retrace his footsteps, but all to no purpose.
In vain she told him that his mother would be worried about him, and that his father would
be angry. The wayward child would pay no attention to her.
"What's it to do with you?" he demanded rudely. "Mind your own business, if you please."
As he absolutely refused to return, Salome left him with the intention of persuading her
father to interfere; but, to her dismay, she found Josiah had deserted his nets, and as the
key of the cottage door was in her pocket, she knew he had not gone home. In all
probability he had betaken himself to the "Crab and Cockle" to obtain a drink. Whilst she
was hesitating how to act, much to her surprise, Gerald appeared around the rocks and
joined her. He was tired of the beach, he declared, and wanted to see her flowers, so she
allowed him to accompany her home. And thus it was that the young tyrant was
discovered in Salome's garden half-an-hour later by his much-tried governess.
Poor Miss Conway! She almost wept with joy on finding Gerald in safety, and insisted on
his return to Greystone immediately. She led him away in triumph, paying no attention to
his request that he might be allowed to remain a little longer.
Josiah did not return for his tea, so after waiting some time, Salome had hers, and then
seated herself under the porch with her knitting. There Margaret Fowler found her as the
evening was drawing in.
"Mother has sent me to thank you for taking such good care of Gerald this afternoon,"
Margaret said as she complied with the lame girl's invitation to sit down opposite to her.
"He is a very tiresome, disobedient boy, for father had told him never to go down on the
beach by himself. He is not to be trusted. Father has punished him for his naughtiness by
ordering him to bed. It was quite a shock to poor Miss Conway when she found Gerald was
nowhere on the premises."
"I noticed she looked pale," Salome said. "I am afraid Master Gerald is very troublesome."
"Troublesome! I should think he is. It was kind of you to look after him, Salome. I have a
message from my mother to know if you can come to see us to-morrow. Do try to come."
"Oh, I should like to!" Salome cried, her eyes sparkling with excitement.
"Then, will you manage to be at Greystone by five o'clock?"
"Yes, miss, if all's well. Oh, please thank Mrs. Fowler for asking me!"
"Mother wants to hear you sing again. She has taken quite a fancy to you, and I am so
glad."
"I think your mother is the prettiest, sweetest lady I ever saw," the lame girl said
earnestly. "How dearly you must love her, Miss Margaret."
"Yes," Margaret answered soberly, "but I do not think she cares for me much. Gerald is her
favourite, you know. Oh, I'm not jealous of him, but I can't help seeing that though he
teases and worries her, and I do all I can to please her, she loves him much better than
she has ever loved me."
Salome was surprised, and pained by the look of sadness on her companion's face.
"Perhaps your mother shows her affection more to Master Gerald because he's so much
younger than you," she suggested. "I cannot believe she loves him better really."
Margaret made no reply to this, but by-and-by she said, "We have had several fusses at
home these last few days. Did you hear that father dismissed one of the men-servants for
bringing beer into the stable?"
"Yes, I heard about it. I think Mr. Fowler was quite right," Salome declared decidedly.
"Do you? I'm glad to hear you say that. Father always means to do right, I am sure. He is
a teetotaler himself, you know, and so are we all, for that matter."
At this point in the conversation the garden gate clicked, and Josiah strode up the path
and hurried past the little girls into the cottage. His bronzed face was crimson; and he
walked somewhat unsteadily; but he was sufficiently sober to realise that his wisest plan
was to take no notice of his little daughter's visitor.
Pitying Salome from the depths of her heart, Margaret rose, saying it was time for her to
go home. The lame girl followed her silently to the garden gate, where they stood for a few
minutes talking.
"You'll be sure to come to-morrow, won't you?" Margaret said earnestly.
"Yes, miss," was the grave reply, "if I possibly can; I hope nothing will prevent it, but—you
see how it is with him sometimes," and she pointed towards the cottage.
"Yes," Margaret admitted. "Oh, I'm so sorry! He must be a terrible trial for you. May God
help you, Salome."
"He does help me," the lame girl replied, "I couldn't bear it alone. Oh, how I wish my
father was a teetotaler like yours."
"I wish so, too."
"I had hoped you would never find out about my poor father being a drinker, but I might
have known that sooner or later you would learn the truth. Oh, miss, don't, please don't
think, he's altogether a bad man. He isn't! When he's sober, there's not a kinder or better
man in the world. But when the drink gets hold of him, he isn't himself at all." And Salome
laid her head on the top rail of the gate and sobbed heartbrokenly.
"Oh, don't cry so!" Margaret said imploringly, her own eyes full of tears. "Oh, perhaps he'll
give up the drink some day."
"I don't know, miss, I'm afraid he won't. He gets worse instead of better. The Vicar has
spoken to him, but that's done no good. He has only come home for supper now;
afterwards he'll go back to the 'Crab and Cockle.' But there, I mustn't cry any more, or
he'll notice it!"
SALOME LAID HER HEAD ON THE TOP RAIL OF THE GATE
AND SOBBED HEART-BROKENLY.
"Good-bye, Salome! Mind you come to-morrow."
"Oh, yes! I hope I shall. Oh, miss, I feel so ashamed that you should have seen my father
to-night!"
"There's nothing for you to be ashamed about. I think you're the pluckiest girl I know.
Good night!" And Margaret ran off with a nod and a smile.
She slackened her speed soon, however; and as she went up the hill beyond the church
towards her home, paused now and again to look back the way she had come, and admire
the beautiful view. At the entrance to the grounds of Greystone she met her father, and
together they walked towards the house, whilst she told him of Josiah Petherick's condition
that evening.
"Oh, father, you are right to be a teetotaler!" she cried. "Drink is an awful thing!"
"It is indeed, my dear," he replied with a deep sigh. "I found Petherick a well-informed,
civil-spoken man, in fact I was favourably impressed with him this morning, and he talked
of his little daughter as though he really loved her. Drink can slay affection, though," he
concluded sorrowfully.
"It's dreadful it should, father!"
"When drink once gets hold of people, it makes them slaves, and kills their finest feelings.
I am very sorry for that poor Salome!"
"So am I. She is so brave, too, and sticks up for her father all she can. Oh, I think he
ought to give up the drink for her sake. I wonder—I wonder if it would be any good for you
to speak to him!" And Margaret looked wistfully and pleadingly into her father's face.
"I will consider the matter," he rejoined thoughtfully.
"Oh, father!" she cried, picturing afresh Salome's grief and humiliation, "What should I do,
if I had such a trouble as that poor lame girl has to bear?"
Mr. Fowler started, and a look of intense pain and trouble momentarily crossed his
countenance, but he answered quietly, "In that case, I hope you would ask God to support
and comfort you."
"As Salome does. I could not be patient like she is, though."
"I trust you would, my dear child."
"Well, I am not likely to be tried," and Margaret regarded her father with a look of
affectionate pride. She wondered at the sadness of the smile with which he returned her
glance; and his answer, gravely spoken, puzzled her not a little.
"We cannot tell how much our patience and our love may be tried," he said, "nor what
trials the future may hold for us. We can only pray that God will help and strengthen us in
our time of need."
CHAPTER VI.
Perfectly Happy.
"OH, I do hope she will come! It's nearly five o'clock, and she's not in sight yet. I wish I
had thought of watching from my bedroom window, I could have seen then when she left
the cottage."
The speaker, Margaret Fowler, started up from her seat beneath the lilac tree, and ran
across the lawn in the direction of the gate which led from the grounds of Greystone into
the road. Beneath the lilac tree sat Mrs. Fowler in a comfortably padded wicker chair, with
a small table laden with papers and magazines at her side. She glanced after her little
daughter with a slightly amused smile, then remonstrated with Gerald, who was playing
near by, for making a noise.
"You will give me a headache, if you keep on doing that," she said, as he cannoned two
croquet balls against each other. "Pray, be quiet!"
Gerald chose not to obey. He continued his game, utterly regardless of his mother's
command.
"Do stop, Gerald!" she exclaimed. "I really cannot bear that noise any longer. Oh, where is
Miss Conway? Why isn't she here to look after you? Gerald, to oblige me, find some other
amusement, there's a dear boy!"
"Why do you not obey your mother, sir?" demanded a stern voice. And suddenly the little
boy dropped the croquet-mallet from his hand, and turned to face his father.
"That's right, Gerald!" Mrs. Fowler said hastily. "He hasn't been doing anything wrong,
Henry," she continued, glancing apprehensively at her husband, "only—you know how
absurdly nervous I am—I can't bear any sharp, sudden noise. It's foolish of me, I know."
Gerald now ran after his sister, and Mr. Fowler stood with his hand on the back of his wife's
chair, looking, down at her with grave attention.
"You should make the boy obey you, my dear," he said. "Has not your visitor arrived yet?"
"No. Margaret has gone to the gate to see if she is coming. I thought we would have tea
out here, for it is cooler and pleasanter in the garden than in the house, and it will be more
informal. I should like you to hear this lame girl sing, Henry! I think I never heard a voice
which touched me so deeply as hers. But you are not listening—"
"I beg your pardon, my dear. I confess my thoughts were wandering. The fact is, to-
morrow I shall have to go up to town for a few days, and I would far rather remain at
home. But I am obliged to go."
"You can leave with an easy mind," his wife told him reassuringly. "I am really quite strong
now, and capable of managing the household, I believe I shall be better for something to
do. By the way, you cannot think how much I enjoyed my drive this morning to N—"
mentioning the nearest town. "I wanted some trifles from a draper's, and the shops were
much better than I expected. Oh! Here come the children. They are bringing Salome with
them."
Mrs. Fowler rose and greeted the lame girl very cordially, placing her in a chair next to her
own. Salome was looking her best, neatly attired in a clean cotton frock. There was a flush
born of excitement on her cheeks, and her brown eyes shone with a happy light as she
gave herself up to the enjoyment of the present hour.
Tea was served beneath the lilac tree, such a luxuriant tea as Salome had never partaken
of before, and everyone appeared determined that she should make a good meal—Gerald
pointing out to her the most delectable of the dainties which he pressed her to eat, for in
the depths of his selfish little heart, there was a warm spot for the lame girl who had so
often given him flowers from her garden when he had certainly not deserved them.
Salome was inclined to be a trifle shy at first of Mr. Fowler. From what she had heard of
him she had imagined he must be an exceedingly stern, strict sort of man, but he talked to
her so kindly and pleasantly that she soon grew at ease with him, and answered all the
questions he put to her unreservedly. She told him she had only been a member of the
choir during the last six months, and explained that she had not known she possessed a
really good voice until the Vicar had informed her that such was the fact.
"I always loved singing, even when I was a tiny thing," she said, "but I never thought of
joining the choir till one day when Mr. Amyatt suggested it. He was passing our cottage,
and heard me singing, and he came right in and said he would like me to come up to the
Vicarage and let him try my voice. Father said I might go, so I did, and the next Sunday, I
sang with the choir in church for the first time."
"You must not sing too much," Mr. Fowler remarked, "for you are very young, and might
permanently injure your voice if you strained it now. You must nurse it a bit."
"That's what Mr. Amyatt says," Salome replied with a smile, "and I'm very careful."
"It is a great gift to have a beautiful voice." Mr. Fowler looked with kindly interest at his
little guest as he spoke; then his eyes wandered to the crutches which she had placed on
the ground beside her chair, and she caught the swift glance of sympathy which crossed
his face, and from that moment, he stood high in her estimation.
"God is very merciful," he added softly, as though speaking to himself; "we are too apt to
forget that He never sends a cross without its compensation."
Salome was perfectly happy sitting there under the lilac tree, though she felt all the while
as though she must be in a wonderful dream. Mrs. Fowler, in her light summer dress, with
her fair hair and her lovely blue eyes, looked like a queen, she thought. Salome was more
and more impressed with her grace and charm on every fresh occasion on which she saw
her. How proud Miss Margaret must be of her mother! And how happy Miss Margaret must
be in such a beautiful home, with kind parents, and everything that heart could desire!
And yet, what was the meaning of that wistful look on her face; and why was Mr. Fowler's
countenance so grave, and almost stern in expression at times? Salome's eyes were
remarkably shrewd. She noticed how attentive Mr. Fowler was to his wife, almost seeming
to anticipate her wishes and read her thoughts; and she was surprised when he was called
away for a few minutes to see that Mrs. Fowler talked with greater freedom in his absence,
as though his presence put a restraint upon her.
As soon as all had finished tea, Margaret took Salome around the gardens, and afterwards
led the way into the house. She showed Salome her own room, the walls of which were
crowded with pictures and knickknacks. The lame girl had never seen such a pretty
bedroom before as this one, with its little white-curtained bed, and white-enamelled
furniture. Then Margaret opened a velvet-lined jewel case, and took out a small, gold
brooch in the shape of a shell, which she insisted upon fastening into the neck of her
visitor's gown.
"It is for you," she said, "I bought it with my own money, so you need not mind taking it. I
told mother I was going to give it to you. I want you to wear it for my sake, Salome."
"Oh, Miss Margaret, how kind of you! Thank you so much. But ought I to take it? Are you
sure Mrs. Fowler—"
"Oh, yes!" Margaret interposed eagerly. "Mother would like you to have it. She said she
thought it would be a very suitable gift for you. It is pretty, isn't it?"
"It is lovely!" was the enthusiastic reply. "I shall value it always, Miss Margaret, for your
sake," and there were tears of pleasure and gratitude in Salome's brown eyes as she
spoke.
"I am so very glad you like it," Margaret said earnestly; "but now, come downstairs to the
drawing-room."
Greystone appeared quite a palatial residence to the simple village girl, accustomed to her
cottage home. She noticed how soft and thick were the carpets, how handsome was the
furniture; and how everything in connection with the house had been done with a view to
comfort. A sense of awe crept over her, as she cast one swift glance around the spacious
drawing-room. Miss Conway was at the piano, but she ceased playing as the little girls
entered; and Mrs. Fowler, who was standing by the open window conversing with her
husband, turned towards them immediately and requested Salome to sing.
So Salome stood, leaning upon her crutches, in the centre of the room, and lilted, without
accompaniment, a simple little song she had often heard from her dead mother's lips. It
was a lullaby, and she sang it so sweetly and unaffectedly that her listeners were
delighted, and Mr. Fowler was surprised at the beauty of the voice which had had so little
training. She gave them several other quaint west-country ballads; and then, at Mrs.
Fowler's request, sang, "Abide with Me."
"I like that best," Margaret said, as she drew Salome down on a sofa by her side. "Why,
how you're trembling! And your hands are quite cold!"
"Poor child! We have made her nervous, I fear," Mr. Fowler remarked. "Used your mother
to sing, my dear?"
"Yes, sir, sometimes, and father used to sing in the choir, but he doesn't now. If you
please," she proceeded, glancing from one to the other hesitatingly, "I think I ought to go
home. Father promised to meet me outside the gate at seven o'clock, and it must be that
now."
"It is a little after seven," Mr. Fowler replied, glancing at his watch.
"Then I think I must go, sir."
"You must come again soon," Mrs. Fowler said eagerly. "Thank you so much, my dear, for
singing to us. You have given us very great pleasure."
"I am very glad," Salome rejoined simply and earnestly, "and I should like to tell you how
much I have enjoyed myself; and thank you for all your kindness to me."
True to his promise, Josiah Petherick was waiting for his little daughter in the road outside
the entrance to Greystone. He was perfectly sober, and as Salome caught sight of his
stalwart figure, her face lit up with pleasure.
"Well, have you had an enjoyable time?" he inquired, smilingly.
"Oh, yes," she answered, and proceeded to give him a detailed account of all she had
seen, and heard, and done. He admired Margaret's gift, and was secretly much gratified at
the attention and kindness his little girl had received from the new-comers. Much to her
relief, he accompanied her past the "Crab and Cockle," though it must be admitted, he cast
a longing glance in the direction of the open doorway through which the stale odour of
tobacco and beer was stealing forth as usual. And when they reached home, he followed
her into the cottage, and continued the conversation whilst she set about getting supper.
She feared he would take himself to the inn as soon as the meal was over, but, instead, he
sat down under the porch and gazed thoughtfully out to sea.
"That Mr. Fowler's a rare hand to talk," he remarked presently, when his little daughter
joined him. "That comes of being educated, I s'pose. He can argue a bit, he can."
"Can he?" Salome looked surprised. "How do you know, father?" she inquired.
"'Cause I was foolish enough to try to argue with him, my maid!"
"Oh! When was that?"
"This morning, on the beach."
"Oh!" she cried again, more and more astonished. "What did you argue about, father?"
She ventured to ask.
"Drink!" was the brief reply. And there was that in Josiah's manner which forbade further
questioning.
Salome nestled silently close to her father's side, her head resting against his arm, as she
thought how nice it was to have him there with her, quite himself, and how dearly she
loved him. She listened to the murmur of the sea, and tried to count the stars appearing in
the sky, whilst Josiah recalled the argument he had had with Mr. Fowler, in which, he was
obliged to admit, he had come off worst. At last, a deep sigh from Salome drew his
attention to her, and he asked what was amiss.
"Amiss?" she echoed in astonishment. "Nothing."
"But you sighed, my dear."
"Did I? Then it must have been for joy. I'm perfectly happy, perfectly! And so I should
always be, if there was no such place as the 'Crab and Cockle' in Yelton."
"Well, Salome, I've not been there to-night."
"No, you have not, dear father," she answered affectionately, "and that's why I'm so
perfectly happy. My mind's at rest!"
CHAPTER VII.
An Afternoon's Outing.
MR. FOWLER was obliged to breakfast at seven o'clock, which was an hour-and-a-half
before the usual breakfast hour at Greystone, on the morning following Salome's visit, as
it was his intention to catch the first train to London from N—, and in order to do that he
would have to leave home before eight o'clock, and drive several miles. His journey had
been discussed on the previous night, and he had said good-bye to Miss Conway and the
children then. But, when he entered the breakfast-room as the clock struck seven, he
found his little daughter awaiting him.
"Why, Margaret!" he exclaimed in pleased surprise as he kissed her. "I did not expect to
see you, my dear! You are not generally an early bird."
"I'm afraid I am rather sleepy-headed in the mornings, as a rule," she confessed, "but I
made up my mind last night that I would have my breakfast with you to-day, dear father,
and see you off. Now do try to eat as much as ever you can," she added practically, as the
servant appeared with a tray holding a couple of covered dishes and the coffee-pot.
Mr. Fowler laughed, as he seated himself at the table with Margaret opposite to him, and
said he would take her advice.
"I am sorry I have to go," he remarked, "but I have no choice in the matter, as my lawyer
wants to consult me upon important business. I shall leave your mother in your charge,
Margaret."
"In my charge?" Margaret said inquiringly, looking surprised. "But she is not ill now, father!
See how cheerful and bright she was last night. And she has taken several walks. Oh, she
is heaps better and stronger than she was! I don't think you need worry about her."
"Perhaps not; but, nevertheless, I want you to devote as much of your time as you can to
her during my absence. I have spoken to Miss Conway, and she has consented to give you
a holiday till I return. Had I not seen you this morning, Miss Conway would have explained
my wishes to you. I desire you to accompany your mother when she drives out, and when
she goes into the village, or down to the beach—in short, make yourself her companion,
my dear, until I return. Do you understand?"
"Yes, father, I think so," Margaret replied, impressed by his serious tone. "I expect mother
will be dull when you are gone, so I will do my best to brighten her up!"
"That's a good child!"
"Only, sometimes she much prefers to have Gerald with her to me!"
"I would rather she had you. Remember what I have said, Margaret. I hope I shall not be
away very long, but it will of course depend upon circumstances."
Mr. Fowler made an excellent breakfast, and afterwards went upstairs to say good-bye to
his wife, whilst Margaret waited for him in the hall. He kissed his little girl tenderly on his
return, then, it being quite time for him to leave, entered the carriage which was waiting at
the door, and was driven off. Margaret felt a little depressed as she listened to the sound of
the carriage wheels dying away in the distance, for she was exceedingly attached to her
father, and home did not seem like home without him.
Knowing her mother must be awake, she went upstairs, and knocked at her bedroom door.
On being told to come in, to her surprise, Mrs. Fowler declared her intention of getting up
to breakfast.
"But do you feel well enough?" Margaret asked, for up to the present Mrs. Fowler, having
been an invalid, had always breakfasted in her own room at Greystone.
"Oh, yes!" was the quick response. "I'm tired of being treated like a sick person! What a
beautiful, bright morning it is, and not so hot, is it? Your father will have a fine day for his
journey."
"He did not want to go at all!"
"No. But that was foolish of him!"
"I think he did not like the thought of leaving you, mother. He feared you might be ill
whilst he was away."
"Oh, I am not likely to be ill again," Mrs. Fowler declared sanguinely. "I mean to throw off
my invalid-ish ways now, and surprise your father on his return. Send Ross to me,
Margaret, to help me dress."
"Shall I help you, mother? Do let me. I am sure I can do your hair as well as Ross."
Mrs. Fowler hesitated, but finally decided in favour of Ross; so Margaret went in search of
her. Ross was a well-mannered, good-tempered young woman who waited upon Mrs.
Fowler, and did the mending and sewing of the household. She expressed surprise and
pleasure on hearing that her mistress intended getting up and joining the family breakfast-
table.
"It shows how much stronger she feels, Miss Margaret," she said. "I've often thought if she
would bestir herself more she would be better in health and spirits."
Gerald grumbled loudly when he discovered that he was to do lessons whilst his sister was
to have a holiday. Why should Margaret be allowed nice drives with their mother when he
was obliged to stay at home and work. It was most unfair, he declared; and it may be
imagined that poor Miss Conway had rather a trying experience with her younger pupil on
the first day of his father's absence, when, in the afternoon, Mrs. Fowler and Margaret
drove to N—, and left him at home.
The road to N— lay through some most beautiful scenery, and Margaret thoroughly
enjoyed the drive. Now they were on an open common where the few trees to be seen
were stunted and grown one-sided, a fact which puzzled the little girl until it was explained
to her that the keen breeze blowing across the Atlantic was accountable for it, then she
remarked that the bare side of the trees was the one which faced the sea; now they had
left the common and were going down bill into a sheltered, wooded coomb, and by-and-by
the road led upwards again till the town of N— was reached, situated almost at the top of
the hill.
At the entrance to the town, Mrs. Fowler and Margaret got out of the carriage, and walked
up the main street—Fore Street it was called—looking into the shop windows. They had
paused outside a small china shop in which was some pretty pottery, when a familiar voice
addressed them in accents of pleasure and surprise.
"Can I believe my eyes? Who would have thought of meeting you here!"
Turning instantly they confronted a handsome, middle-aged lady, dressed as a widow,

whose comely face was wreathed in smiles. She was called Mrs. Lute, and had been a near
neighbour of theirs in London.
"Oh, how glad I am!" Mrs. Fowler exclaimed. "It is good to see you again! Are you staying
in the neighbourhood?"
"Yes; I have taken a furnished house at N— for two months. I saw it advertised, came to
see it, and the result is that here I am! Why, how well you look! And you were such a
wreck when you left town! Margaret, too, is looking all the better for the change of air! I
suppose you are still at Yelton?"
"Oh, yes! Why haven't you been to see us?"
"I have only been here a week. But, come, walk home with me, and have a cup of tea."
"I should like to, but I have some errands to execute. Oh, Margaret!" And Mrs. Fowler
turned to her little daughter eagerly. "Surely you could do the errands! See, here is the list
of what I want on this paper! Is your home far from here?" she inquired of Mrs. Lute.
"No, you must have passed it—a thatched, whitewashed house, with a porch covered with
clematis and roses."
"Oh, yes, I noticed it!" Margaret cried. "Mother, why don't you and Mrs. Lute drive back in
the carriage, and I will join you as soon as I have done the shopping?"
Thus it was arranged. Margaret was quite excited at meeting an old acquaintance, for Mrs.
Lute had long been on the friendliest terms with her neighbours in town. She was one of
the kindest of women, and had been exceedingly sympathetic during Mrs. Fowler's serious
illness in the spring.
When Margaret had executed her list of errands, she made her way to the whitewashed
house, outside which the carriage was waiting; and on being shown into the drawing-room
which faced the road, found her mother and Mrs. Lute seated there conversing happily.
"How warm the poor child looks!" the latter exclaimed. "Sit down in this comfortable chair,
my dear, and let me give you some tea; or would you rather have a glass of wine, for you
look tired, and—"
"Oh, no, thank you!" Margaret interposed hastily.
"Just as you like, my dear; but I persuaded your mother to take a little wine; I thought it
would do her good after her long drive, and I think it has refreshed her. Here's your tea,
my dear! Help yourself to cream and sugar, and do try this cake."
"Thank you, Mrs. Lute."
Margaret was startled for the moment to hear her mother had been drinking wine,
remembering how her father had refused to allow her to take it. She thought Mrs. Fowler
should have declined it; but the matter soon passed from her mind as Mrs. Lute began to
question her about Yelton.
"Everyone tells me it is a charming little village," Mrs. Lute said, "but your mother is not
enthusiastic about it. I think she is beginning to feel the lack of society. I have been telling
her she should be satisfied to have regained her health. She is looking wonderfully well."
Margaret, glancing at her mother, agreed with Mrs. Lute. No one would have guessed at
that moment that Mrs. Fowler had been an invalid so lately, for there was a pink colour in
her cheeks, and her blue eyes were shining with a happy light. She was as glad as was
Margaret to meet their old friend.
"You must pay us a visit at Greystone as soon as my husband returns," she said
hospitably, "and then you will be able to form your own ideas of Yelton and its inhabitants.
Margaret has struck up a friendship with a lame girl, Salome Petherick by name, and I
believe Gerald has picked acquaintance with several fishermen."
"Salome's father is a fisherman," Margaret remarked; "and oh, Salome has the most
beautiful voice you can possibly imagine, hasn't she, mother?"
"She certainly has. When you come to visit us, Mrs. Lute, you shall hear this Cornish
singing-bird. Poor girl, she is a sad cripple, yet she makes herself very useful, attends to
her father's cottage, and even does gardening!"
"She uses a pair of crutches as a rule," Margaret explained, "but when she is gardening,
she somehow manages to hop about on one, so that she has a hand free to work with.
Poor Salome! Her father drinks, and that is a great trouble to her."
"I should think so, indeed!" Mrs. Lute commented. "She ought to try to persuade him to
take the pledge. Total abstinence from all intoxicants is the only thing for some people."
"Father says," Margaret was beginning, when Mrs. Fowler somewhat abruptly changed the
conversation by inquiring for a mutual friend in town. It struck the little girl that her
mother did not wish her to air her father's teetotal views, so during the homeward drive
she recurred to the subject.
"Mother, I was going to tell Mrs. Lute that we are all teetotalers now," she said. "Don't you
want her to know?"
Mrs. Fowler hesitated and frowned slightly, refraining from meeting her little daughter's
gravely inquiring gaze.
"I suppose she will have to know, if she comes to stay with us at Greystone," she
responded in tones of annoyance. "I had forgotten your father's fad when I invited her."
"Oh, mother, don't call it a fad!" Margaret cried distressfully.
"That's what it is, child! Mrs. Lute is accustomed to take wine, yet no one can say she is
not a strictly temperate woman. Your father, I do not doubt, would like her to be a total
abstainer. Such nonsense! He used not to be so fastidious!" And Mrs. Fowler looked quite
angry.
Margaret made no answer. She had perfect faith in her father's judgment, but she felt
herself incapable of arguing the matter from his point of view.
On reaching home they found a telegram from Mr. Fowler, acquainting them with his safe
arrival in London. As Mrs. Fowler read it, the displeasure left her face for a softer, gentler
expression.
"How thoughtful he always is!" she exclaimed.
She was in exceedingly good spirits all the evening, and retired to rest apparently perfectly
well; but about midnight, Margaret was awakened by a sound in the room, and starting up
in bed, found her mother standing by her side in her night-gown, with a lighted candle in
her hand.
"What is it, mother? Are you ill?" The little girl inquired in alarm.
"No, but I am nervous, and cannot sleep! I wish your father had not gone! Did I frighten
you? I hope not. I felt I must have company."
Margaret was greatly astonished, for the thought had continually crossed her mind during
the day that Mrs. Fowler was relieved at her husband's absence. She jumped out of bed
immediately, and led her mother back to her own room.
"I will stay with you to-night, dear mother," she said gently. "You won't feel nervous then."
So mother and daughter lay down side by side, but not to sleep as yet, for the latter was
restless and sighed continually.
"You are sure you are not ill?" Margaret asked with loving anxiety.
"No, I am not ill, but I am very unhappy," was the response in a tone of great sadness.
"Oh, child, I wish you had a better mother!"
"You are the dearest mother in the world," Margaret cried earnestly.
"But very far from being the best. I am very troubled—no, I cannot tell you what about.
No, you couldn't help me. No one can."
"Yes, God can, mother," Margaret reminded her; then she quoted softly—
"When other helpers fail, and comforts flee,

Mrs. Fowler caught her breath with a little sob; but doubtless, the words of Salome's
favourite hymn comforted her, for presently, Margaret knew by her regular breathing that
she had fallen asleep.
The little girl lay awake wondering what trouble her mother could possibly have, or if she
was only nervous and imaginative; and it was not until the first streaks of dawn peeped
into the room that she slept too.
CHAPTER VIII.
An Awful Thing.
WHEN Margaret awoke, she was alone. At first she was surprised to find herself in bed in
her mother's room, but in a few moments, she remembered how that happened to be the
case. Before, however, she had time to dwell much upon the matter, the door opened and
her mother entered, fully dressed, bearing a breakfast tray in her hands, which she placed
on the dressing-table.
"Have I overslept myself?" Margaret inquired. "I am so sorry."
"You need not be, my dear," Mrs. Fowler replied, smiling as she came to the bedside and
kissed her little daughter. "You had a disturbed night on my account. How foolish it was of
me to be too nervous to sleep alone! I blame myself for spoiling your rest. But, see, I have
brought your breakfast, so sit up and eat it at once; after you have had it, you can dress
and come down on the beach with me."
Mrs. Fowler looked alert and well. She talked brightly whilst Margaret was taking her
breakfast, and pulling a letter out of her pocket, which she had received from her husband
by the morning's post, read it aloud. It merely told of his journey to town, and concluded
with his love to the children, and a hope that Mrs. Fowler would take care of herself.
"I shall not tell him how silly I was last night," she said. "I suppose I cannot be quite so
strong as I thought. My late illness played sad havoc with my nerves. It is such a glorious
day, Margaret, that I am sure we ought to spend it out of doors."
Margaret assented willingly, and went to her own room to dress. By-and-by, she and her
mother strolled down to the beach, and passed a pleasant morning in the welcome shade
of a big rock. And in the afternoon, Mrs. Fowler declared her intention of again driving to N
—.
"Won't you be very tired, mother?" Margaret asked dubiously. "You mustn't overdo it, you
know."
"Oh, I will be careful, my dear!" Mrs. Fowler rejoined. "But I want to get some things I
forgot yesterday. Meeting Mrs. Lute so unexpectedly put everything else quite out of my
head. Miss Conway and Gerald can accompany us."
It was not such a pleasant drive as the one of the previous day, for Gerald was tiresome,
and continually stood up in the carriage to look at different objects of interest which
attracted his attention. Miss Conway begged him to sit still, but he would not obey her.
And, at last, he was jolted into his mother's lap, much to her annoyance and to his
amusement. She declared she wished she had left him at home, and that it would be a
long time before she would take him for a drive again. Whereupon, he only laughed, for he
did not believe she meant what she said.
"Are you going to see Mrs. Lute, mother?" Margaret inquired as they neared the town.
"No, not to-day. I will get out at the bottom of Fore Street, and you others shall drive on a
little farther and return for me. No, I will not have you, Gerald! You are to stay with Miss
Conway and your sister."
Mrs. Fowler spoke with decision in her tones; she was evidently determined to do her
shopping alone.
Accordingly, she got out of the carriage at the entrance to the town, and the others saw
her go into a grocer's shop as they were driven on. When the carriage returned a quarter
of an hour later, she was standing waiting outside the same shop. The shopman came out
and placed a parcel in the carriage, then Mrs. Fowler took her seat and gave the order
—"Home." She seemed lost in deep thought during the remainder of the drive, and spoke
but seldom, paying slight attention to the conversation the others carried on. She was
evidently glad to reach Greystone.
"I expect she is really very tired," Margaret reflected, "but does not like to confess it." And
she was confirmed in this opinion when she saw how quiet and languid Mrs. Fowler
appeared during the evening. She did not request Miss Conway to play to her as she
usually did, but lay on the sofa with a book in her lap, yawning occasionally as though
weary of the day, so that neither Margaret nor the governess were surprised when she
declared her intention of going to bed early. She would not hear of Margaret sleeping with
her, however, but kissed both of her children good night in the drawing-room, and told
them not to disturb her when they went upstairs to bed.
It was only eight o'clock when Mrs. Fowler retired for the night. At half-past eight Gerald
was put to bed, after which Margaret and her governess sat down together to their supper.
Each seemed rather depressed, Miss Conway even more so than her little pupil.
"It is so dull without father," Margaret sighed. "I hope he will not stay away very long. Oh,
dear! I think mother is very, very tired to-night, don't you? I am afraid she has been doing
too much."
"I hope not," was the serious reply. "You did not walk far this morning, did you?"
"Oh, no! We were sitting down on the beach most of the time. Mother read the newspaper
and talked and seemed all right then."
"Did you see anything of Salome Petherick?"
"Nothing, though we stood outside her garden several minutes looking at her flowers. I
suppose she was busy in the cottage. Oh, Miss Conway, how I do wish Salome's father was
a teetotaler! I was telling Mrs. Lute about him yesterday, and she said Salome ought to try
to persuade him to take the pledge."
"I did not know that Mrs. Lute was a teetotaler," Miss Conway exclaimed, looking rather
surprised.
"She is not. Indeed, she offered me a glass of wine."

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Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed Rocks From Proterozoic Orogens 1St Edition Chetty Full Chapter

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Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed

Rocks from Proterozoic Orogens 1st

K.V. Wilbert Kehelpannala

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at

Publisher: Candice Janco

Preface vii 2.3.4 Mahanadi shear zone 99

Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed Rocks from Proterozoic Orogens

1.2 Orogenic evolution

1.3 Proterozoic high-grade rocks

1.4 Gondwana orogens

Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed Rocks from Proterozoic Orogens

2.2.2 Northern Granulite Block

2.2.2.1 Salem mafic-ultramafic complex

2.2.3 Cauvery suture zone

"Whatever you please, miss," Salome answered.

"Oh, no! You must choose," the Vicar declared decidedly.

"Then I will sing 'Abide with Me.'"

"Abide with me; fast falls the eventide;

"Heaven's morning breaks, and earth's vain shadows flee;

"Then that is settled. I shall expect you."

"At the 'Crab and Cockle,' sir."

"He's another of your teetotal humbugs!" sneered the angry man.

"When other helpers fail, and comforts flee,

"Then, 'tis a good job he's got a father who doesn't."

"He's not at the 'Crab and Cockle' now, I s'pose?"

"So I've heard," Salome responded.

"Doesn't Miss Conway know where you are?" Salome inquired.

"He's a pretty handful," Josiah exclaimed, shaking his head.

"Then, will you manage to be at Greystone by five o'clock?"

"You'll be sure to come to-morrow, won't you?" Margaret said earnestly.

"I wish so, too."

"Good-bye, Salome! Mind you come to-morrow."

"It's dreadful it should, father!"

"I will consider the matter," he rejoined thoughtfully.

"I trust you would, my dear child."

"Then I think I must go, sir."

"Well, have you had an enjoyable time?" he inquired, smilingly.

"'Cause I was foolish enough to try to argue with him, my maid!"

"Oh! When was that?"

"This morning, on the beach."

"Amiss?" she echoed in astonishment. "Nothing."

"But you sighed, my dear."

"Well, Salome, I've not been there to-night."

"That's a good child!"

"He did not want to go at all!"

"No. But that was foolish of him!"

Turning instantly they confronted a handsome, middle-aged lady, dressed as a widow,

"Oh, yes! Why haven't you been to see us?"

"Oh, no, thank you!" Margaret interposed hastily.

"Thank you, Mrs. Lute."

"Oh, mother, don't call it a fad!" Margaret cried distressfully.

"How thoughtful he always is!" she exclaimed.

"When other helpers fail, and comforts flee,

"Have I overslept myself?" Margaret inquired. "I am so sorry."

"Did you see anything of Salome Petherick?"

"She is not. Indeed, she offered me a glass of wine."

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