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5 Steps to a 5: AP U.S.
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CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction: 5-Step Program
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program

1 What You Need to Know About the AP U.S.
History Exam
Advanced Placement Program
AP U.S. History Exam
Taking the AP U.S. History Exam
2 Preparing for the AP U.S. History Exam
Getting Started
Three Plans for Test Preparation
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness

3 Take a Diagnostic Exam
How to Use the Diagnostic Exam
When to Use the Diagnostic Exam
Conclusion (After the Exam)
AP U.S. History Diagnostic Exam
Answers to the Diagnostic Exam
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success

4 Mastering Skills and Understanding Themes for
the Exam
The AP U.S. History Exam
Historical Practices, Historical Analytical Skills, Historical
Themes, and Exam Questions
5 Strategies for Approaching Each Question Type
Multiple-Choice Questions
Short-Answer Questions
Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Long Essay Question
Using Primary Source Documents
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

6 Settling of the Western Hemisphere (1491–
1607)
Native America
The Europeans Arrive
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
7 Colonial America (1607–1650)
New France
English Interest in America
Effects of European Settlement
Chapter Review
Review Questions
8 British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict
(1650–1750)
Part of an Empire
Growth of Slavery
Political Unrest in the Colonies
Salem Witch Trials
Imperial Wars
American Self-Government
Salutary Neglect
First Great American Religious Revival
Chapter Review
Review Questions
9 Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution (1750–
1775)
War in the West
Defeat of New France
The British Need Money
Stamp Act Crisis
Townshend Acts
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
First Continental Congress
Chapter Review
Review Questions
10 American Revolution and the New Nation (1775–
1787)
Lexington and Concord
Second Continental Congress
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Declaration of Independence
Reactions to Independence
Balance of Forces
The War in the North
The Saratoga Campaign
The War in the South
The Treaty of Paris
New State Constitutions and the Articles of
Confederation
Financial Problems
Northwest Ordinances
Shays’ Rebellion
Chapter Review
Review Questions
11 Establishment of New Political Systems (1787–
1800)
The Constitutional Convention
The Ratification Battle
The Bill of Rights
The Birth of the Party System
Hamilton’s Economic Program
Effects of the French Revolution
Washington’s Foreign Policy
The Presidency of John Adams
Chapter Review
Review Questions
12 Jeffersonian Revolution (1800–1820)
Election of 1800
An Assertive Supreme Court
A New Frontier
The Louisiana Purchase
Burr’s Conspiracy
Renewal of War in Europe
The War of 1812
The End of the War
A Federalist Debacle and the Era of Good Feelings
Henry Clay and the American System
Missouri Compromise
Chapter Review
Review Questions
13 Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson
(1820–1845)
The Rise of Manufacturing
The Monroe Doctrine
Native American Removal
The Transportation Revolution and Religious Revival
An Age of Reform
Jacksonian Democracy
The Nullification Controversy
The Bank War
The Whig Party and the Second Party System
Chapter Review
Review Questions
14 Union Expanded and Challenged (1835–1860)
Manifest Destiny
The Alamo and Texas Independence
Expansion and the Election of 1844
The Mexican War
Political Consequences of the Mexican War
The Political Crisis of 1850
Aftermath of the Compromise of 1850
Franklin Pierce in the White House
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
“Bleeding Kansas”
The Dred Scott Decision
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
The Election of 1860
Chapter Review
Review Questions
15 Union Divided: The Civil War (1861–1865)
North and South on the Brink of War
Searching for Compromise
Gunfire at Fort Sumter
Opening Strategies
The Loss of Illusions
Union Victories in the West
The Home Fronts
The Emancipation Proclamation
The Turn of the Tide
War Weariness
The End of the War
Chapter Review
Review Questions
16 Era of Reconstruction (1865–1877)
Lincoln and Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
Efforts to Help the Freedmen
Radical Reconstruction
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Final Phase of Radical Reconstruction
The End of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
Review Questions
17 Western Expansion and Its Impact on the
American Character (1860–1895)
Government Encouragement of Western Settlement
Challenges for Western Farmers
Agricultural Innovation
Women and Minorities on the Agricultural Frontier
The Mining and Lumbering Frontier
The Ranching Frontier
The End of Native American Independence
Agrarian Anger and Populism
The Gold Standard
The Grange and Farmers’ Alliances
The Populist Revolt
Populism and the Election of 1896
The Idea of the West
Chapter Review
Review Questions
18 America Transformed into the Industrial Giant of
the World (1870–1910)
An Industrial Revolution
Changes in American Industry
A Changing Workplace
Big Business
The Emergence of Labor Unions
Uneven Affluence
The New Immigration
The Rise of the Modern American City
Gilded Age Politics
Social Criticism in the Gilded Age
Chapter Review
Review Questions
19 Rise of American Imperialism (1890–1913)
Postwar Diplomacy
Acquiring Hawaii
The New Imperialism
The Spanish-American War
Combat in the Philippines and Cuba
The Cuban Conundrum
The Debate over Empire
The Panama Canal
The Roosevelt Corollary
Chapter Review
Review Questions
20 Progressive Era (1895–1914)
Roots of Progressivism
Progressive Objectives
Urban Progressivism
State-Level Progressivism
Progressivism and Women
Workplace Reform
Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Taft and Progressivism
Wilson and Progressivism
Assessing Progressivism
Chapter Review
Review Questions
21 United States and World War I (1914–1921)
War and American Neutrality
Growing Ties to the Allies
The Breakdown of German-American Relations
America in the War
The American Expeditionary Force in France
The Home Front
Regulating Thought
Social Change
Wilson and the Peace
Woodrow Wilson’s Defeat
Chapter Review
Review Questions
22 Beginning of Modern America: The 1920s
The Prosperous Twenties
The Republican “New Era”
Warren G. Harding as President
President Calvin Coolidge
The City Versus the Country in the 1920s
Popular Culture in the 1920s
Jazz Age Experimentation and Rebellion
The Growth of the Mass Media
A Lost Generation?
Chapter Review
Review Questions
23 Great Depression and the New Deal (1929–1939)
Harbingers of Crisis: Economic Weaknesses of the 1920s
Black Tuesday and the End of the Bull Market
The Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression
The Great Depression and American Society
President Hoover and the Depression
The Hundred Days
The Second New Deal
Critics of the New Deal
Twilight of the New Deal
Impact of the New Deal
American Culture During the New Deal
Chapter Review
Review Questions
24 World War II (1933–1945)
American Isolationism in the 1930s
The United States, the Middle East, and Anti-Semitism
The Election of 1940 and the End of Isolationism
The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
The War Against Germany
The Middle East in World War II
The War Against Japan
The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb
The Home Front
Civil Rights During the War
Chapter Review
Review Questions
25 Origins of the Cold War (1945–1960)
The Beginnings of the Cold War
Europe and the Cold War
Communist Victories
The Middle East and the Cold War
The Cold War at Home
The Korean War
Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism
President Eisenhower and the Cold War
Tensions with the Soviet Union
Chapter Review
Review Questions
26 Prosperity and Anxiety: The 1950s
The Return of Prosperity
Politics in the Postwar Era
The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement
Life in Suburbia
Chapter Review
Review Questions
27 America in an Era of Turmoil (1960–1975)
The 1960 Election
The Liberal Hour of the 1960s
The Civil Right Movement in the 1960s: From
Integration to Black Power
The Expansion of Rights Movements
Cold War Crisis
The Vietnam War
Chapter Review
Review Questions
28 Decline and Rebirth (1968–1988)
The Presidency of Richard Nixon
The Ford Administration
The Carter Administration
The Reagan Administration
Chapter Review
Review Questions
29 Prosperity and a New World Order (1988–2000)
The Presidency of George H. W. Bush
The Presidency of Bill Clinton
Chapter Review
Review Questions
30 Threat of Terrorism, Increase of Presidential
Power, and Economic Crisis (2001–2019)
The Presidency of George W. Bush
The Obama Presidency
President Obama’s Second Term
The Trump Presidency
Chapter Review
Review Questions
STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

AP U.S. History Practice Exam 1
Answers to Practice Exam 1
AP U.S. History Practice Exam 2
Answers to Practice Exam 2
ELITE STUDENT EDITION 5 Minutes to a 5

180 Daily Questions and Activities
Glossary
Bibliography
Websites
PREFACE
So, you have decided to take AP U.S. History. Prepare to be

continually challenged in this course: this is the only way you will
attain the grade that you want on the AP exam in May. Prepare to
read, to read a lot, and to read critically; almost all students
successful in AP U.S. History say this is a necessity. Prepare to
analyze countless primary source documents; being able to do this is
critical for success in the exam as well. Most important, prepare to
immerse yourself in the great story that is U.S. history. As your
teacher will undoubtedly point out, it would be impossible to make
up some of the people and events you will study in this class. What
really happened is much more interesting!
This study guide will assist you along the journey of AP U.S.
History. The chapter review guides give you succinct overviews of
the major events of U.S. history. At the end of each chapter is a list
of the major concepts, a time line, and multiple-choice and short-
answer review questions for that chapter. In addition, a very
extensive glossary is included at the back of this manual. All of the
boldface words throughout the book can be found in the glossary
(it would also be a good study technique to review the entire
glossary before taking the actual AP exam).
The first five chapters of the manual describe the AP test itself
and suggest some test-taking strategies. There are also two entire
sample tests, with answers. These allow you to become totally
familiar with the format and nature of the questions that will appear
on the exam. On the actual testing day you want absolutely no
surprises!
In the second chapter, you will also find time lines for three
approaches to preparing for the exam. It is obviously suggested that
your preparation for the examination be a year-long process; for
those students unable to do that, two alternative calendars also
appear. Many students also find that study groups are very beneficial
in studying for the AP test. Students who have been successful on
the AP test oftentimes form these groups very early in the school
year.
It should also be noted that the AP U.S. History exam that you
will be taking may be different from the one that your older brother
or sister took in the past. The format of the exam changed in 2015.
Further revisions were made to the 2018 exam. I will outline the test
in detail in the first several chapters. Please do not use old study
guides or review sheets that were used to prepare for prior tests;
these do not work anymore!
I hope this manual helps you in achieving the “perfect 5.” That
score is sitting out there, waiting for you to reach for it.
INTRODUCTION: 5-STEP
PROGRAM
The Basics
This guide provides you with the specific format of the AP U.S.
History exam, three sample AP U.S. History tests, and a
comprehensive review of major events and themes in U.S. history.
After each review chapter, you will find a list of the major concepts,
a time line, and several review multiple-choice and short-answer
questions.
Reading this guide is a great start to getting the grade you want
on the AP U.S. History test, but it is important to read on your own
as well. Several groups of students who have all gotten a 5 on the
test maintain that the key to success is to read as much as you
possibly can on U.S. history.
Reading this guide will not guarantee you a 5 when you take the
U.S. History exam in May. However, by carefully reviewing the format
of the exam and the test-taking strategies provided for each section,
you will definitely be on your way! The review section that outlines
the major developments of U.S. history should augment what you
have learned from your regular U.S. history textbook. This book
won’t “give” you a 5, but it can certainly point you firmly in that
direction.
Organization of the Book

This guide conducts you through the five steps necessary to prepare
yourself for success on the exam. These steps will provide you with
many skills and strategies vital to the exam and the practice that will
lead you toward the perfect 5.
In this introductory chapter we will explain the basic five-step
plan, which is the focus of this entire book. The material in Chapter
1 will give you information you need to know about the AP U.S.
History exam. In Chapter 2 three different approaches will be
presented to prepare for the actual exam; study them all and then
pick the one that works best for you. Chapter 3 contains a practice
AP U.S. History exam; this is an opportunity to experience what the
test is like and to have a better idea of your strengths and
weaknesses as you prepare for the actual exam. Chapter 4 describes
historical skills and themes emphasized in the exam. Chapter 5
contains a number of tips and suggestions about the different types
of questions that appear on the actual exam. We will discuss ways to
approach the multiple-choice questions, the short-answer questions,
the document-based question (DBQ), and the long essay question.
Almost all students note that knowing how to approach each type of
question is crucial.
For some of you, the most important part of this manual will be
found in Chapters 6 through 30, which contain a review of U.S.
history from the European exploration of the Americas to the
presidency of Donald Trump in 2019. Undoubtedly, you have studied
much of the material included in these chapters. However, these
review chapters can help highlight certain important material that
you may have missed or forgotten from your AP History class. At the
end of each chapter, you will also find a list of the major concepts,
time line of important events discussed in the chapter, and multiple-
choice and short-answer review questions.
After these review chapters you will find two complete practice
exams, including multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions,
and essays. Correct answers and explanations for these answers are
also included. Take one of the exams and evaluate your success;
review any material that you had trouble with. Then take the second
exam and use the results to guide your additional study. At the back
of the manual is a glossary that defines all of the boldface words
found in the review chapters. Use this to find the meaning of a
specific term you might be unfamiliar with; some students find
reviewing the entire glossary a useful method of reviewing for the
actual exam.
Five-Step Program
Step 1: Set Up Your Study Program

In Step 1, you will read a brief overview of the AP U.S. History
exam, including an outline of the topics that might be covered on
the test itself. You will also follow a process to help determine which
of the following preparation programs is right for you:
• Full school year: September through May
• One semester: January through May
• Six weeks: Basic Training for the Exam
Step 2: Determine Your Test Readiness

Step 2 provides you with a diagnostic exam to assess your current
level of understanding. This exam will let you know about your
current level of preparedness and on which areas and periods you
should focus your study.
• Take the diagnostic exam slowly and analyze each question. Do
not worry about how many questions you get right. Hopefully the
exam will boost your confidence.
• Review the answers and explanations following the exam, so that
you see what you do and do not yet fully know and understand.
Step 3: Develop Strategies for Success

Step 3 provides strategies and techniques that will help you do your
best on the exam. These strategies cover the multiple-choice, the
short-answer, and the two different essay parts of the test. These
tips come from discussions with both AP U.S. History students and
teachers. In this section you will:
• Learn the skills and themes emphasized in the exam.
• Learn how to read and analyze multiple-choice questions.
• Learn how to answer multiple-choice questions, including
whether or not to guess.
• Learn how to respond to short-answer questions.
• Learn how to plan and write both types of essay questions.
Step 4: Review the Knowledge You Need to

Score High
Step 4 makes up the majority of this book. In this step you will
review the important names, dates, and themes of American history.
Obviously, not all of the material included in this book will be on the
AP exam. However, this book is a good overview of the content
studied in a “typical” AP U.S. History course. Some of you are
presently taking AP courses that cover more material than is
included in this book; some of you are in courses that cover less.
Nevertheless, thoroughly reviewing the material in the content
section of this book will significantly increase your chance of scoring
well.
Step 5: Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

In Step 5, you will complete your preparation by taking two
complete practice exams and examining your results on them. It
should be noted that the practice exams included in this book do not
include questions taken from actual exams; however, these practice
exams do include questions that are very similar to the “real thing.”
Graphics Used in This Book

To emphasize particular skills and strategies, we use several icons
throughout this book. An icon in the margin will alert you that you
should pay particular attention to the accompanying text. We use
three icons:
The first icon points out a very important concept or fact that you
should not pass over.
The second icon calls your attention to a problem-solving

strategy that you may want to try.
The third icon indicates a tip that you might find useful.
Boldface words indicate terms that are included in the glossary

at the end of the book. Boldface is also used to indicate the answer
to a sample problem discussed in the test. Throughout the book, you
will find marginal notes, boxes, and starred areas. Pay close
attention to these areas because they can provide tips, hints,
strategies, and further explanations to help you reach your full
potential.
STEP 1
Set Up Your Study Program
CHAPTER 1 What You Need to Know About the AP U.S.

History Exam
CHAPTER 2 Preparing for the AP U.S. History Exam
CHAPTER 1
What You Need to Know About

the AP U.S. History Exam
IN THIS CHAPTER
Summary: Learn about the test, what’s on it, how it’s scored, and
what benefits you can get from taking it.
Key Ideas
Most colleges will award credit for a score of 4 or 5. Even if you
don’t do well enough on the exam to receive college credit,
college admissions officials like to see students who have
challenged themselves and experienced the college-level
coursework of AP courses.
Since 2015, the exam has had a new format. The new exam de-
emphasizes the simple memorization of historical facts. Instead,
you have to demonstrate an ability to use historical analytical
skills and think thematically across time periods in American
history.
In addition to multiple-choice and short-answer questions, the test
contains a DBQ (document-based question) and one long essay
question.
Advanced Placement Program

The Advanced Placement (AP) program was begun by the College
Board in 1955 to administer standard achievement exams that would
allow highly motivated high school students the opportunity to earn
college credit for AP courses taken in high school. Today there are
38 different AP courses and exams, with well over 5 million exams
administered each May.
There are numerous AP courses in the social studies besides U.S.
History, including European History, World History, U.S. Government
and Politics, Comparative Government, Psychology, and Micro and
Macro Economics. The majority of students who take AP courses and
exams are juniors and seniors; however, some schools offer AP
courses to freshmen and sophomores (AP U.S. History is usually not
one of those courses). It is not absolutely necessary to be enrolled
in an AP class to take the exam in a specific subject; there are rare
cases of students who study on their own for a particular AP
examination and do well.
Who Writes the AP Exams? Who Scores Them?

AP exams, including the U.S. History exam, are written by
experienced college and secondary school teachers. All questions on
the AP exams are field tested before they actually appear on an AP
exam. The group that writes the history exam is called the AP U.S.
History Development Committee. This group constantly reevaluates
the test, analyzing the exam as a whole and on an item-by-item
basis.
As noted in the preface, the AP U.S. History exam has undergone
a substantial transformation that took effect beginning with the 2015
test. New revisions were made to the 2018 exam. The College Board
has conducted a number of institutes and workshops to ensure that
teachers across the United States are well qualified to assist
students in preparing for this new exam.
The multiple-choice section of each AP exam is graded by
computer, but the free-response questions are scored by humans. A
number of college and secondary school teachers of U.S. History get
together at a central location in early June to score the free-
response questions of the AP U.S. History exam administered the
previous month. The scoring of each reader during this procedure is
carefully analyzed to ensure that exams are being evaluated in a fair
and consistent manner.
AP Scores
Once you have taken the exam and it has been scored, your raw
scores will be transformed into an AP grade on a 1-to-5 scale. A
grade report will be sent to you by the College Board in July. When
you take the test, you should indicate the college or colleges that
you want your AP scores sent to. The report that the colleges
receive contains the score for every AP exam you took this year and
the grades that you received on AP exams in prior years. In addition,
your scores will be sent to your high school. (Note that it is possible,
for a fee, to withhold the scores of any AP exam you have taken
from going out to colleges. See the College Board website for more
information.)
As noted above, you will be scored on a 1-to-5 scale:
• 5 indicates that you are extremely well qualified. This is the
highest possible grade.
• 4 indicates that you are well qualified.
• 3 indicates that you are qualified.
• 2 indicates that you are possibly qualified.
• 1 indicates that you are not qualified to receive college credit.
Benefits of the AP Exam

If you receive a score of a 4 or a 5, you can most likely get actual
college credit for the subject that you took the course in; a few
colleges will do the same for students receiving a 3. Colleges and
universities have different rules on AP scores and credit, so check
with the college or colleges that you are considering to determine
what credit they will give you for a good score on the AP History
exam. Some colleges might exempt you from a freshman-level
course based on your score even if they don’t grant credit for the
score you received.
The benefits of being awarded college credits before you start
college are significant: You can save time in college (by skipping
courses) and money (by avoiding paying college tuition for courses
you skip). Almost every college encourages students to challenge
themselves; if it is possible for you to take an AP course, do it! Even
if you do not do well on the actual test—or you decide not to take
the AP test—the experience of being in an AP class all year can
impress college admissions committees and help you prepare for the
more academically challenging work of college.
AP U.S. History Exam
Achieving a good score on the AP U.S. History exam will require you
to do more than just memorize important dates, people, and events
from America’s history. To get a 4 or a 5 you have to demonstrate an
ability to master primary and secondary sources, construct an
argument, and utilize specific historical analytical skills when
studying history. In addition, you will be asked to demonstrate your
ability to think thematically and evaluate specific historical themes
across time periods in American history. Every question on the AP
U.S. History exam is rooted in these analytical skills and historical
themes. You’ll find more information about these analytical skills and
historical themes in Chapter 4.
As far as specific content, there is material that you need to
know from nine predetermined historical time periods of U.S. history.
For each of these time periods, key concepts have been identified.
You will be introduced to a concept outline for each of the historical
periods in your AP course. You can also find this outline at the
College Board’s AP U.S. History website. These concepts are
connected to the historical themes and analyzed using historical
analytical skills.
To do well on this exam you have to exhibit the ability to do
much of the work that “real” historians do. You must know major
concepts from every historical time period. You must demonstrate an
ability to think thematically when analyzing history, and you must
utilize historical thinking skills when doing all of this. The simple
memorization of historical facts is given less emphasis in the new
exam. This does not mean that you can ignore historical detail.
Knowledge of historical information will be crucial in explaining
themes in American history. Essentially this exam is changing the
focus of what is expected of AP U.S. History students. It is asking
you to take a smaller number of historical concepts and to analyze
these concepts very carefully. The ability to do this does not
necessarily come easily; one of the major functions of this book is to
help you “think like a historian.”
Periods of U.S. History

As noted earlier, U.S. history has been divided into specific time
periods for the purposes of the AP course. The creators of the AP
U.S. History exam have established the following nine historical
periods and have also determined approximately how much of the
year should be spent on each historical era:
• Period 1: 1491 to 1607. Approximately 5 percent of
instructional time should be spent on this period.
• Period 9: 1980 to present. Approximately 5 percent of
On the actual AP test that you will take:
• 5 percent of the exam will relate to issues concerning Period 1.
• 45 percent of the exam will relate to issues concerning Periods 2,
3, 4, and 5.
• 45 percent of the exam will relate to issues concerning Periods 6,
7, and 8.
• 5 percent of the exam will relate to issues concerning Period 9.
Many students are worried when their AP class doesn’t get to the
present day. As you can see, only 5 percent of the test is on material
after 1980; therefore, not making it all the way to Donald Trump will
not have a major impact on your score.
Structure of the AP U.S. History Exam

The AP U.S. History exam consists of two sections, each of which
contains two parts. You’ll be given 95 minutes to complete Section I,
which includes multiple-choice questions (Part A) and short-answer
questions (Part B). You’ll have 100 minutes to complete Section II,
which includes the document-based question (Part A) and the long
essay question (Part B). Here is the breakdown:
Section I
• Part A: 55 multiple-choice questions—55 minutes recommended
—40% of the exam score.
• Part B: Three short-answer questions—40 minutes recommended
—20% of the exam score. Questions 1 and 2 are required; you
can choose between 3 and 4. These questions will address one or
more of the themes that have been developed throughout the
course and will ask you to use historical thinking when you write
about these themes.
Section II
• Part A: One document-based question (DBQ)—60 minutes
(including a 15-minute reading period) recommended—25% of
the exam score. In this section, you will be asked to analyze and
use a number of primary-source documents as you construct a
historical argument.
• Part B: One long essay question—40 minutes recommended—
15% of the exam score. You will be given a choice between three
options, addressing periods 1–3, 4–6, or 7–9. It will be critical to
use historical analytical skills when writing your response.
This presents an overview. There will be more information about
the different components of the exam later in this book.
Taking the AP U.S. History Exam
Registration and Fees
If you are enrolled in AP U.S. History, your teacher or guidance
counselor is going to provide all of these details. However, you do
not have to enroll in the AP course to take the AP exam. When in
doubt, the best source of information is the College Board’s website:
www.collegeboard.com.
There are also several other fees required if you want your scores
rushed to you or if you wish to receive multiple score reports.
Students who demonstrate financial need may receive a refund to
help offset the cost of testing.
Night Before the Exam
Last-minute cramming of massive amounts of material will not help

you. It takes time for your brain to organize material. There is some
value to a last-minute review of material. This may involve looking at
the fast-review portions of the chapters or looking through the
glossary. The night before the test should include a light review and
various relaxing activities. A full night’s sleep is one of the best
preparations for the test.
What to Bring to the Exam
Here are some suggestions:

• Several pencils and an eraser that does not leave smudges.
• Several black pens (for the essays).
• A watch so that you can monitor your time. The exam room may
or may not have a clock on the wall. Make sure you turn off the
beep that goes off on the hour.
• Your school code.
• Your driver’s license, Social Security number, or some other ID, in
case there is a problem with your registration.
• Tissues.
• Something to drink—water is best.
• A quiet snack.
• Your quiet confidence that you are prepared.
What Not to Bring to the Exam
It’s a good idea to leave the following items at home or in the car:
• Your cell phone and/or other electronic devices.
• Books, a dictionary, study notes, flash cards, highlighting pens,
correction fluid, a ruler, or any other office supplies.
• Portable music of any kind (although you will probably want to
listen as soon as you leave the testing site!).
• Panic or fear. It’s natural to be nervous, but you can comfort
yourself that you have used this book and that there is no need
for fear on your exam.
Day of the Test

Once the test day has arrived, there is nothing further you can do.
Do not worry about what you could have done differently. It is out of
your hands, and your only job is to answer as many questions
correctly as you possibly can. The calmer you are, the better your
chances are of doing well.
Follow these simple commonsense tips:
• Allow plenty of time to get to the test site.
• Wear comfortable clothing.
• Eat a light breakfast and/or lunch.
• Think positive. Remind yourself that you are well prepared and
that the test is an enjoyable challenge and a chance to share your
knowledge.
• Be proud of yourself !
CHAPTER 2
Preparing for the AP U.S. History

Exam
IN THIS CHAPTER
Summary: The right preparation plan for you depends on your
study habits and the amount of time you have before the test. This
chapter provides some examples of plans you can use or adapt to
your needs.
Key Ideas
Choose the study plan that is right for you.
Begin to prepare for the AP exam at the beginning of the school
year. Developing historical analytical skills, evaluating themes in
U.S. history, and studying important concepts take far more time
and effort than simply memorizing facts. The sooner you begin
preparing for the test, the better.
Getting Started
You have made the decision to take AP U.S. History. Enjoy! You will
be exposed to all of the fascinating stories that make up U.S. history.
To be successful in this course, you will have to work much harder
than you would in a “regular” high school U.S. history course. You
will be required to read more, including reading and analyzing a
wide variety of primary source documents throughout the year. In
addition, you will be required to utilize historical thinking, to analyze
history in a thematic way, and to be knowledgeable of specific
concepts that help guide the study of American history. It cannot be
stressed enough that the examination for this course that you will
take in May is not a test that will simply measure what you “know”
about U.S. history; instead, it is an examination that tests your
ability to analyze major events, concepts, and themes in American
history utilizing specific historical analytical skills.
Being able to utilize historical analytical skills, study history
thematically, and develop conceptual thinking are not skills that
develop overnight. In fact, it is difficult to develop these skills in the
context of one specific course. If you are reading this before you are
actually enrolled in an AP U.S. History course, you may want to take
the most challenging history courses you can before you take AP
U.S. History. Try to think conceptually in any history course that you
take; it involves integrating historical facts into larger interpretive
themes.
Creating a Study Plan

As has already been noted several times, preparing for this exam
involves much more than just memorizing important dates, names,
and events that are important in U.S. history. Developing historical
analytical skills, evaluating themes in U.S. history, and studying
important concepts take far more time and effort than simply
memorizing facts. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that you take a
year-long approach to studying and preparing for the test.
However, for some students this is not possible. Therefore, some
suggestions for students who have only one semester to prepare for
the exam and students who have only six weeks to prepare for the
exam are included. In the end, it is better to do some systematic
preparation for the exam than to do none at all.
Study Groups
Many students who have gotten a 5 on the U.S. History exam
reported that working in a study group was an important part of the
successful preparation that they did for the test. In an ideal setting,
three to five students get together, probably once a week, to review
material that was covered in class the preceding week and to
practice historical, thematic, and conceptual thinking. If at all
possible, do this! A good suggestion is to have study groups set a
specific time to meet every week and stick to that time. Without a
regular meeting time, study groups usually meet fewer times during
the year, often cancel meetings, and so on.
THREE PLANS FOR TEST PREPARATION
Plan A: Yearlong Preparation for the AP U.S.

History Exam
This is the plan we highly recommend. Besides doing all of the
readings and assignments assigned by your teacher, also do the
following activities. (Check off the activities as you complete them.)
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of American
politics (non-partisan) from the beginning to
date
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: American politics (non-partisan) from the beginning to date

embodying a history of all the political parties, with their
views and records on all important questions. Great
speeches on all great issues, and tabulated history and
chronological events.
Author: Thomas V. Cooper

Hector T. Fenton
Release date: August 27, 2023 [eBook #71502]
Language: English
Original publication: Philadelpia: Fireside Publishing Company,

1892
Credits: Richard Tonsing, David Edwards, and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN

POLITICS (NON-PARTISAN) FROM THE BEGINNING TO DATE ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
AMERICAN POLITICS
(NON-PARTISAN)
FROM THE BEGINNING TO DATE.

EMBODYING
A HISTORY OF ALL THE POLITICAL

PARTIES,
WITH
THEIR VIEWS AND RECORDS ON ALL

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS.
GREAT SPEECHES ON ALL GREAT ISSUES,
AND
TABULATED HISTORY AND

CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS.
By HON. THOMAS V. COOPER,

Member Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 1870–72. Senate, 1874–84.
Chairman Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania, 1881–82–83–84–85–
86–87.
AND
HECTOR T. FENTON, Esq.,
Of the Philadelphia Bar.
FIFTEENTH AND REVISED EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA:
FIRESIDE PUBLISHING COMPANY.
1892.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1892, by the
FIRESIDE PUBLISHING COMPANY,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
ALTEMUS’ BOOK BINDERY,

PHILADELPHIA.
Respectfully Dedicated
TO THE
PROPOSITION
THAT ALL AMERICAN CITIZENS SHOULD TAKE AN INTEREST
IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
PREFACE.
The writer of this volume, in the pursuit of his profession as an

editor, and throughout an active political life, has always felt the
need of a volume from which any important fact, theory or record
could be found at a moment’s glance, and without a search of many
records. He has also remarked the singular fact that no history of the
political parties of the country, as they have faced each other on all
leading issues, has ever been published. These things prompted an
undertaking of the work on his own part, and it is herewith presented
in the hope that it will meet the wants not only of those connected
with politics, but of all who take an interest in public affairs. In this
work very material aid has been rendered by the gentleman whose
name is also associated with its publication, and by many political
friends, who have freely responded during the past year to the calls
made upon them for records, which have been liberally employed in
the writing and compilation of this work.
THOS. V. COOPER.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK I.—HISTORY OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES.
PAGE.
Colonial Parties—Whig and Tory 3
Particularists and Strong Government Whigs 5
Federals and Anti-Federals 6
Republicans and Federals 8
Downfall of the Federals 12
Democrats and Federals 17
Jefferson Democrats 19
Hartford Convention 20
Treaty of Ghent 20
Congressional Caucus 21
Protective Tariff 21
Monroe Doctrine 23
Missouri Compromise 24
Tariff—American System 25
Tenure of Office—Eligibility 27
Nullification—Democrats and Federals 29
United States Bank 31
Jackson’s Special Message on the United States Bank 33
Conception of Slavery Question 35
Democrats and Whigs 37
The Hour Rule 39
National Bank Bill—First 41
„ „ „ Second 43
Oregon Treaty of 1846 47
Treaty of Peace with Mexico 49
Clay’s Compromise Resolutions 51
Abolition Party—Rise and Progress of 53
Kansas-Nebraska Bill 55
Ritual of the American Party 57
Kansas Struggle 71
Lincoln and Douglas Debate 73
Charleston Convention—Democratic, 1860 81
Douglas Convention, 1860, Baltimore 86
Breckinridge Convention, 1860, Baltimore 86
Chicago Republican Convention, 1860 86
American Convention, 1860 87
Secession—Preparing for 87
Secession—Virginia Convention, 1861 91
„ Inter-State Commissioners 96
„ Southern Congress, Proceedings of 97
„ Confederate Constitution 97
„ Confederate States 98
Buchanan’s Views 99
Crittenden Compromise 104
Peace Convention 106
Actual Secession 109
„ „ Transferring Arms to the South 109
Fernando Wood’s Secession Message 112
Congress on the Eve of the Rebellion 113
Lincoln’s Views 115
Judge Black’s Views 115
Alexander H. Stephens’ Speech on Secession 116
Lincoln’s First Administration 120
Confederate Military Legislation 128
Guerrillas 129
Twenty-Negro Exemption Law 130
Douglas on the rebellion 130
Political Legislation Incident to the War 130
Thirty-Seventh Congress 131
Compensated Emancipation 135
Lincoln’s Appeal to the Border States 137
Reply of the Border States 138
Border State Slaves 139
Emancipation 141
„ Preliminary Proclamation of 141
„ Proclamation of 143
Loyal Governors, the Address of 144
Fugitive Slave Law, Repeal of 145
Financial Legislation 149
Seward as Secretary of State 149
Internal Taxes 151
Confederate Debt 152
Confederate Taxes 153
West Virginia—Admission of 158
Color in War Politics 159
Thirteenth Amendment—Passage of 167
Louisiana—Admission of Representatives 168
Reconstruction 169
Arkansas—Admission of 170
Reconstruction Measures—Text of 171
Fourteenth Amendment 174
McClellan’s Political Letters 175
Lincoln’s Second Administration 177
Andrew Johnson and his Policy 178
„ „ —Impeachment Trial 179
Grant 191
Enforcement Acts 193
Readmission of Rebellious States 193
Legal Tender Decision 194
Greenback Party 194
Prohibitory Party 196
San Domingo—Annexation of 196
Alabama Claims 197
Force Bill 197
Civil Service—Order of President Hayes 198
Amnesty 199
Liberal Republicans 199
Reform in the Civil Service 200
Credit Mobilier 200
Salary Grab 214
Returning Boards 217
Grangers 218
„ —Illinois Railroad Act of 1873 218
Civil Rights Bill—Supplementary 221
Morton Amendment 222
Whisky Ring 222
Belknap Impeached 223
White League 223
Wheeler Compromise—Text of 226
Election of Hayes and Wheeler 228
Electoral Count 229
Title of President Hayes 233
Cipher Despatches 234
The Hayes Administration 239
Negro Exodus 240
Campaign of 1880 242
Three Per Cent. Funding Bill 244
History of the National Loans 245
Garfield and Arthur—Inauguration of 253
Republican Factions 253
The Caucus 256
Assassination of Garfield 260
Arthur, President 261
Boss Rule 261
Readjusters 263
Mormonism—Suppression of 264
„ Text of the Bill 265
South American Question 269
Star Route Scandal 277
The Coming States 278
Chinese Question 281
„ „ —Speech of Senator Miller on 281
„ „ —Reply of Senator Hoar 285
Merchant Marine 296
Current Politics 298
Political Changes in 1882, 1883, 1884 304–
318
Cleveland’s Administration 321
Contests of 1885, 1886, 1887 321
The Campaigns of 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888 318–
335
The National Conventions of 1888 336
The Presidential Election of 1888 337
President Harrison’s Message on the Chilean Troubles 339
The National Conventions of 1892 347
BOOK II.—POLITICAL PLATFORMS.
Virginia Resolutions, 1798 2003
Virginia Resolutions, 1798—Answers of the State Legislatures 2006
Resolutions of 1798 and 1799 2010
Washington’s Farewell Address 2014
All National Platforms from 1800 to 1892 2021–
2079
Comparison of Platform Planks on Great Questions 2079–
2104
BOOK III.—GREAT SPEECHES ON GREAT ISSUES.

James Wilson’s Vindication of the Colonies 3003
Patrick Henry before Virginia Delegates 3007
John Adams on the Declaration 3008
Patrick Henry on the Federal Constitution 3010
John Randolph against Tariff 3013
Edward Everett on the Example of the Northern to the
Southern Republics of America 3018
Daniel Webster on the Greek Question 3019
John Randolph’s Reply to Webster 3020
Robert Y. Hayne against Tariff 3021
Henry Clay on his Land Bill 3023
John C. Calhoun’s Reply to Clay 3024
Robt. Y. Hayne on Sales of Public Land—the Foote Resolution 3025
Daniel Webster’s Great Reply to Hayne 3048
John C. Calhoun on the Rights of the States 3080
Henry Clay on the American Protective System 3086
James Buchanan on an Independent Treasury 3095
Lewis Cass on the Missouri Compromise 3096
Clement L. Vallandigham on Slavery 3097
Horace Greeley on Protection 3099
Henry A. Wise Against Know-Nothingism 3109
Kenneth Raynor on the Fusion of Fremont and Fillmore
Forces 3112
Religious Test—Debate on the Article in the Constitution in
Regard to it 3114
Henry Winter Davis on the American Party 3115
Joshua R. Giddings Against the Fugitive Slave Law 3116
Robert Toombs in Favor of Slavery 3117
Judah P. Benjamin on Slave Property 3119
William Lloyd Garrison on the Slavery Question 3120
Theodore Parker Against the Fugitive Slave Law and the
Return of Sims 3121
William H. Seward on the Higher Law 3122
Charles Sumner on the Fallibility of Judicial Tribunals 3123
Galusha A. Grow on his Homestead Bill 3123
Lincoln and Douglas Debate—
„ „ „ Douglas’s Speech 3126
„ „ „ Lincoln’s Reply 3133
„ „ „ Douglas’s Rejoinder 3143
Jefferson Davis on Retiring from the United States Senate 3147
Henry Wilson on the Greeley Canvass 3149
Oliver P. Morton on the National Idea 3151
J. Proctor Knott on “Duluth” 3154
Henry Carey on the Rates of Interest 3159
Simon Cameron on Internal Improvements 3163
John A. Logan on Self-Government 3165
James G. Blaine on the “False Issue” 3171
Roscoe Conkling on the Extra Session of 1879 3176
Lincoln’s Speech at Gettysburg 3186
John M. Broomall on Civil Rights 3186
Charles A. Eldridge against Civil Rights 3189
A. K. McClure on “What of the Republic?” 3191
Robt. G. Ingersoll Nominating Blaine 3201
Roscoe Conkling Nominating Grant 3202
James A. Garfield Nominating Sherman 3203
Daniel Dougherty Nominating Hancock 3205
George Gray Nominating Bayard 3205
William P. Frye Nominating Blaine (at Chicago) 3206
Senator Hill’s Denunciation of Mahone 3207
Senator Mahone’s Reply 3217
Justin S. Morrill on the Tariff Commission 3223
J. Don Cameron on Reduction of Revenue as Affecting the
Tariff 3233
Thomas H. Benton on the Election of Presidents 3237
James G. Blaine’s Eulogy on President Garfield 3240
G. H. Pendleton on Civil Service 3251
John J. Ingalls Against Civil Service 3262
Samuel J. Randall on the Tariff 3274
William McKinley, Jr., on the Tariff 3277
Chauncey M. Depew Nominating Harrison 3283
Leon Abbett Nominating Cleveland 3285
BOOK IV.—PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE, Etc.

Declaration of Independence 4003
Articles of Confederation 4006
Jefferson’s Manual 4022
BOOK V.—TABULATED HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGICAL

POLITICS.
Statistics of General Information 5003–
5024
Chronological Politics 5025
AMERICAN POLITICS.
BOOK I.
HISTORY OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES
OF THE
UNITED STATES.

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5 Steps to a 5: AP U.S.

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Trademarks: McGraw Hill, the McGraw Hill logo, 5 Steps to a 5, and

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This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its

THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND

Cross-Platform Prep Course

STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program

STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness

STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success

STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

ELITE STUDENT EDITION 5 Minutes to a 5

So, you have decided to take AP U.S. History. Prepare to be

Organization of the Book

Step 1: Set Up Your Study Program

Step 2: Determine Your Test Readiness

Step 3: Develop Strategies for Success

Step 4: Review the Knowledge You Need to

Step 5: Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

Graphics Used in This Book

The second icon calls your attention to a problem-solving

Boldface words indicate terms that are included in the glossary

Set Up Your Study Program

CHAPTER 1 What You Need to Know About the AP U.S.

What You Need to Know About

Advanced Placement Program

Who Writes the AP Exams? Who Scores Them?

Benefits of the AP Exam

AP U.S. History Exam

Periods of U.S. History

Structure of the AP U.S. History Exam

Night Before the Exam

Last-minute cramming of massive amounts of material will not help

What to Bring to the Exam

Here are some suggestions:

What Not to Bring to the Exam

Day of the Test

Preparing for the AP U.S. History

Creating a Study Plan

THREE PLANS FOR TEST PREPARATION

Plan A: Yearlong Preparation for the AP U.S.

Title: American politics (non-partisan) from the beginning to date

Author: Thomas V. Cooper

Release date: August 27, 2023 [eBook #71502]

Original publication: Philadelpia: Fireside Publishing Company,

Credits: Richard Tonsing, David Edwards, and the Online

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN

FROM THE BEGINNING TO DATE.

A HISTORY OF ALL THE POLITICAL

THEIR VIEWS AND RECORDS ON ALL

TABULATED HISTORY AND

By HON. THOMAS V. COOPER,

FIFTEENTH AND REVISED EDITION.

ALTEMUS’ BOOK BINDERY,

The writer of this volume, in the pursuit of his profession as an