An MINI project -1 Report

on
IMPROVING SYNCHRONIZATION STABILITY BY POWER
COMPENSATION CONTROL FOR DFIG- BASED WIND TURBINES
DURING SEVERE GRID FAULTS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

S. DEVA HARSHINI 208W1A0244

B. GOPI 208W1A0209
A. MURALIDHAR 208W1A0202
D. MOUNIKA 208W1A0215

Under the guidance of

Sri. V. HARI VAMSI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

V. R. SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Sponsored by SAGTE, Kanuru, Vijayawada-520007
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA and NAAC ‘A+’ GRADE)
2023- May 2023

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

V. R. SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the MINI project-1 report titled “IMPROVING

SYNCHRONIZATION STABILITY BY POWER COMPENSATION CONTROL
FOR DFIG- BASED WIND TURBINES DURING SEVERE GRID FAULTS ” is a
bonafide record of work done by S.DEVA HARSHINI(208W1A0244),
B.GOPI(208W1A0209), A.MURALIDHAR(208W1A0202) and D.MOUNIKA
(208W1A0215) under my guidance and supervision and is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, V.R. Siddhartha Engineering College,
(Autonomous, Affiliated to JNTUK) during the academic year 2022-2023.

Sri. V. HARI VAMSI Dr.P.V.R.L. NARASIMHAM

Assistant Professor Professor & HOD
EEE Dept. EEE Dept.

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work is being presented in this MINI-1 project report
“IMPROVING SYNCHRONIZATION STABILITY BY POWER
COMPENSATION CONTROL FOR DFIG-BASED WIND TURBINES
DURING SEVERE GRID FAULTS” submitted towards the partial fulfillment of
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
Engineering in V. R. Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada is an authentic
record of our work carried out under the supervision of Sri. V. HARI VAMSI,
Assistant Professor in EEE Department, in V. R. Siddhartha Engineering College,
Vijayawada. The matter embodied in this dissertation report has not been submitted
by us for the award of any other degree. Furthermore, the technical details furnished
in various chapters of this report are purely relevant to the above MINI-1 PROJECT.

S.DEVA HARSHINI(208W1A0244)

B.GOPI(208W1A0209)

A.MURALIDHAR(208W1A0202)

D.MOUNIKA(208W1A0215)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Presentation and motivation always play a key role in the success of any
venture.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr.A.V.Ratna Prasad, Principal,

Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Kanuru, Vijayawada.

We pay our deep sense of gratitude to Dr.P.V.R.L.Narasimham, HOD,

Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Dr.A.VEERA REDDY, Asst.Prof,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for encouraging us to the highest peak and for
providing us the opportunity to prepare the project. We are immensely obliged to our
classmates for their elevating inspiration, encouraging guidance and kind supervision
in the completion of our project.

We acknowledge our indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to our

respected guide Sri.V.HARI VAMSI, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering who has offered good guidance and kind supervision throughout the
course to shape this present work.

Finally, we conclude by conveying thanks to those who helped us in finalizing

the project within the limited time frame.

S.DEVA HARSHINI(208W1A0244)

B.GOPI (208W1A0209)

A.MURALIDHAR(208W1A0202)

D.MOUNIKA(208W1A0215)

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 ABSTRACT

Wind turbines produce electricity by making use of wind energy to rotate the rotor of
the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). DFIGs are used for variable-speed
applications like utility grids. DFIG wind turbines can be operated as synchronous
generators, allowing the inertia of the large rotating mass of the wind turbine rotor to
be added to the system inertia. At the equilibrium point which is also called the
operating point, the aerodynamic forces generated by wind passing over the blades are
equal and opposite to the mechanical forces generated by rotor rotation. This balance
of forces results in a stable operating condition for the turbine and allows it to work
efficiently.

During severe grid disturbances, due to the lack of an equilibrium point,

wind turbines (WT’s) are vulnerable to losing synchronization. To address the
problem, our title demonstrates an active power balance management for doubly fed
induction generator-based WT to improve transient synchronization stability. The
approach regulates the active power of WT to control network power loss. The
suggested method has a wider range of application situations than the previously
existing ones because it avoids employing the frequency error as a control signal.

Keywords: DFIG, Grid faults, Synchronization stability, Operating point, Active

power, Frequency error avoidance, Simulation

Content
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s
1. INTRODUCTION:................................................................................................7
1.1 Motivation:......................................................................................................8
2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:................................................................................8
3. SOLUTIONS:.......................................................................................................9
4. FEASIBLE SOLUTION:....................................................................................10
4.1 System description:.……………………………………………………….10
4.2 Analysis of synchronization instability:........................................................11
4.3 Power compensation control:........................................................................13

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:...................15

5.1 Block diagram of general topology of wind turbine:………………………15

5.2 Block diagram description of general topology:……………………………...16

5.3 Block diagram of proposed power compensation:…………………………………17

6. WORK CARRIED OUT:....................................................................................18

6.1 Simulation model of wind turbine connected to grid:…………………….18

6.2 Simulation model of proposed method:…………………………………..18

7. CONCLUSION:..................................................................................................19
8. REFERENCES:………………………………………………………………..20

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 1. INTRODUCTION

The stability WTs have received significant attention globally. In dfig WTs, Due to
the reactive current injection imposed by grid code during a major grid fault, WTs are
more likely to lose their equilibrium point. WTs may have synchronization difficulties
and potentially disconnect from the grid in this situation. Some studies have made
explorations for synchronization instability caused by the loss of equilibrium point
during severe grid fault.

Existing analyses on this problem proposed:

 Some analysis says that the loss of equilibrium point is caused by additional
positive feedback from the output currents of WTs. The existence of an
equilibrium point during grid faults is also investigated using the voltage-vector
triangle graphic method and the quasi-steady state model.

 All the mentioned studies demonstrate that the existence of equilibrium point is
determined by the output current of WTs, so that some stability-improving
methods for modified active current reference have been proposed. A grid-
frequency-based regulator is also introduced to modify the active current
reference.

 There have been some proposals on active power balancing control scheme based
on frequency error, that adjust the active current loop. The connection between
the frequency error control loop and the current controller can enhance system
damping and improve synchronization stability.

 These methods rely on 50 Hz as the reference frequency for calculating error and
can effectively improve stability. However, during severe grid faults or frequency
excursions, when the power grid is no longer operating at 50 Hz, these methods
may fail to operate.

Proposed title depicts:

 This paper investigates synchronization instability that arises when there is no
equilibrium point, with a focus on power balance. To address this problem, a
power compensation control method is proposed that utilizes a d-axis current

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 reference derived from the power loss of the grid. This approach has a well-
defined physical mechanism and can be employed even during frequency
excursions.

1.1. Motivation

Improving stability in DFIG-based wind turbines during severe grid faults is an

important research topic because it has significant implications for the reliable and
safe operation of wind turbines. By working on a project to improve stability in
DFIG-based wind turbines during severe grid faults, we can contribute to the
development of more efficient and reliable wind turbine systems. This project has the
potential to help address one of the key challenge facing the wind energy industry,
that is improving the overall performance of wind turbines. Moreover, this research
can have significant practical applications. As the use of renewable energy continues
to grow, the need for reliable and stable wind turbine systems will become
increasingly important.

2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

 The problem addressed in this project is the vulnerability of doubly fed induction
generator-based wind turbines to losing synchronization during severe grid
disturbances. The lack of an equilibrium point can result in instability, causing
significant power losses and potential damage to the equipment.

 The aim of the project is to develop an active power balance management

approach that regulates the active power of the wind turbine to improve transient
synchronization stability and control network power loss. The approach should be
more versatile than existing methods by avoiding the use of frequency error as a
control signal.

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 3. SOLUTIONS

 Reactive Power Control: Reactive power control can also be used to improve
the stability of DFIG-based wind turbines during severe grid faults. By
controlling the reactive power output of the wind turbine, it is possible to
maintain the voltage of the wind turbine and keep it stable during
disturbances.
Drawback of this solution: Reactive power control can be effective in
maintaining the voltage stability of the wind turbine during disturbances, but it
requires advanced control strategies that can be difficult to implement and
optimize. In addition, the reactive power control system can add complexity
and cost to the wind turbine.
 Fault Ride-Through Capability: Another solution is to design wind turbines
with fault ride-through capability. This means that the wind turbine is
designed to stay connected to the grid during faults and continue to supply
power to the grid. This can be achieved through the use of advanced control
strategies that allow the wind turbine to adjust its output during disturbances.
Drawback of this solution: While fault ride-through capability is a desirable
feature for wind turbines, it requires additional hardware and software
components that can increase the cost and complexity of the wind turbine. In
addition, wind turbines with fault ride-through capability may be less efficient
than those without this feature, which can reduce the overall energy
production of the wind farm.
 Frequency error control: The objective is to regulate the frequency deviation
between the DFIG system and the grid, ensuring precise synchronization. By
employing the frequency error control method, the system can quickly detect
and correct frequency deviations, enhancing stability and mitigating the risk of
synchronization loss during severe grid faults.
Drawbacks of this solution: This method is not much effective during
frequency excursions. Implementing frequency error control adds complexity
to the control system of the wind turbine. It requires additional sensors,
algorithms, and control strategies, which may increase overall complexity of

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 system. This method may introduce additional power fluctuations in DFIG
system.
 Energy Storage Systems: Energy storage systems can also be used to improve
the stability of DFIG-based wind turbines during severe grid faults. By storing
excess energy during normal operation, the energy storage system can supply
power to the wind turbine during disturbances, helping to maintain stability
and ensure uninterrupted power supply to the grid.
Drawback of this solution: Energy storage systems can be effective in
providing power to the wind turbine during disturbances, but they also require
additional hardware and software components that can increase the cost and
complexity of the wind turbine. In addition, energy storage systems have
limited capacity and may not be able to provide power for extended periods of
time.

4. FEASIBLE SOLUTION

4.1. System description

The generic topology and control block of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-
based WT is considered. The power grid is represented as an ideal power source U g in
series with the grid impedance Zg. After the suppression of over-current and over-voltage,
during the low-voltage sustaining stage of low-voltage ride through (LVRT), the WTs will
provide reactive current to support the restoration of grid voltage according to grid code.
However, if the grid voltage is very low, the WT is prone to lose synchronization with the
grid at this stage. In the dq-frame, the equations of stator flux and voltage for DFIG can
be expressed as;

ψ sd = Lmird− Lsisd

ψ sq = Lmirq− Lsisq ……….(1)

usd = −Rsisd + dψ sd/dt − ω sψ sq

usq = −Rsisq + dψ sq/dt + ωsψ sd ………(2)

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Where ψ s and us are the stator flux and voltage, respectively. is and ir are the stator
and rotor current, respectively. Subscripts ‘d’ and ‘q’ denote the d- and q-axis
components, respectively. Rs is the stator resistance. Ls and Lm are the stator and
magnetizing inductance, respectively. ω S is the grid angular frequency.

Neglecting the flux dynamic and the small Rs, then according to (1) and (2), the stator
current can be derived as

usd = −Xmirq + Xsisq

usq = Xmird − Xsisd ……….(3)

where Xm = ω sLm, Xs = ω sLs. As can be seen, usd depends on isq and irq, and usq is
determined by isd and ird. From the equivalent circuit of DFIG-based WT under grid
fault, the quasi-static equation of the network is

usd = Ugcosδ + Rgisd − Xgisq

usq = −Ugsinδ + Rgisq+ Xgisd ……….(4)

Where Rg and Xg are the grid resistance and reactance. The angle between grid
voltage Ug and stator voltage Us is defined as the power angle δ . Is is the vector of
stator current.

4.2. Analysis of synchronization instability

When the equation (4) satisfies, the equilibrium point will exist. DFIG-based wind
turbines are subject to certain constraints imposed by grid code during Low Voltage
Ride Through (LVRT) events. These constraints affect both the rotor reference
current and stator current. The limitations on the rotor reference current can lead to a
loss of equilibrium point. Specifically, the grid code requires DFIG-based wind
turbines to supply reactive current during LVRT, whereas there are no specific
requirements for active current, which is typically set to zero, i.e.

irq = −K1× (0.9− Us) 0.2 ≤ Us ≤ 0.9

−1 Us < 0.2 ………. (5)

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 ird = 0 ……….(6)

Where K1 is the current gain ranging from 1.5 to 3. In addition, due to the d-axis
stator voltage orientation of PLL, the stable operation of the system requires u sq = 0
and usd =Us. Then, (4) can be further simplified as

Rgisq+ Xgisd = Ugsinδ ………..(7)

The existence of the solution of (7) requires

|Rgisq+ Xgisd| ≤ Ug …………(8)

Thus, (8) is a criterion for the existence of equilibrium point. According to (3) and
(6), isd = 0, then (8) can be re-expressed as

|Rgisq| < Ug …………(9)

As a consequence, synchronization stability of DFIG-based WT is affected by grid

voltage and grid resistance.

Figure1. Synchronization stability region with variation of Rg and Ug

As can be seen, with the decreases of U g, isq (solid line) will gradually increase and
cross the dash-dot line, and then it tends to vanish due to loss of system equilibrium.
Furthermore, the equilibrium point is prone to vanish with the increase of R g during
severe grid fault.

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Thus, DFIG-based WT may lose the synchronism under smaller grid voltage and
larger grid resistance.

4.3. Power compensation control

The stator current flows though the voltage and resistance to generate the active
power. And the active power keeps balance when DFIG-based WT operates in
equilibrium point, which can be expressed as

usdisd − (i2sd+ i2sq)Rg = ugdisd+ ugqisq …………..(10)

Pe - Ploss = Pg

Where Pe, Ploss, and Pg are DFIG-based WT active power, active power loss of grid,
and the active power transmitted from power grid, respectively. However, since the
active rotor current is zero (i sd = 0), there is no active power generated from DFIG-
based WT (i.e., Pe = 0). Meanwhile, q-axis stator current flowing though grid
resistance Rg results in active power loss, which can be only compensated by active
power transmitted from power grid in this case. Equation (10) combining (6) yields
further as

isqRg = ugq < U g …………..(11)

Figure2. Stability boundary of Pg

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As can be observed, the loss of equilibrium point will occur owing to a violation of
the inequality with a decrease in grid voltage and a rise in grid resistance (11).
Figure2 illustrates how Pg tends to disappear when it crosses the stability boundary,
which occurs when the active power is imbalanced, or when Ploss > Pg.

It is obvious that increasing Pe will reduce the instability risk because P e and Pg will be
able to jointly make up for P loss. Additionally, there is no active power sent to the
power grid (i.e., Pg = 0) if DFIG-based WT active power Pe can completely
compensate the grid loss P loss alone.

Based on this, a power compensation control is suggested to improve synchronisation

stability, and a block diagram of the entire control block is shown. The d-axis rotor
current is controlled by an auxiliary active power control loop. The d-axis rotor current
reference can be expressed as

i*rd = (kp_p + ki_p /s) (Ploss − Pe)

where kp_p and ki_p are the proportional coefficient and integral coefficient of PI compensator,
respectively. To compare with actual active power Pe, the power loss signal Ploss is
employed as a reference control signal. Ploss is calculated by I2sRg and the q-axis rotor
current reference is set according to the requirement by the grid code. In addition, the
proposed method can operate during zero voltage ride through since the Pg can be
controlled to zero regardless of the grid voltage.

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 5. BLOCK DIAGRAM

5.1. Block diagram of general topology and control block of DFIG

based wind turbine

Figure3. General topology and control block of DFIG-based wind turbine

5.1. Block diagram description

 Wind Turbine: The rotor blades of the wind turbine convert the kinetic energy of
the wind into mechanical energy with angular velocity Wr and angular
displacement θr and the input power be Pin.
 DFIG: The DFIG is the generator that converts the mechanical energy from the
wind turbine into electrical energy. The DFIG consists of a stator winding and

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 two sets of rotor windings, one for the stator frequency and another for the grid
frequency.
 TR: Transformer is located between the generator and the grid connection point.
It steps up the low voltage generated by the DFIG generator to the higher voltage
required for transmission to the grid. The transformer also provides electrical
isolation between the generator and the grid and may also provide other functions
such as grounding, filtering, and protection against lightning strikes and other
electrical disturbances.
 Power Grid: In wind turbines, the power grid is the network of transmission lines
and other infrastructure that connect the wind turbines to the electrical grid.
 DC Link: DC link refers to the electrical connection between the RSC and GSC.It
allows the RSC and the GSC to exchange electrical power and maintain
synchronization between the rotor and the grid. It typically made up of capacitors
or batteries that can store and discharge electrical energy.
 PLL: PLL stands for Phase-Locked Loop. The PLL is used to synchronize the
voltage and frequency of the generator with the grid. It measures the phase
difference between the voltage of the generator and the grid, and then adjusts the
voltage and frequency of the generator to match the grid.
 Current Control: Current control is used to regulate the flow of current in the
rotor winding of the generator to control the power output of the wind turbine.
 SVPWM: (Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation): Control technique used to
generate the switching signals for the converter's power switches (IGBTs) that
can control the voltage and frequency of the AC output voltage. The technique is
based on the concept of a space vector, that represents the combined magnitude
and direction of the three-phase AC voltage signals. The reference voltage and
frequency signals are transformed into a rotating reference frame. By controlling
the amplitude and phase angle of the space vector, the converter can control the
AC output voltage.
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Technique used to control the power flow
between the generator and the grid used in both GSC and RSC to generate
variable voltage and frequency waveforms. It works by switching the power
electronics devices in the converters at a high frequency. The duration of each
switching cycle is called the pulse width, by varying the pulse width, the

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 converter can generate a waveform that closely approximates a sinusoidal
waveform with the desired voltage and frequency.

5.2. Block diagram of proposed method

Figure4. Control block of proposed power compensation method

Based on this, a power compensation control is suggested to improve synchronisation

stability, and a block diagram of the entire control block is shown. The d-axis rotor
current is controlled by an auxiliary active power control loop. The power loss signal
Ploss is employed as a reference control signal to compare with actual active power P e.
Ploss is calculated by I2sRg and the q-axis rotor current reference is set according to the
requirement by the grid code. In addition, the proposed method can operate during
zero voltage ride-through since the Pg can be controlled to zero regardless of the grid
voltage.

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 6. WORK CARRIED OUT

6.1. Simulink model of wind turbine connected to grid

Figure5. Simulink model of wind turbine connected to grid

An experimental simulation model of a DFIG-based wind turbine connected to the

grid was designed.

This model shows active and reactive power at both rotor and grid side of system that
ultimately shows synchronization between rotor and grid.

6.2. Simulink model of proposed method

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 An experimental simulation model of a DFIG-based wind turbine connected to the
grid with three phase fault was designed.

This model involves the rotor side and grid side converters that controls the power
according to our proposed compensation method.

7. CONCLUSION

This letter analyses severe grid fault-induced synchronization instability brought on

by the loss of the equilibrium point. The active power balance may degrade to the
point where DFIG-based WT loses synchronization as a result of the significant
power loss and the meager grid transmission power. Based on this, a power
compensation control is suggested, which would compensate for all power loss using
the active power control method in a DFIG-based WT. Since frequency excursions
and zero voltage, ride-through are two difficult procedures, the proposed approach
can thereby enhance the synchronization stability in these situations.

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 8. REFERENCES

[1] X.He, H.Geng, R.Li, and B.C. Pal, “Transient stability analysis and enhancement
of renewable energy conversion system during LVRT” IEEE Transactions,
Sustainable Energy, vol.11, no.3, pp.1612-1623. 2020.

[2] Liao, Y.; Li, H.; Yao, J.; Zhuang, K. “Operation and control of a grid-connected
DFIG-based wind turbine with a series grid-side converter during network
unbalance”. Electrical Power System Resources, 81, 228–236. 2011.

[3] B. Singh, K. Singh, and D.P. Kothari. “A review of decentralized control

strategies for large-scale wind turbine systems.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4703-4715. 2008.

[4] J. H. Lee, J. Lee, and J. Cho. “Active damping control for power oscillation in a
doubly-fed induction generator-based wind turbine.” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1227-1236. 2009.

[5] Chomat, M. “Extended vector control of doubly fed machine under unbalanced
power network conditions”. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Power
Electronics Machines and Drives, Sante Fe, NM, USA, 4–7; Volume 2002, pp. 329–
334. 2011.

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[6] T. Senjyu, N. Urasaki, and T. Funabashi. “A unified power quality conditioner for
a grid-connected wind turbine system”. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 435-442. 2008.

[7] M. Singh, A. K. Srivastava, and M. Tripathi. ‘Modelling and simulation of DFIG-

based wind turbine for grid-connected applications”. IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy. 2017

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