Moving Charges and Magnetism

When charge moves it also produces magnetic field. According to

Oersted, he concluded that moving charges or currents produced
a magnetic field in the surrounding space.

Formulae:
Lorentz Force: Combination of two forces –electrostatic force and magnetic force. Hence,
F = F Electric + F Magnetic = q[ E + (v  B )] = qE + qvB sin 

• Magnetic force on a straight current-carrying conductor: F = I (l  B )

• For an any shaped wire: F = I  dl j  B
j

Motion in Magnetic Field:

• When moving charge is kept in motion in magnetic field then it follows helical path.

mv 2 mv
Hence, = qvB , r=
r qB
qB
• Angular Frequency,  = 2 v =
m

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Moving Charges and Magnetism

Cyclotron:
qB
• Cyclotron Frequency, vc =
2 m
2 m
• Time Period, T =
qB
• Condition for resonance: Applied voltage frequency(Va )=Cyclotron Frequency(Vc )
qBR
• Velocity of accelerated ion, v =
m
2 2 2
1 q B R
• Kinetic Energy of ions: mv 2 =
2 2m
Bio Savart’s Law:
o dl  r
• Magnetic field due to current element dl at a distance r, dB = ,
4 r 3
o dl sin 
dB =
4 r2

where

o
= 10−7 Tm / A and μ o =permeability of free space
4
• Magnetic field at the axis of circular current carrying wire:
o IR 2
B = Bxiˆ = iˆ
2( x 2 + R 2 )3/2
I
And , at x=0, center of the loop Bo = o iˆ
2R
• Magnetic field due to a current in straight conductor:

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Moving Charges and Magnetism

• Magnetic field at perpendicular bisector of a straight current carrying conductor:

 i
Bo = o . (2sin  )
4 r
 i
• Magnetic field due to a semi-infinite wire: Bo = o .
4 r
• Magnetic field due to a wire at the axial position: B=0

Ampere’s Circuital Law:  B.dl =  Io

• Magnetic field due to an infinite long straight wire of radius a, current I and at a
point r:
 Ir
a. At r<a, B = o 3
2 a
I
b. r=a, B = o
2 a
I
c. r>a, B = o
2 r
• Magnetic field due to solenoid:

o NI
B = o nI = , N = number of turns and L= length of rod
L
o NI
• Magnetic field due to Toroid: B = o nI =
2 R
• Force between two parallel currents carrying wire I1 and I2 at distance d:
II
F21 = I 2 LB2 = o 1 2 L and F21 = − F12
2 d

Torque on current loop, magnetic dipole:

• Torque on a rectangular current loop in uniform magnetic field:
a. When plane of the loop is along with magnetic field:  = IAB, where
A= area of rectangle and B= magnetic field.
b. When plane of the loop is not along with magnetic field:  = IAB sin 
• Magnetic moment of current loop is: m = IA
• Therefore, torque would be:  = m  B
• In case of electrostatic then it has electric dipole of dipole moment pe in electric
field E:  = pe  E

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Moving Charges and Magnetism

Circular Current loop as a magnetic dipole: Magnetic field in terms of magnetic moment:
m
B = o 3 , where m=IA and x= distance from the dipole.
2 x
e e
The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron: l = (me vr ) = l where l = me vr
2me 2me
nh
and l= magnitude of the angular momentum, from Bohr’s hypothesis l = .
2

The moving coil galvanometer:

• Torque produced when current flows through the coil:  = NIAB
• Counter torque produced by spring that balances the magnetic torque: k = NIAB
where k= torsional constant of the spring i.e., the restoring torque per unit turns and
NAB
 is deflection on the scale by a pointer attached to spring. Hence,  = I
k
• For measuring currents, the galvanometer has to be connected in series. In this case
we connect a low resistance called shunt in parallel with the galvanometer coil.

• For measuring voltage, the galvanometer also can be used as a voltmeter to measure
the voltage throughout a given phase of the circuit. For this the voltmeter should be
connected in parallel with that phase of the circuit.

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Moving Charges and Magnetism

  NAB  I  NAB  1
=  = 
V  k  V  k R

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