Slide 1:

Aliza: Hello everyone, Today, we will show you how a submarine works.

Slide 2:

Phat: Our group have 4 people: Thomas, Aliza, Alice, and me, Phatz from Sentinels.

Slide 3:

Alice: Table of content (read on slide)

Slide 4:

Thomas: So firstly, we will explain what submarines are. They are vehicles used for underwater
transportation. With its advanced technology, it can stay underwater for a long time. There are
different reasons why submarines are used, such as military missions, scientific research, and
ocean exploration. By using them, we could learn much more about what’s under the water.

Slide 5:

Thomas: Now, let’s take a look at how a submarine works.

Aliza: Submarines have ballast tanks that can be filled with water or air to control their
buoyancy. The ballast tanks are filled with air when the submarine is on the surface. As a
result, the submarine has a lower density than water. Water replaces air in the ballast tanks
when the submarine dives. This makes the density of the submarine greater than the density of
the water and the submarine sinks. When the crew wants to go back to the surface, they
pump compressed air into the ballast tanks to force water out. This is how a submarine floats and
dive.

Phat: Sonar systems detect, track, and identify underwater objects. By emitting sound waves
and analyzing their echoes, submarines gather information about the underwater
environment, including other vessels or potential threads. This is how the crew members
‘see’ the outside environment

Alice: The control room acts as the nerve center of the submarine. It houses
navigation systems, periscopes, sonar equipment, and control consoles. From here,
commanding officers and crew monitor and control the submarine's
operations.

Thomas: The outside shell of the submarine is called the hull. It has 2 main
function: to withstand the water pressure, protecting the submarine, and to provide
a hydrodynamically efficient shape, making the buoyancy force more efficient.
 Phat: Engineering spaces are where machinery, equipment, and systems related to
propulsion, power generation, and life support are located. This includes engines,
generators, pumps, electrical systems, and air purification systems.

Slide 6:

Aliza: Pressure plays an important role in a submarine. When A submarine goes deep
underwater, the water pressure arround it very strong. This pressure helps to keep the
submarine's structure strong and intact. By adjusting the amount of water in its ballast tanks, the
submarine can control how deep it goes and how buoyant it is. The submarine's design is made
to withstand this pressure and keep the water out. However, the high pressure can also make
things more challenging for the crew and the equipment inside. So, submarines are built with
special systems and materials that can handle the strong pressure deep underwater.

Slide 7:

Thomas: Underwater travel also comes with a lot of risks. For example, submarines have a finite
supply of breathable air, and malfunctions in oxygen generation or filtration systems can be
deadly. Furthermore, underwater visibility can be limited, and navigating through heavy traffic
or near geographical obstacles increases the risk of collisions with other vessels or the seabed,
which will easily break the submarine and kills the crew members. Getting stuck on the seabed
due to navigational errors or mechanical problems can also. Complex machinery breakdowns,
especially in propulsion or life support systems, can be critical. Due to all of these risk, confined
environment, and high pressure, crew member can get fatigued, increasing the chance of human
errors. Submarines often operate submerged with limited radio contact, hindering
communication with command centers and emergency response.

Slide 8:

Phat: Let’s take a look at how submarines communicate with the outside world while
underwater. For shallow communications, they could use Very Low Frequency, or VLF, radio. It
offers low bandwidth, and can only support text messages and basic data transfer. For deeper
dives, submarines deploy a tethered buoy equipped with an antenna that floats near the surface.
The submarine communicates with the surface station through the buoy's antenna. In
emergencies or situations requiring high-bandwidth communication, submarines may surface and
raise their antennas. However, this exposes them to detection, so it's a last resort. Submarines can
sometimes use underwater telephones for short-range communication with surface vessels or
other submerged platforms. These systems transmit sound waves underwater, but their range is
limited.

Slide 9:
Alice: read on slide

Do experiment

Slide 10: ty for listening