EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

FIRST SEMESTER
1

WEEK 14: IIB. BIOENERGETICS:

Organisms Obtain and Uses Energy

Learning Competencies:
 Trace the energy flow from the environment to the cells. S11/12LT-IIbd-6
 Described how organisms obtain and utilize energy.S11/12LT-IIbd-7
 Recognize that organisms require energy to carry out functions required for
life. S11/12LT-IIbd-8

MISSION 1: Introductory activity

- What is energy?

- What are the energy giving molecules?

- How did organisms obtain and uses energy?

- How do cells carry out their functions required for life?

The plant, the caterpillar, and the bird are all living things. Like any other living things, these
organisms need energy in order to live. You, as living thing, also need energy to power up
everything you do. Whether you are running or sleeping, your body uses energy. In fact, every
cell in your body needs energy to carry out its processes. Where do organisms get energy?
How do different organisms utilize the energy coming from the sun?

ENERGY FOR LIFE

Energy is the ability to do work.

All life forms need energy.
Energy is also necessary in metabolism.
Energy flows starts when energy is captured
It is then changed in form, used for work, and lost as heat. Unlike matter energy
cannot be recycled. It is the reason why there is a need for constant input of
energy in all organisms.
HOW DO ORGANISMS GET ENERGY?

Organisms usually get the chemical energy they need from the food. Food
consist of organic molecules that store energy in the form of chemical energy.

I. TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
Energy
Is the capacity to do work
Thermodynamics
Study of flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
II. LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

First law
Energy can be converted from one form to another; it cannot be created or
destroyed.
Second law
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Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy

MISSION 2: Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least
amount of usable energy?

Entropy: a measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamics system that is

also usually considered to baa measure of the system disorder, that is property of the
system state, and that varies directly with any reversible change in heat in the system and
inversely with the temperature of the system.

III. HETEROTROPHS AND AUTOTROPHS

AUTOTROPS

Organisms that make their own food

Use energy from sunlight to make their food.
EX: Plants
HETEROTROPS

Organisms that ingest food to obtain energy

HOW DO CELLS RELEASE ENERGY?

Energy stored in food molecules is released in a series of enzyme-catalyzed

chemical reactions.
When cells break down molecules, some of the energy released is in the form of
heat.
The rest of the energy is stored as ATP
ENERGY GIVING MOLECULES

All molecules mainly use two types of energy giving molecule: glucose and ATP.
GLUCOSE
o Is made during photosynthesis. With the help of light energy from the
sun, water, and carbon dioxide, plants create glucose where chemical
energy is stored in concentrated and stable form. In the human body,
glucose is transported by the blood and taken up by the cells as energy
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source. The stored energy in glucose is released in reverse reaction

photosynthesis called cellular respiration.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
o Molecules store smaller amounts of energy, but each molecule
releases enough energy to do the work within the cell.
o It is the energy carrying molecule used by the cell
o Is made up during the first half of photosynthesis and is used during
the second half where glucose is made. It is also used for energy by
the cells for other important cellular processes. But how does ATP
gives energy? The energy from ATP is released when it gives up one
of its three phosphates. Doing so changes its form from ATP to ADP.
 ATP+WATER---------------ADP+INORGANIC PHOSPHATE+ENERGY
IV. ENERGY IN CELLS

Metabolism
 All of the chemical reactions in a cell
Photosynthesis
 Light energy from sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell
(anabolic pathway)
Cellular Respiration
 Organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
(catabolic pathway)

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF METABOLISM?

Catabolism
 Breaking down of complex molecules into
simpler compounds releasing energy.
 The set of metabolic processes that
breakdown large molecules
 The propose of the catabolic reactions is
to provide the energy and components
needed by anabolic reactions
Anabolism
 Synthesis of complex molecules from
simpler ones by consuming energy
 The set of constructive metabolic
processes where the energy released by
catabolism is used to synthesize complex
molecules
 Anabolism involves three basic stages.

CATABOLIC PATHWAYS
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ANABOLIC PATHWAYS

A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product.

Each step is catalyzed by specific enzymes

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Metabolism
all the products of digestion are metabolized to acetyl-CoA oxidized by the citric acid
cycle

MISSION 3:

Create a flowchart that shows how organisms obtain and use energy.
Use any of the following materials:
o Short bondpaper
o Construction paper
o Art paper
o Japanese paper
o Coloring pens or marker
Criteria

Content: ------------------------------------------------------50%
Creativity: ----------------------------------------------------25%
Organization: ------------------------------------------------25%%
Total: -----------------------------------------------------------100%

STACK:

Living things need energy to carry out all life’s processes. Living things get energy
from food. Organisms use different ways to obtain and use energy. Autotrophs make their
own food while heterotrophs get energy from the food they consume. Glucose and ATP
are used for energy by living things. Autotrophs produce glucose using the process of
photosynthesis. This process occurs in two stages, the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
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WEEK 15: IIB. BIOENERGETICS:

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Learning Competencies:
 Explain how photosynthetic organisms use light energy to combine carbon
dioxide and water to form energy – rich compound. 11/12LT-IIbd-5
 Described how organisms obtain and utilize energy.S11/12LT-IIbd-7
 Recognize that organisms require energy to carry out functions required for
life. S11/12LTIIbd-8

MISSION 1: Introductory activity

 What photosynthesis?

 What is cellular respiration?

 What is the importance of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

 Where do living things get the energy they need?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is often regarded as the most important life processes on earth.
Through this process, more than 99% of the energy used by all living things is provided.
Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy, and releases
oxygen. Photosynthesis has many chemical reactions.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANELLES

Photosynthetic pigments are unique pigments found in all photosynthetic

organisms such as plants and some bacteria. These pigments capture light
energy necessary for photosynthesis. Plants have two groups’ of pigments
– chlorophylls and carotenoids.
o Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
 are green pigments that absorb all wavelengths of light in red,
blue and violet ranges.
Carotenoids
o Are yellow, orange and red pigments. They absorb light in blue,
green, and violet ranges. The pigment found in red algae, called the
phycobilins, which give them their reddish color, absorb light in blue
and green ranges.
. PHOTOSYSTEM

Are groups of molecules, which include chlorophyll, that are involved in

photosynthesis.
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PLANT STRUCTURES

Obtaining raw materials:

Sunlight
o Leaves – solar
collector
CO2
o Stomata – gas
exchange
o Found under
leaves.
H20
o Uptake from
roots
Nutrients
o N,P,K,S,Mg,Fe
o Uptake from
roots.

Chloroplasts
o Are cell organelles
found in plants and
algae.
Thylakoids
o Is the site of
photosystem 11 and
II.
Stroma
o Is the space
found outside the
thylakoids
o It is where the
Calvin cycle
takes place.

PHTOSYNTHESIS
LIFE FROM LIGHT

LIGHT: Absorption Spectra

Photosynthesis gets
energy by absorbing
wavelengths of light
Chlorophyll a
(dominant pigment)
Absorbs best in red
and blue wavelengths
and in green.
Other pigments with
different structures
absorb light of different
wavelengths.
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Converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy, and releases
oxygen. Photosynthesis has many chemical reactions, but it can be
summed up in a single chemical formula:

Occurs in two stages: stage I includes the light-dependent reactions and

stage II includes the light-independent reactions.
STAGE I: LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

Light reactions:
o Directly use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.
o Oxygen is also released as waste products.
o Takes place in the thylakoid of the chloroplasts and occur in several steps.
STAGE II: LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REATIONS

Happens in stroma surrounding the thylakoids in the chloroplast.

Occur without the direct use of energy from light, hence they are often called
dark reactions or Calvin cycle.

CALVIN CYCLE:
 Sugar production reactions
 Uses chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) to reduce CO2 and
synthesize C6H12O6

THREE MAJOR STEPS OF CALVIN CYCLE

1. Carbon fixation
Occurs when carbon dioxide CO2 from the atmosphere combines with
a simple five-carbon (5-C) sudar compound, ribulose diphosphate
(RuBP), forming an unable six-carbon (6-C) molecule. The 6-C
molecules is immediately broken down into two three-carbon (3-C)
sugar phosphate known as 3-phophoglycerate (3-PGA).

2. Reduction reactions
The 3-PGA molecules gain energy from the ATP and NADPH from the
light reactions, and rearrange themselves to form glycerate 3-
phospahte (G3P). This molecules contains three carbon atoms but it
more stable than 3-PGA. A single G3P molecule goes on to form into
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the three carbon (3-C) carbohydrate
precursor of glucose and other sugars. The rest of the G3P proceed to
the regeneration step.
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3. Regenerations of RuBP
the remaining G3P molecules then use more ATP to revert back to
RuBP, completing the cycle. Converting the G3P molecules to the
RuBP aloows the cycle to repeat.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Is the means by which cells release the stored energy in glucose to

make ATP. The primary goal of this life process is to convert the stored
energy into a usable form, such as ATP, for the cells to carry out their
functions.

THREE STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1. Glycolysis
Is the process that breaks down one molecule of 6-C into 3-C pyruvates
or pyruvic acids.
It also releases four molecules of ATP. This process occurs in the cytosol
of the cell. Take note that enzymes are involved in this process.
2. The Krebs Cycle
Is cyclical series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Sometimes called citric acid cycle (CAC) since it produces citric acid.
 Citric acid cycle
o Contains three COOH groups hence, it is also called the
tricarboxylic acid cycle. (TCA)
3. Electron transport
Electrons transport chain (ETC) is a series of photon pumps on the inner
membrane of the mitochondrion.
Is the last stage of the cellular respiration
In this stage, the energy from NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle
idtransferred to ADP to produce ATP. This process is generally known as
oxidative phosphorylation.
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TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1. Aerobic Respiration
A type of respiration in which is carried on the presence of oxygen by
which oxygen is obtained from air or from water in which is dissolved.

2. Anaerobic Respiration
A type of respiration in which a number one-celled organisms,
including yeast and many forms of bacteria, can carry on in the
absence of oxygen

MISSION 2: APPLY WHAT YOU KNOW

1. DESCRIBE: how does the process of photosynthesis change energy?

2. EXPLAIN: why are two turns of Krebs cycle needed for each glucose molecule?
3. COMPARE AND CONTRAST: differentiate photosynthesis from cellular
respiration.

MISSION 3: Complete the concept map below:

Bioenergetics

Photosynthesis

Stages
Stages Stages

STACK:

Both stage of photosynthesis take place in the chloroplasts. Light reactions capture
light energy and create NADPH and ATP, and produce oxygen as waste products. The
Calvin cycle use the NADPH and ATP from light reactions to produce the glucose. Cellular
respiration uses the stored energy in glucose to make ATP for the cell. Aerobic respiration
occurs in three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport. In all three stages of
aerobic respiration, up to 38 molecules of ATP may be produced from a single glucose
molecule.
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WEEK 16: IIB. PERPETUATION OF LIFE:

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Learning Competencies:

 Describe the different ways of how plants reproduce.S11/12LT-IIej-13

 Illustrate the relationships among structures of flowers, fruits and
seeds.S11/12LT-IIej-14
 Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce.
S11/12LT-IIej-15
 Explain how the information in the DNA allows the transfer of genetic
information and synthesis of proteins. S11/12LT-IIej-16

MISSION 1: Introductory activity

- What is reproduction?

- How do plants reproduce?

- What are the differences and similarities of sexual reproduction and asexual

reproduction?

Earth is inhabited by a wide variety of living things-from the smallest bacteria to the
biggest animals. Plants are said to be one of the earliest inhabitants on earth fossil
imprints of some ancient ferns serve as evidence of the existence of plants during
prehistoric times. The survivals of the present day organism rely on their abilities to
survive and reproduce. Organisms perpetuate through reproduction and each organism
is part of a reproductive continuum that goes back countless generations. Plants and
animal contribute to the diversity of organisms on earth. They reproduce in many ways.

REPRODUCTION

Is the process by which new organisms (offsprings) are generated. A living

organism does not need reproduction to survive, but as a species, they need that
for continuity and to ensure that they are not extinct.
TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

1. Sexual reproduction
This involves fertilization, the fusion of male and female gametes to form
zygote.
Note that not all sexual reproduction involves mating.
In sexual reproduction, two individuals produce offspring that have genetic
characteristics from both parents. Sexual reproduction introduces new gene
combinations in a population through genetic recombination.
Genetic information
o Refers to the process of recombining genes to produce new gene
combinations that differ from those of either parent. Genetic
recombination produces genetic variation in organisms that reproduce
sexually.
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Types of sexual reproduction

ISOGAMY
o Form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology
but different in allele expression in one ore more mating types.
o ametes are not categori ed under male or female ut can e denoted
as and
o In all cases, fertilization occurs when gametes of two different mating
types fuse to form a zygote.
HETEROGAMY
o Sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes,
which differ in size and/ or form. The smaller gamete is considered to be
male (sperm cell), whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female
(egg cell).
2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Requires only one parent
Does not involve gametes, instead parts of a mature organisms may
develop to new individuals.
Results from mitotic cell division (mitosis). During asexual reproduction
one cell, called the parent cell, divides into two identical daughter cells.
The new organisms, called offspring are genetically identical to the parent
cell or 100% the same chromosomes
Types of asexual reproduction

BINARY FISSION
o A cell splits into two new cells of equal size.
o Each daughter cell grows into a new organism
o Occurs in organisms such as amoeba, euglena, paramecium, some
fungi and bacteria.
BUDDING
o Where an outgrowth arises from a parent and drops off to develop into a
new organisms
o Hereditary material in the daughter cell and parent are exactly the same
o Occurs in organisms such as hydra, jelly fish, sea anemones, yeast and
some fungi.
SPORULATION
o Formation of spores
o Spores are small haploid cells produced by plants
o Spores give rise to new haploid organisms
o Includes molds, ferns, bryophytes, pteridophytes
FRAGMENTATION
o Multicellular or colonial organisms are a form of asexual reproduction or
cloning in which an organism is split into fragments. Each of these
fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of
the original organisms

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

A flower consists of highly specialized male and female reproductive organs. The
female reproductive part of the flower, called pistil, has stigma, style, and ovary. The
ovary contains the ovule that has the egg nuclei. The stamen on the other hand, is the
male part of the flower. It has the anther that produces pollen grains, which contain the
sperms.
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SEPALS– protect the developing

productive organs.

PETALS- may be brightly colored to

attract insects

STAMENS- the male parts of the

flower (each consists of an another
help up on a filament)

ANTHERS- produce male sex cells

(pollen grains)

UNISEXUAL
– have only one of the
reproductive organ: carpel or
stamen i.e. either male or female
flower
CARPELATE
- also called pistilate
- Contains only carpels
hence a female flower
STAMINATE
- also called a male flower
- Contains stamens only

POLLINATION

- Transfer of pollen grains from one flower to another through the stigma.
- Results in seeds that will grow into new plants

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

Like plants, animals also reproduce. Through reproduction, animals ensure that there
are other indivuals of their kind that can take their place on earth when they die.

REPODUCTIVE ORGANS
Gonads produce gametes (cells that fuse with another gamete during
fertilization)
The gonads in males are testes (produced sperm cells) and the gonads in
females are the ovaries (produce ova)

TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Occurs in some animals living in water like fish or amphibians. The female
releases the sperm cells. Sperm cells join ova by chance

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
The male introduce sperm cells in the female body. It occurs in terrestrial
animals, sharks and rays.
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DEVELOPMENT & METAMORPHOSIS

Development is the process by which an animal grows to reach their adult

size
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically
develops after irth or hatching, involving a ig change in the animal’s
form or structure through cell growth and differentiation
Incomplete Metamorphosis
o The development of larva often proceeds in repeated stages of
growth and ecdysis(moulting). These stages are called instars.
Complete Metamorphosis
o This insect pass through a larva stage, then enter an inactive state
called pupa, or chrysalis, and finally emerges as adults.
REPRODUCTION IN MAMMALS

Mammals reproduce through internal fertilization and are viviparous

The male mammals have a penis that introduces sperm into a female’s ody,
where fertilization occurs.
Most female mammals are only fertile during certain periods (in heat) when they
are couple.
The embryo develops in uterus (womb). It exchanges substances with the
mother’s lood through the placenta; w/c is attached to the fetus a domen via an
umbilical cord.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Most fertilization happens inside the body of the female species, wherein the
male deposits the sperm in the female’s reproductive organ during mating. This
is called internal fertilization.

MISSION 2: Identify and write the parts of the flower in the box provided.
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MISSION 3:

I. CONCEPT MAP

Complete the concept map below: 8 points

Reproduction

Types
Types

II. VENN DIAGRAM

Using the Venn diagram below. Cite the difference and similarities of animal
reproduction and plants reproduction. 10 points

STACK:

SCIENCE IN ACTION: Research about the progress of plant breeding in the

Philippines. Interview an expert of farmer and have a closer look at the processes that
rice grains undergo before they are delivered to the market.
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