Experiment 5

Load Effect, Maximum Power Transfer, and Superposition

I. Objectives
 To understand the idea of load effect
 To understand the criteria of maximum power transfer
 To calculate current value from two different supplies

II. Scope
A. Theory
1. Load Effect
If a supply is given a load, then the voltage on the load is depend on the load
value.
Vps VRL
 RT  R1  RL
RT RL
(eq.5.1)
RL
VRL  . Vps
RL  R1

R1

+ I
VPS RL
-

Figure 5.1

2. Power Transfer
The maximum power transfer theorem is stated as follows: For a given
source voltage, maximum power is transferred from a source to a load
when the load resistance is equal to the internal source resistance.
In this experiment, we try to get the power as maximum as possible from the
power supply. From the Figure 5.2, the power that is accepted by RL is:

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 1 of 11
 2
VRL
PRL  (eq.5.2)
RL

Rd
+ +
RL VRL
- -

Rd = power supply internal resistance.

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

3. Superposition
A general statement of the superposition theorem is as follows: The
current in any given branch of a multiple-source circuit be found by
determining the current in that particular branch produced by each
source acting alone, with all other sources replaced their internal
resistances. The total current in the branch is the algebraic sum of the
individual current in that branch.

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 2 of 11
 Superposition principle said that the response (voltage or current that is
produced) on every single point in a linier circuit which have more than one
voltage or current supply, is the total response that caused by each supply which
work by itself.
The steps in applying the superposition method are as follows :
1. Leave one voltage (or current) source at time in the circuit and replace each
of the other voltage (or current) sources with its internal resistance. For ideal
sources a short represents zero internal resistance and an open represents
infinite internal resistance.
2. Determine particular current (or voltage) that you want just as if there were
only one source in the circuit.
3. Take the next source in the circuit and repeat Step 1 and 2, Do this for each
source.
4. To find the actual current in a given branch, algebraically sum the current
due to each individual source. (If the current are in the same direction, they
are added. If the current are in opposite directions, they are subtracted with
the direction of the resulting current the same as the larger of the original
quantities. ) Once you find the current, you can determine the voltage using
Ohm’s law.

+
A1 - -
A2 +

I
Rangkaian Rangkaian
+ +
Linear R Linear
V1 V2
- -

Figure 5.4
Simply, it can be written as: I1 + I2 = I
I1 = the current that is produce by source V1 by considering V2 = 0
I2 = the current that is produce by source V2 by considering V1 = 0
I =the current that is produced by source V1 and V2

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 3 of 11
 B. Reference(s)
 Meade, 2003. “Foundations Of Electronics 4”. Thomson. US.
 Floyd, 2007. “Electric Circuit Fundamental 7”. Prentice Hall. US
 Floyd, 1999.” Principle of Electrical Circuit 5”. Prentice Hall. US
 Tony R Kuphaldt. 2006. “Lessons In Electric Circuit. Vol I. DC”. Design Science
License. US
 Tony R Kuphaldt. 2007. “Lessons In Electric Circuit. Vol II. AC”. Design Science
License. US
 http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/7.html

III. Devices
 Power Supply I
 Power Supply II
 Practicum Plat
 Digital Multimeter
 Components: R = 100, 220, 300(2), 470,560, 680, 1K,1K2, 2K, 2K2,10K
DC lamp

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 4 of 11
 IV. Instruction of Laboratory
A. Procedure
a. Load Effect
R1
+ A -
1K
+
+
V RL V
_ VPS _

Figure 5.5
1. Design the components in Figure 5.5 into a breadboard.
2. Adjust the voltage to 10V.
3. Measure the current, VR1 and VRL , then write down the value on table
5.1.
4. Change the RL according to table 5.1, then repeat step 3.
Table 5.1
Load I VR1 VRL
by RL = 560
by RL = 1K2
by RL = 2K
by RL = 10K

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 5 of 11
 b. Power Transfer

Figure 5.6
1. Design the circuit in Figure 5.6 into a breadboard.
2. Adjust the Vps according to table 5.2.
3. Write down the I value.
Touch the resistor. What is the effect when Vps is increased? Is it Hot?

Table 5.2

Power Load
Vps I
(V . I)
2V
4V
6V
8V
10V

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 6 of 11
 c. Maximum Power Transfer
VPS
R1

RD 300
+ + +
_ 5V V RL
V
_ _

+ -
A
X Y

Figure 5.7
1. Design the components in Figure 5.7 into a breadboard. (R1 = 300Ω and
RL = 100Ω)
2. Adjust the supply voltage to 5V.
3. Measure the voltage in RL (VRL), and the current in XY (IXY). From the
current and voltage that is gotten, calculate manually the power on RL
(PRL = VRL . IXY) then write down the value to table 5.3.
4. Repeat the measurement with load RL according to table 5.3.
Table 5.3
RL 100 220 300 470 560 1K
VRL
IXY
PRL

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 7 of 11
 d. Power on Series Circuits
1. Design the circuit in Figure 5.8 into a breadboard.
2. Adjust the supply voltage to 8V.
3. Measure the voltage and current according to tabel 5.4 and write down
the value.

R1 R2

8V

Figure 5.8
Table 5.4
I V P
R1
R2

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 8 of 11
 e. Power on Parallel Circuits
1. Design the circuit in Figure 5.9 into a breadboard.
2. Adjust the supply voltage to 8V.
3. Measure the voltage and current according to table 5.5 and write down
the value.

8V

R1 R2

Figure 5.9
Table 5.5
I V P
R1
R2

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 9 of 11
 f. Superposition
R1 R2

220 560
+ + R3 2K2
V V ps2
V _ ps1
_
A

Figure 5.10

1. Design the components in Figure 5.10 into a breadboard. (without using

power supply)
2. Use VPS1 = one (1) 9V battery and VPS2 = three (3) AA batteries.
3. Measure the voltage VPS1 and VPS2 in the circuit by using a multimeter.
Write down the value to table 5.6.
4. Measure the current in R 2K2.
5. Change VPS2 with a jumper.
6. Measure the current in R 2K2 then write down to table 5.6.
7. Reconnect VPS2.
8. Change VPS1with a jumper.
9. Measure the current in R 2K2 and write it down.
Table 5.6
VPS1 VPS2 I

-
-

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 10 of 11
 B. Final Reports requirement for minimum grade
Analyze each experiment that you have done. In the analysis, give the explanation
about:
1. The internal resistance of a supply and its effect
2. The relation between the resistance of the load and the voltage of the load
3. The relation between the load and the power
4. Power and the maximum power
5. The concept of superposition and the usage
6. The limit of the using of superposition
7. The workings of each circuit
8. The calculation of every experiment with the existing formula
9. Compare the result that you get from the practicum with the simulation and
the theory
Make the theory and your experiment data as the reference in making
analysis and give the conclusion (5) about the experiment.

Physics 2 Computer Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 5 Page 11 of 11