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HCWHJRCHWCWBKHG
Ecosystems are most resilient to environmental changes when there are a variety of
different species, known as species richness; and a healthy population size of each species,
known as species evenness.
Genetic diversity is the biological variation that occurs within species. It makes it possible for
species to adapt when the environment changes. Genetic diversity is particularly important
under rapid environmental change
Biogeographic region, area of animal and plant distribution having similar or shared
characteristics throughout.
. Western Ghats: The Western Ghats account for 4% of the total geographical area. The
Western Ghats zone is one of the world's 25 biodiversity 'hotspots' and one of India's major
tropical evergreen forested regions, with enormous plant diversity. The Western Ghats run
along the west coast of peninsular India from the Tapti river in the north to Kanyakumari in
the south, passing through the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
and Kerala.
The Deccan Plateau is India's largest biogeographic region, accounting for 42% of the total
geographical area. It is a semi-arid region located in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats.
ISLANDS-This zone, which accounts for 0.3% of India's total geographical area, is one of the
three tropical moist evergreen forest zones. The islands are home to unique flora and fauna.
These islands are high endemism hotspots, with some of India's finest evergreen forests and
a diverse range of corals
DESERT REGION The extremely arid region west of the Aravalli hill range, which includes
both Gujarat's salty desert and Rajasthan's sand desert
COASTAL REGIONS: The coastal region accounts for 2.5 percent of total geographical area,
and its sandy beaches, mangroves, mud flats, coral reefs, and marine angiosperm pastures
make it India's wealth and health zone.
In-situ Conservation: refers to the conservation of biodiversity within its natural habitat. It
involves the protection and management of ecosystems, wildlife reserves, and natural
landscapes.
. Ex-situ Conservation: Ex-situ conservation involves the conservation of biodiversity outside
its natural habitat. This is typically done in controlled environments such as zoos, botanical
gardens, seed banks, and captive breeding programs
Conversion of natural habitats into agricultural land, urban areas, and infrastructure
development leads to the loss of critical ecosystems. – habitat loss
Poaching of wildlife is a significant and illegal threat to many species around the world. It
involves the unlawful hunting, capturing, killing, or trading of wild animals and plants, often
driven by various motives, including economic gain, cultural practices, and the illegal wildlife
trade.
Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to the negative interactions
between humans and wild animals, with undesirable consequences both for people and
their resources on the one hand, and wildlife and their habitats on the other. HWC,
caused by competition for natural resources between human and wildlife, influences
human food security and the well-being of both humans and other animals.
the introduction of substances (or energy) that cause adverse changes in the environment
and living entities
Air Pollution-refers to the release of harmful contaminants (chemicals, toxic gases,
particulates, biological molecules, etc.) into the earth’s atmosphere.
Water Pollution-to occur when toxic pollutants and particulate matter are introduced into
water bodies such as lakes, rivers and seas. These contaminants are generally introduced by
human activities like improper sewage treatment and oil spills. However, even natural
processes such as eutrophication can cause water pollution.
Soil Pollution-refers to the degradation of land due to the presence of chemicals or other
man-made substances in the soil.
Noise Pollution- Noise pollution refers to the excessive amount of noise in the surrounding
that disrupts the natural balance.
The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process of collecting,
treating and disposing of solid wastes.
In the waste management process, the wastes are collected from different sources and are
disposed of.
This process includes collection, transportation, treatment, analysis and disposal of waste
Acid rain is one of the consequences of air pollution. It occurs when emissions from
factories, cars or heating boilers contact with the water in the atmosphere. These emissions
contain nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, which when mixed with water
becomes sulfurous acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. This process also occurs naturally
through volcanic eruptions.
Global warming” refers to the long-term warming of the planet. Global temperature shows a
well-documented rise since the early 20th century and most notably since the late 1970s.
“Climate change” encompasses global warming, but refers to the broader range of changes
that are happening to our planet. These include rising sea levels, shrinking mountain
glaciers, accelerating ice melt in Greenland, Antarctica and the Arctic, and shifts in
flower/plant blooming times. These are all consequences of the warming, which is caused
mainly by people burning fossil fuels and putting out heattrapping gases into the air.
1. It was enacted with the prime motto of providing protection and improvement of the
environment and the things associated with it.
2. To take strict actions against those who harm the environment.
3. To safeguard the better environment and environmental conditions.
4. To apply the decisions made at the United Nations Conference on Human
Environment, which was held in the year 1972 in Stockholm.
5. To enforce laws regarding the protection of the environment in the regions, which are
not included in the prevailing laws.
Montreal protocol
The Protocol was signed in 1987 and entered into force in January 1989. The protocol gives
provisions to reduce the production and consumption of ODSs to protect the ozone layer.
It phases down the use of ODSs in a stepwise, time-bound manner.
It gives different timetables for developing and developed countries.
All member parties have specific responsibilities related to the phasing out of various groups
of ozone-depleting substances, controlling ODS trade, reporting of data annually, controlling
export and import of ODs, etc.
Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated responsibilities.
However, both groups of nations have time-bound, binding, and measurable commitments
under the protocol, making it effective.
Kyoto Protocol
Write short note on chipko movement, silent valley movement , bishnoiss of Rajasthan
Explain role of environmental communication and public awareness in the protection of the
environment