Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J.

Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Electromagnetic Interference and

Compatibility Techniques

Prof. M. Jaleel Akhtar

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
2023-24-II

Kanpur – 208016 (U.P.)

 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

 Power supply filters are different from conventional electrical filters.

Low Pass FiIter High Pass FiIter

Band Pass FiIter Band Stop FiIter

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 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Generic Power Supply Filter Topology

 The typical filter topology
resembles a Pi structure.
 The symbols 𝐼 ̅ & 𝐼 ̅ represent
the differential and common
mode currents at the output
of a product.

 The symbols 𝐼′ & 𝐼′

r
represent the differential
and common mode currents
at the input to the LISN.

 The main aim of the filter is to reduce the un-primed current level to that of the primed level such that

𝑉 50 𝐼′ 𝐼′
𝑉 50 𝐼′ 𝐼′
 The values 𝑉 and 𝑉 are usually below the conducted emission levels in the regulatory frequency
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range.
 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Effect of filter elements on Common- and Differential- Mode Currents Power Supply Filter

 Capacitors between phase and neutral wires, CDL and CDR,

are included to divert differential mode currents. These are
referred to as line-to-line capacitors (X-caps).

 Capacitors CCL and CCR are included between phase and

ground and between neutral and ground to divert the
common-mode currents. These are referred to as line-to-
ground capacitors (Y-caps).  The ground inductor LGW
between the filter output
 Different capacitors required due to safety reasons and the LISN input to block
common mode current
 Maximum leakage current which may flow through the line-to-ground capacitor
at 50 Hz is specified in order to minimize shock hazard due to leakage current.
 Constraint on the maximum value of the line-to-ground capacitor that may be used in the filter.
𝑉 𝜔𝐶 ≡ 150 μ𝐴 𝐶 ≡ 2170 𝑝𝐹

 Typical capacitor values 𝐶 ≅ 0.047 𝑝𝐹 𝐶 ≅ 2200 𝑝𝐹

 The capacitor CCL is in parallel with 50 Ω resistor of the LISN at the frequency of interest. Hence
the effective impedance offered by the capacitor should be lower than 50 Ω in order to make it
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effective to divert the common mode current.

 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Common-mode Choke Power Supply Filter

 The common-mode choke is represented by the coupled

inductors, primarily used to minimize common mode current.
 The self-inductances of each winding are represented by L
and the mutual inductance is represented by M.
 Typically this element consists of two identical windings on a
common ferrite core.

𝑉 ≡ 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 𝑀 𝐼

𝑉 ≡ 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 𝑀 𝐼
 Leakage inductance
due to magnetic flux
 Equivalent circuit for the common mode and the leaking core
differential mode currents
 Ideally the common mode choke doesn’t affect the differential mode current, and hence the 50 Hz
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power signal doesn’t saturate the core.

 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Antennas for EMI/EMC

 Antennas are required for various EMC applications.

 Intentional antennas such as AM, FM, and radar antennas generate electromagnetic
fields that couple to electronic devices resulting into susceptibility problems.

 Intentional antennas are also used to measure the radiated emissions of a product for
determining compliance to the regulatory limits.

 Unintentional antennas are primarily responsible for producing the radiated emissions, which
are measured by the measurement antenna, resulting into the product being out of compliance
as per regulatory standards.

 From EMC point of view, one should try to minimize the ability of unintentional antennas to
radiate.

 EM field levels in the vicinity of the product should be determined, which would provide some
idea about interference leading to susceptibility problems.
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 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

The Electric (Hertzian) Dipole

 The Hertzian dipole consists of an infinitesimal current
element of length dl carrying a phasor current 𝐼 that is
assumed to be the same (in magnitude and phase) at
all points along the element length.

 Any point here is described using the spherical coordinate

system r (the radial distance to the point), the angular
positions of the radial line to the point from the z axis θ, and
between its projection on the xy plane and the x axis, Φ.
𝐸 𝐻
1 1 1
,
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟  The electric (Hertzian) dipole.

Near field Far field

 The boundary between the near and far fields for these types of antennas (dipole and loop ) may
be calculated by using the following equation
𝟏 𝟏 𝝀𝟎 𝝀𝟎
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𝟐 𝒓 ≅
𝜷𝒐 𝒓 𝜷𝒐 𝒓 𝟐𝝅 𝟔
 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Antennas for EMI/EMC

 A more realistic choice for the boundary between the near and far fields can be calculated by using
the following expression
𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝟑𝝀𝟎 𝟐𝑫𝟐
surface 𝐭𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬
𝝀

 For EMC and emission measurements of a test device, the receiver (intentional antenna used for
measurement in the semi-anechoic chamber) may be in the near field of the unintentional antenna
especially in the lower frequency range of the radiated emission measurements.
𝟏  The average power is flowing away from the
𝑺𝒂𝒗 ℛ𝒆 𝑬 𝑯∗
𝟐 current element

𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑺𝒂𝒗 · 𝒅𝒔

𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒍
𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟖𝟎𝝅𝟐 𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝑰𝟐 𝝀𝟎
 The fictitious resistance dissipating same amount of power as that
radiated by the Hertzian dipole, when both carry same value of current.
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 Directivity & Gain

 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

ANTENNA RELATED TERMS: BEAMWIDTH, DIRECTIVITY, GAIN, EFFICIENCY

Gain = Directivity X Efficiency

Directivity: the ratio of the radiation intensity in a
given direction from the antenna to the radiation  The total antenna efficiency is used to take into
intensity averaged over all directions. account losses at the input terminals and within the
structure of the antenna which include

1. reflections due to mismatch between the

transmission line and the antenna;
2. I2R losses (conduction and dielectric);
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 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Antenna Factor
 A more common way of characterizing the reception
properties of an antenna in EMI/EMC is with the notion
of its antenna factor.

 Let us consider a dipole antenna being used to

measure the electric field of an incident, linearly
polarized uniform plane wave. General circuit

 A receiver such as a spectrum analyzer/ EMI receiver

is attached to the terminals of this measurement
antenna.

 The voltage measured by this instrument is

denoted as 𝑉
Equivalent circuit
 The measured voltage should be related with the
actual incident electric field, which is done using the
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antenna factor.
 Lecture 15 – Power Supply Filter & Antennas for EMC Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Antenna Factor
 The antenna factor is defined as the ratio of the incident
electric field at the surface of the measurement antenna to
the received voltage at the antenna terminals

𝑽 𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒄
𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝑨𝑭
𝑽 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒄

𝑨𝑭𝒅𝑩/𝒎 𝒅𝑩𝝁 𝑽⁄𝒎 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒅𝑩𝝁𝑽 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

𝒅𝑩𝝁 𝑽⁄𝒎 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒅𝑩𝝁𝑽 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝑭𝒅𝑩/𝒎

 Conversion of the spectrum analyzer readings to the value of incident field

𝑬 𝒅𝑩𝝁 𝑽⁄𝒎 𝑨𝑭 𝒅𝑩/𝒎 𝑽𝑺𝑨 𝒅𝑩𝝁𝑽 𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝑩

 The antenna factor is usually provided by the manufacturer of the antenna in the frequency
range of intended use.
 Assumption(s): The incident field is polarized for maximum response of the antenna.
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Input impedance of the receiver is assumed to be 50 Ω.  Termination impedance