Part F

Part F: Problem Solving
For the following problems, draw free-body diagrams and solve for the requested
unknown. Use g = 9.8 m/s/s.
47. A 0.250-kg ball is thrown upwards with an initial velocity of 12.0 m/s at an
angle of 30.0 degrees. Determine the acceleration of the ball when it has reached
the peak of its trajectory. Assume negligible air resistance. PSYW
Answer: 9.8 m/s/s, down
There is only one force upon the ball - the force of gravity. (Air
resistance is negligible; the ball is not on a surface, so there is no friction or
normal force; the applied force which projects it into motion does not act upon
the ball during its trajectory; there are no springs, strings, wires, or cables
attached so there is neither a tension force nor a spring force.) The force of
gravity acts downward with a magnitude of m•g = (0.250 kg) •(9.8 m/s/s) = 2.45
N. The net force is 2.45 N; when divided by mass, the acceleration can be found.
a = Fnet / m = (2.45 N, down) / (0.250 kg) = 9.8 m/s/s, down
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48. A 72-kg skydiver is falling from 10000 feet. At an instant during the fall, the
skydiver encounters an air resistance force of 540 Newtons. Determine the
acceleration of the skydiver at this instant. PSYW
Answer: 2.3 m/s/s, down
1
There are two forces acting upon the skydiver - gravity (down) and air resistance
(up). The force of gravity has a magnitude of m•g = (72 kg) •(9.8 m/s/s) = 706 N.
The sum of the vertical forces is
∑Fy = 540 N, up + 706 N, down = 166 N, down
The acceleration of the skydiver can be computed using the equation ∑Fy = m•ay.
ay = (166 N, down) / (72 kg) = 2.3 m/s/s, down
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49. A 72-kg skydiver is falling from 10 000 feet. After reaching terminal velocity,
the skydiver opens his parachute. Shortly thereafter, there is an instant in time in
which the skydiver encounters an air resistance force of 1180 Newtons.
Determine the acceleration of the skydiver at this instant. PSYW
Answer: 6.6 m/s/s, up
There are two forces acting upon the skydiver - gravity (down) and
air resistance (up). The force of gravity has a magnitude of m•g = (72 kg) •(9.8
m/s/s) = 706 N. The sum of the vertical forces is
∑Fy = 1180 N, up + 706 N, down = 474 N, up
The acceleration of the skydiver can be computed using the equation ∑Fy = m•ay.
ay = (474 N, up) / (72 kg) = 6.6 m/s/s, up
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50. A 5.20-N force is applied to a 1.05-kg object to accelerate it rightwards across
a friction-free surface. Determine the acceleration of the object. (Neglect air
resistance.) PSYW
Answer: 4.95 m/s/s, right
Upon neglecting air resistance, there are three forces acting upon
the object. The up and down force balance each other and the acceleration is
caused by the applied force. The net force is 5.20 N, right (equal to the only
rightward force - the applied force). So, the acceleration of the object can be
computed using Newton's second law.
a = Fnet / m = (5.20 N, right) / (1.05 kg) = 4.95 m/s/s, right
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51. A 5.20-N force is applied to a 1.05-kg object to accelerate it rightwards. The

object encounters 3.29-N of friction. Determine the acceleration of the object.
(Neglect air resistance.) PSYW
Answer: 1.82 m/s/s, right
Upon neglecting air resistance, there are four forces acting

upon the object. The up and down forces balance each other. The acceleration is
rightward since the rightward applied force is greater than the leftward friction
force. The horizontal forces can be summed as vectors in order to determine the
net force.
Fnet = ∑Fx = 5.20 N, right - 3.29 N, left = 1.91 N, right
The acceleration of the object can be computed using Newton's second law.
ax = ∑Fx / m = (1.91 N, down) / (1.05 kg) = 1.82 m/s/s, right
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52. Determine the applied force required to accelerate a 3.25-kg object

rightward with a constant acceleration of 1.20 m/s/s if the force of friction
opposing the motion is 18.2 N. (Neglect air resistance.) PSYW
Answer: 22.1 N
There are four forces acting upon the object as shown in the
free-body diagram at the right. The two vertical forces set balance since there
is no vertical acceleration. Since the mass and the acceleration are known, the
net force can be computed:
Fnet = m•a = (3.25 kg, right) • (1.20 m/s/s) = 3.90 N, right
Since the acceleration is to the right, the net force is directed to the right. Thus,
the rightward force (applied force) set exceed the leftward force (friction force) by
an amount equal to the 3.9 N. So, the applied force can be computed.
Fapp = Ffrict + Fnet = 18.2 N + 3.90 N = 22.1 N
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53. A 921-kg sports car is moving rightward with a speed of 29.0 m/s. The driver
suddenly slams on the brakes and the car skids to a stop over the course of 3.20
seconds with the wheels locked. Determine the average resistive force acting
upon the car. PSYW
Answer: 8350 N
4
There are three (perhaps four) forces acting upon this car. There is
the upward force (normal force) and the downward force (gravity); these two
forces balance each other since there is no vertical acceleration. The resistive
force is likely a combination of friction and air resistance. These forces act
leftward upon a rightward skidding car. In the free-body diagram, these two
forces are represented by the Ffrict arrow.
The acceleration is not given but can be calculated from the kinematic
information that is given:
vi = 29.0 m/s, vf = 0 m/s, and t = 3.20 s
The acceleration of the object is the velocity change per time:
a = Delta v / t = (0 m/s - 29.0 m/s) / (3.20 s) = -9.67 m/s/s or 9.67 m/s/s, left.
This acceleration can be used to determine the net force:
Fnet = m•a = (921 kg) • (9.67 m/s/s, left) = 8350 N, left
The friction forces (surface and air) provide this net force and are equal in
magnitude to this net force.
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54. A 0.250-kg rightward moving air track glider decreases its speed from 0.872
m/s to 0.798 m/s over the length of a 1.71-m long air track. Determine the
average resistive force acting upon the air track glider. PSYW
Answer: 0.00903 N
This problem is similar to the previous problem. There are three

(and perhaps four) forces acting upon the glider. The up force could be
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considered to be a normal force or an air resistance force (from the air blowing
through the air track holes). Like the previous problem, the acceleration is not
given but it can be calculated from the kinematic information:
vi = 0.872 m/s, vf = 0.798 m/s, and d = 1.71 m
Using a kinematic equation, the values for initial and final velocity and
displacement can be substituted; the algebraic steps are shown below.
vf2 = vi2 + 2•a•d
(0.872 m/s)2 = (0.798 m/s)2 + 2•a•(1.71 m)
(0.872 m/s)2 - (0.798 m/s)2 = 2•a•(1.71 m)
0.124 m2/s2 = (3.42 m)•a
0.0361 m/s/s = a
Fnet = m•a = (0.250 kg) • (0.0361 m/s/s, left) = 0.00903 N, left
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55. A 1250-kg small aircraft decelerates along the runway from 36.6 m/s to 6.80
m/s in 5.10 seconds. Determine the average resistive force acting upon the plane.
(Assume that its engine/propeller makes no contributes to its forward
motion). PSYW
Answer: 7.30 x 103 N
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This problem is similar to the two previous problems in many
respects: the free-body diagram is identical or similar and the acceleration is not
given but determinable from the kinematic information.
vi = 36.6 m/s, vf = 6.80 m/s, and t = 5.10 s
The acceleration of the object is the velocity change per time:
a = Delta v / t = (6.80 m/s - 36.6 m/s) / (5.10 s) = -5.84 m/s/s or 5.84 m/s/s, left.
Fnet = m•a = (1250 kg) • (5.84 m/s/s, left) = 7.30 x 103 N, left
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56. A tow truck exerts a 18300-N force upon a 1210 car to drag it out of a µd
puddle onto the shoulder of a road. A 17900 N force opposes the car's motion.
The plane of motion of the car is horizontal. Determine the time required to drag
the car a distance of 6.90 meters from its rest position. PSYW
Answer: 6.46 s
Upon neglecting air resistance, there are four forces acting

upon the object. The up and down forces balance each other. The acceleration is
rightward (or in the direction of the applied force) since the rightward applied
force is greater than the leftward friction force. The horizontal forces can be
summed as vectors in order to determine the net force.
Fnet = ·Fx = 18300 N, right - 17900 N, left = 400 N, right
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The acceleration of the object can be computed using Newton's second law.
ax = ·Fx / m = (400 N, down) / (1210 kg) = 0.3306 m/s/s, right
This acceleration value can be combined with other known kinematic information
(vi = 0 m/s, d = 6.90 m) to determine the time required to drag the car a distance
of 6.9 m. The following kinematic equation is used; substitution and algebra steps
are shown.
d = vi • t + 0.5 •a • t2
d = vi • t + 0.5 •a • t2
6.90 m = 0.5 • (0.3306 m/s/s) • t2
6.90 m / (0.5 • 0.3306 m/s/s ) = t2
41.4 = t2
6.46 s = t
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57. A 4.44-kg bucket suspended by a rope is accelerated upwards from an initial

rest position. If the tension in the rope is a constant value of 83.1 Newtons,
then determine the speed (in m/s) of the bucket after 1.59 seconds. PSYW
Answer: 14.2 m/s
There are two forces acting upon the bucket - the force of gravity
(up) and the tension force (down). The magnitude of the force of gravity is found
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from m•g; its value is (4.44*9.8) =43.5 N. These two forces can be summed as
vectors to determine the net force.
Fnet = ·Fy = 83.1 N, up + 43.5 N, down = 39.6 N, up
The acceleration can be calculated using Newton's second law of motion.
a = Fnet / m = (39.6 N, up) / (4.44 kg) = 8.92 m/s/s, up
The acceleration value can be used with other kinematic information (v i = 0 m/s, t
= 1.59 s) to calculate the final speed of the bucket. The kinematic equation,
substitution and algebra steps are shown.
vf = vi + a•t
vf = 0 m/s + (8.92 m/s/s)•(1.59 s)
vf = 14.2 m/s
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58. A 22.6-N horizontal force is applied to a 0.0710-kg hockey puck to accelerate

it across the ice from an initial rest position. Ignore friction and determine the
final speed (in m/s) of the puck after being pushed for a time of .0721
seconds. PSYW
Answer: 23.0 m/s
a = Fnet / m = (22.6 N, right) / (0.0710 kg) = 318 m/s/s, right
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= 0.0721 s) to calculate the final speed of the puck. The kinematic equation,
vf = vi + a•t
vf = 0 m/s + (318 m/s/s) • (0.0721 s)
vf = 23.0 m/s
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59. A train has a mass of 6.32x104 kg and is moving with a speed of 94.3 km/hr.
The engineer applies the brakes which results in a net backward force of
2.43x105 Newtons on the train. The brakes are held for 3.40 seconds. How far (in
meters) does the train travel during this time? PSYW
Answer: 66.8 m
There are three (perhaps four) forces acting upon this train. There
is the upward force (normal force) and the downward force (gravity); these two
forces balance each other since there is no vertical acceleration. The resistive
force is likely a combination of friction and air resistance. These forces act
leftward upon a rightward skidding train. In the free-body diagram, these two
forces are represented by the Ffrict arrow. The value of this resistive force is given
as 2.43x105 N. This is the net force since there are no other horizontal forces; it is
the force which causes the acceleration of the train. The acceleration value can be
determined using Newton's second law of motion.
a = Fnet / m = (2.43x105 N) / (6.32x104 kg) = 3.84 m/s/s, left
This acceleration value can be combined with other kinematic variables (vi = 94.3
km/hr = 26.2 m/s; t = 3.40 s) in order to determine the distance, the train travels
in 3.4 seconds.
d = vi • t + 0.5 •a • t2
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d = (26.2 m/s) • (3.40 s) + 0.5 • (-3.84 m/s/s) • (3.40 s)2
d = 89.1 m - 22.2 m
d = 66.8 m
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60. A shopper in a supermarket pushes a loaded cart with a horizontal force of

16.5 Newtons. If the cart has a mass of 33.8 kg, how far (in meters) will it move in
1.31 seconds, starting from rest? (Neglect resistive forces.) PSYW
Answer: 0.419 m
a = Fnet / m = (16.5 N, right) / (33.8 kg) = 0.488 m/s/s, right
= 1.31 s) to calculate the final speed of the cart. The kinematic equation,
d = vi • t + 0.5 •a • t2
d = vi • t + + 0.5 • (0.488 m/s/s)•(1.31 s) 2
d = 0.419 m
1. In a system in equilibrium, which statement is true?
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a. The net force is zero.
b. The net force is non-zero.
c. The net force is equal to the gravitational force.
d. The net force is equal to the normal force.
The net force of the body is zero that doesn't mean that the force is not being
applied to the body at all and hence the body is in equilibrium. The
equilibrium is only attained if the net force on the body tends to be equal to
zero. Thus, the forces cancel out. If this happens there is no motion of the
body along any direction and hence the body is said to be in equilibrium.
2. A book is placed on a table. Which statement correctly describes the forces acting
on the book in equilibrium?
a. The weight of the book is greater than the normal force from the table.
b. The weight of the book is less than the normal force from the table.
c. The weight of the book is equal to the normal force from the table.
d. The weight of the book is cancelled out by the normal force from the table.
The correct option is C .

The normal reaction force balances the weight of the book and is, therefore, equal and
opposite to the weight. However, action–reaction forces act between the same pair of bodies.
The weight of a book is a force applied by the earth, whereas a normal reaction force is
applied by the table on the book.
3-When a car comes to a sudden stop, passengers tend to lurch forward. Which
principle explains this phenomenon?
a. Newton's First Law of Motion.

b. Newton's Second Law of Motion.
c. Newton's Third Law of Motion.
d. Archimedes' Principle.
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The correct answer is Newton's first law. CONCEPT: Newton's
first law of motion: It is also called the law of inertia. Inertia is the
ability of a body by virtue of which it opposes a change.
3. Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to:
a. The net force acting on it.

b. The displacement it undergoes.
c. The time it takes to change its velocity.
d. The gravitational force acting on it.
The acceleration of the body is directly proportional to the net force acting on
the body and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. This means that
as the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is
increased.
4. Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to:
e. The net force acting on it.

f. The displacement it undergoes.
g. The time it takes to change its velocity.
h. The gravitational force acting on it.
Defining Newton's Second Law of Motion The acceleration of the

body is directly proportional to the net force acting on the
body and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. This
means that as the force acting upon an object is increased, the
acceleration of the object is increased.
5- If the force acting on an object remains constant and its mass is doubled, how does
the acceleration change?
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a. The acceleration is halved.
b. The acceleration is doubled.
c. The acceleration remains unchanged.
d. The acceleration is quadrupled.
Answer: The same force on twice the mass produces half the
acceleration, or 1 m/s2.
6- A block of weight (gravitational force) W is pulled along a horizontal surface at
constant speed v by a force F, which acts at an angle of θ with the horizontal, as shown
above. The friction force exerted on the block by the
surface has magnitude:
a. greater than F.
b. greater than zero but less than F.
c. equal to F.
d. zero.
Explore
When a block is pulled along a horizontal surface at constant speed, several forces come
into play. Let’s analyze the situation:
1. Weight (Gravitational Force) W: The weight of the block (gravitational force)

acts vertically downward. It is given by (W).
2. Force F at an Angle θ: The applied force (F) acts at an angle (\theta) with the
horizontal. This force is responsible for moving the block horizontally.
3. Friction Force: The friction force opposes the motion of the block. Since the
block is moving at a constant speed (constant velocity), the net force in the
horizontal direction set be zero. Therefore, the friction force set balance the
applied force to maintain constant speed.
Now let’s consider the options:
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 a. Greater than F: If the friction force were greater than the applied force (F), the
block would decelerate or stop. However, we know that the block is moving at a
constant speed, so this option is not correct.
 b. Greater than zero but less than F: This option seems plausible. The friction
force set be nonzero to prevent acceleration, but it cannot exceed the applied force
(F) because that would cause deceleration.
 c. Equal to F: If the friction force exactly balances the applied force (F), the
block will continue to move at a constant speed. This scenario aligns with the
given situation.
 d. Zero: If the friction force were zero, the block would accelerate indefinitely.
However, we know that the block is moving at a constant speed, so this option is
not correct.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Equal to F. The friction force set precisely counteract
the applied force to maintain constant speed12.
7- How much force needs to be applied to a 5-kg object for it to accelerate at 20 m/s2?
a. 1 N b. 10 N c. 100 N d. 1000 N
Explore
To determine the force required to accelerate a 5 kg object at 20 m/s², we can use

Newton’s second law of motion, which states that force (F) is proportional to the product
of mass (m) and acceleration (a):
[F=m×a]
Given:
 Mass ((m)) = 5 kg
 Acceleration ((a)) = 20 m/s²
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Let’s calculate the force:
[ F = 5 , {kg} × 20 {m/s²} = 100 , {N} ]
Therefore, the force required is 100 N. The correct answer is c. 100 N12.
8- Newton’s second law describes the relationship between which quantities?
a. Force, mass, and time b. Force, mass, and displacement

c. Force, mass, and velocity d. Force, mass, and acceleration
Newton’s second law of motion quantitatively describes the relationship between force,
mass, and acceleration12. It states that the net external force acting on an object is
directly proportional to its acceleration and inversely proportional to its mass. In other
words:
[F=m*a]
Where:
 (F) represents the force applied to the object.

 (m) denotes the mass of the object.
 (a) represents the acceleration of the object.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Force, mass, and acceleration. This fundamental law
provides insights into the behavior of objects in response to applied forces and changes in
motion3.
9- What does it mean for two quantities to be inversely proportional to each other?
a. When one variable increases, the other variable decreases by a greater amount.
b. When one variable increases, the other variable also increases.
c. When one variable increases, the other variable decreases by the same factor.
d. When one variable increases, the other variable also increases by the same factor.
Two quantities are considered inversely proportional when their relationship follows the
pattern that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases by the same
factor. In other words, when one quantity goes up, the other goes down, and vice versa.
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The correct answer is c. When one variable increases, the other variable decreases by
the same factor. This concept is fundamental in various scientific and mathematical
contexts, such as the relationship between pressure and volume in Boyle’s law or the
behavior of simple harmonic motion.
10- Two people push a 2,000-kg car to get it started. An acceleration of at least 5.0 m/s 2 is
required to start the car. Assuming both people apply the same magnitude force, how much
force will each need to apply if friction between the car and the road is 300 N?
a. 4850 N b. 5150 N c. 97000 N d. 10300 N
To calculate the force required to accelerate the 2,000-kg car at 5.0 m/s², we’ll consider
both the desired acceleration and the opposing force due to friction.
1. Desired Acceleration: Given acceleration ((a)) = 5.0 m/s²

2. Opposing Force due to Friction: The friction between the car and the road
creates an opposing force of 300 N.
Now let’s find the net force needed to achieve the desired acceleration:
[ F {net}} = m * a + F_{ {friction}} ]
Where:
 (F) is the net force required.

 (m) is the mass of the car (given as 2,000 kg).
 (a) is the desired acceleration (given as 5.0 m/s²).
 (F_{ {friction}}) is the opposing force due to friction (given as 300 N).
Substitute the known values:
[ F_{{net}} = (2,000 , {kg}) * (5.0 , {m/s²}) + 300 , {N} ]
[ F {net}} = 10,000 , {N} + 300 ,
{N} = 10,300 {N} ]
Therefore, each person needs to apply a force of 10,300 N to start the car. The correct
answer is d. 10,300 N12.
11- A person who weighs 800 N steps onto a scale that is on the floor of an elevator car. If the
elevator accelerates upward at a rate of 5 m/s2, what will the scale read?
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a. 400 N b. 800 N c. 1000 N d. 1200 N
When a person stands on a scale in an elevator, the scale measures the normal force
exerted by the elevator floor to support the person’s weight. This normal force includes
both the gravitational force (weight) and any additional force due to acceleration.
Let’s break down the situation:
1. Weight of the Person: The person weighs 800 N. This is the gravitational force
acting downward.
2. Elevator Acceleration: The elevator accelerates upward at a rate of 5 m/s².
Now, we’ll find the net force experienced by the person:
 When the elevator accelerates upward, the person and the scale experience the
same acceleration. The floor of the elevator pushes both the person and the scale
upward. As a result, the normal force (read by the scale) set be greater than just
the person’s weight alone.
Using Newton’s second law of motion:
[ F {net}} = m * a + F_{ {friction}} ]
Where:
 (F_{{net}}) is the net force (normal force).

 (m) is the mass of the person (which we can calculate using m = {800 {N}}{g}),
where (g) is the acceleration due to gravity, approximately (10 , {m/s²})).
 (a) is the elevator acceleration (given as (5 {m/s²})).
 (F_{{friction}}) is negligible in this case (assuming no other forces).
Let’s calculate the mass of the person:
[ m = {800, {N}}{10 , {m/s²}} = 80 {kg} ]
Now find the net force:
[ F {net}} = m * a = 80 , {kg} * 5 {m/s²} = 400 , {N} ]
Therefore, the scale will read 400 N. The correct answer is a. 400 N12.
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12- A block of mass m is at rest on a frictionless, horizontal table placed in a laboratory on the
surface of the Earth. An identical block is at rest on a frictionless, horizontal table placed on
the surface of the Moon. Let F be the net force necessary to give the Earth-bound block an
acceleration of a across the table. Given that g Moon is one-sixth of gEarth, the force necessary to
give the Moon-bound block the same acceleration a across the table is:
a. F/6 b. F/3 c. F d. 6F
The force necessary to give the Moon-bound block the same acceleration as the Earth-
bound block across the table is equal to the force on Earth. Here’s why:
1. Horizontal Motion Unaffected by Gravitational Acceleration: When

considering horizontal motion on a frictionless table, the gravitational acceleration
(vertical acceleration) does not affect the motion. The only relevant factor is the
net force applied horizontally.
2. Equal Acceleration for Both Blocks: Since both blocks are at rest and
experience the same acceleration ((a)) across the table, the net force required to
achieve this acceleration is the same for both blocks.
3. Gravitational Acceleration Comparison: Given that (g_{{Moon}}) is one-sixth
of (g_{{Earth}}), the weight of the Moon-bound block is also one-sixth of the
Earth-bound block’s weight. However, this weight difference does not impact the
horizontal motion across the table.
Therefore, the force necessary to give the Moon-bound block the same acceleration (a)
across the table is (F), which is the same as the force on Earth. The correct answer is c. F.
13- Which of the following is an example of Newton’s Third Law:
a. Leaning on a wall
b. Throwing a ball
c. Rocket launching
d. All the above are examples of Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that “for every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.” Let’s analyze the options:
1. Leaning on a Wall: When you lean against a wall, your body exerts a force on
the wall (action). Simultaneously, the wall exerts an equal and opposite force back
on your body (reaction). This scenario exemplifies Newton’s Third Law.
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2. Throwing a Ball: When you throw a ball, you apply a force to it (action). In
response, the ball exerts an equal force in the opposite direction (reaction). Again,
this aligns with Newton’s Third Law.
3. Rocket Launching: Rocket launching is a classic example. The rocket’s engines
expel exhaust gases downward (action), resulting in an upward force that propels
the rocket (reaction). This phenomenon adheres to Newton’s Third Law.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. All the above are examples of Newton’s 3rd Law of
Motion. Each of these scenarios involves pairs of forces that are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
Use the following to solve parts 14 and 15:
A block of mass 20 kg is accelerated across a rough surface

by a force of magnitude 100 N that is exerted at an angle 60
degrees with the horizontal, as shown to the right. The
frictional force on the block exerted by the surface has
magnitude 10 N.
14- What is the acceleration of the block?
a. 5 m/s2 c. 2.5 m/s2

b. 4.5 m/s2 d. 2 m/s2
Great! Let’s proceed with solving the problem.
1. Given Information:
o Mass of the block ((m)): 20 kg
o Applied force ((F)): 100 N (acting at an angle (\theta = 60^\circ) with the
horizontal)
o Frictional force ((f)): 10 N
2. Horizontal Components of Forces:
o Resolve the applied force ((F)) into horizontal and vertical components:
[ F_{\text{hor}} = F \cos(\theta) ] [ F_{\text{ver}} = F \sin(\theta) ]
3. Net Force:
o The net force along the horizontal direction is given by Newton’s second
law: [ F_{\text{net}} = ma ]
4. Equation for Net Force:
20
The net force along the horizontal direction is the difference between the
o
applied force component and the frictional force: [ F_{\text{net}} = F_{\
text{hor}} - f ]
5. Solving for Acceleration:
o Rearrange the net force equation to solve for acceleration: [ a = \frac{F_{\
text{net}}}{m} ]
6. Normal Force:
o The normal force ((N)) balances the vertical component of the weight: [ N
= mg - F_{\text{ver}} ]
7. Substitute Values and Solve:
o Calculate the horizontal component of the applied force: [ F_{\text{hor}}
= 100 , \text{N} \cdot \cos(60^\circ) ] [ F_{\text{hor}} \approx 50 , \
text{N} ]
o Calculate the net force: [ F_{\text{net}} = F_{\text{hor}} - f ] [ F_{\
text{net}} = 50 , \text{N} - 10 , \text{N} = 40 , \text{N} ]
o Calculate the acceleration: [ a = \frac{F_{\text{net}}}{m} = \frac{40 , \
text{N}}{20 , \text{kg}} = 2 , \text{m/s}^2 ]
o Calculate the normal force: [ N = mg - F_{\text{ver}} = (20 , \text{kg} \
cdot 9.8 , \text{m/s}^2) - (100 , \text{N} \cdot \sin(60^\circ)) ] [ N \approx
196 , \text{N} - 86.6 , \text{N} = 109.4 , \text{N} ]
Therefore:
 Acceleration of the block ((a)) ≈ 2 m/s²

 Normal force ((N)) ≈ 109.4 N
Feel free to ask if you have any further questions or need additional clarification! 😊
Use the following to solve parts 14 and 15:
A block of mass 20 kg is accelerated across a rough surface

by a force of magnitude 100 N that is exerted at an angle 60
degrees with the horizontal, as shown to the right. The
frictional force on the block exerted by the surface has
magnitude 10 N.
Certainly! Let’s solve the math problem involving the inclined plane and the box.
Given information:
 Mass of the box ((m)): 4 kg

 Angle of the inclined plane ((\theta)): 40°
 Applied force ((F_{{app}})): 80 N
21
 Frictional force ((f)): 10 N
We need to find the net force acting on the box. Let’s break it down step by step:
1. Free Body Diagram (FBD):

o The weight of the box ((W)) acts vertically downward.
o The normal force ((N)) acts perpendicular to the inclined plane.
o The applied force ((F_{{app}})) is parallel to the inclined plane.
o The frictional force ((f)) opposes the applied force.
2. Components of Forces:
o Resolve the weight ((W)) into components:
 (W_x = W \cos \theta)
 (W_y = W \sin \theta)
o The net force ((F_{{net}})) acting on the box is the sum of the applied
force ((F_{{app}})) and the frictional force ((f)): [ F_{{net}} =
F_{{app}} - f ]
3. Calculate the Weight ((W)): [ W = m *g ] where (g) is the acceleration due to
gravity (approximately 10 m/s²).
4. Find the Normal Force ((N)): [ N = W_y = m *g *\sin ϴ]
5. Determine the Net Force ((F_{{net}})): [ F_{{net}} = F_{{app}} - f ]
Let’s calculate the values:
 Weight ((W)): [ W = 4 , {kg} *10 , {m/s²} = 40 , {N} ]

 Normal Force ((N)): [ N = W_y = 40 , {N} *\sin 40° ]
 Net Force ((F_{{net}})): [ F_{{net}} = 80 , {N} - 10 , {N} ]
Now let’s calculate the numerical values:
 (\sin 40° ͌͌0.6428)

 (N ≈40 , {N} *0.6428 ≈25.71 , {N})
 (F_{{net}} ≈80 , {N} - 10 , {N} = 70 , {N})
Therefore, the net force acting on the box is approximately 70 N. If you have any further
questions or need additional assistance, feel free to ask! 😊
15- What is the normal force:
a. 196 N c. 110 N
b. 96 N d. 146 N
22
1. If you push on a heavy car that is at rest, you set exert some force to start its motion.
Once the car starts moving, why does a smaller force maintain its motion?
When you push a heavy car that is initially at rest, you need to apply a force to overcome
its inertia and set it in motion. However, once the car is moving, a smaller force is
sufficient to keep it going. Let’s explore why this happens:
1. Forces on a Moving Car:

o When the car is in motion, it experiences two primary forces: thrust and
drag.
o Thrust: This force comes from the engine turning the wheels, pushing the
car forward.
o Drag: Drag is the force of air resistance (a form of friction) acting against
the front of the car as it moves1.
2. How Wheels Make a Car Go Forwards:
o The tires on the wheels exert a backward force against the road surface as
they try to turn.
o This backward force creates an equal and opposite force that pushes the
car forward.
o To maintain motion, the tires set have good grip (high friction) to prevent
sliding on the road surface.
o If the forces of thrust and drag are balanced (equal), the car will move
with a constant velocity.
o If thrust exceeds drag, the car accelerates, while greater drag than thrust
slows it down1.
In summary, once the car is in motion, the balance between thrust and drag allows a
smaller force to maintain its movement. The initial force overcomes inertia, but
subsequent forces need not be as large to sustain motion12.
2- If only one force acts on an object, can it be in equilibrium? Explain.
Certainly! Let’s delve into the concept of equilibrium when only one force acts on an
object.
1. Equilibrium:
o Equilibrium refers to a state in which an object experiences no net force
and remains either at rest or in uniform motion (constant velocity).
o When an object is in equilibrium, the vector sum of all forces acting on it
is zero.
o There are two types of equilibrium:
 Static Equilibrium: The object is at rest (not moving).
23
 Dynamic Equilibrium: The object moves with constant velocity
(no acceleration).
2. Single Force and Equilibrium:
o If only one force acts on an object, it can indeed be in equilibrium under
specific conditions.
o For static equilibrium:
 The single force set be balanced by an equal and opposite force
(often due to a surface or another object).
 Example: A book resting on a table experiences the gravitational
force downward and the normal force upward from the table.
These forces balance out, resulting in static equilibrium.
o For dynamic equilibrium:
 The single force set be balanced by other factors, such as friction
or air resistance.
 Example: A car moving at a constant speed on straight road
experiences thrust from the engine and drag due to air resistance.
These forces balance out, leading to dynamic equilibrium.
3. Conclusion:
o In summary, an object can be in equilibrium even when only one force
acts on it, provided that other factors (such as opposing forces or
resistances) contribute to maintaining that equilibrium.
3- Explain the relation between mass and acceleration.
Certainly! The relationship between mass and acceleration is described by Newton’s

second law of motion. Let’s break it down:
1. Force (F): Force is the pull or push exerted by one object on another. It can result
from direct contact or act from a distance due to gravity, electricity, or
magnetism. Scientists measure force in units called newtons (N). One newton is
the force needed to accelerate a 1-kilogram mass by 1 meter per second
squared.
2. Mass (m): Mass is a measure of how much matter an object contains. It
represents the quantity of atoms and subatomic particles (protons, neutrons,
electrons) within an object. The standard unit for mass is the kilogram (kg).
3. Acceleration (a): Acceleration occurs when an object’s speed changes. It can be
positive (when an object gains speed) or negative (when speed decreases).
Acceleration is measured in units of meters per second squared (m/s²).
Now, let’s put it all together:
 Newton’s Second Law: The force acting on an object is equal to the product of
its mass and acceleration: (F = m * a).
o If the force acting on an object remains constant, acceleration is inversely
proportional to the mass. In other words:
24
 Large mass with the same force results in slower acceleration.
 Small mass with the same force leads to faster acceleration.
For instance, pushing a heavy object requires more force to achieve the same acceleration
as pushing a lighter object. This law has profound implications for understanding how
objects move on Earth and in space, and it has enabled scientists and engineers to explore
nature accurately and build efficient machines123. 🌟
4. Identify the action and reaction forces in each of the following:
Let’s analyze the action and reaction forces in each scenario:
A:
1. Person Leaning Against a Wall:

o Action Force (F_MAN-WALL): The person pushes against the wall.
o Reaction Force (F_WALL-MAN): The wall pushes back on the person.
o According to Newton’s third law of motion, these forces are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction: (F_{ {WALL-MAN}} = -
F_{ {MAN-WALL}}).
Person Leaning Against a Wall
25
Important: action and reaction forces always occur in pairs, and they act on different
objects involved in an interaction.
B:
2. Person Jumping on Diving Bord:

o Action Force (F_MAN- Diving Bord): The person pushes against the
Diving Bord.
o Reaction Force (F_ Diving Bord -MAN): The Diving Bord pushes back
on the person.
magnitude but opposite in direction: (F_ {{Diving Bord -MAN}} = -F_
{{MAN- Diving Bord}}).
Person Jumping on Diving Bord
C:
26
1. Hammer and Nail Interaction:
o Action Force: The force exerted by the hammer on the nail
(F_HAMMER-NAIL).
o Reaction Force: The force exerted by the nail on the hammer (F_NAIL-
HAMMER).
magnitude but opposite in direction: F_NAIL-HAMMER= -
F_HAMMER-NAIL.
Hammer and Nail Interaction
D:
3. Person Walking on Road:

o Action Force (F_MAN- Road): The person pushes against the Road.
o Reaction Force (F_ Road -MAN): The Road pushes back on the person.
magnitude but opposite in direction: (F_{ { Road -MAN}} = -F_{ {MAN-
Road }}).
Person Walking on Road
27
Question 1:
An iron ball of mass 20 Kg is attached to a string as shown in the adjacent figure. If we place a
magnet to the right of the ball, what is the magnitude of the magnetic force for the ball to attain
equilibrium when the string moves by 30 ˚ with the vertical.
The problem states that we have an iron ball of mass 20 kg attached to a string. A magnet
is placed to the right of the ball. We want to find the magnitude of the magnetic force
required for the ball to attain equilibrium when the string makes an angle of 30° with the
vertical.
Here’s how we can approach this:
1. Free Body Diagram (FBD): Let’s start by drawing a free body diagram for the
iron ball. We have the following forces acting on the ball:
o Weight (mg): The gravitational force acting downward due to the mass of
the ball.
o Tension (T): The tension in the string, which acts upward.
o Magnetic Force (F_mag): The force exerted by the magnet, which we
need to find.
Free Body Diagram
2. Equilibrium Condition: For the ball to be in equilibrium (not accelerating), the

net force in both the horizontal and vertical directions must be zero. Since the
28
string makes an angle of 30° with the vertical, we’ll consider the vertical
component of forces.
o In the vertical direction: [ T cos (30°) - mg = 0]
o Solving for tension (T): [ T = {m*g} ÷{cos (30°)} ]
3. Magnetic Force: The magnetic force must balance the vertical component of
tension: [ F_{{mag}} = T * sin (30°)]
Substituting the expression for tension: [ F_{{mag}} = {m*g} ÷{cos(30°)}
4. Calculations: Let’s calculate the values:

o Mass of the ball ((m)): 20 kg
o Acceleration due to gravity ((g)): 9.8 m/s²
o Angle ((\theta)): 30°
[ T = {(20, {kg}) * (9.8 , {m/s²})}÷{cos(30°)} ]

Certainly! Let’s express the solution in a more concise and organized manner:
1. Free Body Diagram (FBD):
o We have an iron ball of mass (m = 20, {kg}) attached to a string.
o Forces acting on the ball:
 Weight ((mg)) downward.
 Tension ((T)) in the string upward.
 Magnetic force ((F_{{mag}})) to the right (opposite to tension).
2. Equilibrium Condition:
o For equilibrium, the net vertical force must be zero: [ T \cos (30°) - mg = 0
] Solving for tension: [ T = {m*g}÷{cos(30°)} ]
3. Magnetic Force:
o The magnetic force balances the vertical component of tension:
[ F_{{mag}} = T sin (30°) ]
4. Calculations:
o Mass ((m)): 20 kg
o Acceleration due to gravity ((g)): 9.8 m/s²
o Angle ((\theta)): 30°
1. [ T = {(20, {kg}) * (9.8, {m/s²})} ÷{cos (30°)} ]=

[ T = 226.32, {N} ]
2. Magnetic Force (F_mag): The magnetic force balances the vertical

component of tension: [ F_{{mag}} = T * sin (30°) ]
Plugging in the value of tension: [ F_{{mag}} = 226.32 , {N} * sin (30°) ]
Calculating: [ F_{{mag}} = 226.32 , {N} \cdot 0.5 = 113.16 , {N} ]
Therefore, the correct magnitude of the magnetic force required for the iron ball to attain
equilibrium when the string makes an angle of 30° with the vertical is
approximately 113.16 N.
29
Question 2: A 200 N tension force is being exerted to the left on an object of mass 50 kg, where
friction is equal to 50 N to the left. The applied force is making an angle of 30 ˚ above the
horizontal to the right. a. Calculate the magnitude of the applied force needed to keep the body in
equilibrium. b. Calculate the magnitude of the normal force.
Explore
Explore
To find the magnitude of the applied force needed to keep the body in equilibrium, we’ll
consider the forces acting on the object. Here’s the given information:
 Tension force ((T)) = 200 N (acting to the left)

 Frictional force ((f)) = 50 N (also acting to the left)
 Mass of the object ((m)) = 50 kg
 Angle of the applied force ((\theta)) = 30° above the horizontal to the right
We want to find the magnitude of the applied force ((F)).
1. Horizontal Component of Applied Force ((F_x)): We can break down the

applied force into its horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal
component ((F_x)) can be found using trigonometric ratios: [ F_x = F \cos(\
theta) ]
2. Vertical Component of Applied Force ((F_y)): The vertical component ((F_y))
can also be found using trigonometric ratios: [ F_y = F \sin(\theta) ]
30
3. Equilibrium in the Horizontal Direction: For equilibrium, the net force in the
horizontal direction must be zero: [ \Sigma F_x = 0 \Rightarrow F_x - T - f = 0 ]
Solving for (F_x): [ F_x = T + f = 200,N + 50,N = 250,N ]
b. Magnitude of the Normal Force:
The normal force acts perpendicular to the surface and balances the gravitational force. In
equilibrium, the vertical forces set also sum to zero:
[ F_{{normal}} - F_{{gravity}} = 0]
Since the object is not accelerating vertically, the normal force equals the gravitational
force:
[ F_{{normal}} = F_{{gravity}} = m * g]
Given:
 Mass ((m)) = 50 kg
 Acceleration due to gravity ((g)) ≈ 9.8 m/s²
[ F_{{normal}} = 50 {kg}* 9.8 {m/s²} = 490 {N}]
Therefore, the magnitude of the normal force is approximately 490 N.
In summary:
 Magnitude of applied force needed for equilibrium: (250, {N})

 Magnitude of normal force: (490 , {N})
Question 3: A box of mass 4 kg is pushed up an inclined surface of an angle 40˚ with the
horizontal by an applied force Fapp= 80 N. the frictional force exerted by the surface is
10 N. a. Calculate the net force acting on the box. b. Calculate the magnitude of the
normal force.
Certainly! Let’s break this down step by step:
31
1. Net Force Calculation: To find the net force acting on the box, we need to
consider the forces involved. The applied force ((F_{{app}})) and the frictional
force ((f)) both contribute to the net force. The gravitational force ((mg)) also
plays a role, but it acts parallel to the incline and doesn’t affect the net force.
The net force can be calculated as follows:
[ F_{{net}} = F_{{app}} - f]
Given:
o Applied force ((F_{{app}})) = 80 N

o Frictional force ((f)) = 10 N
[ F_{{net}} = 80 {N} - 10 {N} = 70{N}]
Therefore, the net force acting on the box is 70 N.
2. Normal Force Calculation: The normal force ((F_N)) is the perpendicular force
exerted by the surface on the box. It counteracts the gravitational force component
that is perpendicular to the incline. The normal force can be expressed as:
[ F_N = m * g cos(alpha)]
Where:
o (m) is the mass of the box (given as 4 kg).

o (g) is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s²).
o (\alpha) is the angle of inclination (given as 40°).
Let’s calculate the normal force:
[ F_N = 4 {kg} *9.8 {m/s²} cos (40°)]
Using the cosine value for 40° (approximately 0.766), we get:
[ F_N = 4 * 9.8 * 0.766 = 29.9 {N}]
Therefore, the magnitude of the normal force is approximately 29.9 N.
Question 4: Roberto and Laura are studying across from each other at a wide table. Laura
slides a 2.2 kg book toward Roberto. If the net force acting on the book is 1.6 N to the
right, what is the book’s acceleration?
32
To find the book’s acceleration, we can use Newton’s second law of motion:
[ F {net}} = m * a ]
where:
 (F {net}}) is the net force acting on the book (1.6 N to the right).
 (m) is the mass of the book (2.2 kg).
 (a) is the acceleration we want to find.
Rearranging the equation to solve for acceleration:
[ a = {F {net}}} ÷{m}]
Substitute the given values:
[ a = {1.6 {N}} ÷ {2.2 {kg}}]
Calculating:
[ a = approx. 0.73, {m/s}2]
Therefore, the book’s acceleration is approximately 0.73 m/s² to the right.
Question 5: The net force on the propeller of a 3.2 kg model airplane is 7.0 N forward.
What is the acceleration of the airplane?
Given that the mass of the model airplane is 3.2 kg and the net force acting on the
propeller is 7.0 N forward, we can find the acceleration of the airplane using Newton’s
second law of motion:
[ F = m*a]
where:
 (F) represents the net force (7.0 N).

 (m) represents the mass of the airplane (3.2 kg).
 (a) represents the acceleration.
Solving for acceleration ((a)):
[ a = ÷{F}÷{m} = {7.0 {N}} ÷ {3.2 {kg}} = 2.19 {m/s2]
Therefore, the airplane’s acceleration is 2.19 m/s² forward1.
33
Question 6: A soccer ball kicked with a force of 13.5 N accelerates at 6.5 m/s2 to the
right. What is the mass of the ball?
The mass of the soccer ball can be determined using Newton’s second law of motion.
This law states that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied to it,
according to the equation:
[ F = m * a]
where:
 (F) represents the force applied (in this case, 13.5 N).
 (m) is the mass of the object (which we need to find).
 (a) denotes the acceleration (given as 6.5 m/s²).
Rearranging the equation to solve for mass:
[ m = {F}÷{a}]
Substituting the given values:
[ m = {13.5 {N}} ÷ {6.5,{m/s²}} ]
The mass of the soccer ball is approximately 2.08 kg123.
Question 7: What net force is required to give a 25 kg suitcase an acceleration of 2.2 m/s2
to the right?
55N
Explanation:
Using Newton's second law of motion:
F=ma
Force=mass × acceleration
F=25×2.2
F=55N
So 55 Newtons are needed.
Question 8:
34
A 5.0 kg bucket of water is raised from a well by a rope. If the upward acceleration of the bucket
is 3.0 m/s2, find the force exerted by the rope on the bucket of water.
65 [N]
Explanation:
Assuming the upward acceleration reads 3 [m/s2] we have
T−m*g=m*a or
T=m(g+a) =5(10+3) =65 [N]
Question 9:
A car of mass 650 kg is moving to the right by a tractive force 1200 N on a rough surface where
friction is equal to 120 N.
a. Calculate the acceleration of the car using Newton’s 2nd Law.

b. Calculate the normal force exerted by the ground on the car.
Certainly! Let’s break down the problem step by step:
a. Calculate the acceleration of the car using Newton’s 2nd Law:
Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is proportional to
the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. We can express this
mathematically as:
[ a = {F}{m}]
where:
 (a) represents the acceleration of the car.

 (F) is the net force acting on the car (which is the tractive force minus the
frictional force).
 (m) is the mass of the car.
Given:
 Mass of the car ((m)): 650 kg

 Tractive force ((F_{{tractive}})): 1200 N
 Frictional force ((F_{{friction}})): 120 N
35
First, let’s find the net force:
[ F_{{net}} = F_{{tractive}} - F_{{friction}} ] [ F_{{net}} = 1200 , {N} - 120 , {N} =

1080 , {N} ]
Now we can calculate the acceleration:
[ a = {F_{{net}}}{m} = {1080 , {N}}{650 , {kg}} ]
Using a calculator, we find:
[ a ≈1.66 , {m/s}^2 ]
Therefore, the acceleration of the car is approximately 1.66 m/s².
b. Calculate the normal force exerted by the ground on the car:
The normal force ((F_N)) is the perpendicular force that the surface (in this case, the
ground) exerts on the car. It prevents the car from falling through the ground. For an
object on a flat surface, the normal force is equal to its gravitational force (weight). The
forµla for the normal force on a flat surface is:
[ F_N = m g ]
where:
 (m) is the mass of the car (650 kg).

 (g) is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s²).
Substitute the given values:
[ F_N = 650 , {kg} 9.8 , {m/s}^2 = 6370 , {N} ]
Therefore, the normal force exerted by the ground on the car is approximately 6370 N.
Question 10:
A body of mass 200 kg is being pulled to the right by a force of 485 N making 30 ͦ with the
horizontal where friction is equal to 120 N.
a. Calculate the acceleration of the body.
36
b. Calculate the magnitude of the normal force.
Explore
Certainly! Let’s break this down step by step:
a. Calculate the acceleration of the body:
To find the acceleration, we’ll use Newton’s second law of motion:
[ F_{{net}} = m a ]
Where:
 (F_{{net}}) is the net force acting on the body (the difference between the
applied force and friction).
 (m) is the mass of the body.
 (a) is the acceleration.
Given information:
 Applied force ((F_{{applied}})) = 485 N

 Frictional force ((F_{{friction}})) = 120 N
 Mass ((m)) = 200 kg
Net force ((F_{{net}})) can be calculated as:
[ F_{{net}} = F_{{applied}} - F_{{friction}}]
Substitute the values:
[ F_{{net}} = 485, {N} - 120, {N} = 365, {N}]
Now, using Newton’s second law:
[ 365, {N} = 200 , {kg} a ]
37
Solving for acceleration ((a)):
[ a = {365 , {N}}{200 , {kg}} = 1.825 , {m/s}^2 ]
Therefore, the acceleration of the body is approximately (1.825 , {m/s}^2).
b. Calculate the magnitude of the normal force:
The normal force ((F_{{N}})) is the perpendicular force exerted by the surface on the
object. For an object on an inclined surface, the normal force equation is:
[ F_{{N}} = m g \cos(\alpha) ]
Where:
 (g) is the gravitational acceleration (approximately (9.8 , {m/s}^2)).

 (\alpha) is the angle of inclination (given as 30°).
Substitute the values:
[ F_{{N}} = 200 , {kg} 9.8 , {m/s}^2 \cos(30°) ]
Using the cosine value for 30° (which is approximately 0.866):
[ F_{{N}} = 200 , {kg} 9.8 , {m/s}^2 0.866 = 1695.6 , {N} ]
Therefore, the magnitude of the normal force is approximately (1695.6 , {N})12
Feel free to ask if you have any further questions! 😊
Question 11:
A car of mass 1800 kg is stuck in µd where friction is equal to 1200 N is being pulled forward by
a wrench making 40 ͦ with the horizontal. Calculate the magnitude of the needed tension force to
accelerate the car by +0.5 m/s2.
Certainly! Let’s break down the problem step by step.
1. First, let’s find the net force acting on the car. We’ll use Newton’s second law,
which states that the net force ((F)) is equal to the product of mass ((m)) and
acceleration ((a)):
38
[F=ma]
Given:
o Mass of the car ((m)): 1800 kg

o Acceleration ((a)): +0.5 m/s² (since the car is accelerating forward)
Plugging in the values: [ F = 1800 , {kg} 0.5 , {m/s²} = 900 , {N} ]
2. Next, let’s consider the forces acting on the car:

o Tension force ((T)) pulling the car forward.
o Frictional force ((f)) opposing the motion (given as 1200 N).
3. The net force ((F)) is the difference between the tension force and the frictional
force: [ F = T - f ]
Rearranging the equation to solve for the tension force: [ T = F + f ]
Plugging in the known values: [ T = 900 , {N} + 1200 , {N} = 2100 , {N} ]
Therefore, the magnitude of the needed tension force to accelerate the car by +0.5 m/s² is
2100 N1. 🚗💨
Question 12:
A body (S) of mass 50 kg sliding on a rough inclined plane making 30 ͦ with the horizontal. The
friction force due to the surface is equal to 50 N.
a. Calculate the acceleration of the body.
b. Calculate the normal force.
Certainly! Let’s tackle this step by step:
a. Calculate the acceleration of the body:
1. First, we’ll find the gravitational force acting on the body. The gravitational force
((F_g)) can be calculated as:
[ F_g = m g ]
where:
o (m) is the mass of the body (given as 50 kg).

o (g) is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s²).
39
Plugging in the values: [ F_g = 50 , {kg} 9.8 , {m/s²} = 490 , {N} ]
2. Next, let’s consider the forces acting on the inclined plane:

o Gravitational force component parallel to the incline ((F_i)):
[ F_i = F_g \sin(\theta) ]
where (\theta) is the angle of inclination (given as 30°).
o Frictional force ((F_f)) opposing the motion (given as 50 N).

3. The net force ((F)) along the inclined plane is the difference between the
gravitational force component and the frictional force:
[ F = F_i - F_f ]
Rearranging the equation to solve for acceleration ((a)):
[ a = {F}÷{m} ]
Plugging in the known values: [ a = {490 , {N} - 50 , {N}}÷{50 , {kg}} = 9.602 ,

{m/s²} ]
b. Calculate the normal force:
The normal force ((F_N)) is the perpendicular force exerted by the surface on the body.
For an inclined surface, the normal force can be calculated as:
[ F_N = m g \cos(\alpha) ]
where (\alpha) is the angle of inclination (given as 30°).
Now let’s find the normal force:
[ F_N = 50 , {kg} 9.8 , {m/s²} \cos(30°) = 235 , {N} ]
Therefore:
 The acceleration of the body is approximately 4.801 m/s².
 The normal force acting on the body is 235 N12. 📏🔍
Question 13:
40
A 55 kg ice skater is at rest on a flat skating rink. A 198 N horizontal force is needed to set the
skater in motion. However, after the skater is in motion, a horizontal force of 175 N keeps the
skater moving at a constant velocity. Find the coefficients of static and kinetic friction between
the skates and the ice.
Explore
Certainly! Let’s analyze the situation step by step:
1. Coefficient of Static Friction ((μ_s)):

o The coefficient of static friction represents the force needed to overcome
the initial resistance and set an object in motion.
o When the skater is at rest, the applied horizontal force ((F_{{applied}}))
needed to start the motion is 198 N.
o The maxiµm static friction force ((F_{{static}})) can be expressed as:
[ F_{{static}} = μ_s F_N ] where (F_N) is the normal force (equal to the
skater’s weight, which is (mg)).
o Since the skater is at rest, we have: [ F_{{applied}} = F_{{static}} ] [ 198
, {N} = μ_s (55 , {kg} 9.8 , {m/s²}) ] Solving for (μ_s): [ μ_s = {198 ,
{N}}{539 , {N}} = 0.367 ]
2. Coefficient of Kinetic Friction ((μ_k)):
o Once the skater is in motion, the applied horizontal force needed to
maintain constant velocity is 175 N.
o The kinetic friction force ((F_{{kinetic}})) can be expressed as:
[ F_{{kinetic}} = μ_k F_N ]
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o Since the skater is moving at a constant velocity, we have:
[ F_{{applied}} = F_{{kinetic}} ] [ 175 , {N} = μ_k (55 , {kg} 9.8 ,
{m/s²}) ] Solving for (μ_k): [ μ_k = {175 , {N}}{539 , {N}} = 0.325 ]
Therefore, the coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the skates and the ice are
approximately:
 Static friction coefficient ((μ_s)): 0.367
 Kinetic friction coefficient ((μ_k)): 0.3251. 🏒⛸️
Question 14:
A 24 kg crate is held by a tension force of 50 N making 30 ˚above the horizontal surface to the
right.
a. Calculate the maxiµm static friction acting on the crate.

b. Calculate the coefficient of static friction.
Certainly! Let’s break down the problem step by step:
a. Calculate the maxiµm static friction acting on the crate:
1. First, we need to find the normal force ((F_N)) exerted on the crate. The normal
force is the force exerted by the surface perpendicular to the surface. In this case,
it counteracts the gravitational force acting downward.
Given:
o Mass of the crate ((m)): 24 kg

o Tension force ((T)): 50 N (acting at an angle of 30° above the horizontal)
The vertical component of the tension force can be calculated as: [ F_{N} = T \
cos(30°) ]
Plugging in the values: [ F_{N} = 50 , {N} \cos(30°) = 43.3 , {N} ]
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2. Next, let’s calculate the maxiµm static friction force ((F_{s, {max}})) using the
coefficient of static friction ((µ_s)):
The forµla for maxiµm static friction force is: [ F_{s, {max}} = µ_s F_N ]
Since the crate is at rest, the maxiµm static friction force balances the applied
tension force: [ F_{s, {max}} = T ]
Therefore: [ T = µ_s F_N ] [ 50 , {N} = µ_s 43.3 , {N} ]
Solving for (µ_s): [ µ_s = {50 , {N}}{43.3 , {N}} = 1.155 ]
b. Calculate the coefficient of static friction:
The coefficient of static friction ((µ_s)) represents the ratio of the maxiµm static friction
force to the normal force. We’ve already calculated it in part (a): [ µ_s = 1.155 ]
Therefore:
 The maxiµm static friction acting on the crate is approximately 50 N.

 The coefficient of static friction between the crate and the surface is
approximately 1.15512. 📦🔍
Question 15:
A 24 kg crate is being pulled by a tension force of 50 N making 30 ˚above the horizontal surface
to the right. Calculate the acceleration of the crate if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
surface and the crate is 0.3.
Certainly! Let’s find the acceleration of the crate using the given information.
1. Understanding the Basics of Kinetic Friction:

o Kinetic friction is the force that opposes the motion of an object as it slides
across a surface. It occurs when two surfaces are in contact and moving
relative to each other.
o The magnitude of kinetic friction depends on the nature of the surfaces in
contact and the normal force exerted between them.
2. Role of Kinetic Friction in Acceleration:
o Kinetic friction plays a crucial role in determining the acceleration of an
object.
43
o When a force is applied to an object on a surface, the force of kinetic
friction acts in the opposite direction, impeding its motion.
o As the force of kinetic friction increases, the acceleration of the object
decreases. In other words, greater kinetic friction results in slower
acceleration.
3. Relationship Between Kinetic Friction and Acceleration:
o Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
o Mathematically, this relationship can be expressed as: [ a = {F_{{net}}}
{m} ] where:
 (a) is the acceleration.
 (F_{{net}}) is the net force (applied force minus the force of
kinetic friction).
 (m) is the mass of the object.
4. Calculating the Net Force:
o The applied force is 50 N (acting at an angle of 30° above the horizontal).
o The force of kinetic friction ((F_{{friction}})) can be calculated using the
coefficient of kinetic friction ((µ_k)): [ F_{{friction}} = µ_k F_N ] where
(F_N) is the normal force (equal to the weight of the crate, which is (mg)).
o Since the crate is moving, the net force is: [ F_{{net}} = F_{{applied}} -
F_{{friction}} ]
5. Using the Coefficient of Kinetic Friction:
o Given (µ_k = 0.3), we can find the normal force: [ F_N = mg = 24 , {kg}
9.8 , {m/s}^2 = 235.2 , {N} ]
o Now calculate the force of kinetic friction: [ F_{{friction}} = µ_k F_N =
0.3 235.2 , {N} = 70.56 , {N} ]
o Finally, the net force: [ F_{{net}} = 50 , {N} - 70.56 , {N} = -20.56 ,
{N} ]
6. Calculating Acceleration: [ a = {F_{{net}}}{m} = {-20.56 , {N}}{24 , {kg}} =
-0.857 , {m/s}^2 ]
Therefore, the acceleration of the crate is approximately 0.857 m/s² in the direction
opposite to the applied force1. 📦🔍🚚
Question 16:
44
A 4.00 kg block is pushed along the ceiling with a constant
applied force of 85.0 N that acts at an angle of 55.0° with
the horizontal, as in the figure. The block accelerates to the
right at 6.00 m/s2.
Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the

ceiling and the block.
Certainly! Let’s find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the ceiling and the block.
1. We know that the block is accelerating to the right with an acceleration of (6.00 ,
{m/s}^2).
2. The applied force ((F_{{applied}})) acts at an angle of (55.0°) with the
horizontal.
3. The net force ((F_{{net}})) acting on the block can be calculated using the
horizontal component of the applied force:
[ F_{{net}} = F_{{applied}} \cos (55.0°) ]
Plugging in the given value: [ F_{{net}} = 85.0 , {N} \cos(55.0°) ]
4. Next, we need to consider the force of kinetic friction ((F_{k})) opposing the
motion. The equation for kinetic friction is:
[ F_{k} = µ_k F_{N}]
where:
o (F_{k}) is the force of kinetic friction.

o (µ_k) is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
o (F_{N}) is the normal force (equal to the weight of the block).
5. The normal force ((F_{N})) is the force exerted by the ceiling on the block. Since
the block is moving along the ceiling, the normal force is equal to the weight of
the block:
[ F_{N} = mg ]
where:
o(m) is the mass of the block (given as (4.00 , {kg})).

o(g) is the acceleration due to gravity ((9.8 , {m/s}^2)).
6. Now let’s calculate the normal force:
[ F_{N} = 4.00 , {kg} 9.8 , {m/s}^2 ]
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7. With the net force and the normal force, we can find the force of kinetic friction:
[ F_{k} = F_{{net}} - F_{N}]
8. Finally, we can determine the coefficient of kinetic friction:
[ µ_k = {F_{k}} {F_{N}} ]
Plugging in the values: [ µ_k = {F_{{net}} - F_{N}}{F_{N}} ]
Now let’s calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction using the given information. 🚀🔍
46
Kinematic Equations and Problem-Solving
 Kinematic Equations Introduction
 Solving Problems with Kinematic Equations
 Kinematic Equations and Free Fall
 Sample Problems and Solutions
 Kinematic Equations and Kinematic Graphs
The four kinematic equations that describe the mathematical relationship

between the parameters that describe an object's motion were introduced in
the previous part of Lesson 6. The four kinematic equations are:
In the above equations, the symbol d stands for the displacement of the
object. The symbol t stands for the time for which the object moved. The
symbol a stands for the acceleration of the object. And the symbol v stands for
the instantaneous velocity of the object; a subscript of i after the v (as in vi)
indicates that the velocity value is the initial velocity value and a subscript of f
(as in vf) indicates that the velocity value is the final velocity value.
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Problem-Solving Strategy
In this part of Lesson 6 we will investigate the process of using the equations to
determine unknown information about an object's motion. The process involves
the use of a problem-solving strategy that will be used throughout the course.
The strategy involves the following steps:
1. Construct an informative diagram of the physical situation.

2. Identify and list the given information in variable form.
3. Identify and list the unknown information in variable form.
4. Identify and list the equation that will be used to determine unknown
information from known information.
5. Substitute known values into the equation and use appropriate
algebraic steps to solve for the unknown information.
6. Check your answer to ensure that it is reasonable and mathematically
correct.
The use of this problem-solving strategy in the solution of the following problem
is modeled in Examples A and B below.
Example Problem A
Ima Hurryin is approaching a stoplight moving with a velocity of +30.0 m/s. The
light turns yellow, and Ima applies the brakes and skids to a stop. If Ima's
acceleration is -8.00 m/s2, then determine the displacement of the car during the
skidding process. (Note that the direction of the velocity and the acceleration
vectors are denoted by a + and a - sign.)
The solution to this problem begins by the construction of an informative

diagram of the physical situation. This is shown below. The second step involves
the identification and listing of known information in variable form. Note that
48
the vf value can be inferred to be 0 m/s since Ima's car comes to a stop. The
initial velocity (vi) of the car is +30.0 m/s since this is the velocity at the
beginning of the motion (the skidding motion). And the acceleration (a) of the
car is given as - 8.00 m/s2. (Always pay careful attention to the + and - signs for
the given quantities.) The next step of the strategy involves the listing of the
unknown (or desired) information in variable form. In this case, the problem
requests information about the displacement of the car. So d is the unknown
quantity. The results of the first three steps are shown in the table below.
Diagram: Given: Find:

vi = +30.0 m/s
vf = 0 m/s
d = ??
a = - 8.00 m/s2
The next step of the strategy involves identifying a kinematic equation that
would allow you to determine the unknown quantity. There are four kinematic
equations to choose from. In general, you will always choose the equation that
contains the three known and the one unknown variable. In this specific case,
the three known variables and the one unknown variable are vf, vi, a, and d.
Thus, you will look for an equation that has these four variables listed in it. An
inspection of the four equations above reveals that the equation on the top right
contains all four variables.
vf2 = vi2 + 2 • a • d
Once the equation is identified and written down, the next step of
the strategy involves substituting known values into the equation and using
proper algebraic steps to solve for the unknown information. This step is shown
below.
(0 m/s)2 = (30.0 m/s)2 + 2 • (-8.00 m/s2) • d
0 m2/s2 = 900 m2/s2 + (-16.0 m/s2) • d
(16.0 m/s2) • d = 900 m2/s2 - 0 m2/s2
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(16.0 m/s2)*d = 900 m2/s2
d = (900 m2/s2)/ (16.0 m/s2)
d = (900 m2/s2)/ (16.0 m/s2)
d = 56.3 m
The solution above reveals that the car will skid a distance of 56.3 meters. (Note
that this value is rounded to the third digit.)
The last step of the problem-solving strategy involves checking the answer to
assure that it is both reasonable and accurate. The value seems reasonable
enough. It takes a car a considerable distance to skid from 30.0 m/s
(approximately 65 mi/hr) to a stop. The calculated distance is approximately
one-half a football field, making this a very reasonable skidding distance.
Checking for accuracy involves substituting the calculated value back into the
equation for displacement and insuring that the left side of the equation is equal
to the right side of the equation. Indeed, it is!
Example Problem B
Ben Rushin is waiting at a stoplight. When it finally turns green, Ben accelerated
from rest at a rate of a 6.00 m/s2 for a time of 4.10 seconds. Determine the
displacement of Ben's car during this time period.
Once more, the solution to this problem begins by the construction of an

informative diagram of the physical situation. This is shown below. The second
step of the strategy involves the identification and listing of known information in
variable form. Note that the vi value can be inferred to be 0 m/s since Ben's car
is initially at rest. The acceleration (a) of the car is 6.00 m/s2. And the time (t) is
given as 4.10 s. The next step of the strategy involves the listing of the unknown
(or desired) information in variable form. In this case, the problem requests
information about the displacement of the car. So d is the unknown information.
The results of the first three steps are shown in the table below.
50
vi = 0 m/s
t = 4.10 s
d = ??
a = 6.00 m/s2
The next step of the strategy involves identifying a kinematic equation that
would allow you to determine the unknown quantity. There are four kinematic
equations to choose from. Again, you will always search for an equation that
contains the three known variables and the one unknown variable. In this
specific case, the three known variables and the one unknown variable are t, v i,
a, and d. An inspection of the four equations above reveals that the equation on
the top left contains all four variables.
d = vi • t + ½ • a • t 2
Once the equation is identified and written down, the next step of
the strategy involves substituting known values into the equation and using
proper algebraic steps to solve for the unknown information. This step is shown
below.
d = (0 m/s) • (4.1 s) + ½ • (6.00 m/s2) • (4.10 s)2
d = (0 m) + ½ • (6.00 m/s2) • (16.81 s2)
d = 0 m + 50.43 m
d = 50.4 m
The solution above reveals that the car will travel a distance of 50.4 meters.
(Note that this value is rounded to the third digit.)
enough. A car with an acceleration of 6.00 m/s/s will reach a speed of
approximately 24 m/s (approximately 50 mi/hr) in 4.10 s. The distance over
which such a car would be displaced during this time period would be
approximately one-half a football field, making this a very reasonable distance.
Checking for accuracy involves substituting the calculated value back into the
equation for displacement and insuring that the left side of the equation is equal
to the right side of the equation. Indeed it is!
51
The two example problems above illustrate how the kinematic equations can be
combined with a simple problem-solving strategy to predict unknown motion
parameters for a moving object. Provided that three motion parameters are
known, any of the remaining values can be determined. In the next part of
Lesson 6, we will see how this strategy can be applied to free fall situations. Or if
interested, you can try some practice problems and check your answer against
the given solutions.
Kinematic Equations and Free Fall

As mentioned in Lesson 5, a free-falling object is

an object that is falling under the sole influence of gravity. That is to say that
any object that is moving and being acted upon only be the force of gravity is
said to be "in a state of free fall." Such an object will experience a downward
acceleration of 9.8 m/s/s. Whether the object is falling downward or rising
upward towards its peak, if it is under the sole influence of gravity, then its
acceleration value is 9.8 m/s/s.
Like any moving object, the motion of an object in free fall can be described by
four kinematic equations. The kinematic equations that describe any object's
motion are:
52
The symbols in the above equation have a specific meaning: the symbol d stands
for the displacement; the symbol t stands for the time; the symbol a stands
for the acceleration of the object; the symbol vi stands for the initial
velocity value; and the symbol vf stands for the final velocity.
Applying Free Fall Concepts to Problem-Solving

There are a few conceptual characteristics of free fall motion that will be of value
when using the equations to analyze free fall motion. These concepts are
described as follows:
 An object in free fall experiences an acceleration of -9.8 m/s/s. (The -

sign indicates a downward acceleration.) Whether explicitly stated or
not, the value of the acceleration in the kinematic equations is -9.8
m/s/s for any freely falling object.
 If an object is merely dropped (as opposed to being thrown) from an
elevated height, then the initial velocity of the object is 0 m/s.
 If an object is projected upwards in a perfectly vertical direction, then
it will slow down as it rises upward. The instant at which it reaches the
peak of its trajectory, its velocity is 0 m/s. This value can be used as
one of the motion parameters in the kinematic equations; for example,
the final velocity (vf) after traveling to the peak would be assigned a
value of 0 m/s.
 If an object is projected upwards in a perfectly vertical direction, then
the velocity at which it is projected is equal in magnitude and opposite
in sign to the velocity that it has when it returns to the same height.
That is, a ball projected vertically with an upward velocity of +30 m/s
will have a downward velocity of -30 m/s when it returns to the same
height.
These four principles and the four kinematic equations can be combined to solve
problems involving the motion of free falling objects. The two examples below
illustrate application of free fall principles to kinematic problem-solving. In each
example, the problem solving strategy that was introduced earlier in this lesson
will be utilized.
Example Problem A
53
Luke Autbeloe drops a pile of roof shingles from the top of a roof located 8.52
meters above the ground. Determine the time required for the shingles to reach
the ground.
The solution to this problem begins by the construction of an informative

diagram of the physical situation. This is shown below. The second step involves
the identification and listing of known information in variable form. You might
note that in the statement of the problem, there is only one piece of numerical
information explicitly stated: 8.52 meters. The displacement (d) of the shingles is
-8.52 m. (The - sign indicates that the displacement is downward). The
remaining information set be extracted from the problem statement based upon
your understanding of the above principles. For example, the vi value can be
inferred to be 0 m/s since the shingles are dropped (released from rest; see note
above). And the acceleration (a) of the shingles can be inferred to be -9.8
m/s2 since the shingles are free-falling (see note above). (Always pay careful
attention to the + and - signs for the given quantities.) The next step of the
solution involves the listing of the unknown (or desired) information in variable
form. In this case, the problem requests information about the time of fall.
So t is the unknown quantity. The results of the first three steps are shown in
the table below.

vi = 0.0 m/s
d = -8.52 m
t = ??
a = - 9.8 m/s2
The next step involves identifying a kinematic equation that allows you to
determine the unknown quantity. There are four kinematic equations to choose
from. In general, you will always choose the equation that contains the three
known and the one unknown variable. In this specific case, the three known
variables and the one unknown variable are d, vi, a, and t. Thus, you will look for
an equation that has these four variables listed in it. An inspection of the four
equations above reveals that the equation on the top left contains all four
variables.
d = vi • t + ½ • a • t 2
Once the equation is identified and written down, the next step involves
substituting known values into the equation and using proper algebraic steps to
solve for the unknown information. This step is shown below.
-8.52 m = (0 m/s) • (t) + ½ • (-9.8 m/s2) • (t)2
54
-8.52 m = (0 m) *(t) + (-4.9 m/s2) • (t)2
-8.52 m = (-4.9 m/s2) • (t)2
(-8.52 m)/(-4.9 m/s2) = t2
1.739 s2 = t2
t = 1.32 s
The solution above reveals that the shingles will fall for a time of 1.32 seconds
before hitting the ground. (Note that this value is rounded to the third digit.)
enough. The shingles are falling a distance of approximately 10 yards (1 meter is
pretty close to 1 yard); it seems that an answer between 1 and 2 seconds would
be highly reasonable. The calculated time easily falls within this range of
reasonability. Checking for accuracy involves substituting the calculated value
back into the equation for time and insuring that the left side of the equation is
equal to the right side of the equation. Indeed it is!
Example Problem B
Rex Things throws his mother's crystal vase vertically upwards with an initial
velocity of 26.2 m/s. Determine the height to which the vase will rise above its
initial height.
Once more, the solution to this problem begins by the construction of an

informative diagram of the physical situation. This is shown below. The second
step involves the identification and listing of known information in variable form.
You might note that in the statement of the problem, there is only one piece of
numerical information explicitly stated: 26.2 m/s. The initial velocity (vi) of the
vase is +26.2 m/s. (The + sign indicates that the initial velocity is an upwards
velocity). The remaining information set be extracted from the problem
statement based upon your understanding of the above principles. Note that
the vf value can be inferred to be 0 m/s since the final state of the vase is the
peak of its trajectory (see note above). The acceleration (a) of the vase is -9.8
m/s2 (see note above). The next step involves the listing of the unknown (or
desired) information in variable form. In this case, the problem requests
information about the displacement of the vase (the height to which it rises
55
above its starting height). So d is the unknown information. The results of the
first three steps are shown in the table below.
vi = 26.2 m/s
vf = 0 m/s
d = ??
a = -9.8 m/s2
The next step involves identifying a kinematic equation that would allow you to
determine the unknown quantity. There are four kinematic equations to choose
from. Again, you will always search for an equation that contains the three
known variables and the one unknown variable. In this specific case, the three
known variables and the one unknown variable are vi, vf, a, and d. An inspection
of the four equations above reveals that the equation on the top right contains
all four variables.
vf2 = vi2 + 2 • a • d
Once the equation is identified and written down, the next step involves
substituting known values into the equation and using proper algebraic steps to
solve for the unknown information. This step is shown below.
(0 m/s)2 = (26.2 m/s)2 + 2 •(-9.8m/s2) •d
0 m2/s2 = 686.44 m2/s2 + (-19.6 m/s2) •d
(-19.6 m/s2) • d = 0 m2/s2 -686.44 m2/s2
(-19.6 m/s2) • d = -686.44 m2/s2
d = (-686.44 m2/s2)/ (-19.6 m/s2)
d = 35.0 m
The solution above reveals that the vase will travel upwards for a displacement
of 35.0 meters before reaching its peak. (Note that this value is rounded to the
third digit.)
56
enough. The vase is thrown with a speed of approximately 50 mi/hr (merely
approximate 1 m/s to be equivalent to 2 mi/hr). Such a throw will never make it
further than one football field in height (approximately 100 m), yet will surely
make it past the 10-yard line (approximately 10 meters). The calculated answer
certainly falls within this range of reasonability. Checking for accuracy involves
substituting the calculated value back into the equation for displacement and
insuring that the left side of the equation is equal to the right side of the
equation. Indeed it is!
Kinematic equations provide a useful means of determining the value of an

unknown motion parameter if three motion parameters are known. In the case
of a free-fall motion, the acceleration is often known. And in many cases,
another motion parameter can be inferred through a solid knowledge of
some basic kinematic principles. The next part of Lesson 6 provides a wealth of
practice problems with answers and solutions.
1-D Kinematics - Lesson 6 - Describing Motion with Equations
Sample Problems and Solutions

Earlier in Lesson 6, four kinematic equations were

introduced and discussed. A useful problem-solving strategy was presented for
use with these equations and two examples were given that illustrated the use of
the strategy. Then, the application of the kinematic equations and the problem-
solving strategy to free-fall motion was discussed and illustrated. In this part of
Lesson 6, several sample problems will be presented. These problems allow any
student of physics to test their understanding of the use of the four kinematic
equations to solve problems involving the one-dimensional motion of objects.
You are encouraged to read each problem and practice the use of the strategy in
the solution of the problem. Then click the button to check the answer or use the
57
link to view the solution.
Check Your Understanding

1. An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is
finally lifts off the ground. Determine the distance traveled before
takeoff.
See Answer
See solution below. Answer: d = 1720 m
2. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.21
seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the acceleration of the
car.
See Answer
See solution below. Answer: a = 8.10 m/s/s
3. Upton Chuck is riding the Giant Drop at Great America. If Upton free
falls for 2.60 seconds, what will be his final velocity and how far will he
fall?
See Answer
See solution below.
4. A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s in 2.47
seconds. Determine the acceleration of the car and the distance
traveled.
See Answer
See solution below.
58
5. A feather is dropped on the moon from a height of 1.40 meters. The
acceleration of gravity on the moon is 1.67 m/s2. Determine the time
for the feather to fall to the surface of the moon.
See Answer
See solution below.
6. Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the human response to

acceleration. If a rocket-powered sled is accelerated to a speed of 444
m/s in 1.83 seconds, then what is the acceleration and what is the
distance that the sled travels?
See Answer
See solution below.

-------------------
1.
An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is
finally lifts off the ground. Determine the distance traveled before
takeoff.
See Answer
See solution below.
2. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.21
seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the acceleration of the
car.
See Answer
See solution below.
59
3. Upton Chuck is riding the Giant Drop at Great America. If Upton free
falls for 2.60 seconds, what will be his final velocity and how far will he
fall?
See Answer
See solution below.
4. A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s in 2.47
seconds. Determine the acceleration of the car and the distance
traveled.
See Answer
See solution below.
5. A feather is dropped on the moon from a height of 1.40 meters. The

acceleration of gravity on the moon is 1.67 m/s2. Determine the time
for the feather to fall to the surface of the moon.
See Answer
See solution below.
6. Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the human response to

acceleration. If a rocket-powered sled is accelerated to a speed of 444
m/s in 1.83 seconds, then what is the acceleration and what is the
distance that the sled travels?
See Answer
See solution below.
60
7. A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a
distance of 35.4 m. Determine the acceleration of the bike.
See Answer
See solution below.
8. An engineer is designing the runway for an airport. Of the planes that

will use the airport, the lowest acceleration rate is likely to be 3 m/s 2.
The takeoff speed for this plane will be 65 m/s. Assuming this miniµm
acceleration, what is the miniµm allowed length for the runway?
See Answer
See solution below.
9. A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in 2.55 s. Determine the

skidding distance of the car (assume uniform acceleration).
See Answer
See solution below.
10. A kangaroo is capable of jumping to a height of 2.62 m. Determine the

takeoff speed of the kangaroo.
See Answer
See solution below.
61
11. If Michael Jordan has a vertical leap of 1.29 m, then what is his takeoff
speed and his hang time (total time to move upwards to the peak and
then return to the ground)?
See Answer
See solution below.
12. A bullet leaves a rifle with a µzzle velocity of 521 m/s. While
accelerating through the barrel of the rifle, the bullet moves a distance
of 0.840 m. Determine the acceleration of the bullet (assume a
uniform acceleration).
See Answer
See solution below.
13. A baseball is popped straight up into the air and has a hang-time of
6.25 s. Determine the height to which the ball rises before it reaches
its peak. (Hint: the time to rise to the peak is one-half the total hang-
time.)
See Answer
See solution below.
14. The observation deck of tall skyscraper 370 m above the street.
Determine the time required for a penny to free fall from the deck to
the street below.
See Answer
See solution below.
62
15. A bullet is moving at a speed of 367 m/s when it embeds into a lump
of moist clay. The bullet penetrates for a distance of 0.0621 m.
Determine the acceleration of the bullet while moving into the clay.
(Assume a uniform acceleration.)
See Answer
See solution below.
16. A stone is dropped into a deep well and is heard to hit the water 3.41
s after being dropped. Determine the depth of the well.
See Answer
See solution below.
17. It was once recorded that a Jaguar left skid marks that were 290 m in
length. Assuming that the Jaguar skidded to a stop with a constant
acceleration of -3.90 m/s2, determine the speed of the Jaguar before it
began to skid.
See Answer
See solution below.
18. A plane has a takeoff speed of 88.3 m/s and requires 1365 m to reach
that speed. Determine the acceleration of the plane and the time
required to reach this speed.
See Answer
See solution below.
63
19. A dragster accelerates to a speed of 112 m/s over a distance of 398
m. Determine the acceleration (assume uniform) of the dragster.
See Answer
See solution below.
20. With what speed in miles/hr (1 m/s = 2.23 mi/hr) set an object be
thrown to reach a height of 91.5 m (equivalent to one football field)?
Assume negligible air resistance.
See Answer
See solution below.
Solutions to Above Problems

1.
Given: Find:
t = 32.8 s vi = 0 m/s d = ??
a = +3.2 m/s 2
2. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t2
3. d = (0 m/s)*(32.8 s)+ 0.5*(3.20 m/s2)*(32.8 s)2
4. d = 1720 m
5. Return to Problem 1
6.
7.
Given: Find:
t = 5.21 s vi = 0 m/s a = ??
d = 110 m
8. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t2
9. 110 m = (0 m/s)*(5.21 s)+ 0.5*(a)*(5.21 s)2
10. 110 m = (13.57 s2)*a
64
11. a = (110 m)/(13.57 s2)
12. a = 8.10 m/ s2
14.
15.
Given: Find:
t = 2.6 s vi = 0 m/s d = ??
a = -9.8 m
vf = ??
16. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t 2
17. d = (0 m/s)*(2.60 s)+ 0.5*(-9.8 m/s2)*(2.60 s)2

18. d = -33.1 m (- indicates direction)
19. vf = vi + a*t
20. vf = 0 + (-9.8 m/s2)*(2.60 s)
21. vf = -25.5 m/s (- indicates direction)
23.
24.
Given: Find:
vf = 46.1 m/s t = 2.47 s d = ??

vi = 18.5 m/s
a = ??
25. a = (Delta v)/t
26. a = (46.1 m/s - 18.5 m/s)/(2.47 s)
27. a = 11.2 m/s2
28. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t2
29. d = (18.5 m/s)*(2.47 s)+ 0.5*(11.2 m/s2)*(2.47 s)2
30. d = 45.7 m + 34.1 m
31. d = 79.8 m
32. (Note: the d can also be calculated using the equation v f2 = vi2 +
2*a*d)
34.
35.
Given: Find:
d = -1.40 m a = -1.67 m/s2 t = ??

vi = 0 m/s
36. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t2
37. -1.40 m = (0 m/s)*(t)+ 0.5*(-1.67 m/s2)*(t)2
65
38. -1.40 m = 0+ (-0.835 m/s2)*(t)2
39. (-1.40 m)/(-0.835 m/s2) = t2
40. 1.68 s2 = t2
41. t = 1.29 s
43.
44.
Given: Find:
vf = 444 m/s t = 1.83 s a = ??

vi = 0 m/s
d = ??
45. a = (Delta v)/t
46. a = (444 m/s - 0 m/s)/(1.83 s)
47. a = 243 m/s2
48. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t2
49. d = (0 m/s)*(1.83 s)+ 0.5*(243 m/s2)*(1.83 s)2
50. d = 0 m + 406 m
51. d = 406 m
52. (Note: the d can also be calculated using the equation v f2 = vi2 +
2*a*d)
54.
55.
56.
57.
Given: Find:
vf = 7.10 m/s d = 35.4 m a = ??

vi = 0 m/s
58. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
59. (7.10 m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2*(a)*(35.4 m)
60. 50.4 m2/s2 = (0 m/s)2 + (70.8 m)*a
61. (50.4 m2/s2)/(70.8 m) = a
62. a = 0.712 m/s2
64.
65.
Given: Find:
d = ??
66
vf = 65 m/s a = 3 m/s2
vi = 0 m/s
66. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
67. (65 m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2*(3 m/s2)*d
68. 4225 m2/s2 = (0 m/s)2 + (6 m/s2)*d
69. (4225 m2/s2)/(6 m/s2) = d
70. d = 704 m
72.
73.
Given: Find:
vf = 0 m/s t = 2.55 s d = ??
vi = 22.4 m/s
74. d = (vi + vf)/2 *t
75. d = (22.4 m/s + 0 m/s)/2 *2.55 s
76. d = (11.2 m/s)*2.55 s
77. d = 28.6 m
79.
80.
Given: Find:
vf = 0 m/s d = 2.62 m vi = ??
a = -9.8 m/s2
81. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
82. (0 m/s)2 = vi2 + 2*(-9.8 m/s2)*(2.62 m)
83. 0 m2/s2 = vi2 - 51.35 m2/s2
84. 51.35 m2/s2 = vi2
85. vi = 7.17 m/s
87.
88.
Given: Find:
vf = 0 m/s d = 1.29 m vi = ??
a = -9.8 m/s 2
t = ??
89. v = vi + 2*a*d
f
2 2
90. (0 m/s) = vi2 + 2*(-9.8 m/s2)*(1.29 m)

2
91. 0 m2/s2 = vi2 - 25.28 m2/s2

92. 25.28 m2/s2 = vi2
67
93. vi = 5.03 m/s
94. To find hang time, find the time to the peak and then double it.
95. vf = vi + a*t
96. 0 m/s = 5.03 m/s + (-9.8 m/s2)*tup
97. -5.03 m/s = (-9.8 m/s2)*tup
98. (-5.03 m/s)/(-9.8 m/s2) = tup
99. tup = 0.513 s
100. hang time = 1.03 s
102.
103.
Given: Find:
vf = 521 m/s d = 0.840 m a = ??

vi = 0 m/s
104. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
105. (521 m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2*(a)*(0.840 m)
106. 271441 m2/s2 = (0 m/s)2 + (1.68 m)*a
107. (271441 m2/s2)/(1.68 m) = a
108. a = 1.62*105 m /s2
110.
111.
Given: Find:
vf = 0 m/s t = 3.13 s d = ??
a = -9.8 m/s 2
1. (NOTE: the time required to move to the peak of the

trajectory is one-half the total hang time - 3.125 s.)
First use: vf = vi + a*t
0 m/s = vi + (-9.8 m/s2)*(3.13 s)
0 m/s = vi - 30.7 m/s
vi = 30.7 m/s (30.674 m/s)
Now use: vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
(0 m/s)2 = (30.7 m/s)2 + 2*(-9.8 m/s2)*(d)
68
0 m2/s2 = (940 m2/s2) + (-19.6 m/s2)*d
-940 m2/s2 = (-19.6 m/s2)*d
(-940 m2/s2)/(-19.6 m/s2) = d
d = 48.0 m
Return to Problem 13
112.
Given: Find:
d = -370 m a = -9.8 m/s2 t = ??

vi = 0 m/s
113. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t2
114. -370 m = (0 m/s)*(t)+ 0.5*(-9.8 m/s2)*(t)2
115. -370 m = 0+ (-4.9 m/s2)*(t)2
116. (-370 m)/(-4.9 m/s2) = t2
117. 75.5 s2 = t2
118. t = 8.69 s
120.
121.
122.
Given: Find:
vf = 0 m/s d = 0.0621 m a = ??
vi = 367 m/s
123. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
124. (0 m/s)2 = (367 m/s)2 + 2*(a)*(0.0621 m)
125. 0 m2/s2 = (134689 m2/s2) + (0.1242 m)*a
126. -134689 m2/s2 = (0.1242 m)*a
127. (-134689 m2/s2)/(0.1242 m) = a
128. a = -1.08*106 m /s2
129. (The - sign indicates that the bullet slowed down.)
131.
69
132.
Given: Find:
t = 3.41 s vi = 0 m/s d = ??
a = -9.8 m/s 2
133. d = vi*t + 0.5*a*t2

134. d = (0 m/s)*(3.41 s)+ 0.5*(-9.8 m/s2)*(3.41 s)2
135. d = 0 m+ 0.5*(-9.8 m/s2)*(11.63 s2)
136. d = -57.0 m
137. (NOTE: the - sign indicates direction)
139.
140.
Given: Find:
vf = 0 m/s d = 290 m vi = ??
a = -3.90 m/s2
141. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
142. (0 m/s)2 = vi2 + 2*(-3.90 m/s2)*(290 m)
143. 0 m2/s2 = vi2 - 2262 m2/s2
144. 2262 m2/s2 = vi2
145. vi = 47.6 m /s
147.
148.
Given: Find:
vf = 88.3 m/s d = 1365 m a = ??

vi = 0 m/s
t = ??
149. v = vi + 2*a*d
f
2 2
150. (88.3 m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2*(a)*(1365 m)

151. 7797 m2/s2 = (0 m2/s2) + (2730 m)*a
152. 7797 m2/s2 = (2730 m)*a
153. (7797 m2/s2)/(2730 m) = a
154. a = 2.86 m/s2
155. vf = vi + a*t
156. 88.3 m/s = 0 m/s + (2.86 m/s2)*t
157. (88.3 m/s)/(2.86 m/s2) = t
158. t = 30. 8 s
160.
70
161.
Given: Find:
vf = 112 m/s d = 398 m a = ??

vi = 0 m/s
162. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
163. (112 m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2*(a)*(398 m)
164. 12544 m2/s2 = 0 m2/s2 + (796 m)*a
165. 12544 m2/s2 = (796 m)*a
166. (12544 m2/s2)/(796 m) = a
167. a = 15.8 m/s2
169.
170.
Given: Find:
vf = 0 m/s d = 91.5 m vi = ??
a = -9.8 m/s2
t = ??
171. First, find speed in units of m/s:
172. vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*d
173. (0 m/s)2 = vi2 + 2*(-9.8 m/s2)*(91.5 m)
174. 0 m2/s2 = vi2 - 1793 m2/s2
175. 1793 m2/s2 = vi2
176. vi = 42.3 m/s
177. Now convert from m/s to mi/hr:
178. vi = 42.3 m/s * (2.23 mi/hr)/(1 m/s)
179. vi = 94.4 mi/hr
71

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Part F: Problem Solving

Answer: 9.8 m/s/s, down

a = Fnet / m = (2.45 N, down) / (0.250 kg) = 9.8 m/s/s, down

Answer: 2.3 m/s/s, down

∑Fy = 540 N, up + 706 N, down = 166 N, down

ay = (166 N, down) / (72 kg) = 2.3 m/s/s, down

Answer: 6.6 m/s/s, up

∑Fy = 1180 N, up + 706 N, down = 474 N, up

ay = (474 N, up) / (72 kg) = 6.6 m/s/s, up

Answer: 4.95 m/s/s, right

a = Fnet / m = (5.20 N, right) / (1.05 kg) = 4.95 m/s/s, right

51. A 5.20-N force is applied to a 1.05-kg object to accelerate it rightwards. The

Answer: 1.82 m/s/s, right

Upon neglecting air resistance, there are four forces acting

Fnet = ∑Fx = 5.20 N, right - 3.29 N, left = 1.91 N, right

ax = ∑Fx / m = (1.91 N, down) / (1.05 kg) = 1.82 m/s/s, right

52. Determine the applied force required to accelerate a 3.25-kg object

Fnet = m•a = (3.25 kg, right) • (1.20 m/s/s) = 3.90 N, right

Fapp = Ffrict + Fnet = 18.2 N + 3.90 N = 22.1 N

vi = 29.0 m/s, vf = 0 m/s, and t = 3.20 s

The acceleration of the object is the velocity change per time:

This acceleration can be used to determine the net force:

Fnet = m•a = (921 kg) • (9.67 m/s/s, left) = 8350 N, left

This problem is similar to the previous problem. There are three

vi = 0.872 m/s, vf = 0.798 m/s, and d = 1.71 m

vf2 = vi2 + 2•a•d

(0.872 m/s)2 = (0.798 m/s)2 + 2•a•(1.71 m)

(0.872 m/s)2 - (0.798 m/s)2 = 2•a•(1.71 m)

0.124 m2/s2 = (3.42 m)•a

This acceleration can be used to determine the net force:

Fnet = m•a = (0.250 kg) • (0.0361 m/s/s, left) = 0.00903 N, left

Answer: 7.30 x 103 N

vi = 36.6 m/s, vf = 6.80 m/s, and t = 5.10 s

The acceleration of the object is the velocity change per time:

This acceleration can be used to determine the net force:

Upon neglecting air resistance, there are four forces acting

Fnet = ·Fx = 18300 N, right - 17900 N, left = 400 N, right

ax = ·Fx / m = (400 N, down) / (1210 kg) = 0.3306 m/s/s, right

6.90 m = 0.5 • (0.3306 m/s/s) • t2

6.90 m / (0.5 • 0.3306 m/s/s ) = t2

57. A 4.44-kg bucket suspended by a rope is accelerated upwards from an initial

Answer: 14.2 m/s

Fnet = ·Fy = 83.1 N, up + 43.5 N, down = 39.6 N, up

The acceleration can be calculated using Newton's second law of motion.

a = Fnet / m = (39.6 N, up) / (4.44 kg) = 8.92 m/s/s, up

vf = 0 m/s + (8.92 m/s/s)•(1.59 s)

58. A 22.6-N horizontal force is applied to a 0.0710-kg hockey puck to accelerate

Answer: 23.0 m/s

a = Fnet / m = (22.6 N, right) / (0.0710 kg) = 318 m/s/s, right

vf = 0 m/s + (318 m/s/s) • (0.0721 s)

a = Fnet / m = (2.43x105 N) / (6.32x104 kg) = 3.84 m/s/s, left

60. A shopper in a supermarket pushes a loaded cart with a horizontal force of

a = Fnet / m = (16.5 N, right) / (33.8 kg) = 0.488 m/s/s, right

d = vi • t + + 0.5 • (0.488 m/s/s)•(1.31 s) 2

1. In a system in equilibrium, which statement is true?

The correct option is C .

a. Newton's First Law of Motion.

a. The net force acting on it.

e. The net force acting on it.

Defining Newton's Second Law of Motion The acceleration of the

1. Weight (Gravitational Force) W: The weight of the block (gravitational force)

Now let’s consider the options:

To determine the force required to accelerate a 5 kg object at 20 m/s², we can use

[ F = 5 , {kg} × 20 {m/s²} = 100 , {N} ]