MK Yadav Sir'S: Mains Booster Series

MK YADAV Sir's
MAINS BOOSTER SERIES

12 Booklets. 600 Pages.
COMPLETE MAINS COVERAGE!
Current + Static Integrated Series

forUPSCCSEMAINS2023/24
MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES
Current + Static Integrated
Table of Content
1. INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD – RELATIONS ..................................................................................................... 2
INDIA-NEPAL RELATIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 2
INDIA-BANGLADESH RELATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 6
INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS........................................................................................................................................... 10
INDIA-SRI LANKA RELATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 15
INDIA-AFGHANISTAN RELATIONS..................................................................................................................................... 21
INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 26
INDIA-BHUTAN RELATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 33
INDIA MYANMAR RELATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 34
INDIA- MALDIVES RELATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 36
2. BILATERAL, REGIONAL & GLOBAL GROUPINGS & AGREEMENTS INVOLVING INDIA AND/OR AFFECTING INDIA'S
INTERESTS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 39
INDIAN OCEAN REGION (IOR) ........................................................................................................................................ 39
NO FIRST USE POLICY ................................................................................................................................................... 41
3. BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH MAJOR POWERS ..................................................................................................... 45
INDIA- RUSSIA RELATIONS: ............................................................................................................................................ 45
INDIA- US RELATIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 54
INDIA-CANADA RELATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 58
INDIA-AFRICAN UNION RELATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 61
INDIA-EGYPT RELATIONS......................................................................................................................................................... 63
4. REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUPINGS ................................................................................................................... 66
BIMSTEC ............................................................................................................................................................... 68
SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO) ................................................................................................... 69
G20'S INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................ 70
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE WORKING GROUP .............................................................................................. 70
CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCIES (CBDCS) EVENT ........................................................................................................ 71
THE 14TH BRICS SUMMIT: PROMOTING STABILITY, COOPERATION, AND GLOBAL RECOVERY ............................. 72
5. EFFECT OF POLICIES & POLITICS OF DEVELOPED & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON INDIA'S INTERESTS ................... 74
INDIA AND THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL (UNSC) .............................................................................. 74
INDIA'S COMMITMENT TO GENDER PARITY ....................................................................................................................... 76
UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 (UNSCR1325) ................................................................................................ 76
ACTION FOR PEACEKEEPING (A4P) INITIATIVE ................................................................................................................... 76
EMERGING CHALLENGES FOR INDIA ................................................................................................................................. 77
INDIA'S COUNTER-TERRORISM INITIATIVES........................................................................................................................ 77
GLOBAL COUNTER-TERRORISM EFFORTS .......................................................................................................................... 77
WTO'S MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE (MC12) AND THE "GENEVA PACKAGE ............................................................................. 80
GLOBAL PUSH FOR DE-DOLLARIZATION ............................................................................................................................ 80
GLOBAL OIL DYNAMICS: OPEC, OPEC+, AND INDIA'S STAND FOR EQUITABLE PRICING ............................................................ 82
6. INDIAN DIASPORA ................................................................................................................................................ 85
ABOUT PRAVASI BHARTIYA DIVAS ................................................................................................................................... 87
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1. India and it’s Neighborhood- Relations
1. India and its neighbourhood – Relations
Keywords from Aaj Ka Quality Enrichment (http://bit.ly/aaj-ka-enrichment)
• Regional Leadership, Regional Connectivity, China Plus one strategy, Reset, revitalize, forge new
relations, Hand in glove with Power Elites, Corridors of Power, India as net security provider of the
region, ‘Roti- Beti ka Rishta’ – Indo Nepal; String of Pearls, Places turning into bases. Strategic
Encirclement, From Diverging to Converging Relation.
India-Nepal Relations
Introduction: India-Nepal’s Relation was

founded on the age-old connection of
history, culture, tradition and religion,
these relations are close, comprehensive
and multidimensional and are
pronounced more in political, social,
cultural, religious and economic
engagements with each other. The two
countries established diplomatic
relations on 17 June 1947.
Significance of Nepal for India
Economic Significance
● Trade: Nepal's geographical proximity to five Indian states makes it an important trade partner for economic
exchange.
● Energy security: India and Nepal share transboundary Himalayan rivers with immense hydropower
potential.
● Nepali exports: India has a significant demand for Nepali exports, particularly Pashmina textiles. India
exports to Nepal was US$8.53 Billion during 2022.
Strategic Significance
● Buffer state: Nepal serves as a buffer state against possible aggression from China.
● Internal Security: Nepal's cooperation is crucial in curbing cross-border infiltrations and drug trade.
Cultural Significance
● Pilgrimage sites: Nepal's numerous Hindu and Buddhist religious sites attract a large number of Indian
pilgrims.
● Common religion: Both countries have a Hindu population of around 80%, which promotes cultural
integration.
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● Diaspora: There is a significant Nepali diaspora in India, while Indian workers contribute to Nepal's
workforce.
Bilateral Relationship
● India and Nepal share a unique friendship characterized by an open border and deep-rooted people-to-
people contacts based on kinship and culture.
● India's focus on Nepal revolves around non-partisan support for inclusive economic development,
interdependence, communication links, people-to-people contacts, and capitalizing on economic
complementarities, particularly in the hydropower sector.
● The historical, geographical, cultural, religious, and economic linkages between India and Nepal help
manage security concerns within acceptable limits.
Economic Relationship
• Trade: India is the Nepal's largest trade partner, contributing to more than two-thirds of merchandise trade.
• Investment: Indian firms constitute a significant portion of foreign direct investment in Nepal, accounting
for over 30% of the total approved investments.Approximately 150 Indian ventures are operating in Nepal.
• Agriculture: In 2018, the 'India-Nepal New Partnership in Agriculture' was launched to foster collaborative
projects in agricultural research, development, and education.
Water Resource Cooperation: A bilateral mechanism established in 2008 facilitates discussions on cooperation
in water resources, flood management, inundation, and hydropower.
• Nepal has decided to allow India’s Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) Limited to develop a second
hydropower project in the country. At present SJVN is developing a 900-MW Arun -III hydroelectric
project, a run-of-river located on the Arun River in Eastern Nepal, set to be completed in 2024.
• In 2022, both nations signed MOU’s to develop the West Seti and Seti River (SR6) projects to enhance
the cross-border power exchanges.
Defence and Security

● India has been assisting the modernization of the Nepal Army by providing equipment and training.
● Nepalese defense personnel attend training courses in various Indian Army institutions.
● The 'Indo-Nepal Battalion-level Joint Military Exercise SURYA KIRAN' is conducted alternately in India and
Nepal.
Connectivity and Development

● The Nepal-Bharat Maitri Pashupati Dharamshala in Kathmandu was inaugurated in 2018.
● Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicle Agreement for the Regulation of Passenger,
Personal and Cargo Vehicular Traffic.
● The establishment of Integrated Check Ports along the borders, including Birgunj and Biratnagar, has
facilitated trade and transit.
Energy
● India and Nepal have had a Power Exchange Agreement since 1971 to meet the power requirements in
border areas, utilizing each other's transmission infrastructure.
● Currently, India supplies approximately 600 MW of power to Nepal.
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● The first high-capacity cross-border power transmission line between Muzaffarpur (India) and Dhalkebar
(Nepal), with funding from the Government of India, was completed in 2016.
● An agreement on 'Electric Power Trade, Cross-border Transmission Interconnection and Grid Connectivity'
was signed between India and Nepal in 2014.
Education and Culture

● Approximately 600,000 Indians reside in Nepal.
● The Government of India provides around 3,000 scholarships annually to Nepalese nationals for various
courses.
● The B.P. Koirala India-Nepal Foundation was established in 1991 to promote educational, cultural, scientific,
and technical cooperation between the two countries.
● The Swami Vivekananda Centre for Indian Culture, set up in Kathmandu in 2007, showcases Indian culture.
Challenges in India-Nepal Relationship
Territorial Disputes
Kalapani
● The Kali River in the Kalapani region demarcates the
border between India and Nepal.
● The Treaty of Sugauli signed by the Kingdom of Nepal
and British India (after the Anglo-Nepalese War) in
1816 located the Kali River as Nepal’s western
boundary with India.
● The discrepancy in locating the source of the Kali River
led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal,
with each country producing maps supporting its own claims.
Susta Region
● It is about 140 sq. km of land in Uttar Pradesh at the Nepal border in the Terai area. India has control of the
territory. Nepal claims this territory.
● The change of course by the Gandak River is the main reason for disputes in the Susta area.
Issues with Peace and Friendship Treaty

● The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship is viewed as a sign of an unequal relationship and an Indian
imposition.
● The idea of revising and updating the treaty has been mentioned in Joint Statements but progress has been
sporadic.
The Demonetization Irritant

● In November 2016, India withdrew high-value currency notes, and many Nepali nationals who were legally
entitled to hold Indian currency were left without a way to exchange their demonetized bills.
● The Nepal Rastra Bank holds a significant amount of demonetized Indian currency, and the fate of the report
submitted by the Eminent Persons Group (EPG) remains unknown.
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China's Intervention
● China has gradually increased its influence in Nepal, filling the space left by India.
● China sees Nepal as a key partner in its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and wants to invest in Nepal's
infrastructure.
● The growing cooperation between Nepal and China could undermine Nepal's position as a buffer state
between India and China.
Internal Security
● The lightly policed Indo-Nepal border poses a major concern for India, as it can be exploited by terrorist
outfits and insurgent groups from the north-eastern part of India.
Trust and Ethnic Differences

● Trust deficit has widened between India and Nepal due to perceived delays in implementing various
projects.
● Certain ethnic groups in Nepal harbor anti-India sentiments, believing that India interferes too much in
Nepal's internal affairs.
Solutions
● Mutual empathy: There should be a willingness among political leaders, bureaucracies, and civil society on
both sides of the border to understand each other's perspectives.
● Diverse and balanced approaches: A clearer understanding of the past, present trends, and new roadmaps
for upgrading ties should be developed.
● New and innovative approaches: India should respect Nepal's identity and work towards a sense of
equality.
Way forward
● Dialogues for Territorial Disputes: Rhetoric on territorial nationalism should be avoided, and quiet dialogue
should be initiated to explore feasible solutions. India should be a sensitive and generous partner.
● Sensitizing Towards Nepal: India should engage proactively with Nepal through people-to-people
interactions, bureaucratic engagement, and political interactions.
o It should maintain a policy of non-interference in Nepal's internal affairs.
● Strengthening Economic Ties: The power trade agreement should build trust between India and Nepal, as
hydropower can effectively manage peak demand in India.
o Investing in Nepalese hydropower can save the need for building new power plants and reduce
pollution.
● Investments from India: Nepal should welcome Indian investments and address concerns raised by certain
groups opposing foreign investments.
Conclusion
India and Nepal need formal mechanisms to resolve boundary issues, drawing inspiration from successful
resolutions in other regions. People-to-people interactions and updated discourse are crucial, considering
Nepal's federated governance and changing demographics.
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India-Bangladesh Relations
Introduction: India was the first country to recognize Bangladesh as a separate and independent state and
established diplomatic relations with the country immediately after its independence in December 1971.
Geopolitics
● Strategic Neighbour: Bangladesh is India's most strategic neighbour from the perspective of India's
Northeast. India's "Act East Policy" can only be realized with the support of Dhaka.
Connectivity
● India and Bangladesh are connected through road, rail, and river links. Infrastructure projects like the India-
Bangladesh Friendship Bridge and Payra Deep Seaport contribute to enhanced connectivity.
● Maitri Setu: The construction of the Maitri Setu bridge over the Feni River, connecting Tripura State in India
with Bangladesh, has established it as the "Gateway of North East" with access to the Chittagong Port, just
80 kilometers from Sabroom.
o India-Bangladesh inland waterway route: This route connects Tripura with the National Waterways
of India via Bangladesh.
Security
● Counteracting Radical Activities: Bangladesh's proximity to India raises concerns about it becoming a
launchpad for religious radical terror activities. India's relationship with Bangladesh is also linked to its
relationship with China, as India seeks to prevent Bangladesh from becoming part of China's strategic
encirclement.
Trade
● Strong Trade Partnership: Bangladesh is currently India's largest trade partner in South Asia. To boost
bilateral trade, India has provided several concessions to Dhaka, including duty-free access for Bangladeshi
products in Indian markets.
o Both countries enjoy preferential treatment in terms of tariff concession in each other's market due to
their participation in the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA).
o A proposed agreement, the Bangladesh-India Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, aims
to encompass trade in goods, services, and investments.
o In 2022, bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh reached US$18.2 billion, making
Bangladesh India's top trading partner in the region. India ranks as the 12th largest commercial
partner for Bangladesh.
● Major exports: India's key exports to Bangladesh include petroleum, cotton yarn, wheat, and other
commodities. Bangladesh's major exports to India consist of pure vegetable oils, non-knit men's clothes,
and planes, helicopters, and/or spaceships.
● Investment: India has invested over $3 billion in Bangladesh, while Bangladesh has invested $1 billion in
India, ranking 12th among investing countries.
Financial Assistance
● Extending a Helping Hand: India has consistently offered support to Bangladesh in times of crises. During
the COVID-19 pandemic, India provided medical training, test kits, medicines, and vaccine consignments to
assist Bangladesh.
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Security Cooperation
● Tackling Militancy: The successful security cooperation between India and Bangladesh has played a crucial
role in countering militancy, particularly in tackling the activities of the Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh
militant group.
Settlement of Boundaries
● Resolving Boundary Disputes: The resolution of land and maritime boundary disputes stands out as a major
achievement in the bilateral relationship. India accepted a UN ruling and gave up a significant area in the
Bay of Bengal, granting Bangladesh access to resource-rich waters.
● The Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) signed in 2015 facilitated the transfer of 111 enclaves between the
two nations.
Bangladesh's Remarkable Growth

● Economic Transformation: Bangladesh, formed from the poorest regions of Pakistan, has made significant
strides since its independence in 1971, allowing the country to redefine its economic and political identity.
● Garment Industry: The garment industry, driven by women workers, played a pivotal role in Bangladesh's
economic growth, enabling it to capture global export markets.
● Diversification of Labor: Bangladesh's less stringent labor laws and increased participation of women in the
workforce contributed to its economic success.
● Focus on Developmental Metrics: Bangladesh's emphasis on improving social and political metrics, such as
health, sanitation, financial inclusion, and women's political representation, has fuelled its rapid growth.
● Inclusive Growth: Financial inclusion and gender parity have been important factors in Bangladesh's
growth, with a smaller proportion of dormant bank accounts and higher gender parity rankings compared
to India.
Irritants in the Relationship

● Illegal Migration: Illegal migration from Bangladesh has been a persistent problem for India since the
partition of Bengal.
● Chinese Influence: Bangladesh's growing affinity towards China, driven by significant trade, infrastructure,
and defense investments, has raised concerns for India.
● NRC Conundrum: The National Register of Citizens (NRC) in India has left out a significant number of
Assamese residents, labeling them as "illegal immigrants from Bangladesh." India seeks their repatriation
to Bangladesh.
● Rohingya Issue: India's remarks on the Rohingya crisis in 2017 strained relations with Bangladesh, which
has been burdened with providing shelter to over a million refugees.
● River Disputes: India and Bangladesh have been unable to reach an agreement on optimizing the use of
waters from six rivers, including the long-pending Teesta water-sharing agreement. In 2011, an agreement
was reached to regulate the water flow, allocating 42.5% to India, 37.5% to Bangladesh, and leaving 20%
unallocated.
o The construction and operation of the Farakka Barrage by India remain a point of contention
between the two nations.
Importance of India-Bangladesh Relationship

● South Asian Geopolitics: India relies on Bangladesh's support for initiatives such as the Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, and Nepal (BBIN) and Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
(BIMSTEC). These initiatives complement India's outreach in Southeast Asia.
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● Connectivity: Bangladesh's strategic location acts as a bridge between mainland India and the north-eastern
states, offering shorter routes to the sea for landlocked states.
● Countering China: Bangladesh's relationship with China provides it with bargaining power vis-à-vis India. A
neutral Bangladesh ensures containment of China's assertiveness in the region.
● Fight against Terrorism: Bangladesh's cooperation in sub-regional connectivity initiatives has become
crucial as Pakistan's refusal to cooperate has rendered SAARC ineffective. Bangladesh stood in solidarity
with India by joining ranks with Bhutan after India decided to skip the SAARC Summit in 2016.
Do you know?
● India and Bangladesh share 54 common rivers. The Ganga Waters Treaty signed in 1996 for sharing of
waters of river Ganga during lean season (January 1-May 31).
● Most recently, the Kushiyara Pact was signed that will benefit people in Southern Assam and the Sylhet
region in Bangladesh.
Concerns
● Teesta Waters Issue: The continuous protest by the Mamata Banerjee-led West Bengal government
remains a significant problem.
● National Register of Citizens (NRC): 1.9 million people in Assam have been excluded from the NRC and are
being labeled as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.
● Bangladesh's Stance: Bangladesh firmly asserts that no migrants traveled illegally to Assam during the 1971
war of independence, and the NRC may jeopardize their relations.
● Rohingya Issue: India's remarks in 2017 on the Rohingya issue have been upsetting for Bangladesh, which
has been sheltering over a million Rohingya refugees fleeing persecution.
● China's Influence: Bangladesh heavily relies on China for military hardware, and China's economic footprint
in the country is expanding.
● Slow Implementation and Bureaucratic Challenges: Although India approved three Lines of Credit to
Bangladesh since 2010, totaling $7.362 billion for development projects, only $442 million has been
disbursed due to bureaucratic red tape. Bangladesh's slow implementation has also contributed to this
issue.
● Exim Bank Approval Requirement: India's requirement for the disbursement process to be approved by the
Exim Bank has not been helpful either.
Recent Initiatives and Agreements
Border Security - Land Boundary Agreement of 2015
Connectivity - Agreement on the use of Chattogram and Mongla ports
Vaccine Maitri - Donation of 109 ambulances
Developmental
- Approval of 3 lines of credit amounting to $7.4 billion
Support
Youth - Special 'Swarna Jayanti Scholarships' for Bangladeshi youth
Cooperation in S&T - Collaboration in artificial intelligence
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Way Forward
● Deepening Relationship with Bangladesh: Strengthening the relationship with Bangladesh is imperative in
the face of shifting geo-economics.
● Economic Success and Partnership: Bangladesh's growing economic success, with an 8 percent growth rate,
makes it a vital partner in the region.
● Mature Bilateral Ties: Bangladesh-India relations have reached a stage of maturity, and future bilateral ties
are expected to grow stronger. India should take the lead in addressing the existing issues.
● Unacceptable Equations: Equating Bangladesh to fundamentally theocratic Muslim nations like Pakistan
and Afghanistan is unacceptable to Bangladeshis, who prioritize religious and racial harmony.
● Potential for Growth: There is potential for India-Bangladesh ties to advance to the next level through
cooperation, coordination, and consolidation.
● Mutually Beneficial Partnership: India's continued partnership with Bangladesh benefits both countries,
contributing to economic growth and improved developmental parameters.
● Water Management: With 54 transboundary rivers shared between the two countries, effective water
management is key to prosperity.
● Border Management: Ensuring effective border management is essential for maintaining a tranquil, stable,
and crime-free border.
Conclusion
India-Bangladesh relations have the potential to grow stronger, but it is crucial to address existing issues,
deepen cooperation, and prioritize mutual prosperity. Effective border management, resolution of disputes like
Teesta, and collaboration on the Rohingya issue are key for a robust and harmonious partnership between the
two countries.
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India-Pakistan Relations
Introduction: India has followed a consistent and principled policy towards Pakistan i.e.: in keeping with its
“Neighbourhood First Policy”, India seeks normal neighbourly relations with Pakistan in an environment free
from terror, hostility and violence;
Reasons of Conflict
● Historical Reasons: The division of India and Pakistan in 1947, which led to the creation of separate
countries based on religious lines, laid the foundation for ongoing tensions.
● Kashmir Issue: Both countries claim sovereignty over the region, and it has been a focal point of armed
conflicts and tensions. The issue remains unresolved, and efforts to find a peaceful solution have been
challenging.
● Border Dispute: The LoC serves as the de facto border between the two countries, and violations and
skirmishes along the border have resulted in casualties and escalated tensions.
● Cross-Border Terrorism: Pakistan has been accused of supporting and harboring militant groups that carry
out terrorist activities in India. Several major terrorist attacks, such as the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the 2019
Pulwama attack, Uri attack (2016), Poonch-Rajouri Attack (2023) and 2016 Pathankot attack have been
attributed to groups operating from Pakistani territory.
● Failure to Trial Terror Groups: India has repeatedly urged Pakistan to take stronger action against terrorist
organizations operating from its soil. However, the lack of progress in prosecuting individuals responsible
for attacks, such as the Mumbai attacks, has been a significant point of contention.
● Revocation of Article 370: Unilateral actions taken by both countries have added to the conflict. For
example, India's decision to revoke the special status of J&K in 2019 and Pakistan's subsequent measures,
such as downgrading diplomatic relations and suspending bilateral trade, have further strained relations.
● Lack of Trade Cooperation: Limited trade cooperation between India and Pakistan has hampered economic
ties and people-to-people exchanges. The low volume of bilateral trade and the failure to implement
measures to boost trade have prevented the potential benefits of economic integration.
● Fishermen Disputes: Disputes over the maritime boundary and the arrest of fishermen from both countries
crossing into each other's waters have added to the tensions. The issue of Sir Creek in the Kutch region
remains unresolved, exacerbating the problem.
● International Influence: The involvement of external powers and their interests in the region, particularly
China's growing closeness with Pakistan, has also impacted the India-Pakistan relationship. The Kashmir
issue has been raised at international forums, increasing the complexity of the conflict.
India-Pakistan 2003 Ceasefire Agreement

● India and Pakistan decided to adhere to the 2003 ceasefire agreements along the Line of Control
(LoC) and all other sectors.
● It came in the wake of over 5000 instances of Cross Fire Violations (CFVs) along the LoC and other
areas in Jammu and Kashmir, resulting in 46 fatal casualties in 2020.
● This ceasefire was unanimously reached in November 2003, 4 years after the Kargil War (1999).
Need for Peace Efforts

There is a pressing need for peace efforts to address the causes of conflict and establish better relations
between India and Pakistan. The following are some reasons why peace efforts are crucial:
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● Regional Stability: The conflicts and tensions between the two countries have broader implications and can
impact the entire region's peace and prosperity.
● Economic Cooperation: Enhanced trade and connectivity can lead to economic growth, job creation, and
improved living standards for the people of both countries.
● Countering Terrorism: Cooperation in counterterrorism efforts is crucial for the stability and security of the
region.
● Resolution of Outstanding Issues: Addressing the core issues, such as the Kashmir dispute and border
disputes, through peaceful dialogue can lead to long-term solutions and reduce tensions.
● Humanitarian Concerns: Peace efforts can address humanitarian concerns, such as the treatment of
prisoners and fishermen from both countries who are caught in the conflict.
Impact of us withdrawal from Afghanistan

• Return of the Taliban: The triumphant return of the Taliban to power in Afghanistan poses concerns
for India and neighboring nations, leading to increased religious extremism.
• Breeding ground for anti-India terrorist organizations: Withdrawal of US soldiers create favorable
conditions for terrorist organizations like Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed to thrive.
• Undermining India's Role in Afghanistan: The US withdrawal undermines India's involvement in
Afghanistan, presenting significant challenges.
• Extremist forces in check: An American military presence would have kept extremist forces in check
and facilitated Indian participation.
• Reduced interest in the region: The US withdrawal may decrease India's interest in the region, as
Afghanistan serves as the gateway to Central Asia.
Recent Peace Initiatives

There have been recent peace initiatives between India and Pakistan, aimed at reducing tensions and fostering
dialogue. Some of these initiatives include:
● Ceasefire Agreement: In February 2021, India and Pakistan reaffirmed their commitment to a ceasefire
along the Line of Control, providing a significant reduction in border tensions.
● Track-II Diplomacy: Various unofficial channels, including Track-II diplomacy, have played a crucial role in
fostering people-to-people contact and dialogue between India and Pakistan. Such efforts create space for
constructive engagement and bridge the gap between official positions.
● Border Agreements: Both countries have reaffirmed their commitment to the 2003 ceasefire agreement
along the Line of Control (LoC) to reduce border tensions.
● Joint Judicial Committee: The Joint Judicial Committee, which focuses on humanitarian issues of fishermen
and prisoners, has been revived to address the concerns of both sides.
● Kartarpur Sahib Corridor Agreement: The agreement allows visa-free travel for Indian pilgrims to the
Kartarpur Sahib Gurudwara in Pakistan, promoting people-to-people contact and religious tourism.
● Relaxation of Airspace Denial: India allowed the aircraft of the Pakistan Prime Minister to use Indian
airspace during his visit to Sri Lanka, indicating a positive gesture.
● Trade Measures: Some measures have been taken to improve trade relations, such as lifting the ban on the
import of medicines between the two countries.
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India's exports to Pakistan Pakistan's exports to India

● In 2021, India exported goods worth $535 million • In 2021, Pakistan exported goods worth $2.08
to Pakistan. million to India.
● Major exports included vaccines, blood, raw • Major exports included tropical fruits, perfume
sugar, and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. plants, and scrap aluminum.
● Over the last 26 years, India's exports to Pakistan • Over the last 26 years, Pakistan's exports to India
grew at an annualized rate of 7.76%. declined at an annualized rate of 10.9%.
● Exports increased from $76.5 million in 1995 to • Exports decreased from $42.5 million in 1995 to
$535 million in 2021. $2.08 million in 2021.
Way forward
To achieve lasting peace between India and Pakistan, the following steps can be considered:
● Broader Vision: Both countries should adopt a broader vision of regional cooperation and integration,
focusing on shared economic prosperity and people-to-people contact.
● Core Issue Dialogue: Engaging in sustained dialogue and addressing the core issues, including the Kashmir
dispute, can help find mutually acceptable solutions and build trust.
● International Cooperation: Engaging with the international community, including regional organizations
like SAARC, can provide platforms for dialogue and mediation to resolve conflicts and promote peace.
Pakistan's inclusion in the FATF Grey list can restrict its access to international markets, posing challenges
to its faltering economy.
● Sustained Diplomacy: There is a need for sustained diplomatic efforts from both sides, with a focus on
dialogue, trust-building, and conflict resolution, to pave the way for a peaceful coexistence. UN designation
of Masood Azhar as a global terrorist will intensify the pressure on Pakistan to freeze the organization's
assets and weaken the presence of Jaish-e-Mohammed.
Conclusion
It is essential to recognize that the path to peace will require patience, compromise, and a genuine commitment
to resolving differences. However, the benefits of peace between India and Pakistan outweigh the challenges,
making it a goal worth pursuing.
● Pakistan had revoked all trade ties with India following the August, 2019 decision to strike down Article
370 and reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir.
● However, it still allows import of cotton and sugar from India.
● However, an underlying reason for suspending trade was the 200% tariff imposed by India on Pakistani
imports.
● India back then had responded to the revocation of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status by Pakistan in
the aftermath of the Pulwama terrorist attack.
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Pakistan Political Crisis
Introduction: Pakistan's ongoing political crisis has reached a crescendo with former Prime Minister Imran
Khan's arrest and its fallout. This has created a civil war like situation leading to a perpetual collapse of the
country.
Issues for India

● Leadership Vacuum: The lack of stable leadership in Pakistan has hindered formal diplomatic talks and
deepened distrust.
● Terrorism Challenge: India has employed diplomatic and military strategies to address terrorism emanating
from Pakistan, but a lasting solution has not been achieved.
● Nuclear Hangover: India's responses, including surgical strikes, have been influenced by the nuclear threat
posed by Pakistan.
● Short-lived Deterrence: Deterrence created by India's actions has been short-lived due to Pakistan's atomic
weapons capabilities.
Imperatives for India

● Economic Crisis: Pakistan's economic challenges have prompted introspection among military leaders,
providing a window for dialogue.
● Growing Extremism: The threat of religious extremism is viewed as a greater concern for Pakistan's national
security than India.
● Capitalize on the Conundrum: India must leverage the current conundrum in Pakistan for strategic
advantage.
● Resumption of Dialogue: India should explore the small window of opportunity to resume meaningful
dialogue with Pakistan.
● Alert Policy Imperatives: India should cautiously respond to the peace message from Pakistan's army chief.
● Comprehensive Strategy: India needs to devise a comprehensive strategy, considering all facets of the
Pakistan issue.
● Balancing China: Given China's close ties with Pakistan, India should carefully manage its relationship with
China.
Conclusion
● Navigating the Pakistan conundrum requires India's astute and strategic approach.
● By capitalizing on the ongoing crisis, resuming dialogue, and formulating a comprehensive strategy, India
can address the challenges posed by Pakistan's rogue state status, contribute to regional stability, and
protect its national interests.
Indus Water Treaty
Introduction: India has issued a notice to Pakistan seeking a review and modification of the Indus Waters
Treaty (IWT). It cited Pakistan’s “intransigence” in resolving disputes over the Kishanganga and Ratle (on
Chenab River) hydropower projects, both in Jammu and Kashmir.
Understanding the Indus Water Treaty

● Background: The Indus Waters Treaty, brokered by the World Bank and signed in 1960, divides the Indus
river system between India and Pakistan.
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● Water control division: India was given control over the Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers, while Pakistan received
control over the Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum rivers.
Basis of the Treaty: Equitable Water-Sharing

● Partition and negotiations: The treaty became necessary after the partition of India in 1947 to divide the
Indus river system.
● Sharing formula: The sharing formula allocated 80.52% of the aggregate water flows in the Indus system to
Pakistan, demonstrating India's generosity as an upper riparian.
● Financial support: India provided Rs 83 crore in pounds sterling to Pakistan for building replacement canals
from the western rivers.
Rights Accorded to India

● Water usage: India has limited irrigation use rights and unrestricted rights for power generation, domestic,
industrial, and non-consumptive purposes on the western rivers.
● Regulations for projects: The treaty lays down specific regulations for the construction of water and
hydropower projects.
● Hydroelectricity generation: India has the right to generate hydroelectricity through run-of-the-river
projects on the western rivers, subject to design and operation criteria.
● Pakistan's objections: Pakistan has the right to raise objections to the designs of Indian hydroelectric
projects on the western rivers.
Significance and Survival of the Treaty

● Symbol of peaceful coexistence: The treaty exemplifies the possibility of peaceful coexistence despite a
troubled relationship between India and Pakistan.
● Resilience during conflicts: The treaty has endured three major wars between India and Pakistan.
● India's generosity: India's willingness to share waters and refrain from weaponizing them has contributed
to the treaty's survival.
● Economic importance for Pakistan: About 80% of Pakistan's agriculture relies on the waters of the Indus
and other riparian rivers.
● Global reputation: Maintaining the treaty upholds India's image as a reliable global partner that
Considerations and Need for a Rethink

● Potential leverage for India: India could escalate a water war with Pakistan in response to state-sponsored
terrorism, severely affecting Pakistan's economy.
● Humanitarian concerns: Initiating a water war could result in floods or droughts that harm ordinary
Pakistanis while the political elites continue to live luxuriously.
● PM Modi's stance: PM Modi's statement, "Blood and waters cannot flow together," suggests a need to
balance security concerns with humanitarian considerations.
Way Forward
● India's responsible role: India has demonstrated its commitment to abiding by the provisions of the treaty
as an upper riparian.
● Re-evaluation and negotiation: India should consider re-evaluating or renegotiating certain provisions of
the treaty to address evolving security challenges and changing dynamics.
● Balancing interests: A balanced approach should ensure that the treaty continues to benefit ordinary
people while addressing India's security concerns.
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● Addressing terrorism: Just as water affects ordinary Pakistanis, terrorism affects Indians, highlighting the
need for comprehensive efforts to combat terrorism.
Conclusion
The Indus Waters Treaty provides an opportunity for both countries to engage in constructive dialogue, ensuring
the equitable sharing of water resources while addressing the broader challenges of security, development, and
regional cooperation.
India-Sri Lanka Relations

● India is Sri Lanka's closest neighbour. The relationship between the two countries is more than 2,500 years
old and both sides have built upon a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction.
Areas of Cooperation:
Economic Co-operation:
● Sri Lanka's exports to India too witnessed an over 21% increase assisted by increased exports of animal feed
(19.26%), Arecanuts (95.96%) and textile (47.76%) during January to June 2022.
● India has become Sri Lanka's largest trading partner, with a total bilateral merchandise trade of US$5.45
billion in 2021, marking a significant rise of about 48% compared to the previous year.
● India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) was signed in 1998 and entered into force in March 2000.
● India is also one of the largest contributors to Foreign Direct Investment in Sri Lanka. India has been the
largest source market of tourists visiting Sri Lanka, prior to the pandemic.
● In response to the financial challenges posed by COVID-19, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently entered
into an agreement with Sri Lanka to provide a $400 million currency exchange facility.
Development Cooperation:
● At the same time India emphasized on the rights and welfare of the Tamil minority.
● India provides humanitarian assistance for the reconstruction in the Northern provinces: Housing infra,
rehabilitation of the Northern Railway lines.
● India has already made FDI investments exceeding US$2.2 billion in Sri Lanka, as reported by the Central
Bank of Sri Lanka. In 2021, India attracted the highest amount of FDI, amounting to $142 million.
Present Crisis India’s role:

● India has emerged as Sri Lanka’s main financial backer and without Indian aid, especially with regard to fuel,
the Sri Lankan economy would have ground to a halt.
● SLINEX (Sri Lanka–India Naval Exercise) Indian Army and the Sri Lankan Army, Exercise MITRA SHAKTI :
based on counter insurgency and counter terrorism operations.
Issues:
Fisherman issue:
● Both Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen have been fishing into the Palk Bay area for centuries.
● Problem emerged only after a maritime agreement was signed by India and Sri Lanka in 1974: both India
and Sri Lanka agreed to stop fishing in each other’s waters.
● In 1974 and 1976 treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate the International Maritime
Boundary Line (IMBL).
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● The 1976 bilateral arrangement bans international fishing and shipping. However, the agreement could not
stop the fishermen from fishing in these waters, as fishermen know no boundary.
Katchatheevu Island Issue:

● It is an uninhabited off-shore island in the Palk Strait.
● During British rule, it was administered jointly by India and Sri Lanka.
● In the early 20th century, Sri Lanka claimed territorial ownership over the islet, so in 1974 India ceded the
island to Sri Lanka, through a joint agreement.
● Two years later through another accord, India further gave up its fishing rights in the region.
Current developments:
● For the northern fishermen, it is the destructive fishing method of bottom trawling that is more of a concern
than marine boundaries adopted by Indian fishermen.
● Fishermen associations have been demanding the Union government to reconsider the 1974 agreement
with the Sri Lankan government with regard to handing over Katchatheevu to the island nation.
Mechanisms:
● India and Sri Lanka agreed to set up a Joint Working Group (JWG) on Fisheries in 2016 between India and
Sri Lanka as the mechanism to help find a permanent solution to the fishermen issue.
● The IMBL is imaginary, but it was geo-tagged and is visible to the fishermen, due to Global Positioning
System (GPS) sets.
Individual steps:
● The IMBL is imaginary, but it was geo-tagged and is visible to the fishermen, due to Global Positioning
System (GPS) sets.
● Sri Lanka has banned deep sea trawling
● India has launched a project to promote deep-sea fishing launched as part of the umbrella Blue Revolution
Scheme.
The China Factor: Debt trap diplomacy

● The solution lies in transition from trawling to deep-sea fishing.
● 10 % of the Sri Lanka loan is owed to China. During the Mahinda Rajapaksha tenure (2005-2015) tilt towards
China was evident.
● This era saw projects such as the Hambantota port and Colombo port City granted to the Chinese. The
construction of the Hambantota port was completed and operations began in 2010.
● For the Hambantota port project, Sri Lanka borrowed $301 million from China with an interest rate of 6.3%,
while the interest rates on soft loans from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank are only 0.25–
3%. Interest rates of India’s line of credit to the neighbouring countries are as low as 1%, or even less in
some cases.
● During the Current government: The Hambantota port has been handed over to China on 99 year lease as
part of a debt for equity swap.
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Ethnic Issues:
● Composition of Population: Sinhalese people: Sinhala language, Theravada Buddhists: majority of
population Tamil People: Minority (11%): brought as labourers by the British Sri Lankan Tamils benefited
from the British rule English-speaking Tamils to the civil service and other professions on a merit basis
● Discrimination against the Tamils: Tamils were disenfranchised in 1949. The 1956 Sinhala Only Act:
institutionalised the discrimination
● Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was formed in 1976: Demanded separate state in north-east Sri
Lanka. Involved in armed conflict/civil war with Sri Lankan govt from 1983-2009
India’s approach towards the Ethnic Issue:

● Indo- Sri Lanka Accord 1987: It sought to collectively address all the three contentious issues between India
and Sri Lanka: strategic interests, people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka and Tamil minority rights in Sri Lanka.
● It led to India's direct involvement in the counter-insurgency operation in Sri Lanka. According to the terms
of the accord, Sri Lankan forces would withdraw from the north and the Tamil rebels would disarm.
o This agreement envisaged the creation of provincial councils with autonomy enabled by the 13th
amendment to the Sri Lankan constitution. It created provincial councils in Sri Lanka.
o The accord underline India’ military assistance to Sri Lanka on which the Indian Peace Keeping Force
came to be inducted in Sri Lanka.
● The situation turned into a military confrontation between the IPKF and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
(LTTE), which refused to disarm and join the political mainstream.
● Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 1991 further changed India’s attitude towards the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka:
from active to passive role.
● During the course of the conflict, India supported the right of the Government of Sri Lanka to act against
terrorist forces.
● At the same time India emphasized on the rights and welfare of the Tamil minority.
● Supported 13th amendment act. India is involved in the resettlement and rehabilitation efforts in the
Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka with Tamil Population.
Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis
Introduction: Sri Lanka is currently facing an unprecedented economic turmoil that has led to a severe crisis.
The crisis has resulted in millions of people struggling to afford basic necessities such as food, medicine, and
fuel.
What led to the recent Sri Lanka Crisis?

Background
● Following the end of a 26-year civil war in 2009, Sri Lanka experienced high post-war GDP growth, averaging
8-9% per annum until 2012.
● However, after 2013, the country's average GDP growth rate halved due to falling global commodity
prices, a slowdown in exports, and increased imports.
● Sri Lanka faced high budget deficits during the war and had to borrow a USD 2.6 billion loan from the IMF
in 2009 during the global financial crisis.
● In 2016, Sri Lanka sought another USD 1.5 billion loan from the IMF, but the conditions imposed by the IMF
worsened the country's economic situation.
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Economic Factors
● The Easter bomb blasts in April 2019 caused a significant decline in tourist numbers, impacting foreign
exchange reserves.
● The new government led by Gotabaya Rajapaksa in 2019 promised lower tax rates and extensive support
for farmers, but the hasty implementation of these promises worsened the economic situation.
● The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 further exacerbated the crisis, with a decline in exports of tea, rubber,
spices, and garments, as well as a significant drop in tourism revenues.
● Government expenditures increased, leading to a fiscal deficit exceeding 10% in 2020-21, and the debt-to-
GDP ratio rose from 94% in 2019 to 119% in 2021.
● The shortage of foreign exchange reserves, which decreased by 70% over the past two years to USD 2
billion by February 2022, is a major trigger of the crisis.
● The country has foreign debt obligations of about USD 7 billion for 2022.
Sudden Move to Organic Farming

● In 2021, Sri Lanka banned all fertilizer imports and declared an overnight shift to 100% organic farming.
● This move heavily impacted food production and contributed to
rising food prices, a depreciating currency, and depleting foreign
exchange reserves.
● In response, the Sri Lankan President declared an economic
emergency.
Immediate Triggers of the Crisis

● Leadership Issues: The concentration of power within the
Rajapaksa family, with immediate relatives holding key positions in
the government, has raised concerns about effective leadership.
● Ukraine War: The invasion of Ukraine has further worsened Sri
Lanka's economic situation, as Russia is a significant market for Sri
Lanka's tea exports and a major source of tourism.
A Reality Check: Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis

● Sri Lanka's economy is currently facing a twin crisis, involving balance of payment and sovereign debt
issues. The repercussions of this crisis have had a severe impact on the country and its people.
1. Debts
● Burdensome Debt: The most significant debt in terms of
maturity and rates is owed to international sovereign bonds.
These bonds account for approximately 30% of Sri Lanka's total
foreign debt.
● China's Role: Contrary to popular belief, loans from China only
make up around 10% of Sri Lanka's foreign debt in 2020. Japan
actually accounts for a higher proportion at 11%.
2. Losses from Ports

● Hambantota Port: Defaults on China's infrastructure loans, particularly those related to the Hambantota
port, have been cited as factors contributing to the crisis.
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● Chinese Financing: The construction of the Hambantota port was financed by the Chinese Exim Bank. As
the port was running losses, Sri Lanka decided to lease it to the Chinese Merchant's Group for 99 years in
exchange for a payment of US$1.12 billion.
3. Repercussions of the Crisis:

● Sustenance Crisis: The crisis has led to a situation where Sri Lankans have to endure long waits in lines for
basic goods, many of which are being rationed.
● Exhaustion of Energy Sources: People have to wait for hours in long queues at gas stations, with soldiers
stationed there to maintain order. Some individuals have even lost their lives while waiting.
● Impact on Savings: Even the middle-class population with savings are concerned about running out of
essential items such as medicine or gas.
● Public Outrage: In response to the crisis, Sri Lanka has imposed restrictions on social media and news flow.
The stock market and currency have significantly declined. Unrest is brewing, and there is a possibility of
police action, which may be brutal.
2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings

On 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday, three churches in Sri Lanka and three luxury hotels in the commercial
capital, Colombo, were targeted in a series of coordinated ISIS-related terrorist suicide bombings.
In response to this, Sri Lanka’s tourism sector declined. This led to lesser dollar inflows. This unfolded the Sri
Lankan financial crisis.
Concerns for India over Sri Lankan economic Crisis
1. Economic
● Sri Lanka's share in India's total exports has declined from 2.16% in FY15 to just 1.3% in FY22.
● Unstable forex reserves and fuel shortages led automotive firms like Tata Motors and TVS Motors to stop
exports of vehicle kits to Sri Lanka and halt production at their Sri Lankan assembly units.
2. Refugee:
● Past political and social crises in Sri Lanka have resulted in a large influx of ethnic Tamil refugees to India.
● India needs a robust policy to handle the potential influx of refugees and has already seen the arrival of
some individuals from Sri Lanka through illegal means.
What Opportunities should India look for?
1. Tea Market:
● With Sri Lanka halting tea supply to the global market, India can fill the supply gaps.
● India can strengthen its presence in markets such as Iran, Turkey, and Iraq, where major Sri Lankan tea
importers are reportedly visiting for tea plantations.
● Recent Kolkata auctions have seen an increase of up to 41% in the average price for orthodox tea compared
to the previous year.
2. Apparel Market:
● Apparel orders from the UK, EU, and Latin American countries are being diverted to India.
● Companies in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu's textile industry hub, have received several orders.
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Why should India assist in helping Sri Lanka?

● Sri Lanka is a strategically important partner for India, and helping Sri Lanka can help balance diplomatic
ties and counter China's influence.
● India's delivery of fertilizer to Sri Lanka, amidst disagreements between Sri Lanka and China, is seen as a
positive development in bilateral relations.
● Strengthening ties with Sri Lanka can help keep the country out of China's "string of pearls" strategy in the
Indo-Pacific.
● India should provide assistance while considering the optics of its aid to alleviate the hardships faced by Sri
Lankans.
Compensatory Offer to India

● After the decision to revoke the 2019 agreement on the East Container Terminal (ECT) of the Colombo port,
Sri Lanka (SL) has approved another proposal to develop the west terminal of the port with Japan and
India.
● Commercially, the offer for the west terminal is more favourable for India as it grants an 85% stake to the
developers, compared to the 49% stake in the ECT.
● Sri Lanka expects India to reconsider its position regarding the compensatory offer, although there has been
no formal communication from SL authorities to India.
● From a geopolitical perspective, the west terminal is nearly identical to the ECT, and India considers the
security aspect and the necessity of having a port terminal in Sri Lanka.
● The main difference is that the development of the ECT is partially completed, while the development of
the west terminal would need to start from scratch.
India-Sri Lanka Economic Ties
Largest trading India was Sri Lanka's largest trading partner in 2021 with a bilateral merchandise
partner trade of $5.45 billion. (48% increase over 2020)
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) granted a $400 million currency exchange facility to
Currency swap
Sri Lanka to boost foreign reserves and ensure financial stability post-COVID-19.
India has made FDI investments of over $2.2 billion in Sri Lanka. In 2021, India
Investment
attracted the highest amount of FDI, totaling $142 million.
What's next for Sri Lanka?

● Seeking IMF loan: Sri Lanka is likely to obtain a 17th IMF loan to overcome the current crisis, but this will
come with new conditions.
● Seeking financial support: Sri Lanka is reaching out to regional powers such as China and India for financial
assistance. India has already extended a credit line of $1 billion in March.
Way Forward
o Implementing Democracy in True Spirit: Sri Lanka needs a strong political consensus for better crisis
management, reducing the militarization of administration. Steps should be taken to support the
poor and vulnerable, increase agricultural productivity, create job opportunities in non-farming
sectors, implement reforms, and revive the tourism sector.
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o Support from India: India, following the "Neighbourhood First" policy, can go the extra mile to help Sri
Lanka out of the crisis and strengthen bilateral relations. Sri Lanka has approached the IMF for a bailout,
and India can support its efforts.
o Financial and institutional Reforms: Fiscal consolidation and discipline, Monetary policy tightening,
Institution building reforms and Flexible exchange rate policy
Conclusion
● Dependence on China: Sri Lanka's heavy reliance on China for economic development has proven to be a
precarious option, as seen in the cases of Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
● Post-colonial elite: Sri Lanka serves as an example of a developing country led by a post-colonial elite that
is facing the risk of collapse as a nation.
India-Afghanistan Relations
Introduction: It has been referred to as the "Graveyard of Empires" and has been a central player in the
historical "Great Games." The Gandhar-Bharat Sambandha, also known as Afghanistan-India connections,
highlights the diplomatic ties between the two countries. The Taliban takeover of Afghanistan has significant
ramifications for South Asia and leaves India’s foreign-policy and security interests at considerable risk.
A quick recap: India-Afghanistan Ties

● India and Afghanistan have a long history of cooperation, dating back to the 1950 Treaty of Friendship.
● Despite the challenges posed by the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, India re-engaged with Afghanistan
after the Taliban's ousting in 2001.
● India has since made significant investments and commitments, amounting to over USD 3 billion, to
cultivate strong economic and defense ties with Afghanistan.
Importance of Afghanistan for India

Economy
● Preferential Trade Agreement (2003): The signing of the Preferential Trade Agreement in 2003 led to India
granting significant duty cuts, ranging from 50% to 100%, on a specific category of Afghan dry fruits.
● Initiatives in 2016: In 2016, the Prime Minister of India put forth proposals for mutual collaboration,
including the supply of high-quality and affordable pharmaceuticals, as well as joint efforts in the
development of solar energy. As a result of these initiatives, a second aviation route between India and
Afghanistan was established.
● India has provided Afghanistan with $4 billion in development aid between 2002 and 2021.
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Developmental Aid
• Zaranj to Delaram Road: A 218 km road was constructed from Zaranj to Delaram to facilitate the
transportation of goods and services from Afghanistan to the Iranian border and the Chahbahar Port.
• Kabul to Pul-e-Khumri Transmission Line: Construction of a 220 kV DC transmission line from Kabul to
Pul-e-Khumri.
• Salma Dam Power: Construction and commissioning of the Salma Dam power project (42 MW) in Herat
province.
• Afghan Parliament: Ongoing construction of the Afghan Parliament.
• Other Assistance: India has pledged to build the Shahtoot Dam and other drinking water projects in
Kabul, as well as improve road connectivity to Band-e Amir in Bamiyan to boost tourism.
• Post-Taliban Development: India received a request from the Taliban regime's foreign ministry
spokesman to complete development projects. The Indian embassy in Kabul has reopened after being
closed for a year.
Security
● A stable Afghanistan is crucial for regional and domestic security and stability for India. It acts as a buffer
between India and extremist groups operating in the region.
● Afghanistan's stability is vital in countering state-sponsored terrorism emanating from Pakistan-supported
groups.
● During the Fourth Regional Security Dialogue on Afghanistan, the Indian National Security Advisor (NSA)
emphasized strengthening Afghanistan's capacity to combat terrorism.
Counterterrorism
● Afghanistan has been a breeding ground for terrorism, posing a threat to India's security. India has been a
victim of state-sponsored terrorism supported by groups based in Afghanistan.
● A stable Afghanistan is essential for effectively countering these terrorist threats.
Natural Resources
● Afghanistan possesses significant untapped mineral resources worth around $1 trillion. These resources
include minerals such as iron, copper, gold, and rare earth elements.
● Access to Afghanistan's mineral wealth can fuel India's industrial and economic growth.
Connectivity
● Afghanistan serves as a crucial gateway for India's
connectivity with Central Asia. Projects like the
Chabahar Port in Iran enhance India's trade and
economic ties with the region.
● India-Afghanistan Air Freight Corridor: Opened in
2017 to facilitate trade and economic activities.
● Developing transport and energy corridors through
Afghanistan strengthens regional connectivity and
facilitates India's access to resource-rich Central
Asia.
● In 2016, India signed a deal with Iran entailing $8 billion investment in Chabahar port and industries in
Chabahar Special Economic Zone.
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Energy Ambitions
● Afghanistan's strategic location makes it an important transit route for energy projects.
● India sees Afghanistan as a vital component of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline
project.
● Access to energy resources in Central Asia through Afghanistan addresses India's growing energy needs.
Strategic Influence
● India's engagement in Afghanistan helps counterbalance Pakistan's influence in the region.
● It provides a platform for India to shape the political landscape and support Afghan government stability.
● By assisting in nation-building, India safeguards its interests and prevents Afghanistan from becoming a safe
haven for anti-India elements.
Humanitarian Assistance
• School Feeding Programme: The World Food Programme provides nearly 2 million children with a daily
supply of 100 grams of fortified, high-protein biscuits.
• Free Healthcare: Over 30,000 Afghans receive free medical advice and medication each month through five
Indian Medical Missions. The reconstruction of the Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health in Kabul is
underway.
• Military Aid: The Afghan National Army requires 285 military vehicles, and 10 ambulances are needed for
public hospitals in five cities.
• Post-COVID Support: India has committed to sending 75,000 MT of wheat to Afghanistan in 2020 to
combat the global COVID-19 outbreak and address food security challenges.
• Vaccine Assistance: In January 2022, India provided Afghanistan with 500,000 doses of the Covid-19
vaccine as humanitarian aid and to strengthen bilateral ties.
• Post-Taliban Aid: In February 2022, the Indian Foreign Secretary dispatched a convoy of 50 trucks carrying
2,500 MT of wheat as humanitarian aid for Afghanistan.
Various challenges
● Security Threats: The volatile security situation in Afghanistan, including the presence of terrorist groups
like the Taliban, poses a direct security threat to India.
● Political Instability: Political instability and shifts in government dynamics create uncertainty for sustained
cooperation between India and Afghanistan.
● Pakistan's Role: Pakistan's role in Afghanistan, including its support for militant groups, remains a significant
challenge for India's engagement in the region.
● Economic Constraints: Economic and infrastructural constraints, such as limited connectivity and
dependence on alternative trade routes, hinder economic cooperation between India and Afghanistan.
● Humanitarian Concerns: The return of the Taliban raises concerns about human rights and the
humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan, creating challenges for India's involvement.
● Regional Rivalries: Regional rivalries and power dynamics add complexity to India's engagement in
Afghanistan and pose challenges to effective cooperation.
● Indian partnering with UNWFP (UN World Food Programme) for the delivery of 20,000 MTs of wheat
for Afghan people through the Chabahar Port.
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Way forward
● Strengthening Regional Cooperation: Enhancing cooperation and coordination among regional players is
crucial for stability and progress in Afghanistan.
● Supporting Afghan-led Peace Process: India should support an Afghan-led and Afghan-owned peace
process to achieve lasting peace and stability in the region.
● Enhancing Economic Engagement: India should focus on enhancing economic cooperation, trade, and
investment with Afghanistan to promote sustainable development.
● Providing Humanitarian Assistance: India should continue to provide humanitarian assistance to address
the urgent needs of the Afghan people, especially in areas such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure
development.
● Strengthening Security Cooperation: Collaborating with Afghan security forces and other regional partners
to address security threats and counterterrorism is essential for ensuring stability in the region.
Conclusion
India’s Afghan policy must be based on a clear-cut understanding of India’s strategic goals in the region, and the
regional and global strategic environment. Though it is a bit late, yet India has taken the right decision by
engaging the amenable section of the Afghan Taliban.
India's Engagements with the Taliban: A Shift in Approach
Introduction: Recently, India has made a significant shift in its position regarding engagement with the Taliban.
This change was evident when India participated in the commencement ceremony of Intra-Afghan talks
between the Afghanistan government and the Taliban in Doha, Qatar. This move signifies India's
acknowledgment of the ground reality in Afghanistan and the evolving power structure within the country.
India and Taliban: A Quick Timeline of Engagement

1. Initial reluctance: India's journey from opposition to engagement with the Taliban is influenced by its
problematic relationship with Pakistan.
2. Beginning of Kashmir insurgency: In 1996, the Taliban's rise to power in Kabul raised concerns in India due
to potential implications for the insurgency in Kashmir.
3. 1999 hijacking: During the hijacking of IC814, the Taliban played a supporting role for the Pakistani hijackers,
further straining India's relationship with the group.
4. Post-9/11 engagement: Following the 9/11 terror attacks, India invested resources in Afghanistan's
reconstruction under the US umbrella. By 2010, with doubts about US commitment, India started
considering engaging with the Taliban to safeguard its interests in Afghanistan.
India's Considerations: Counter-intuitive Timing

1. Radicalism and women's rights: India's cautious opening to the Taliban occurs despite the group's
unchanged radical ideology and increased restrictions on women.
2. Support to terror outfits: The Taliban maintains close ties with Al-Qaeda, posing threats to regional security
and highlighting the presence of terror training camps near the Pakistan border.
3. Reducing Pakistan's footprint: India aims to separate Pakistan from the Taliban, especially as Pakistan faces
challenges with the Kabul regime.
4. Averting another crisis: Engaging with the Taliban allows for layered political and diplomatic engagement
with different actors to prevent future crises.
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5. Afghanistan's impact on India's security: Afghanistan has previously provided space for terrorist
organizations like Al-Qaeda and has an ISIS presence, affecting India's security interests.
6. Humanitarian assistance and protecting investments: India seeks to facilitate humanitarian aid, access
consular services, and safeguard its investments in Afghanistan's infrastructure development.
India's Stand
● India believes that any peace process in Afghanistan must be Afghan-led, Afghan-owned, and Afghan-
controlled.
● It emphasizes the need to respect the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan while
promoting human rights and democracy.
● India aims to preserve the progress made in establishing a democratic Islamic Republic in Afghanistan.
● The interests of minorities, women, and vulnerable sections of society must be safeguarded, and efforts
to address violence in the country and its neighbouring regions need to be effective.
● India also emphasizes the importance of protecting its own interests, including the Indian Embassy and
Indian companies and workers in Afghanistan.
● India supports the idea of an "independent and sovereign" Afghanistan, which highlights that control
should not be in the hands of Pakistan and its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).
Afghan Peace Process: Key Dialogues
- Reflects India's long-standing approach to bringing stability and peace to

Afghanistan.
Delhi Declaration
- Emphasizes that Afghanistan's territory should not be used for sheltering, training,
planning, or financing any terrorist acts.
- Established in 2017 as a regional platform in Afghanistan.

Moscow Format - Features special envoys from Russia, Afghanistan, India, Iran, China, and Pakistan.
- Aims to coordinate efforts for peace in Afghanistan.
- Established in Istanbul, Turkey on November 2, 2011.

- Recognizes the importance of a secure and stable Afghanistan for regional
Heart of Asia development.
Conference (HOAC) - Provides a framework for regional collaboration and achieving tangible results.
- Includes 13 supporting regional and international organizations, 14 participating
nations, and 17 supporting nations.
Way Forward
● Given the changing political and security situation in Afghanistan, India needs to re-evaluate its decisions
and adopt a more flexible approach in dealing with all forces that play a central role in shaping Afghanistan's
future.
● An engagement with the Taliban provides an opportunity for India to directly convey its concerns.
● Establishing a permanent presence in Kabul would better serve India's national interests in the external
sphere.
● India's evolving stance should take into account the complex dynamics and aim to secure its interests while
promoting stability, peace, and development in Afghanistan.
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Conclusion
● In conclusion, India's recent engagement with the Taliban signifies a shift in its approach, driven by the need
to protect its interests, prevent regional destabilization, and ensure the well-being of the Afghan people.
● This engagement is guided by pragmatism rather than evangelism, emphasizing the pursuit of national
interests while exercising caution in dealing with the Taliban.
India-China Relations
Introduction: India-China relations have long been complex and multifaceted, characterized by a combination
of cooperation, competition, and border disputes. The two Asian giants, with their vast populations, economies,
and regional influence, share a significant border and have a history of diplomatic engagements, trade ties, and
occasional tensions. The border disputes, particularly in the Western and Eastern sectors, have been a major
point of contention, leading to military standoffs and occasional clashes.
Border Dispute
● Traditional Boundaries: The Himalayas
historically acted as a natural boundary between
India and China.
● Line of Actual Control (LAC): The disputed 3488
km border is separated by the LAC, which was
established after the 1962 war.
● Border in Different Sectors: The border spans
across four Indian states and two union
territories, with different sectors having varying
levels of disputes.
Reasons for Unresolved Border Disputes

● Geographical Constraints: The difficult terrain, harsh climate, and complex topography make it challenging
to demarcate the border accurately.
● Cartographic Issues: British-era agreements and maps have left many areas unmarked or arbitrarily marked,
leading to conflicting claims.
● Pressure Tactics: China's use of the border dispute as a pressure tactic and its timing of aggression in
response to certain events.
● China-Pakistan Relations: China's reluctance to settle border disputes with India due to its close ties with
Pakistan and implications for the Kashmir region.
● Lack of Trust: Differences in long-term regional aspirations and lack of mutual trust hinder cooperation and
resolution.
● Other Contentious Issues: Divergent stances on Tibet, Kashmir, and other global forums, as well as
nationalist sentiments, contribute to the complexity.
India's Measures in Border Areas

● Infrastructure Development: India has invested in critical border infrastructure, including strategic roads,
bridges, and communication networks.
● Strengthening Border Forces: Deployment of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and the induction of
Rafale jets to enhance border security.
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● International Cooperation: Collaborating with Japan and promoting connectivity projects in the Northeast
region to counter Chinese influence.
Vibrant Villages Programme

● The Vibrant Villages program is a government initiative aimed at improving infrastructure and creating
job opportunities in villages situated along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
● It was formally announced in the Union Budget 2022-23 (to 2025-26) for development of villages on
the northern borders.
Bilateral Trade
● Increasing Deficit: The trade deficit for 2021-22 reached $73.31 billion, with imports at $60.27 billion and
exports at $8.77 billion.
● Growth in Bilateral Trade: Annual two-way trade exceeded
$100 billion in 2021, with India's imports accounting for the
majority.
● Background of Trade Ties: Trade between India and China
surged since the early 2000s, driven by Indian imports of
Chinese machinery and equipment.
● Dependency on Chinese Goods: Significant imports from
China in machinery, organic chemicals, automotive parts,
and fertilizers, integrating China into India's manufacturing
supply chain.
o Active pharmaceutical ingredients, auto components, and a large number of medical supplies (since
2020) are other notable imports.
● India's Export to China: China is a major destination for Indian exports, ranking third, but India's share in
China's total exports is relatively low. Over the past two years, Indian exports to China have witnessed a
remarkable growth rate of over 50%.
o However, the majority of these exports comprise raw commodities such as ores, cotton, and seafood,
rather than finished goods.
India's Evolving Economic Relations with China

● The economic relations between India and China have undergone significant changes in the past two years.
● New Delhi has emphasized that it cannot be business as usual while tensions persist along the border. As a
result, tighter restrictions have led to a decline in Chinese investment in India.
● Chinese investments in technology and telecommunications start-ups have come to a halt. Prohibitions on
200 apps and restrictions on Chinese firms' participation in 5G trials have been imposed.
● Increased scrutiny of Chinese firms, including tax investigations on companies like Xiaomi, has been initiated
by India.
● New Delhi is contemplating a long-term plan to reduce import reliance and identified 12 sectors to boost
India's global supplier status and reduce import bills.
27
Considerations and Implications

● View on Trade Deficit: Trade deficits/surpluses are not direct indicators of a weaker or stronger domestic
economy.
● Interconnected Trade Dependencies: India's trade imbalance with China should be viewed in the context
of interdependencies, such as imports of ingredients for pharmaceuticals and growing seafood exports to
China.
● Challenges of Persistent Trade Deficits: Concerns about foreign exchange reserves availability and the need
to enhance domestic production capacity.
India’s Trade War with China

● Negative Consequences: Banning trade with China would primarily harm the Indian poor, punish Indian
producers and exporters, and negatively impact sectors like pharmaceuticals.
● Limited Impact on China: A ban on trade with China would have minimal repercussions for China's overall
trade, while hurting India's economy.
● Broader Engagement: India's integration with Chinese investments in technology startups and the
importance of maintaining policy credibility and attracting foreign investment.
● Trade War and Border Dispute: Turning a border dispute into a trade war is unlikely to resolve the
underlying issues, and it would disproportionately harm India.
Controversial dams over River Brahmaputra

• China has plans to construct a super dam in Medog County, which is located near Arunachal Pradesh in
India.
• The dam will be built on the Yarlung Zangbo River, which is a major tributary of the Brahmaputra River.
• The Yarlung Zangbo River originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows into Arunachal Pradesh (known as
Siang) and Assam (known as Brahmaputra) in India before entering Bangladesh (known as Jamuna).
• -China has already constructed a series of small dams along the Yarlung Zangbo River.
Way forward
● Diplomatic Engagement: Maintain regular high-level meetings and negotiations to address issues and build
trust.
● Border Management: Strengthen border management mechanisms to prevent tensions and ensure peace
and stability.
● Economic Cooperation with Caution: Balance economic cooperation while protecting domestic industries
and reducing dependence on Chinese imports.
● Enhancing Strategic Alliances: Strengthen partnerships with like-minded countries to balance China's
influence and promote regional stability.
● Defense Preparedness: Strengthen defense capabilities to protect national interests and maintain
deterrence.
Conclusion
● Political Consultations for Peaceful Resolution: Political commitment and mutual dialogue are essential for
resolving border disputes between India and China.
● Military Communication: Maintaining effective military-to-military communication can help prevent and
resolve border-related issues, ensuring peace and tranquility.
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Debt Trap Diplomacy
Understanding Debt Trap Diplomacy

● Debt trap diplomacy is a situation in which a country is forced
to take on excessive loans to repay existing debts.
● It involves a creditor country or institution extending debt to
a borrower nation, either partially or solely, to increase the
lender's political leverage.
● The term was coined by Indian academic Brahma Chellaney
and is often associated with China, although it has also been
applied to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Features of Debt Trap Diplomacy

● Indiscriminate lending: Lenders initially provide loans without
thorough evaluation.
● Lack of transparency: Loan terms are often not publicized.
● Conditional loans: More loans are offered to repay and restructure old debts, further benefiting the lender.
● Exploitative terms: Interest rates are often hefty and unrealistic, exploiting the borrower.
● Sovereign guarantee and leases
● : Lenders seek sovereign guarantees and leases on strategic assets.
● Geo-strategic implications: Defaulting on debt can lead to geo-strategic consequences, such as military
deployments by the lender.
Historical Roots of Debt-Funded Infrastructure Projects

● Colonial legacy: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, colonial powers used debt-funded infrastructure
projects to facilitate rapid modernization.
● Example of the Suez Canal: The French-led construction of the Suez Canal involved issuing Egyptian bonds,
resulting in a 99-year operational lease to France.
● Chinese territorial acquisition: China's debt-trap
diplomacy secured strategic territory in the Pamir
Mountains from Tajikistan in exchange for debt
forgiveness in 2011.
China's Approach to Debt Trap Diplomacy

● Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China's trillion dollar
initiative provides large-scale loans for
infrastructure projects.
● Ignoring creditworthiness: China often overlooks a
borrower country's creditworthiness and is willing
to lend regardless.
● Secrecy in negotiations: China keeps negotiations
secretive, leading to non-competitive pricing of projects.
● Closed-door bidding: Contracts are awarded to Chinese state-owned or state-linked companies, charging
above-market prices.
● Bribery: China offers bribes to senior leaders in borrower
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● countries in exchange for infrastructure projects.
Worst Outcomes of Debt Trap Diplomacy

● Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka had to hand over control of the Hambantota port to China for 99 years due to massive
debt owed to Beijing.
● Pakistan: China's involvement in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has raised concerns about
Pakistan's sovereignty.
● Gulf region: China constructed its first military base in Djibouti in exchange for debt relief.
● India: China's control over strategic ports near India's doorstep threatens India's regional interests.
China's Perspective on Debt Trap Diplomacy

● Anti-China sentiments: The Communist Party of China dismisses debt trap diplomacy as a "meme" fueled
by anxiety about China's rise as a global superpower.
● Attractiveness to developing nations: China is seen as an attractive partner by developing nations, including
Pakistan, due to its investment and development offers.
● Success stories: Many debtor countries have voluntarily agreed to Chinese loans and have positive
experiences working with China.
● Existing debt distress: China denies being a major contributor to the existing debt distress in Africa.
● Case-specific nature: Hambantota Port is an exception since the project was proposed by the former Sri
Lankan president, not China.
● Limited power in debt renegotiation: China's leverage in debt renegotiation is often exaggerated, with debt
write-offs being the most common outcome.
Reasons Countries Accept Chinese Offers

● Neglect by international financial institutions: Developed nations neglected countries with unmet
infrastructure needs, pushing them to seek loans from China instead of the IMF or World Bank.
● Historical context: Many postcolonial countries faced financial challenges after gaining independence,
leading to an openness to China's investment and credit.
● China's empathy: China's promises of benevolent investment and easy credit appealed to countries lacking
other viable options.
● Late realization: It became clear later that China's objectives were commercial penetration and strategic
leverage, trapping countries in a vicious cycle.
The Taiwan Factor

India follows the One China Policy, which means it does not have full diplomatic relations with Taiwan. After
the Cold War, unofficial relations were established with the India-Taipei Association in Taipei, Taiwan. In
1995, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre was set up as Taiwan's office in India, leading to improved
trade and cultural ties.
Current State of India-Taiwan Relations
• Trade: Bilateral trade between Taiwan and India reached a record high of US$7.7 billion in 2021.
• Investment: Taiwanese companies, including Foxconn, have significant investments in India.
• A Bilateral Investment Agreement was signed in 2018. India is recognized as an integral partner in
Taiwan's New South-bound policy, aligning with India's Act East Policy.
• Shared values: India and Taiwan share common values such as Human Rights, Democracy, and the
Rule of Law.
theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 30
Concerns
• Constraints of One China Policy: India's relationship with Taiwan is limited by the constraints of the
One China Policy.
• China's displeasure: Rapid improvement in ties with Taiwan may displease China, as both India and
Taiwan have substantial economic ties with China.
• Trade potential: Trade relations with Taiwan are still under-exploited, with India accounting for only
about 1% of Taiwan's total trade.
Way Forward
• Manufacturing cooperation: Encourage Taiwanese companies to establish manufacturing facilities
in India, leveraging India's industrial base and cost-effective labor with Taiwan's technical expertise.
• Healthcare cooperation: India should seek cooperation with Taiwan, especially in the domain of
healthcare, given Taiwan's successful response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Promote tourism: Explore the potential of tourism, particularly Buddhist heritage tourism, as a sector
for further cooperation between India and Taiwan.
Impact of Chinese Policy on India

● Neighbours falling into debt trap: Most of India's neighbors have fallen prey to China's debt trap, primarily
through the One Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR).
● Sovereignty concerns: China's involvement in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) requires India
to accept Pakistan's territorial claims in Kashmir.
Shifting alliances: Chinese investments have led countries like Bangladesh to prioritize their relationship
with China over traditional partners.
Critical Assessment
● Projects serving Chinese interests: China supports projects that facilitate its access to natural resources and
expand its market for low-cost exports, rather than focusing on local economic development.
● Burdening smaller countries: The heavier the debt burden on smaller countries, the greater China's
leverage becomes, as the debtor nations become more reliant on Chinese assistance.
● Undermining regional unity: China's clout has influenced Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand to resist
a united ASEAN stance against China's territorial claims.
● Increasing control and seizing assets: China demands majority ownership and acquires exclusive
development rights in financially risky countries, extending its influence.
● Endless debt and asset seizures: China requires countries to award contracts for additional projects in
exchange for debt rescheduling, prolonging their debt crises and increasing China's control.
● Warning for other countries: Countries not yet ensnared in China's debt trap should be cautious and take
steps to avoid it.
Way Forward
● India's regional role: India must enhance its regional role as an economic and security actor to counter
China's influence and profile.
● Cooperative strategies and aid: India should use cooperative strategies and humanitarian aid to maintain
its influence and counter China's debt-trap initiatives.
● Maritime strategy: India should strategically leverage the maritime sphere to challenge China's dominance
in its periphery.
● Encouraging alternative financing: India should promote ties between small countries and established
international financial institutions like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
China's Growing Influence in South Asia

China's Influence in Pakistan
• China-Pakistan relationship: Considered an all-weather alliance.
• China's investment: China has heavily invested in Pakistan through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC).
• Strategic stake: China holds a substantial stake in the strategic Gwadar port. China provides diplomatic
support to Pakistan in the UN and FATF.
China's Influence in Bangladesh
• Defense imports: China is the largest source of defense imports for Bangladesh.
• Trade partnership: China is Bangladesh's largest trade partner, granting duty-free access to over 97% of
traded goods.
• Energy projects: China is financing 25 energy projects, including Bangladesh's second Nuclear Power plant.
• Technical support: China has extended technical support for Bangabandhu-1, Bangladesh's first
communication satellite.
China's Influence in Sri Lanka
• Maritime component of BRI: Sri Lanka plays a significant role in the maritime component of the Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI), with the Hambantota Port being a major project.
• Trade partnership: China is one of Sri Lanka's largest trade partners and a source of defense equipment.
• Diplomatic support: China has provided crucial diplomatic support to Sri Lanka in the UN Human Rights
Commission.
China's Influence in Nepal
• BRI corridors: Nepal hosts the Himalayan leg of the Belt and Road Initiative in the Kosi, Gandak, and Karnali
corridors.
• Enhanced connectivity: China has granted access to seven land ports to Nepal, reducing its dependence
on India for connectivity.
• Major investments: China has made significant investments in projects such as Pokhara airport,
Kathmandu-Lumbini rail link, and Lhasa Shigatse Rail Link. China is Nepal's second-largest trade partner
and largest source of foreign direct investment.
China's Influence in Maldives
• Debt ownership: China owns over 70% of Maldives' debt and has heavily invested in infrastructure
projects such as Male Airport and Sinamale Bridge.
• Lease agreement: A Chinese company has received a 50-year lease to the Feydhoo Finolhu Island.
• Stalled projects: Concerns over debt-trap and project viability have led to the stalling or cancellation of
many grand infrastructure projects after the return of a civilian democratic government to the Maldives.
Concerns for India
• Erosion of soft power: China's increasing presence in India's immediate neighborhood poses a risk of
eroding India's soft power and predominant position in the region.
• Support for autocratic regimes: China's support for autocratic regimes, such as Pakistan's Army or the
Maldives' autocratic regime, goes against India's interests.
Conclusion
Overall, countries need to be cautious and take steps to avoid falling into the debt trap. Promoting transparency,
assessing projects based on long-term viability, and diversifying financing sources are essential in mitigating the
risks associated with debt trap diplomacy.
India-Bhutan Relations
Introduction: India and Bhutan have had long-standing diplomatic, economic and cultural relations. India and
Bhutan share a long-standing diplomatic, economic, and cultural relationship. The two countries are bound by
the Treaty of Friendship, which was renegotiated in 2007 to establish a more equal partnership.
What is the Treaty of Friendship?

● 1949 Treaty: The Treaty of Friendship was signed between Bhutan and India on August 8, 1949. It aimed to
ensure peace and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
● 2007 Treaty: India and Bhutan renegotiated the treaty in 2007, replacing the provision that required Bhutan
to seek India's guidance on foreign policy. The new treaty emphasized sovereignty and cooperation based
on mutual interests.
Significance of Bhutan to India

● Buffer to China: Bhutan serves as a buffer state between India and China, sharing a border with China. Its
strategic location is crucial for India's security interests.
● Vital Connectivity: The Chumbi Valley, located at the tri-junction of Bhutan, India, and China, is vital for
India's connectivity as it lies close to the "Chicken's neck" in North Bengal.
● Security in North-East: Bhutan has cooperated with India in addressing security concerns in India's north-
eastern region by assisting in flushing out militant groups.
● Chinese Inroad: China is interested in establishing diplomatic relations with Bhutan and has territorial claims
in western Bhutan. India's close relationship with Bhutan is essential to counter Chinese influence.
India-Bhutan Ties: A Timeline

- 8th Century AD: Historically, India and Bhutan share strong cultural ties dating back to the introduction
of Tantric Buddhism in the region.
- 1947: Bhutan was among the first countries to recognize India's independence.
- 1972: India and Bhutan signed a trade and commerce agreement, establishing free trade and commerce
between the two nations.
- Post-independence: Embassies were opened in 1978, and the relationship between India and Bhutan is
based on the 1949 India-Bhutan Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. This treaty was revised in 2007,
indicating the continuous evolution of their relations.
China Factor in Ties: China Preying on Small Neighbours

● Importance of Bhutan: Both India and China attach strategic importance to Bhutan. Chinese territorial
claims near the Siliguri Corridor pose a security challenge for India.
● Border Settlement and Diplomatic Relations: China reportedly links border settlement with Bhutan
establishing trade and diplomatic relations. Bhutan's participation in China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
could be a potential concern for India.
Need of Bhutan for India

● Trusted Ally: Bhutan has been India's most trusted ally in South Asia and has prioritized India's security
interests.
● Security Cooperation: Bhutan's active cooperation in tackling Indian militants in its jungles showcases its
commitment to maintaining regional security.
● Avoiding Chinese Influence: Bhutan's decision to not attend China's Belt and Road Initiative forum
demonstrates its alignment with India's concerns regarding Chinese influence.
Various Cooperation Developments

● Maitri Initiative: Bhutan was the first country to receive COVID-19 vaccines under India's Vaccine Maitri
Initiative.
● Financial Connectivity: The launch of the RuPay card and BHIM app has enhanced financial connectivity
between India and Bhutan.
● Start-Up Ecosystem: India and Bhutan have connected their start-up systems through structured
workshops, fostering innovation and entrepreneurship.
● E-Library Project: The E-Library project has facilitated education and knowledge-sharing between the two
countries.
Major Irritants in Ties

● Lack of Investment: India has not invested significantly in Bhutan and other neighbouring countries, which
is critical for building genuine goodwill and trust.
● Desire for Wider Engagement: Bhutan desires a wider engagement beyond India's borders and seeks to be
treated as an equal, sovereign nation-state.
Conclusion
The friendship between India and Bhutan is built on shared values, trust, and mutual respect. It is essential for
India to address Bhutan's aspirations, increase people-to-people contact, and respect Bhutan as an equal,
sovereign nation to further strengthen the India-Bhutan friendship.
India Myanmar Relations
Introduction: India-Myanmar relations are rooted in shared historical, ethnic, cultural and religious ties. As the
land of Lord Buddha, India is a country of pilgrimage for the people of Myanmar. The geographical proximity of
the two countries has helped develop and sustain cordial relations and facilitated people-to-people contact.
India and Myanmar share a long land border of over 1600 km and a maritime boundary in the Bay of Bengal.
● Historical, Ethnic, and Cultural Ties: India and Myanmar share deep historical, ethnic, cultural, and religious
connections.
o India is a pilgrimage destination for many people in
Myanmar, and the geographical proximity has
facilitated cordial relations and people-to-people
contact.
o The Treaty of Friendship signed in 1951 further
solidified their relationship.
● India's Interests: India recognizes the importance of
maintaining a good working relationship with the Myanmar
government for its diplomatic and strategic initiatives. This
is particularly crucial in light of China's attempts to use
Myanmar as a geopolitical base against India.
Strategic Relations
● Geographical Location: Myanmar's strategic location makes it a bridge between South Asia and Southeast
Asia. India and Myanmar have engaged in cooperation to counteract drug trafficking and insurgent groups
along their shared border.
● Naval Cooperation: India has extended cooperation to Myanmar in the maritime domain. The handover of
INS Sindhuvir, a submarine, to the Myanmar Navy demonstrates the deepening ties between the two
countries.
Economic Relations
● Regional Cooperation: India and Myanmar are members of BIMSTEC, SAARC, and the Mekong-Ganga
Cooperation, which have facilitated closer ties and increased influence among Southeast Asian nations.
● Infrastructure Projects: Several infrastructure projects, such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral
Highway, Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Network, and the planned Special Economic Zone at the
Sittwe deep-water port, have strengthened economic cooperation.
● Humanitarian Assistance: India has provided timely and effective assistance to Myanmar during natural
disasters, demonstrating its commitment to supporting its neighbor.
India-Myanmar Trade Relations

• A bilateral Trade Agreement was signed in 1970.
• Bilateral trade has been growing steadily to reach US$ 2178.44 million (2016-17), of which Indian exports
amounted to US$ 1111.19 million and India's imports to US$ 1067.25 million.
• India is the fifth largest trading partner of Myanmar but trade remains below potential.
• Agriculture dominates trade, particularly supply of beans & pulses to India ($ 809 million, 2016-17) and
timber ($ 156 million).
• India is presently the tenth largest investor
• Myanmar is an important partner in our energy relations with other countries.
China factor in India’s ties

● Chinese Influence: China has its own designs for Myanmar and seeks to use it as part of its "string of pearls"
strategy against India. China has provided significant funding for infrastructure projects in Myanmar,
creating a potential debt trap for the country.
● Political Interference: China has also exerted political influence, as seen in its support for the military coup
in Myanmar. This raises concerns about China's control over Myanmar's political machinery.
● Trade Dependence: Myanmar's trade with China far outweighs its trade with India. China has become
Myanmar's largest trading partner, while India's bilateral trade with Myanmar remains comparatively lower.
This trade dependence on China could further strengthen China's influence in Myanmar.
Impact of the Coup

● India's Relationship: The military coup in Myanmar has not significantly changed India's relationship with
the country. India has built ties with the Tatmadaw (Myanmar's military) over the years, and the handing
over of the submarine to Myanmar demonstrates the deepening engagement.
● China's Influence: China has been the largest supplier of weapons to Myanmar, but recent tensions
between the Tatmadaw and China, including accusations of support for insurgent groups, have created an
opportunity for India to strengthen its position.
Road to Democracy in Myanmar

● India's Dual Policy: India has historically pursued a dual policy of engaging with the Myanmar military while
advocating for democratic reforms. This approach recognizes the Tatmadaw's role in maintaining stability
in Myanmar.
● Democratic Realist Policy: India's policy in Myanmar is guided by the centrality of democracy. While India
supports democratic reforms, it also acknowledges the need for pragmatic adjustments to engage with the
military.
Way Forward
● Preserving Trust: India needs to maintain trust with the Myanmar military while continuing to pressure for
the restoration of democratic order. High-level engagement and communication are essential to ensure
that India's core concerns are respected.
● International Coordination: India must coordinate its position internationally and develop a common
platform to encourage Myanmar's return to democracy. The support of ASEAN and Japan is crucial in this
regard.
● Democratic Realist Policy: India's democratic realist policy should guide its actions in Myanmar, taking into
account the changing geopolitical dynamics and the rise of China. Pragmatic adjustments will be necessary
to pursue India's interests while advocating for democratic values.
Conclusion
While India strives for democratic reforms, it also recognizes the need to engage with the military to maintain
stability and protect its own interests. The evolving dynamics in Myanmar and the region will require India to
navigate carefully and balance its democratic ideals with pragmatic considerations.
India- Maldives Relations
Introduction: India and Maldives share ethnic, linguistic, cultural, religious and commercial links steeped in
antiquity and enjoy close, cordial and multi-dimensional relations. India was among the first to recognise
Maldives after its independence in 1965 and to establish diplomatic relations with the country.
India recently commissioned the Indian grant-in-aid UTF (Uthuru Thila Falhu- Island) Harbour Project, the coastal
surveillance radar system, in the Maldives. The project is a significant milestone in the growing defense ties
between the two countries.
What is the UTF Project?

● The UTF project was announced during External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar’s visit in February 2021.
● It is among the biggest Indian grant-in-aid projects in the Maldives.
● It is aimed at developing a maintenance and repair hub for naval vessels and will help the Maldives become
self-sufficient.
A quick recap of bilateral ties

Economic:
• Trade agreement signed between India and Maldives in 1981. India is Maldives' 4th largest trade partner.
• India becomes Maldives' second-largest trading partner in 2021, experiencing a 31% growth in bilateral
trade despite the pandemic.
• Bilateral trade between India and Maldives in 2021 stands at US$ 323.9 million with the trade balance in
favor of India.
• India provides US$ 250 million financial assistance to Maldives in September 2020 to support its economic
recovery.
Defence:
• India offers the highest number of training opportunities for the Maldivian National Defence Force (MNDF),
fulfilling approximately 70% of their defence training needs.
• A comprehensive Action Plan for Defence signed in April 2016 to strengthen the defence partnership.
• Noteworthy initiatives in the defence sector include the establishment of the Composite Training Centre
for MNDF, implementation of the Coastal Radar Surveillance System, and construction of the new Ministry
of Defence Headquarters.
Disaster management:
• India provides substantial aid to the Maldives after the 2004 tsunami and the 2014 Male water crisis.
Customized training programs for the MNDF Fire and Rescue Service offered in India.
Developmental Cooperation:
• India implements notable development projects in the Maldives, such as the Indira Gandhi Memorial
Hospital, Maldives Institute of Technical Education, and the National College for Policing and Law
Enforcement (NCPLE).
• Connectivity project: India provides US $500 million in assistance for the Greater Male Connectivity Project
(GMCP), the largest civilian infrastructure project in Maldives, connecting Male to three neighboring islands.
• Currency Swap: A Bilateral US Dollar Currency Swap Agreement of $400 million signed between RBI and
Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) in 2019.
Covid related assistance:

• A 14-member Rapid Response Medical team deployed in the Maldives in March 2020 to guide and train
Maldivian authorities and personnel in tackling the Corona threat.
• Operation Sanjeevani: A special IAF plane airlifts 6.2 tonnes of essential medical supplies from India to
Maldives on 2 April 2020 as part of GoI's efforts to help friendly countries in tackling the Covid-19 threat.
Causes for Anti-India Sentiments

● Political Instability: Anti-Indian sentiments emerged when Abdulla Gayoom became president in 2013,
using them for political mobilization and tilting towards China.
● Controversy over Helicopter Gift: The opposition portrayed the gift of two Dhruv Advanced Light
Helicopters by India for search-and-rescue operations as a military presence in the country.
● Confidential Agreements: Agreements signed between the Ibrahim Solih government and India were not
publicly discussed in the Maldives Parliament, leading to concerns.
● Alleged Interference in Domestic Politics: Unsubstantiated perceptions and allegations have arisen
regarding Indian diplomats stationed in Maldives interfering in domestic affairs.
Major Irritants in Ties

● Political Instability: India is concerned about the impact
of political instability in the region on its security and
development.
● Increasing Radicalization: The number of Maldivians
drawn towards terrorist groups such as the Islamic State
(IS) and Pakistan-based jihadist groups has been growing.
● Inclination towards Terror: Radicalism in the Maldives
increases the possibility of Pakistan-based terror groups
using remote Maldivian islands as a launch pad for attacks against India and Indian interests.
● Chinese Affinity: China's strategic influence in the region has grown, and the Maldives has become a
significant component of China's "String of Pearls" construct in South Asia.
Recent Gestures by India

● 2014 Male Drinking-Water Crisis: India provided immediate help during the drinking water crisis in Malé by
sending heavy lift transporters carrying bottled water.
● 2020 COVID-19 Crisis: India extended financial, material, and logistical support to Maldives during the
COVID-19 crisis and airlifted essential medicines and hospital consumables.
● Greater Male Connectivity Project: India announced the signing of a $500-million infrastructure project for
the construction of the Greater Malé Connectivity Project (GMCP), involving the construction of a bridge
and causeway link.
Maldives' Significance for India

● Increasing Maritime Cooperation: The Indian Ocean has witnessed a rise in maritime economic activity,
and the Maldives plays a crucial role in the region's geopolitical competition.
● Toll Gate in Indian Ocean: The Maldives is situated at the hub of commercial sea-lanes in the Indian Ocean,
with a significant volume of India's international trade passing through the region.
● Naval Cooperation: Maldives is an important partner in India's role as the net security provider in the Indian
Ocean Region.
● Important SAARC Member: Maldives is a member of SAARC and SASEC, contributing to regional
cooperation and economic integration.
● People-to-People Contact: There is a significant population of Maldivian students in India, aided by a liberal
visa-free regime. Medical tourism is also prominent.
● Major Tourist Destination: Tourism is the backbone of the Maldivian economy, attracting Indian tourists
and providing job opportunities.
Way Forward
● India must continue to be an important partner of the Maldives and remain attentive to developments in
the country.
● India should play a key role in ensuring regional security in South Asia and the surrounding maritime
boundaries within the Indo-Pacific security space.
● The Indian government should not take the support of a limited population for granted and actively work
towards strengthening ties with the Maldives.
Conclusion
India and Maldives share a strong bilateral relationship, but there have been instances of anti-India sentiments.
The restoration of ties under President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih has contributed to strengthening the
relationship.
2. Bilateral, Regional & Global Groupings & Agreements

Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
3.
2. Bilateral, Regional & Global Groupings & Agreements Involving India
and/or Affecting India's Interests
Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
Introduction: The context of the discussion is the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) in the
world order, specifically in the Indian sub-continent. The discussion highlights the significance of the IOR, its
diverse sub-regions, and its role as a major trade
route and repository of natural resources.
What is IOR?
● The IOR broadly defines areas consisting of
littoral states of the Indian Ocean.
● It comprises sub-regions such as Australia, South
East Asia, South Asia, Horn of Africa, and
Southern and Eastern Africa.
● The IOR is marked by cultural, social, political,
and economic diversity.
Significance of IOR
● Biggest Market: The IOR littorals house over one-third of the world's population.
● Trade Significance: More than half of global seaborne trade passes through the Indian Ocean, with nearly
70% going to countries external to the region.
● Rich in Natural Resources: The IOR littoral states possess abundant raw materials, primarily oil, crucial for
major manufacturing industries in developed and developing nations.
● Ample Marine Resources: The IOR holds vast seabed resources, including oil, natural gas reserves, minerals,
and abundant fish.
● Maritime Choke-points: The presence of major maritime chokepoints and Sea Lanes of Communications
(SLOCs) in the IOR contributes to its strategic importance.
Geo-Strategic Importance of IOR to India

● India is at the Centre: India's central position in the IOR presents both advantages and challenges.
● Energy Security: India's "sea dependence" for oil is estimated to be around 93% due to total oil imports by
sea, offshore oil production, and petroleum exports.
● Dependence on Seas: Approximately 95% of India's trade volume and 68% of trade value are routed
through the Indian Ocean.
● Fishing and Aquaculture: India heavily relies on Indian Ocean resources, with fishing and aquaculture
industries contributing to exports and employment for millions.
● Huge Maritime Boundary: India's long coastline makes it vulnerable to potential threats emerging from the
sea.
● Hostile Neighbourhood: The 2008 Mumbai attack, carried out by terrorists arriving by sea, underscores the
threat posed by the sea border.
● Unforeseen and Non-conventional Threats: Non-traditional threats such as piracy, smuggling, illegal
fishing, and human trafficking present challenges, emphasizing the need for a secure Indian Ocean to
protect national interests.
Net Security Provider: To Be or Not to Be

● Peaceful Seas: India has experienced largely peaceful seas in recent decades, with non-traditional threats
like piracy and trafficking being the primary concerns.
● Reasons to Take Up the Role:
1. Obligation for the West: Becoming a net security provider is now a strategic obligation for India amid
global economic turbulence and shifting US policies.
2. Wisdom of Responsibility: India's emerging global power status brings with it a commensurate level of
international responsibility.
3. Void in Capability: Recognizing the existing void in capability, India needs to decide on taking up the
role.
IOR Threat Mosaic: From Indian Prism

● Growing PLAN Presence: Chinese presence in ports like Gwadar, Hambantota, and Djibouti raises concerns.
● Modernization of Pakistan Navy (PN): Pakistan Navy's rapid modernization, particularly in undersea
warfare, with assistance from Turkey and China.
● Shifting US Policy: US policies, particularly since Trump, have seen deviations from previous Indo-Pacific
Region (IPR) strategies.
● Non-Traditional Threats: Non-state forces, piracy, maritime terrorism, drug trafficking, climate change, and
other non-traditional threats.
Impediments to India Becoming a Net Security Provider

● Resource Availability vs. Requirement: India's finite resources and population size pose challenges amid a
global downtrend.
● Financial Capabilities: Robust financial backing is essential to materialize intentions and increase military
hardware for net security provision.
● Existing Civil-Military Relationship: Differences between ministries and civil-military leadership hinder
strategic gains.
● Nascent Jointmanship: Turf wars among the three services impede jointsmanship required for net security
provision.
● Non-alignment Policy: India's adherence to military non-alignment to retain strategic autonomy.
● Primacy of Land Operations: India's focus on land boundaries with China and Pakistan and its participation
in ongoing proxy wars.
Various Steps Taken

● Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), and naval exercises like MILAN
manifest a strategic intent.
● Initiatives like Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR), project MAUSAM, and the proposed Asia-
Africa Growth Corridor.
● Increased participation in bilateral/multilateral naval exercises and Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT) with
regional nations.
● Training naval personnel from IOR nations through exchange programs.

● Supplying naval assets to IOR countries.
Way Forward
● Develop a comprehensive IOR strategy: Create a well-defined plan addressing security, economic
cooperation, sustainability, and diplomacy in the Indian Ocean Region.
● Enhance maritime domain awareness: Invest in advanced surveillance technologies and information-
sharing mechanisms to monitor and secure maritime borders effectively.
● Foster strategic partnerships: Strengthen cooperative security mechanisms, intelligence sharing, and
capacity building initiatives with like-minded countries in the region.
● Strengthen naval capabilities: Upgrade the fleet, invest in advanced platforms, and develop indigenous
technologies to protect maritime interests.
● Promote maritime diplomacy: Engage in regional forums, promote dialogue, and foster understanding and
cooperation on maritime security issues.
● Encourage sustainable blue economy practices: Support marine conservation, responsible fisheries, and
renewable energy development for long-term environmental and economic benefits.
Conclusion: India's role as a net security provider in the IOR is a topic of debate. While India has experienced
relatively peaceful seas, it faces emerging threats such as Chinese presence in strategic ports, modernization of
the Pakistan Navy, shifting US policies, and non-traditional threats like piracy and maritime terrorism. Becoming
a net security provider would require careful resource allocation, financial capabilities, enhanced civil-military
coordination, and the development of joints man ship among the three services.
No First Use Policy
Introduction: No first use (NFU) refers to a pledge or a policy by a nuclear power not to use nuclear weapons.
It is a means of warfare unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons. Earlier, the concept had
also been applied to chemical and biological warfare.
NFU in India’s Context

● India first adopted a “No first use” policy after its second nuclear tests Pokhran-II, in 1998.
● In August 1999, the govt. released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for
deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of “retaliation only”.
● India’s official nuclear doctrine is codified in a 2003 document, which takes cues from the 1999 draft
doctrine.
● Since then, there has been no official communiqué about India’s nuclear policy from the government.
India’s NFU doctrine

Since 2003, India’s nuclear doctrine has had three primary components:
No First Use
● India will only use nuclear weapons in response to a nuclear attack on Indian Territory, or Indian forces.
● A caveat is made about their possible use in response to a chemical or biological attack.
● In a 2010 speech, then national security advisor Shivshankar Menon described India’s nuclear doctrine as
“no first use against non-nuclear weapon states”.
Massive Retaliation
● India’s response to a first strike will be massive, to cause ‘unacceptable damage’.
● While the doctrine doesn’t explicitly espouse a counter-value strategy (civilian targets), the wording implies
the same.
Minimum Credible Deterrence

● The number and capabilities of India’s nuclear weapons and delivery systems should merely be sufficient to
ensure intolerable retaliation, also keeping in mind first-strike survival of its relatively meagre arsenal.
● It underlines NFU with an assured second strike capability, and falls under minimal deterrence as opposed
to mutually assured destruction.
Cognizance with Political Authority

● Nuclear retaliatory attacks can only be authorised by the civilian political leadership through the Nuclear
Command Authority.
● The Nuclear Command Authority comprises a Political Council and an Executive Council. The Political Council
is chaired by the PM.
Revoking the NFU

● Raksha Mantri’s statement is a part of a pattern reflecting a need to critically evaluate India’s nuclear
doctrine, as voiced by other defence ministers and retired bureaucrats and military officials.
Arguments against
India’s image as a responsible nuclear power is central to its nuclear diplomacy

● Global reputation: Nuclear restraint has allowed New Delhi to get accepted in the global mainstream. From
being a nuclear pariah for most of the Cold War, within a decade of Pokhran 2, it has been accepted in the
global nuclear order.
● Say in global regimes: It is now a member of most of the technology denial regimes such as the Missile
Technology Control regime and the Wassenaar Arrangement.
● Membership of NSG: It is also actively pursuing full membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. Revoking
the ‘no first use’ pledge would harm India’s nuclear image worldwide.
A purely retaliatory nuclear use is easier to operationalize

● Nuclear pre-emption: It is a costly policy as it requires massive investment not only in weapons and delivery
systems but also intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) infrastructure.
● Increase in nuclear capabilities: Similarly, first use of nuclear weapons would require a massive increase in
India’s nuclear delivery capabilities. There is yet no evidence suggesting that India’s missile production has
increased dramatically in recent times.
● Complete deterrence is a myth: India’s ISR capabilities would have to be augmented to such a level where
India is confident of taking out most of its adversary’s arsenal and this is nearly an “impossible task”.
India would have to alter its nuclear alerting routine

● India’s operational plans for its nuclear forces involve a four-stage process.
● Nuclear alerting would start at the first hints of a crisis where decision-makers foresee possible military
escalation.
● This would entail assembly of nuclear warheads and trigger mechanisms into nuclear weapons.
● The second stage involves dispersal of weapons and delivery systems to pre-determined launch positions.
● The third stage would involve mating of weapons with delivery platforms.
● The last and final stage devolves the control of nuclear weapons from the scientific enclave to the military
for their eventual use.
Other Factors
● Structural changes: If India has to switch from NFU, it will have to make substantial changes to existing
nuclear structures, alert levels, deployment and command and control arrangements.
● Increase in strategic weapons: This will involve a sizeable increase in delivery systems and warheads.
Arguments in favour
Nuclear disarmament is still a myth

● India has been serious about nuclear disarmament.
● India’s nuclear weapons have been a result of compulsions arising out of a nuclearised and hostile
neighbourhood.
● In the long-term, a nuclear weapons-free world would best serve the Indian national security interests,
keeping aside moral considerations.
● A nuclear weapons-free region including China is close to impossible.
Quest for a nuclear rethink

● The case to revoke the NFU pledge has also been made keeping in mind India’s other nuclear adversary:
China.
● Given the increasing asymmetry of conventional military power between the two countries, some analysts
believe that India should revoke its NFU policy.
● Where India’s fails to deter China conventionally, it should leverage its nuclear capability.
● In 2016, then Raksha Mantri Mr. Parrikar raised doubts on India’s adherence to the policy of ‘no first use’
by saying that New Delhi cannot “bind itself” to ‘no first use’ for eternity.
● Political leaders have tried to insert an element of ambivalence into India’s nuclear doctrine.
Advantages provided by NFU

● Averting a nuclear crisis: The main advantage of NFU is that it minimizes the probability of nuclear use.
● More losses than wins: Instead, if both are NFU powers, there is greater probability of political leaders
stepping back from the brink – for they know that a nuclear war cannot
● Significance extended to diplomacy: Notably, there is considerable convergence regarding the belief of
nuclear weapons being restricted to the political realm.
Why should India not revoke NFU?

● Havoc: The notions of revoking erroneously embrace the idea that a nuclear war can be fought and won.
This is utterly false.
● No un-conventional threats: Pakistan does not pose a conventional threat that India cannot counter. Given
that, they are likely to persist with terrorism, which is a low-cost option.
● Huge military investments: On the other hand, India’s conventional military power, shaped to fight a limited
war, is challenged to impose its will under the nuclear shadow.
● Terrorism/Terror-state has no cognizance: Our foregoing NFU cannot prevent Pakistan from using
terrorism as a tool of its India policy.
● Global credibility: On the contrary, it enables Pakistan and other adversaries to invite international
intervention in what India maintains as a bilateral issues.
Evaluating the doctrine

● Success in establishing deterrence: Our policy of No First Use has many upsides, not all of them related to
nuclear conflict.
● No undue celebration over nukes: The official doctrine today exists merely as a press release summarizing
few points, with all other statements made offhand, with no great depth to them.
● Dialogue and diplomacy are India’s tools: Whether we have to turn to these different strategies, or simply
make minor changes to our existing doctrine remains to be seen.
● Non-posturing: This debate is indicative of a larger effort of comprehensively evaluating India’s nuclear
doctrine, and not only posturing.
Way Forward
● Periodic review not revocation: All doctrines need periodic reviews and India’s case is no exception.
● Non-proliferation: Indian doctrine does not support first use of nuclear weapons as it gives ample warning
to the adversary of India’s intentions.
● Rational analysis of situation: If Indian policymakers do indeed feel the need to review the nation’s nuclear
doctrine, they should be cognizant of the costs involved in so doing.
● Constructive debate: A sound policy debate can only ensure if the costs and benefits of a purported policy
shift are discussed and debated widely.
Conclusion: As India reviews its nuclear doctrine, it is important to consider the costs and benefits of potential
policy shifts and engage in constructive debate to ensure a sound and informed decision-making process.
3. Bilateral Relations with Major Powers
3. Bilateral Relations with Major Powers

India- Russia Relations:
Introduction: Russia has been an enduring and trusted partner for India, and the development of their bilateral
relations has been a cornerstone of India's foreign policy. Since the signing of the "Declaration on the India-
Russia Strategic Partnership" in October 2000, the relationship between India and Russia has taken on a new
dimension, marked by increased levels of cooperation across various domains.
Historical Background
Soviet Legacy
● The historical roots of this relationship can be traced back to the early 20th century, with Indian freedom
fighters drawing inspiration from the Russian Revolution.
● During the Cold War, India and the
Soviet Union formed a strong alliance in
strategic, military, economic, and
diplomatic spheres.
● After the dissolution of the Soviet Union,
Russia continued this close relationship,
resulting in a Special Strategic Relation
between the two countries.
● The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace,
Friendship, and Cooperation, along with
Soviet support, aided India's successful
operations in 1971.
India-Russia Strategic Partnership

● India and Russia maintain various
institutionalized dialogue mechanisms,
operating at both political and official levels, to ensure regular interaction and follow-up on cooperation
initiatives.
● This partnership was further elevated to a "Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership" in 2010.
Challenges and the Post-Covid Scenario

● Recent years have seen challenges in the India-Russia relationship, exacerbated by Russia's close ties with
China and Pakistan. The post-Covid scenario has further impacted the partnership.
Five Pillars of the India-Russia Relationship

The India-Russia relationship has evolved and gained strength based on five key pillars:
1. Similar political and strategic perceptions: India and Russia share common perspectives on global affairs.
2. Intensive military-technical cooperation: Defense collaboration between the two nations has been robust.
3. Strong economic bonds: Economic ties between India and Russia have been substantial.
4. Deep ties in science and technology: India and Russia have fostered significant cooperation in the fields of
science and technology.
5. People-to-people and cultural links: The relationship between the people of India and Russia has been
characterized by cultural exchanges and mutual understanding.
Areas of Cooperation between India and Russia

Political Cooperation
● Annual Summit: The meeting between the Prime Minister of India and the President of the Russian
Federation stands as the pinnacle of institutionalized dialogue, solidifying the Strategic Partnership between
the two nations.
● 17th Annual Summit: Adoption of a Joint Statement titled 'Partnership for Global Peace and Stability' and
a 'Roadmap of Events' to commemorate the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations established in 2017.
● 19th Annual Summit in 2018: It welcomed the India-Russia Business Summit in New Delhi and the
conclusion of a contract for the supply of the S-400 Long Range Surface to Air Missile system to India.
● President Putin's Executive Order (2019): Awarding PM Narendra Modi Russia's highest state decoration,
The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle, for his significant contribution to the development of the privileged
strategic partnership and friendly ties between Russia and India.
● Support for UNSC seat to India: Russia has also supported India’s claim for a permanent seat in UNSC and
stood by India on the J & K issue thereby blocking Pakistan’s attempt to internationalize the issue.
Levels of Political Interactions

● BRICS Summit & SCO Summit: It provide platforms for bilateral interaction and discussion of regional issues.
● Regular high-level interactions: Occur between India and Russia through the Intergovernmental
Commissions on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC) and on
Military-Technical Cooperation (IRIGC-MTC).
Economic Cooperation
● Trade: India-Russia trade hit a record $39.8 billion in 2022–23. The surge in bilateral trade came in the
backdrop of India’s huge purchase of discounted Russian oil.
● Mutual goals by 2025: Both countries aim to increase bilateral investment to US$50 billion and bilateral
trade to US$30 billion by 2025.
● India's Participation in the Eastern Economic Forum: Extending $1 Billion Line of Credit for the
Development of Far-Right Region of Russia
● Collaboration in the diamond industry: The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council of India struck a
deal with Alrosa, the world's largest diamond mining company, for direct sourcing of rough diamonds.
● Investment projects: They include Imperial Energy Tomsk, Sakhalin I, Volzhsky Abrasive Works Volgograd,
Commercial Indo Bank, Kamaz Vectra, Shyam Sistema Telecom Ltd, Sberbank, and VTB.
Diaspora and Cultural Exchanges

● Indian Student Enrolment: Approximately 4,500 Indian students are currently enrolled in medical and
technical institutions in the Russian Federation.
● Hindustani Samaj: The oldest Indian organization in Russia, functioning since 1957.
● Russian students learning Hindi: Around 1500 Russian students are regularly taught Hindi in approximately
20 Russian institutions, including prominent universities and schools.
● Programmes like 'Namaste Russia': It promote educational collaboration between India and Russia,
facilitated through institutes like Jawaharlal Nehru Cultural Centre.
● Festival of India in Russia: Held from September 2018 to March 2019 in 22 cities, featuring 34 performances
by 10 groups. Showcased the finest Indian music, dance, cuisine, and spiritual traditions.
● Exhibition honoring Mahatma Gandhi: The State Duma of the Russian Federation inaugurated an exhibition
on October 2, commemorating Mahatma Gandhi's 150th birth anniversary and his connection with Russian
writer Leo Tolstoy.
Defence
● Evolution of Cooperation: India-Russia defence cooperation has transitioned from a buyer-seller
framework to joint research, development, and production.
● Notable Defence Equipment: Examples include the BrahMos Missile System, Fifth Generation Fighter
Aircraft, SU-30 aircraft, T-90 tanks, and frigates.
● Agreements: During the 17th Annual Summit, agreements were concluded for the supply of S-400 air
defence systems, construction of frigates (Krivak Class), and joint venture manufacturing of Kamov-226T
helicopters under the 'Make in India' initiative.
● Military Hardware: India has acquired advanced military hardware from Russia, such as the S-400 Triumf,
Kamov Ka-226 helicopters, T-90S Bhishma tanks, and INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier.
● Bilateral Exercises: Joint military exercises, including the 'INDRA' exercise, play a significant role in defence
cooperation.
● Arms imports: Russia is responsible for 58% of India's total arms imports, followed by Israel (15%) and the
USA (12%).
Nuclear Cooperation
● Strategic Vision: The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) of India and Russia's Rosatom signed a strategic
vision document in December 2014 to strengthen cooperation in peaceful atomic energy applications.
● Nuclear Power Plants: Russia has constructed two nuclear power plants at Kudankulam, and agreements
have been signed for the construction of additional units.
Energy and Infrastructure

● Indian Investments: Indian companies have invested close to $5.5 billion in Russia's Oil and Gas sector.
● Transport Corridor: The North South International Transport Corridor (INSTC) aims to reduce transportation
time and costs between the two countries, boosting economic ties.
● Natural gas: Russia possesses one of the largest reserves of natural gas globally. ONGC Videsh, an Indian
company, has acquired a 20% stake in the Sakhalin oil and gas plant.
● St. Petersburg Declaration: Both countries agreed to jointly explore hydrocarbons in the Arctic area.
Russia's "Pivot to Asia" strategy and India's Draft Arctic Policy demonstrate the convergence between the
two nations. The development of resources in the region will be facilitated by the Northern Sea Route.
Space, Science, and Technology

● Framework Agreement: In 2007, India and Russia signed a framework agreement on cooperation in
peaceful uses of outer space, including satellite launches, GLONASS navigation, remote sensing, and societal
applications.
● New Initiatives: Recent initiatives include the India-Russia Bridge to Innovation, cooperation in
telemedicine, creation of a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), and the Russia India Network (RIN)
of universities.
Terrorism
● Cooperation against Terrorism: The Agreement on Cooperation in Combating Terrorism and Organized
Crime, signed during a visit by an Indian delegation to Russia in November 2017, aims to jointly fight evolving
risks and threats.
● Exchange of Information: The agreement reinforces the relationship between India and Russia through the
exchange and sharing of information, expertise, and best practices.
● Support for CCIT: Russia supports India's proposal for the Comprehensive Convention on International
Terrorism (CCIT).
Cyber Security
● International Information Security Agreement: India has an Agreement on Cooperation in International
Information Security with Russia.
● Combating Radicalization: India and Russia collaborate closely to combat radicalization through social
media platforms.
● Quantum Technology Collaboration: The Russian Quantum Center (RQC) has shown interest in
collaborating with India to offer quantum technology, specifically quantum cryptography, to enhance
cybersecurity in sectors like banking and national security.
Russia-China-Pakistan Axis
● Impact of Sanctions on Russia: The Ukraine crisis has led to closer ties between Russia and China. They are
jointly opposing the US and Western influence in Asia, the Middle East, and the Indo-Pacific regions. The
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is also divided into two groups: P-3 and P-2.
● Russia-China Trade: Besides geopolitical alignment, Russia and China also benefit from economic
complementarity. In 2019, the total trade volume between the two countries reached $110 billion.
● Defense and Technology Cooperation: Russia shares advanced defense technologies with China,
contributing to their collaboration in defense production. China has even acquired the S-400 missile defense
system from Russia.
● Arms Embargo Lifted and Military Exercises: Russia has lifted the arms embargo on Pakistan, leading to
cooperative military exercises between the two countries since 2014. As part of the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), Russia has gained permission to utilize Pakistan's Gwadar port. Both Pakistan and Russia
aim to elevate their bilateral relations to a strategic level.
● Significance of Pakistan for Russia: Pakistan holds importance for Russia, particularly in relation to
Afghanistan and broader stability in Central Asia and the Caucasus regions.
Significance of Indo-Russian Relationship to India

Strategic Advantage
● Russia's Strategic Assets: Russia possesses strategic bombers and has veto power in the UNSC, acting as a
counterweight against global hegemony.
● Countering Threats: Russia has effectively countered China and Pakistan's attempts to undermine India's
territorial integrity in the past.
● Historical Support: The Soviet Union and Russia have historically supported India on the Kashmir issue,
while India has maintained a balanced position on Ukraine.
● International Support: Russia's support is crucial for India's aspirations for permanent membership in the
UN Security Council, inclusion in the Nuclear Suppliers Group, technology control regimes, and the Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
● Access to Resources: Russia can provide access to Central Asian Republics rich in resources like Uranium,
Oil & Gas.
● Contributions to India: Russia has contributed to the development of India's nuclear, defense, space, and
heavy industry sectors and has been a friend during critical moments, such as the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war.
Defence Procurement
● Major Arms Supplier: India has imported over $36 billion worth of arms from Russia, accounting for more
than 70% of its total imports between 1992 and 2015.
● Nuclear Submarine Lease: India's only nuclear submarine, INS Chakra, is leased from Russia, and
negotiations for leasing another Akula class nuclear submarine are in the final stages.
● Building Indigenous Defense Sector: Russia supports India in building an indigenous defense sector through
technology transfer and joint R&D.
● Technology Transfer Advantage: Russia remains a better source for easier technology transfer than the USA
in terms of material technologies and strategic raw materials inheritance.
Energy
● Meeting Energy Demands: India's relations with Russia are important to meet its increasing energy
demands, as it lacks direct access to energy-rich Central Asian Republics.
● Investments in Energy Projects: India has made investments in energy projects like Sakhalin I to increase
its energy imports from Russia.
● Nuclear Technology: Russia's nuclear technology is essential for India to achieve its renewable energy
targets.
Recent Developments and Challenges

● Growing Ties with Other Countries: India's growing ties with the US, France, and Israel, and the emergence
of the Indo-US collaboration pose a challenge to the relevance of Russia for India.
● Uneasiness with Russia-Pakistan Cooperation: Russia's increasing military cooperation and sale of military
equipment to Pakistan create uneasiness for India.
● Russia-China Axis: Russia's deepening relations with China and their joint military exercises and economic
partnerships affect India's maneuvering space in the region.
● Shifting Approach on Regional Issues: Shifts in Russia's approach towards regional issues, such as the AfPak
issue, and its changing policies raise concerns for India.
● Diversification of Defense Equipment: India's defense equipment diversification, including deals with
France and Israel, reduces its reliance on Russia.
Way Forward
● Visible Defence Deals: India should conclude visible, high-value defense deals with Russia and maintain a
strong military relationship.
● Participation in Eurasian Economic Union: India's potential participation in the Eurasian Economic Union
can benefit all members of the grouping.
● Establishing Rupee-Rouble Payment Mechanism: A new rupee-rouble payment mechanism should be
established to facilitate trade in local currencies, bypass US sanctions, and enhance competitiveness.
● Promoting Trilateral Cooperation: Mutually beneficial trilateral cooperation between Russia, China, and
India (RIC) should be promoted to reduce mistrust between India and China.
● Ensuring Stability in Afghanistan: India and Russia should work together to achieve stability and security in
Afghanistan through an Afghan-led and Afghan-owned peace process.
● Seizing Defence Market Opportunities: Russia should seize the opportunity to become a major player in
India's defence market as part of the "Make in India" initiative.
Conclusion
India and Russia share a long-standing relationship that is crucial for India's economic, energy, and geopolitical
interests. Strengthening this relationship and finding a new logic for the "special relationship" should be pursued
with energy and enthusiasm by both sides.
Russia-Ukraine Conflict:
Introduction: A year since the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, signs of escalation continue to emerge.
The initial calculations of both sides, expecting a short and swift war, have proven to be incorrect. This
anniversary takes place against the backdrop of Russia's withdrawal from the New START treaty.
History of the Conflict between Ukraine and Russia

● Annexation of Crimea: Ukraine, a former republic within the USSR, was a strong ally of Russia until 2013.
o However, when Ukraine planned to sign an association agreement with the European Union, Russia
annexed Crimea, a Russian-speaking province in Ukraine.
● Naval skirmish over the Sea of Azov: After the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia gained control over
both sides of the Kerch Strait.
o Subsequently, the Russian coast guard denied Ukrainian vessels access from the Black Sea to the Sea
of Azov.
● Russian-backed rebels: Russia has faced criticism for its involvement in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions in
eastern Ukraine, where Russian-backed separatists have been engaged in conflict with Ukrainian troops.
● Other conflicts: Belarus, a Russian ally, was blamed for the migration crisis at the EU's Polish border.
Current Status of the War

● Increased Western involvement: The West recently announced the supply of advanced weapons to
Ukraine, further deepening its engagement in the conflict.
o In response, Russian President Vladimir Putin has reinforced Russian positions along the 1,000-km long
frontline in Ukraine.
● Risks of a direct confrontation: The extended war raises the possibility of a direct confrontation between
Russia and NATO, both being nuclear powers.
● Russia's objectives: Russia aimed to install a Moscow-friendly regime and gain control over Ukraine's east
and south. However, it has failed to achieve these objectives fully.
o Territorial gains: Russia has taken substantial portions of Ukrainian territories, including Mariupol.
o Its territorial control peaked in March 2022, when it held about 22% of pre-2014 Ukraine. Currently,
Russia controls approximately 17% of Ukraine.
● Ongoing flashpoints: Intense fighting continues in flashpoints along the frontline, such as Bakhmut,
Donetsk, and Zaporizhzhia.
West's Response
● Approach: The West has pursued a two-fold strategy of imposing sanctions on Russia's economy to weaken
its war machine and providing military aid to Ukraine to counter the Russian offensive.
● Major aid providers: The U.S. is the largest aid provider to Ukraine, pledging military and financial assistance
worth over $70 billion. The EU has pledged $37 billion, with the U.K. and Germany leading among EU
countries.
● Evaluation of Western response: Arming Ukraine has been effective in halting Russian advances, but
economic sanctions on Russia, a major global producer of oil and gas, have had a mixed impact.
o While Russia faced economic setbacks, it found alternative markets in Asia for its energy exports.
The Russian economy is expected to grow in the coming years, while European economies face
challenges.
Possibility of a Negotiated Settlement

● Failed talks: Both sides exchanged several drafts for a potential peace plan in March 2022, but the U.S. and
the U.K. opposed Ukraine reaching any agreement with Russia, resulting in collapsed talks.
● Limited progress: Some agreements, such as the Black Sea Food Grain Initiative and prisoner exchanges,
have been brokered by Turkey. However, comprehensive talks between the two sides are currently non-
existent.
● Key issues for a peace plan: Ukraine's territorial concerns, Russia's security concerns, and a potential
understanding between Washington and Moscow.
o The withdrawal of Russia from the New START Treaty makes the prospect of a near-future
settlement unlikely.
Geopolitical Reshaping due to the War

● Increased focus on Security and Defence: The conflict has reinvigorated the Europe-US security alliance,
with NATO considering the inclusion of Sweden and Finland as new military frontiers against Russia.
● Trust deficit: Trust between Russia and the West is at an all-time low, as the U.S.-led alliance continues to
supply weapons to Ukraine. However, there is reluctance to meet all of Ukraine's demands, mindful of the
risk of further escalation.
● China's role: While Russia strengthened its friendship with China, the latter remains cautious about
jeopardizing its ties with Europe.
o China has not provided weapons to Russia and expressed reservations about nuclear war. The U.S.
and Europe, however, are concerned about Chinese arms supplies to Russia.
Consequences of the War
Socio-economic concerns
● Massive displacement: The war in Ukraine has resulted in the second-largest displacement crisis globally,
according to the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR).
● Widespread poverty: Approximately 40% of Ukraine's population now depends on humanitarian aid due to
the conflict.
● Economic recession: The country's gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 35% in 2022, as reported
by the World Bank.
● Financial aid for Ukraine: Since the invasion began, Ukraine has received significant military, humanitarian,
and financial assistance, with the United States leading the list of donor countries.
● EU's support: The European Union and its member states have mobilized over €50 billion, with Germany
being one of Ukraine's largest arms suppliers.
● NATO's military presence: NATO has increased its military presence on its eastern flank in response to the
conflict.
● Bucha Massacre: Ukrainian President has accused Russian troops of committing severe war crimes in Bucha,
Ukraine, labeling them the worst since World War II.
● Resilience in Russia: Surprisingly, the Russian economy has not suffered as much as expected, with the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasting minimal growth of 0.3% this year.
Environmental Concerns
● Damages: The conflict has caused significant damage to nuclear power plants, energy infrastructure, mines,
and industrial sites.
● Emissions: The conflict has resulted in estimated emissions of around 33 million (mn) tonnes of CO2 and 23
mn tonnes of CO2 from fires.
India's Stand on the War

● Strategic autonomy: India has chosen to practice neutrality, maintaining its relationship with Moscow while
expressing support for global peace.
● Oil purchases from Russia: India has bypassed Western sanctions to buy oil from Russia, increasing its
purchases from less than 2% to 25%.
● UNGA resolution: India abstained from a UNGA resolution on the first anniversary of the war, citing
limitations in achieving lasting peace.
● Consistent abstentions: India has abstained from all three votes on the Ukraine crisis at the UN General
Assembly since the Russian invasion.
● Western pressure: India faces increasing pressure from the Western alliance to align with their position as
the war continues.
● G-20 presidency: India hopes to use its G-20 presidency to contribute to the peace process.
● Contradictory to Leading Power Aspirations: Experts have criticized India's position as contradictory to its
aspirations of being a "leading power." They argue that taking a clear stance on a conflict threatening global
security is essential for India to fulfill its leading power ambitions.
Reasons behind India's soft corner for Russia

● Long-standing partnership: Russia has been a reliable friend of India since 1955 when it publicly supported
India's claims over Jammu and Kashmir.
● Support during conflicts: Russia has consistently sided with India and supported it during conflicts, such as
the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, and has refrained from criticizing Indian domestic politics.
● UNSC seat aspirations: India's reluctance to denounce Russia's actions stems from its desire to maintain
Russia's support in its bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
● Dependence on Russian arms: India's reliance on Russia for military equipment strengthens its hesitation
to alienate Moscow, especially since the war began.
Risks of India's neutrality

● Inconsistent commitment: India's positions highlight the inconsistency between its commitment to
protecting the rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific and its approach in Europe.
● Growing Sino-Russian affinity: India's attempts to involve Russia in countering China may face challenges,
as rumors suggest that China is supporting Russia by sending mercenary troops.
● Economic Impact: Moody's has warned that the ongoing Russia-Ukraine crisis may pose significant risks to
around 42% of Indian companies with high commodity prices and disruptions in the supply chain. Sectors
mainly affected are oil and gas and automotive industries.
● Cybersecurity Threats: The expanding cyber aggression by Russia, extending beyond Ukraine, is a major
concern for cybersecurity officials in several countries, including India.
● Food and Energy Security: Supply chain disruptions can lead to challenges in food security, such as wheat
shortage, and energy security.
● Geopolitical Ramifications: International Pressure on India: The United States and Western nations might
exert increased pressure on India, utilizing sanctions against Russia and its partners as a deterrent for any
potential cooperation.
● Balancing the West and Russia: India faces the challenge of maintaining a balanced approach between the
West and Russia.
Way Forward
● Urgent negotiations: The warring parties must return to the negotiation table as escalating hostilities and
violence are detrimental to all parties involved.
● Upholding international principles: It is essential to ensure that civilians and civilian infrastructure are not
targeted, and the global order is based on international law, the UN Charter, and respect for territorial
integrity and sovereignty of all states.
India- US Relations
Introduction
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi received a ceremonial welcome at the White House's South Lawn by
President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden.
• The visit highlighted the focus on establishing a "next generation partnership" between India and the United
States.
Key highlights of the Visit

• Co-production of GE 414 Jet Engines for Tejas Mk2 Aircraft: GE and HAL signed a MoU for co-production
of jet engines for the indigenous Tejas Mk2 light combat aircraft.
• Purchase of Armed Drones and Defense Industrial Innovation Collaboration: India announced the
purchase of armed drones and collaboration in defense industrial innovation through the 'INDUS-X'
platform.
• Investment by Micron Technology in Chip Assembly and Test Facility: Micron Technology planned to invest
in a new chip assembly and test facility in Gujarat, supported by the Indian government and Gujarat State
government.
• Strengthening Space Cooperation and Mission to International Space Station: India joined a framework
for space exploration and agreed to a mission to the International Space Station in 2024.
• Visa Renewal Program and Consulate Openings: A pilot program for domestic visa renewal for certain
petition-based temporary workers was announced. The program aimed to streamline visa processes and
could potentially expand to cover skilled visas like H1b and L Visas.
• Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET): The iCET serves as a framework for India-US
cooperation in critical and emerging areas of technology. It was launched in January 2023 to strengthen the
strategic partnership and drive technology and defence collaboration between the two countries.
History of India-US Relations

• Changing Perception: The US initially viewed India's possession of nuclear weapons as a barrier to
deepening bilateral and regional cooperation. However, in the early 2000s, Washington recognized the
importance of an active and constructive relationship with India.
• Expanding Engagement: Over the past two decades, the India-US relationship has expanded in various
dimensions, including political, diplomatic, economic, and military.
Areas of Cooperation
Political & Diplomatic
• Leadership-Level Exchanges: Regular exchanges at the leadership level have been conducted, such as the
visit of US Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken to India in July 2021.
• 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue: The India-US 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, involving the heads of Foreign and Defense
Ministries, reviews bilateral ties in defense, strategic, security domains, as well as regional and global issues.
Defence
• Indo-US Ties: The relationship between India and the United States in defense has strengthened
significantly. Current defense trade between the two countries stands at $119.42 billion.
• US as India's major Arms Provider: The United States is now the fourth largest supplier of arms to India.
India conducts most joint military exercises with the USA.
• Fundamental Defense Agreements:
o GSOMIA (General Security of Military Information Agreement): Signed in 2002 for military information
exchange.
o LEMOA (Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement): Agreed in 2016, allowing the use of each
other's military bases.
o COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement): Signed in 2018 to enhance
interoperability and technology export.
o BECA (Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement): Signed in 2020 to share advanced military
technology and logistics.
Trade Relations
• Trade Surplus with the United States: In 2022-23, India had a trade surplus of $28 billion with the United
States. Bilateral trade reached $119.42 billion, an increase from $80.51 billion in 2020-21.
• Growing Defense Trade
• The Indian service sector, especially the IT industry, heavily relies on the US markets.
• Trade Deal: Aiming for $500 billion in bilateral trade, both countries are working on a 'mini trade deal' due
to stalled FTA negotiations.
• Digital Tax: India and the US have agreed on a transitional approach regarding equalization levy (EL) or
digital tax.
Strategic Energy Partnership (SEP) in Energy sector

• The energy dialogue between India and the US has been elevated to the level of a strategic energy
partnership (SEP).
• The US-India Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership was launched during the Leaders' Summit
on Climate in 2021.
• Partnership for the 2030 Agenda: A partnership has been established between the United States and India
to work towards the 2030 Agenda.
• Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP): The SCEP has undergone a redesign.
• India-US Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation: The cooperation on civil nuclear energy between India and the
US has been reviewed. The Gas Task Force has been renamed as the India-US Low Emissions Gas Task Force.
• Civil Nuclear Cooperation (2008): Preparatory work has commenced in India for the construction of six AP
1000 reactors by Westinghouse, which will make it one of the largest projects of its kind.
o The Memorandum of Understanding for collaboration on the Global Centre for Nuclear Energy
Partnership (GCNEP) between India and the US has been extended by ten years in 2020.
Strategic Partnership
• The strategic partnership between India and the US has been strengthened, particularly in response to the
rise of China and its aggressive behavior in the Indo-Pacific region.
• The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue has been institutionalized and efforts are being made to strengthen the QUAD,
aiming for a peaceful, stable, and rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific.
• Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF): India and the US are partnering on the IPEF to
enhance economic connectivity, resilience, and fairness in the region.
• I2U2 Dialogue: The I2U2, comprising India, the United States, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates, serves
as a strategic dialogue mechanism.
QUAD
• India is categorized as a 'vital partner' in the Indo-Pacific region according to the USA's Indo-Pacific Strategy
report.
• The Blue Dot Network has been established to certify projects that adhere to international standards and
align with principles of openness, inclusivity, transparency, sustainability, and regulations.
• The Blue Dot Network holds strategic importance as it is part of the US's Indo-Pacific strategy, aimed at
countering China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• Counterterrorism, maritime security, and cyber security are essential pillars of the strategic partnership
between India and the US.
• Key agreements in the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue focus on various areas of cooperation, including global
partnerships, Indo-Pacific cooperation, mutual prosperity, innovation, resilient supply chains, climate,
environment, clean energy, science, technology, cybersecurity, space, global health, defense and security,
counterterrorism, counter narcotics, education, and people-to-people ties.
India as a Net Security Provider

• The concept of 'Indo-Pacific' has positioned India as an emerging Net Security Provider.
• India's role includes collective action in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, monitoring shipping,
and countering China's imperialist policies in the region.
Other
• Diaspora/People-to-People Ties: Indian-American Community: With around 4.2 million Indian Americans
residing in the US, the Indian diaspora contributes to strengthening people-to-people ties between the two
countries.
• International Cooperation: Multilateral Engagement: India and the US closely cooperate at various
multilateral organizations, including the United Nations, G-20, ASEAN Regional Forum, IMF, World Bank,
and WTO.
• Scientific Collaboration: The Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) plays a crucial role in
strengthening cooperation in science and technology.
• Space Cooperation: India collaborates with NASA and other US institutions on space exploration and
satellite projects.
India as a Counterbalance to China

• US sees India as a counterbalance to China: India is viewed by the US as a geopolitical counterbalance,
an economic alternative, and a democratic contrast to China. India considers the US crucial for its China
policy, both in terms of internal and external balancing.
• India's role as a security provider in the IOR region: The US aims to enhance India's rise and its ability to
provide security in the Indian Ocean region (IOR) and become a major defense partner.
Indo-Pacific Strategy Report

• US Department of Defense releases the Indo-Pacific Strategy Report: The report highlights India as a vital
partner of the US in the IOR and South Asia due to China's increasing assertiveness in the region.
Cooperation at the Global Level

• US support for India's permanent membership in UNSC, Extension of India-US Global Development
Partnership
• Triangular Cooperation for Global Development: The Statement of Guiding Principles (SGP) on Triangular
Cooperation for Global Development has been extended until 2026.
• FTF ITT: The Feed The Future India Triangular Training Program (FTF ITT) for Africa falls under the Global
Development Partnership.
Areas of Concern
• Role in the Indian Ocean Region: India's collaboration with the US may impact its position as a net security
provider in the region.
• Intellectual Property Rights: India's IP regime is under scrutiny for adequate protection and enforcement.
• Generalized System of Preferences: Termination of India's GSP benefits affects sectors like
pharmaceuticals, textiles, and automotive parts.
• Religious Freedom allegations and Data Localization: US criticism of India's religious freedom and data
localization policies.
• Trade-related concerns
o Pending Bilateral Investment Treaty:
o India's Tariff Regime: The United States has longstanding concerns regarding India's tariff regime,
particularly in agriculture, where the average tariff rates are relatively high.
o Steel and Aluminum Tariffs and Retaliatory Tariffs: India opposes the persistent steel and aluminum
tariffs imposed by the United States under "Section 232" since 2018. In response, India applied
retaliatory tariffs after losing its GSP eligibility.
o Digital Services Tax (DST): United States and India reached a "political agreement" on DST treatment.
o U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): India was excluded from the U.S. GSP program in 2019
due to market access issues.
• Services industry challenges: Competitiveness and market access: Both countries face hurdles in services
industries. US corporations encounter obstacles such as limits on foreign ownership and local presence
requirements in India.
• Agricultural obstacles: Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) barriers: In the United States, SPS obstacles hinder
India's agricultural exports. Both sides perceive each other's agricultural support schemes as market
distortions, leading to collaboration at the TPF.
• Intellectual Property concerns: India on the "Special 301" list: The United States included India in its 2021
"Special 301" report, prioritizing IP issues.
• "Forced" Localization dispute: India's domestic support measures for sugar and sugarcane: In 2022, India
appealed against a WTO ruling that deemed its domestic support measures for sugar and sugarcane
inconsistent with global trade norms.
• Investment dynamics: FDI reforms: India has implemented FDI reforms, including increased foreign equity
caps for insurance and e-commerce platforms. Additionally, a streamlined FDI approval system has been
launched.
• Defense trade considerations: Technology-sharing and co-production projects: India seeks increased
technology-sharing and co-production opportunities, while the United States desires further reforms in
India's defense offsets policy and higher FDI limits in the defense sector.
• Geostrategic implications:
o Afghanistan's potential impact on Kashmir: The US withdrawal from Afghanistan poses a risk of
destabilization, which could have spillover effects in Kashmir.
o Indo Pacific perspectives: India focuses primarily on the Indian Ocean, while the United States places
greater emphasis on the Pacific Ocean.
o Middle East dynamics: The Trump Administration's Maximum Pressure strategy on Iran has affected
India-Iran relations, leading Iran to strengthen ties with China.
o Russia-Ukraine conflict: While the US imposed sanctions on Russia, India maintained a non-aligned
position on the issue.
o China-related suspicions: Both countries harbor occasional suspicions toward each other regarding
potential future cooperation with China, which hampers the establishment of deep and long-term
deals.
• Climate change considerations:
o Failure in meeting financial commitments: The USA and other developed countries have failed to fulfill
their financial and other commitments to support developing nations.
o Differences over Net Zero emission targets: Disagreements have arisen over the concept of "Net Zero
emissions," with the USA advocating for it globally, while India believes it falls short of meeting earlier
targets, despite its commitment to Net Zero.
• Data sovereignty concerns:
o India's stance on the Osaka Track: In 2019, India boycotted the Osaka Track on the Digital Economy,
which advocated for legislation enabling free data movement across countries. India opposed this
approach as it infringed upon its sovereignty.
Is US wooing India to act against China?

• Decoupling with China: The US has been actively engaging with India, but its approach is not solely aimed
at provoking India to act against China.
• Indo-pacific narrative: The US recognizes India as a significant player in shaping the regional dynamics of
the Indo-Pacific and seeks to build a comprehensive partnership based on shared interests.
• Unleashing the economic potential: The US recognizes India's economic potential and seeks to deepen
economic ties.
• Convergence over diverse issues: This involves maintaining freedom of navigation, resolving disputes
peacefully, and upholding the principles of international law.
Way forward
• Multipolar Rule-Based World: Collaborate to create a multipolar rule-based world order, promoting shared
interests and values.
• Counter Terrorism Cooperation: Strengthen cooperation on counterterrorism, leveraging the changing
dynamics in the region.
• Digital Ecosystem: Foster cooperation in emerging technologies, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity to
address policy differences and drive progress.
• Investment Promotion: Enhance two-way foreign direct investments and provide incentives for private
sector investments.
India-Canada Relations
India-Canada Relations: A quick recap

● India established diplomatic relations with Canada in 1947.
● In recent years, both countries have been working to enhance bilateral cooperation in a number of areas of
mutual importance.
Significant collaborations
● Trade: Canada is India’s second largest export destination and is the third largest source of imports for India.
It is a major source of FDI for India, with total investments of nearly USD 5.5 billion.
● Investment: India and Canada have strong bilateral relations which have been further strengthened by the
India–Canada Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA), signed in 2009.
● Collaboration on STEM: India and Canada are also engaged in several joint development projects in the
areas of science and technology, health, education, and climate change.
● Energy: India and Canada have recently signed a Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of Renewable
Energy.
● Security: India and Canada are also cooperating in the field of defence, with joint military exercises and
training programs.
● Global institutional reforms: India and Canada are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and the G20,
and cooperate on several international issues.
Recent souring of ties
Racist Policies
● Canada’s perceived shift away from its traditional stance of neutrality has put at odds with India’s traditional
non-alignment policy.
● Additionally, Canada’s criticism of India’s human rights record has been seen as offensive by many in India,
leading to strained diplomatic relations.
● Additionally, Canada’s failure to exempt India from visa requirements has also been seen as a sign of
disrespect.
Open support of Khalistan movement

● Over 100,000 Canadians recently took part in voting for the Khalistan Referendum in Brampton, Ontario
on 19 September which was organised by pro-Khalistani.
● Visuals on social media showed a huge number of men, women queueing up to vote in for Khalistan
Referendum.
● Indian government had warned Canadian govt against the anti-India forces growing in the country.
● However, the Canadian government refused to stop them from expressing their views by holding the
Khalistan Referendum and linking it with a “peaceful and democratic” process.
Other Impediments
● Trade decline: India-Canada bilateral trade has been declining since 2013 and currently stands at around
$7 billion. There is room to increase this trade and investments in both directions.
● Illegal immigration: Canada has been increasingly concerned about illegal immigration from India, as well
as the backlog in processing applications for legal immigration, both of which have caused tension between
the two countries.
● No security consensus: India and Canada have been working to enhance their defense and security ties, but
the two countries have yet to sign a formal security agreement.
● Under-utilized agriculture: Canada and India have been in negotiations to open up the agricultural sector
to more trade, but disagreements over import restrictions and subsidies continue to be a major obstacle.
● Human rights allegations on India: India and Canada have also clashed over human rights issues, with
Canada criticizing India’s policies on religious minorities, freedom of speech, and other human rights issues.
Why is Canada suddenly recognizing India’s importance?
Indo-Pacific Strategy
● First is Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy that was issued last November. While it calls China “an increasingly
disruptive global power,” it describes India as Canada’s “critical partner” for its regional and global
objectives. This is music to Indian ears.
● Indeed, this 23-page report mentions India 27 times, underlining their “shared tradition of democracy and
pluralism, a common commitment to a rules-based international system.”
Merchandise trade
● Canada and India have strong economic ties, with two-way merchandise trade between the two countries
reaching $9.5 billion in 2019.
● Canada is also India's second-largest source of foreign direct investment, and Indian investments in Canada
have grown significantly in recent years.
Cultural ties
● Canada and India also have strong people-to-people ties, with the Indian diaspora in Canada estimated to
be more than one million strong.
● Sikhs constitute a significant proportion of the Indian diaspora, they make up less than one percent (a little
over 500,000) of Canada’s total population.
● Cultural tourism is boosting between the two countries.
Newfound enthusiasm
● This newfound enthusiasm was visible in the press release issued in Canberra on the eve of the Canadian
foreign minister’s visit to India.
● India’s growing strategic, economic and demographic importance makes it a critical partner for Canada in
the Indo-Pacific.
● In turn, Canada can be a reliable supplier of critical minerals, a stronger partner in the green transition, as
well as a major investor.
Why is Canada important for India?

● Destination for Indian students: Canada is one of the top sources for foreign students for Indian
universities. India is the second largest source of immigrants to Canada.
● 2nd largest trade partner: Canada is India's second-largest trading partner, and trade between the two
countries has been growing steadily.
● Vibrant diaspora: Canada is home to a large and vibrant Indian diaspora, and the two countries enjoy strong
people-to-people ties.
● Source of FDI: Canada is also an important source of foreign direct investment for India, and provides an
important source of capital to Indian businesses.
● Liberal visas and citizenship: Canada is also an important source of skilled immigrants for India and is a
popular destination for students and professionals from India.
● Trade partnership: Both nations look forward to their proposed Early Progress Trade Agreement (EPTA)
before they finalize their CEPA.
Way forward
● Strengthening diplomatic ties: India and Canada should work towards strengthening their diplomatic ties,
by engaging in more frequent diplomatic exchanges and dialogue. This could include increasing the number
of high-level visits between both countries, and exploring opportunities for collaboration in areas such as
trade, investment, and education.
● Enhancing trade relations: India and Canada should focus on enhancing their bilateral trade relations, by
exploring the potential for increased exports and investment. This could involve investing in joint initiatives
that promote economic growth, as well as taking steps to reduce barriers to trade and investment.
● Nurturing people-to-people ties: India and Canada should aim to encourage more people-to-people
exchanges between the two countries. This could include increasing the number of students and scholars
studying and teaching in each other’s countries, as well as promoting cultural exchanges and tourism.
● Enhancing security cooperation: India and Canada should work together to enhance their security
cooperation, by increasing information sharing and collaboration on countering terrorism, cyber-security,
and other common security threats.
● Technology collaboration: India and Canada should explore new areas of collaboration, such as in the fields
of renewable energy, space exploration, and artificial intelligence. This could involve engaging in joint
research and development initiatives, as well as exploring opportunities for joint ventures.
Conclusion
● The India-Canada relationship has experienced both periods of collaboration and recent challenges.
● The historical ties between the two countries, including India's support for Canada's independence and
Canada's recognition of India's struggle for freedom, have laid a foundation for bilateral cooperation.
India-African Union Relations
Introduction: Prime Minister Modi has proposed inclusion of the African Union (AU) into the G20 grouping —
effectively making it G21. He has written to G20 leaders to propose that the African Union be given “full
membership at the upcoming Delhi Summit of G20, as requested by them”.
Present Status of Ties

● Institutionalization of relations: The India-Africa Forum Summit serves as the framework for India-Africa
relations under South-South Cooperation.
● Expanded diplomatic presence: India announced the opening of embassies in 18 African countries,
strengthening diplomatic ties.
● Economic engagement: Bilateral trade between India and Africa has grown significantly, with India
becoming Africa's third-largest trade partner.
● Investment and development cooperation: Indian investments in Africa have increased, with the country
being the seventh-largest investor in the region.
● Lines of Credit (LoC): India's concessional LoCs support development projects in Africa, with 182 projects
sanctioned, amounting to US$10.5 billion.
● Bilateral cooperation: Collaboration includes areas such as solar energy, climate change, information
technology, maritime security, counter-terrorism, and military training.
● Soft power projection: India's ITEC program offers scholarships to African students, and the Indian diaspora
contributes to cultural exchange.
Significance of Africa
Geostrategic Importance
● Proximity to India: Africa's Horn region is critical for India's security due to emerging threats like radicalism,
piracy, and organized crime.
Economic Significance
● Diversifying energy sources: Africa can help India diversify its energy sources, aligning with the Integrated
Energy Policy.
● Rich resources: Africa possesses valuable minerals, metals, and abundant agricultural land, addressing
India's need for food security and resources.
● Market and investment opportunities: Africa provides a space for Indian investments and trade expansion,
fostering economic cooperation.
India-Africa Trade: Key Stats

● In the year 2021-22, India's trade volume with Africa reached a significant value of US$ 89.5 billion.
● India has a close relationship with the Southern African Development Community (SADC), which was
founded in 1980. The SADC consists of 16 nations and represents 35.4 percent of Africa's land area, 28.4
percent of its total GDP, and 28.2 percent of its population.
● India and SADC have a strong partnership, with total trade reaching $30.8 billion USD in mid-2021. Over
the past 26 years, India has invested a total of US$ 69.9 billion in the SADC region.
Geopolitical Considerations
● Support for UNSC seat: Africa's support is crucial for India's aspiration to gain a permanent seat on the UN
Security Council.
● Projection of soft and hard power: India showcases its soft and hard power in Africa, contributing to its
global influence.
● Peacekeeping and capacity building: India actively participates in UN peacekeeping operations and
supports capacity building in African countries, strengthening bilateral ties.
Various Challenges
● Declining trade and investment: Bilateral trade and Indian investments in Africa have witnessed
fluctuations, demanding efforts to enhance economic ties.
● Short-term focus: LoCs have primarily funded small-scale projects, lacking a broader development
perspective.
● Competition from other powers: India faces competition from other countries like China, Brazil, and Russia,
engaging Africa in various sectors.
● Lack of synchronization: Development instruments like LoCs, grants, and capacity-building initiatives
operate independently, lacking coordination.
● Instances of racial attacks: Incidents of violence against African students in India pose challenges to people-
to-people connections.
Chinese Challenge in Africa

● China's extensive investments in Africa have significantly impacted the region across infrastructure, finance,
natural resources, and maritime interests.
● Access to resources, untapped markets, and support for the "One China Policy" drive China's engagement.
Strategies for India

● Develop a focused Africa strategy: India should formulate a comprehensive strategy for the next decade,
identifying key areas of cooperation.
● Focus on capacity building: Investing in human capital is crucial for sustainable development in Africa.
● Collaborate with civil society organizations and diaspora: Indian organizations and the diaspora can play a
vital role in implementing development projects at lower costs.
● Ensure timely project completion: Efforts should be made to expedite LoC projects, learning from countries
with better implementation records.
Steps taken so far

● Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program: India's ITEC program provides technical
assistance to African countries, with around 50% of ITEC slots reserved for Africa.
● Asia-Africa Growth Corridor: The AAGC, a cooperation agreement between India, Japan, and African
countries, aims for inclusive development.
● Pan African e-Network: The PAeN facilitates tele-education and telemedicine in Africa, contributing to
technological advancement.
● Maritime cooperation: India's collaboration with African nations in the maritime domain, exemplified by
joint exercises, promotes regional security.
● Peacekeeping operations: India actively participates in UN peacekeeping operations in Africa, supporting
African counter-terrorism efforts and capacity building.
● Duty-free tariff preferential scheme: India's scheme benefits African nations, and the India-Africa Forum
Summit plays a vital role in strengthening ties.
● India Africa Defence Ministers conclave: Initiatives like this enhance defence cooperation and bilateral
relations.
Way Forward
● Enhance mutual engagement: Organize the pending fourth India-Africa Forum Summit to further
strengthen the relationship.
● Allocate fresh financial resources: Allocate new resources for grants and concessional loans, prioritizing
economic relations.
● Focus on emerging sectors: Develop collaborations in health, space, and digital technologies to give a 21st-
century dimension to the partnership.
● Continued support in peacekeeping: Sustain India's contributions to peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, and
capacity building in Africa.
● Improve experiences of Africans in India: Ensure the safety and well-being of Africans studying or working
in India, promoting people-to-people connections.
● Promote development-friendly private investments: Align development cooperation with commercial
interests to support mutually beneficial projects.
● Strengthen international cooperation: Collaborate with international allies to address the China challenge
in Africa, emphasizing partnership-based approaches.
India-Egypt Relations
Introduction: Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi conferred PM Modi with the 'Order of the Nile' award,
the nation's highest state honour. This is the 13th such highest state honour that various countries across the
world have conferred upon PM Modi. PM Modi was in Egypt on a two-day state visit. This is his first tour to
Egypt and the first bilateral visit by an Indian PM to the country since 1997.
Historical Background of the Relationship:

● Ancient civilizations: India and Egypt, two of the world's oldest civilizations.
● Friendship between leaders: Mahatma Gandhi and Saad Zaghloul shared common goals of independence.
● Founders of Non-Aligned Movement: strengthening their relationship during the Cold War.
● Solidarity in conflicts: India supported Egypt during the 1956 Suez Crisis and stood by Egypt and the Arabs
after the Six-Day War in 1967.
Significance of the Relations

● Gateway to Europe and Africa: Egypt's strategic location along with the Suez Canal positions it as a gateway
to both Europe and Africa, making it an important market for India.
● Shared vision of non-alignment: Nehru and Nasser's personal equation and their roles in the non-aligned
movement strengthened the ties between India and Egypt.
● Moderate voice in the Islamic world: India perceives Egypt as a moderate and friendly voice within the
Islamic world, presenting opportunities for collaboration between the two Global South partners.
● Historical cooperation: India and Egypt had close ties, including arms shipments during the Suez Crisis and
discussions on nuclear cooperation and a joint fighter project in the past.
● Counter-terrorism efforts: Egypt, under President Sisi, has been praised for its strong stance against Islamic
extremism, aligning with India's fight against terrorism.
Current State of Bilateral Relations
Political Relations
● Historical understanding: India and Egypt have a long history of close political cooperation, both bilaterally
and in regional and global issues.
● Founding members of Non-Aligned Movement: Both countries were founders of the Non-Aligned
Movement and have cooperated closely in multilateral fora.
● Mechanisms of dialogue: Bilateral institutional dialogues, including the Joint Working Group on Cyber
Issues and Joint Committee Meetings on S&T and Counter Terrorism, enhance cooperation.
Economic Relations
● Trade volume: Bilateral trade has increased significantly, reaching US$4.55 billion in 2018-19 and remaining
robust even during the pandemic.
● Wheat export: India's inclusion in Egypt's accredited countries for wheat supply strengthens trade ties and
addresses wheat shortage concerns.
● Investments: Around 50 Indian companies have invested in Egypt, contributing to economic cooperation.
● Technical cooperation: Benefiting Egyptian officials through initiatives like ITEC, ICCR, and IAFS scholarships.
Defence Relations: Cordial defence relations and Joint military exercises.
Cultural Relations
● The Indian community in Egypt consists of around 3,200 individuals, with Indian students studying at Al
Azhar University.
● Cultural cooperation: The Maulana Azad Centre for Indian Culture (MACIC) promotes cultural exchange
through activities such as language classes, seminars, and exhibitions.
● Popularity of yoga: In Egypt International Day of Yoga celebrated with enthusiasm.
Limitations in the Relationship

● Low bilateral trade: China's bilateral trade with Egypt surpasses India's, highlighting the need to enhance
economic engagement.
● Defence trade deficiencies: Indian defence manufacturers still face limitations in meeting Egypt's defence
needs, leading Egypt to explore other sources.
● People-to-people connections: Strengthening ground-level relations is challenging due to limited direct
people-to-people connections and the absence of a significant Indian diaspora.
Outcomes from the Current Visit

● Consolidating new coalition: India's renewed engagement with Egypt aims to strengthen its coalition with
moderate Sunni states in the Middle East, promoting peace and stability.
● Elevating bilateral ties: India and Egypt agree to elevate their bilateral ties to a strategic partnership,
covering various aspects, including politics, security, defence, energy, and economy.
● Enhanced cooperation: Focus areas include defence industries, counter-terrorism intelligence sharing,
strengthening food and pharma supply chains, and increasing bilateral trade.
● Media content exchange: The Media Authority of Egypt and Prasar Bharati will exchange content,
facilitating cultural exchange between the two countries.
Way Forward
● Deeper economic engagement: India should prioritize deeper economic engagement with Egypt, aligning
it with strategic imperatives.
● Proactive industry approach: Industry bodies like CII, FICCI, and ASSOCHAM can play a proactive role in
promoting Egypt as an investment destination.
● Government-industry collaboration: for impactful economic cooperation.
4. Regional and Global Groupings
4. Regional and Global Groupings

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Introduction: SAARC has faced several limitations and challenges, including internal divisions among member
states and the India-Pakistan conflict. This article explores the significance of SAARC, its accomplishments,
limitations, and the need for India to rethink its approach towards the organization.
What is SAARC?
● The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is
a regional intergovernmental organization consisting of
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
● It was established in 1985 with the aim of promoting economic
and regional integration in South Asia.
Formation and Economic Significance of SAARC

● Economic Significance: SAARC represents 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population, and 4.21%
of the global economy as of 2022.
o It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006 to promote trade and economic cooperation
among member states.
● Regional Integration: Regional initiatives strike a balance between globalism and extreme nationalism,
serving as a middle ground.
● Addressing China and its OBOR Project: Engaging regional nations in development and economic
cooperation as a means to manage China's influence.
● Indi-Pacific and Act East Policy: SAARC holds the potential to economically, socially, and politically connect
South Asia with Southeast Asia, bringing about significant changes.
● India's Global Aspirations: M.K. Narayanan asserts that India's involvement in ensuring regional peace and
aligning with its worldview is crucial for achieving global leadership. SAARC plays a pivotal role in
establishing a regional security framework for India.
Major Accomplishments of SAARC

● Diplomatic Tool: SAARC allows India and Pakistan to come together under its banner, even during times of
high tensions, providing a diplomatic avenue for dialogue.
● Crisis Management: SAARC has made progress in signing agreements related to climate change, food
security, and combating the Covid-19 crisis.
● Technology Cooperation: SAARC has facilitated cooperation in the field of technology, as exemplified by
India's launch of the South Asia Satellite (where Pakistan withdrew).
● South Asian Identity: SAARC's goal is to unite states based on shared heritage, culture, attire, and political
systems.
● South Asian University, SAARC Development Fund and SAARC Arbitration Council
Limitations to SAARC
● Indo-Pak Relations
● Lack of regular meetings: It has been seven years since the last summit where SAARC leaders convened.
● Weak cultural identities: lack of trust and confidence among its members.
● Unresolved issues: The South Asian region continues to grapple with numerous unresolved border and
maritime disputes. Additionally, smaller neighboring countries fear India's dominant influence, which
hampers cooperation within SAARC.
● Limitations in SAFTA: South Asia remains the least integrated region globally, with intra-regional trade
accounting for less than 5% of overall trade among member countries.
● Decision-making process: The SAARC charter requires all decisions to be made by consensus, allowing
Pakistan to oppose every initiative put forth by India concerning connectivity and trade.
● Bilateral issues: Examples include Bangladesh's concerns over CAA-NRC, the Madhesi issue, and the
Kalapani Border dispute between India and Nepal.
● Growing Chinese influence: South Asian nations, such as Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, are
increasingly turning to China for both ideological and material reasons. China has also provided tariff
exemptions to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Importance of SAARC Revival

● Advantages of SAARC: SAARC has an extensive network of mechanisms, regional centers, and conventions,
making it a valuable platform for addressing common challenges and resolving issues related to borders,
movement of people, and goods.
● Common Challenges: SAARC nations share common challenges such as poverty, joblessness, and climate
change. Joint initiatives and efforts within SAARC can address these issues effectively.
● BIMSTEC Limitations: Despite India's focus on BIMSTEC, trade levels have not reached their projected
potential, and India's withdrawal from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has
affected its trade prospects.
Way forward
● India must lead: India should play her role as an equal partner for the stability and cooperation in South
Asia. SAARC significance has increased in the face of changing global and regional patterns.
● Formation of Conflict Conciliation Groups: The CCGs can be formed for resolving the bilateral disputes
when all parties to a particular dispute agree to seek SAARC help either to investigate the problem or
conduct a fact finding study.
● Discussions on International Issues: Especially those relating to common issues of international peace and
security, trade, environment and technology transfers etc.
● Strengthening Markets: India should work with its neighbours in strengthening their markets and its own
infrastructure to its neighbours.
Conclusion
India's consideration of SAARC as a platform for regional cooperation should be re-evaluated, especially in after
the pandemic. Balancing Pakistan through diplomatic strategies, pursuing regional economic cooperation
through both SAARC and BIMSTEC, and having a post-pandemic assistance strategy in place will help India
maintain its influence and counter China's dominance in the region.
BIMSTEC
Introduction: BIMSTEC has proved to be a bridge of friendship connecting the people of South and South-east
Asia. Much recently, the 26th Founding Day of BIMSTEC will be celebrated. BIMSTEC is a regional organization
comprising seven Member States in South and Southeast Asia.
Established in 1997, it aims to promote regional unity and cooperation. Member States include Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand. The Permanent Secretariat is located in Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
Significance of BIMSTEC for India

• Strategic Importance: BIMSTEC aligns with India's "Neighbourhood First" and "Act East" policies,
strengthening regional cooperation.
• Regional Integration: Connecting South and Southeast Asia and
Enhancing Trade and Transport Links
• Trade and Economic Cooperation: BIMSTEC Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) Facilitates trade liberalization and market
access among member states.
• Development of Northeast India: Integration with Southeast
Asia and Access to Southeast Asian Markets
• Energy Security and Resource Cooperation - Harnessing Energy
Resources: Explores and utilizes the rich energy resources in the
Bay of Bengal region.
• Security Cooperation: Countering Terrorism and Transnational
Crime: Enhances intelligence sharing, border security, and joint
counter-terrorism efforts.
• Challenges in BIMSTEC - Geopolitical Challenges: Indo-China
Regional Rivalry and there is a Perception of Indian Dominance
• Incomplete Free Trade Agreement (FTA) - Lack of Progress:
Despite signing the Framework Agreement for a Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) 18 years ago, there has been limited progress in achieving a comprehensive FTA within
BIMSTEC.
• Connectivity Deficits: BIMSTEC faces challenges in terms of inadequate physical connectivity, including
roads, railways, air links, river routes, and coastal shipping connections.
• Delayed Progress on Blue Economy: BIMSTEC has recognized the importance of the Blue Economy, but
concrete actions and initiatives in this domain are yet to materialize.
• Limited Engagement of Business Chambers and Corporate Leaders: Incomplete Private Sector Involvement
• Bilateral Issues and Conflicts:
o Rohingya Crisis and Border Conflicts: Ongoing challenges, such as the Rohingya refugee crisis between
Myanmar and Bangladesh and border conflicts between Myanmar and Thailand, pose hurdles to the
smooth functioning and cooperation within BIMSTEC.
o Unsolved Maritime Disputes: Long-standing maritime disputes, including the issue of Indian fishermen
crossing the maritime border into Sri Lanka, remain unresolved, affecting regional cooperation and
coordination.
Way forward: Enhance multimodal connectivity, Promote digital integration, Prioritize green and sustainable
development, Promote blue economy cooperation, Strengthen disaster resilience and Encourage academic and
research collaboration
Conclusion: BIMSTEC holds immense potential for regional cooperation, economic growth, and security in South
and Southeast Asia. India's active engagement, leadership, and commitment to addressing challenges will play
a crucial role in realizing the benefits of this sub-regional organization.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
Introduction: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a permanent international intergovernmental

organization. It was established in June 2001 in Shanghai, China, by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's
Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Russian Federation, and the Republic of
Tajikistan.
Membership
● The SCO currently has nine members: China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, and Iran.
● During the23rd Summit, Iran officially joined the SCO as the Ninth Member Country.
Challenges
● China's rise
● Limited institutional mechanisms
● Divergent interests and disagreement: The SCO comprises member states with different political systems,
economic models, and strategic priorities, leading to internal conflicts and disagreements.
● Limited geographical scope: The SCO's focus on Eurasia and neighboring regions restricts its engagement
with global issues and challenges.
● Western skepticism and criticism: Western countries criticize the SCO for its lack of democratic credentials,
support for authoritarian regimes, and internal conflicts and border disputes among members.
Conflicts Among Member Countries

● India-China border issues, India-Pakistan tensions over terrorism, Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan border issues,
Instability in the Afghanistan-Pakistan border area and Scrutiny of the SCO's peace-promoting abilities
Importance of the SCO for India

● Economic Cooperation: to strengthen economic ties with Central Asian countries, which possess abundant
natural resources and diversification of economic partnerships
● Energy Security: With vast reserves of oil and gas, Central Asia offers an opportunity for India to enhance
its energy security.
● Cultural Cooperation - Designation of cultural capital: The SCO member countries have agreed to designate
one city each year as the tourism and cultural capital, with "Kashi" (Varanasi) being the first cultural capital
under this initiative.
● Counterterrorism: The SCO places significant emphasis on cooperation in countering terrorism.
Highlights of the SCO Summit 2023

● Indian External Minister's viewpoint: Dr. Jaishankar highlighted the significance of multilateral cooperation
within the SCO to address regional and global issues.
● Pakistan-India relations: The SCO meeting marked the first visit of a Pakistani Foreign Minister to an
international forum held in India in 12 years. Although bilateral talks were not expected, speculations arose
about a potential thaw in relations.
● Assessment of decisions: The SCO Foreign Ministers assessed the status of upcoming decisions to be
approved at the SCO Summit in July, addressing regional and geopolitical issues.
Indian Viewpoints
● Food Security: India emphasizes the promotion of millets to address concerns related to food security,
considering the ongoing global energy and food crisis. The SCO's support could contribute to designating
2023 as the International Year of Millets.
● Connectivity: India urges complete rights of passage among SCO member states to improve connectivity
and establish dependable supply chains in the region.
● Tourism: Varanasi has been named the SCO Tourism and Cultural Capital for 2022–2023, promoting cultural
and historical heritage and encouraging exchanges between India and SCO member nations.
● Working Group on Alternative Medicine: The World Health Organization (WHO) launched its Global Center
for Alternative Medicines in Gujarat, India, establishing the first and only conventional medicine center
worldwide.
● Cultural ties: India's cultural ties with SCO members, particularly the Central Asian Republics, are
highlighted through these initiatives.
Conclusion
The SCO offers significant benefits to India, including economic cooperation, energy security, cultural
exchanges, and counterterrorism efforts. However, the SCO's internal contradictions remain a cause for
concern. While China's growing regional influence may impact Russia, the two countries have formed a closer
partnership, maintaining strategic division in Central Asia. Together, they aim to deter Western powers from
interfering in the region.
G20's International Financial Architecture
Introduction: The G20, a forum of major economies, recognizes the importance of strengthening the
international financial architecture. Under the G20 finance track, the International Financial Architecture
Working Group plays a vital role in addressing challenges and enhancing stability.
International Financial Architecture Working Group

● The International Financial Architecture Working Group operates under the G20 finance track.
● Its aim is to strengthen the international financial architecture and address challenges faced by vulnerable
countries.
● The Ministry of Finance and the Reserve Bank of India, along with France and South Korea as co-chairs,
jointly moderate the discussions.
Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) Event

● In conjunction with the Working Group meeting, a G20 event on CBDCs is scheduled.
● The event aims to share country experiences and deepen understanding of the wider implications of
CBDCs.
● It provides a platform to discuss opportunities and challenges related to CBDC implementation.
India Assumes G20 Presidency

• India takes over the G20 Presidency on December 1, 2022, succeeding Indonesia.
• In 2023, India will host the G20 Leaders' Summit for the first time, aiming to find pragmatic global solutions
and embody the spirit of 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' (World is One Family).
Priorities Set by India's Presidency

• Green Development: G20 Action Plan to Accelerate Progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Climate Finance & LiFE: G20 High-Level Principles on Lifestyles for Sustainable Development, emphasizing
the interlinkages between development, climate, and environment.
• Inclusive & Resilient Growth: Fostering accelerated and inclusive growth for all.
• Technological Transformation & Digital Infrastructure: Advancing technological innovation and digital
public infrastructure.
• Reforming Multilateral Institutions: Prioritizing reforms in WTO, WHO, and other UN bodies for a
modernized multilateral system.
• Women-led Development: Promoting women-led development as a new growth narrative.
Analysis of India's Priorities

• Reflecting India's Culture: The chosen priorities align with India's pluralistic traditions and cultural
heritage.
• Inclusive Infrastructure: The priorities focus on inclusive development of infrastructure.
• Challenging International Mechanisms: The priorities aim to challenge and reform mechanisms within
WTO, WHO, and other UN bodies.
• LiFE Initiative: The priorities emphasize individual participation in environmental conservation through
the LiFE initiative.
• Women Empowerment: The priorities prioritize women's participation and leadership in development.
Significance of India's Presidency

• Leading at a Crucial Time: India's leadership comes during a critical period of global recovery from the
pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• Global South Representation: With Indonesia and Brazil, India's Presidency represents the Global South,
addressing concerns inhibiting its development.
• Global Peacemaker Role: India's Presidency is seen as an opportunity for peace-making efforts between
Russia and Ukraine.
• Disaster Management: India can provide leadership in disaster risk reduction through the G20's Working
Group on Disaster Risk Reduction.
• Addressing Global Health Challenges: India's Presidency can address global health challenges and
strengthen global governance for pandemic prevention.
• Supporting Developing Countries: The Presidency aims to meet the needs of developing countries, small
island developing states (SIDS), least developed countries (LDCs), and vulnerable nations.
• India-EU Cooperation: G20 serves as a platform for India and Europe to collaborate on reformed
multilateralism, climate action, and resolving the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• Economic Importance for BIMSTEC: India's Presidency is economically crucial for BIMSTEC countries like
Bangladesh and Myanmar, enhancing trade ties and regional multilateral cooperation.
Successes Under India's Leadership

• Focus on African Development: India highlights the unique developmental imperatives of the African
continent.
• Broad-based Participation: India promotes civic participation through 'Jan Bhagidari,' involving youth,
women, businesses, and civil society in G20 initiatives.
• Upholding Values: India's G20 Presidency upholds the principles of 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' (One Earth,
One Family, One Future) for global welfare.
• Highlighting Kashmir's Potential: By hosting a G20 meeting in Kashmir, India showcases the region's
tourism potential and asserts its geopolitical stand.
• Advocacy for the Global South: India's support for the Global South is driven by the aim of equitable
resource distribution, democratic world order, and improved living conditions for all.
Conclusion
● The G20's International Financial Architecture Working Group plays a crucial role in strengthening the
global financial system.
● Under India's chairmanship, discussions aim to enhance stability, address challenges, and maximize
support for vulnerable countries.
● The events organized during India's G20 Presidency facilitate awareness and participation, while the
upcoming G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting in Bengaluru will shape key priorities
for global economic governance.
The 14th BRICS Summit: Promoting Stability, Cooperation, and Global Recovery
What is BRICS?
• BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the world's leading emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India,
China, and South Africa.
• BRICS represents 42% of the world's population, 30% of the land area, 24% of global GDP, and 16% of
international trade.
Significant Facts of BRICS

• BRICS Plus: The concept of "BRICS Plus" was introduced, inviting countries from different regions to
participate in the summit.
• Brasilia Outcome: The Brasilia Declaration outlined the shared worldview and the spectrum of work
undertaken by the leaders.
• New Development Bank (NDB) projects: The NDB, a flagship achievement of BRICS, has financed 44
projects with a lending amount of $12.4 billion in just five years.
• Local Currency Bond Fund: BRICS governments are working towards establishing a Local Currency Bond
Fund, building on the success of the Contingent Reserve Arrangement, to strengthen financial cooperation.
14th BRICS Summit: Key Highlights and Initiatives
Theme: Fostering High-quality BRICS Partnership, Ushering in a New Era for Global Development
Adopting the Beijing Declaration:
• BRICS expresses support for talks between Russia and Ukraine
• Willingness to aid in humanitarian efforts through the United Nations and the International Committee
of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Ukraine
• Concerns raised about the situation in Taliban-held Afghanistan
Discussions on Key Issues:
1. Humanitarian Situation in Ukraine: BRICS expresses concern about the humanitarian situation in and
around Ukraine. Support for the UN Secretary-General, UN Agencies, and ICRC in providing humanitarian
assistance based on principles of humanity, neutrality, and impartiality
2. Terrorism: BRICS emphasizes that the UN Security Council holds the authority to impose sanctions regarding
terrorism. Strong stance against the use of Afghan territory as a safe haven for terrorists or for launching
attacks on other countries
Initiatives: Denial of Safe Haven to Corruption and Framework for Consumer Protection in E-commerce
5. Effect of Policies & Politics of Developed & Developing

Countries on India’s Interests
5. Effect of Policies & Politics of Developed & Developing Countries on

India's Interests
India and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

Introduction: The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is a principal organ of the United Nations
responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It possesses significant powers, including the
establishment of peacekeeping operations, international sanctions, and authorization of military action. The
UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions.
India's participation in the UNSC

● Eighth tenure: India is currently serving its eighth term as a non-permanent member of the UNSC.
● Previous tenures: India served as a non-permanent member in 1950-51, 1967-68, 1972-73, 1977-78, 1984-
85, 1991-92, and 2011-12.
● Presidency opportunity: Each non-permanent member has the chance to operate as the president of the
UN Security Council during its two-year term.
Need for UNSC Reforms
Non-representative nature
● Lack of representation: The current structure of the UNSC does not adequately represent the developing
world and global needs, with excessive power held by the P5.
● Demand for inclusion: Countries like India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan (G4) have put forward their claims
for permanent membership, citing their contributions and strong cases for inclusion.
Rigid framework
● Amendment requirement: Reforms to the UNSC necessitate amendments to the UN charter, as stated in
Article 108.
● Consensus from all members: Any reform requires the support of at least two-thirds of UN member states
and unanimous agreement from all permanent members.
Misuse of Veto power

● Varying stances: The P5 members' support for expansion varies based on their national interests, with most
P5 members except China agreeing to India's inclusion.
● Reform challenges: Even if one P5 member disagrees with any reform, it becomes impossible to enact
changes to the UNSC.
Unanimity in Decisions
● Inability to reach consensus: The UNSC has failed to achieve consensus on major global security issues,
leading to interventions by individual countries without UNSC resolutions.
● Examples: Instances include the US entry into the Iraq war and the Warsaw Pact's war in Afghanistan, where
the UNSC could not agree on a course of action.
● Selective resolutions: The UNSC tends to pass strong resolutions against weaker countries, weak
resolutions against stronger countries, and no resolutions against P5 nations.
Rise of bilateralism
● Intractable differences: Differences between the US, China, and Russia have become entrenched and
difficult to resolve.
● Expansive claims: China has emerged as a great power, asserting expansive claims and working to fulfill
them.
● Closer ties: Russia has moved closer to China, further complicating global dynamics.
Relevance of the UNSC

● Principal organ for global peace: The UNSC plays a crucial role in maintaining international peace and
security as one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
● Global order watchdog: It is responsible for accepting new members to the United Nations and approving
changes to the UN Charter.
● Maintenance of peace: The UNSC possesses powers to establish peacekeeping operations, impose
international sanctions, and authorize military action.
Way forward
● Correcting power imbalances: Urgent action is needed to address the power disparities between the P5
and the rest of the world.
● Expansion: The UNSC should expand from five to ten permanent members, including the addition of G4
countries and South Africa.
● Equitable representation: This expansion would ensure equitable regional representation and balance
between the developing and developed world.
● Minimizing impact of reforms: Expanding the P5 without veto power would have limited impact on
resolving the underlying problems necessitating reforms.
● Rationalizing the Veto: The veto power should be abolished altogether to ensure a more democratic
decision-making process.
● Dealing with a hostile China: India needs to navigate the challenges posed by China and the emergence of
a unipolar Asia cantered around China.
Conclusion: By actively engaging with regional organizations and emphasizing the importance of
multilateralism, India can play a constructive role in shaping the future of the UNSC and promoting a more
equitable and effective global order.
India Deploys Women Peacekeepers in UN Mission: Showcasing Nari Shakti in Peacekeeping Missions
Introduction: India recently deployed a platoon of women peacekeepers in Abyei, bordering Sudan and
South Sudan, as part of the Indian Battalion in the United Nations Interim Security Force.
UN Mandate and Role of Female Engagement Teams (FETs)

● The United Nations has called upon member states to deploy female engagement teams (FETs) with infantry
battalion groups in UN Missions.
● The objective is to address the specific needs of women and children who suffer the most in conflict
situations.
● FETs undertake various tasks, including joint patrols, engaging in dialogue with local women and girls,
providing assistance during humanitarian crises, gathering information, and managing perceptions.
India's Commitment to Gender Parity UN Security Council Resolution 1325 Action for
● The United Nations aims for at least (UNSCR1325) Peacekeeping (A4P)
19% women officers in the total ● UNSCR1325, along with Initiative
vacancies released to the Army. subsequent resolutions and the ● The A4P initiative
● India has surpassed this goal by Action for Peacekeeping (A4P) recognizes the
sending 21% women officers to the Declaration of Shared critical role of the
peacekeeping mission. Commitments, highlights the need Women, Peace and
● Women peacekeepers complement for expanding the role of women in Security (WPS)
the roles of police and paramilitary UN operations. agenda in improving
contingents, ensuring law ● Promoting women's participation peacekeeping
enforcement and empowerment of in peace processes and enhancing operations.
the local population. gender-responsive peacekeeping
operations are at the center of the
UN's efforts.
Conclusion: By showcasing "Nari Shakti" (women power) in peacekeeping missions, India contributes to the
UN's efforts towards gender parity and the empowerment of women in peace and security.
Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED)
Introduction: India recently hosted a significant meeting of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter
Terrorism Committee (UNSC-CTC) to address terror-financing through cryptocurrency and the use of drones in
modern terrorism. The UNSC-CTC was established in response to the 9/11 terror attacks and aims to enhance
global counter-terrorism capabilities.
Background
● Its primary objectives include criminalizing terrorism financing, freezing terrorist-related assets, and
promoting international cooperation to counter terrorist activities.
India proposed a five-point agenda at the meeting: Emerging Challenges for India
1. Sustained efforts to counter terror-financing. ● The use of emerging technologies by terrorists is
2. Coordination between the UN and organizations a growing global concern.
like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). ● Key conspirators and planners of past terror
3. Ensuring the effectiveness of the Security attacks often remain unpunished.
Council's sanctions regime. ● Political factors can hinder the effectiveness of
4. International cooperation and concerted actions international counter-terrorism efforts.
against terrorists and their sponsors. ● Terrorist groups have diversified their funding
5. Strengthening multilateral efforts to disrupt the sources, exploiting new technologies and virtual
nexus between terrorism and transnational currencies.
organized crime. ● Pakistan's removal from the FATF's grey list
coincided with a rise in terror attacks in Kashmir.
India's Counter-Terrorism Initiatives Global Counter-Terrorism Efforts

● Strengthening coastal security and establishing ● The United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism
specialized agencies like the National (UNOCT) leads the all-of-UN approach to prevent
Investigation Agency (NIA). and counter-terrorism.
● Creating the National Intelligence Grid ● The UN Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT)
(NATGRID) for comprehensive security-related promotes international cooperation in the fight
information. against terrorism.
● Establishing operational hubs for the National ● The Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB) of the
Security Guard and expanding the activities of UNODC assists member states in implementing
the Multi-Agency Centre. the legal framework against terrorism.
● Setting up the Joint Operations Centre to ● The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) sets
monitor India's extended coastline. international standards to combat money
laundering and terrorist financing.
India and the WTO
Introduction: India recently filed an appeal with the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO)
disputing a verdict by the WTO’s dispute settlement panel on sugar subsidies. In 2019, Australia, Brazil, and
Guatemala complained against India at the WTO arguing that subsidies offered by the Indian government to
sugar producers were against the rules governing international trade.
About: The WTO regulates trade rules between nations. It aims to reduce barriers, ensure fairness, and
promote economic growth.
Functions of WTO
• Trade negotiations: WTO agreements cover goods, services, and intellectual property, setting principles
for liberalization and exceptions. Members commit to lowering customs tariffs, opening services markets,
and resolving disputes through specified procedures.
• Implementation and monitoring: Various WTO councils and committees ensure member compliance with
agreements. Periodic reviews of trade policies and practices are conducted, with reports from the country
concerned and the WTO Secretariat.
• Dispute settlement: Countries bring disputes to the WTO when they believe their rights under the
agreements are being infringed. Independent experts issue judgments based on interpretations of
agreements and individual countries' commitments.
• Building trade capacity: For developing countries, longer implementation periods, increased trading
opportunities, and technical assistance to enhance trade capacity. Help developing countries develop the
skills and infrastructure needed for trade expansion.
Major Agreements
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating
trade barriers.
• General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Defines trade in services under four categories: cross-
border supply, consumption abroad, commercial presence, and presence of natural persons.
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): A comprehensive multilateral
agreement on intellectual property.
• Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): Addresses domestic regulations applied to
foreign investors, including measures that restrict and distort trade.
• Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS): Concerns food safety, animal
and plant health regulations.
• Agreement on Agriculture (AoA): Focuses on reducing "trade-distorting" agricultural subsidies.
Issues with WTO

• Does not reflect the changing global order: The WTO is perceived as favouring developed countries, with
limited representation from emerging economies like China and India. Developing countries' stake in global
trade has not been fully reflected in the WTO's decision-making process.
• Delays in reaching agreements: Consensus-based decision-making leads to time-consuming negotiations,
hindering progress. The Doha Round has been ongoing for over 16 years without finalization.
• Rise of BTAs and trade blocs: Bilateral Trade Agreements and trade blocs outside the WTO have gained
prominence, reducing the WTO's significance.
• Weak dispute resolution mechanism: The WTO's dispute settlement process faces challenges, with the US
blocking appointments to the Appellate Body. Lack of new appointments renders the body dysfunctional.
• Skepticism towards multilateralism: Some governments, advocating protectionist measures, openly

denounce the WTO and violate its rules, leading to trade wars. Undermining the role of the WTO could
impede its relevance in a changing global trade scenario.
• Several unresolved issues: Consensus has not been reached on vital issues such as agricultural subsidies,
food security, illegal fishing subsidies, intellectual property rights, and trade in services.
Significance of WTO: Ensuring rule-based global trade, Common platform for all nations, Boosting global
economic growth, Supporting developing countries, Dispute settlement mechanism and Negotiation forum
India's resolve to reform WTO

● Proposal for Reform: India actively proposes reforms in collaboration with countries like South Africa and
co-sponsors proposals with the European Union to address various aspects of WTO reform.
● Focus on Appellate Body: India emphasizes the resolution of the impasse in the WTO's Appellate Body to
ensure effective dispute settlement.
● Joint Initiatives: India collaborates with like-minded developing countries, such as South Africa and China,
to advocate for favorable reforms and reduce the dominance of individual nations.
● Balancing National Interests and Liberalization: India strives to strike a balance between protecting its
national interests and promoting liberalization in WTO negotiations.
● Bilateral Trade Negotiations: India intensifies efforts in bilateral trade negotiations with major trading
partners to pursue trade interests outside the WTO framework.
● Active Engagement and Negotiations: India actively engages with other member countries, expressing
concerns and pushing for reforms, while emphasizing the need for flexible and incremental negotiations.
Way forward
● More Space for Negotiation: India should engage in negotiations, fostering flexibility and compromise
among member countries.
● Resolve the Appellate Body Crisis: Prioritize resolving the impasse in the WTO's Appellate Body to uphold
the rule-based dispute settlement mechanism.
● Collaboration with Developing Countries: Join hands with like-minded developing countries to advocate
for reforms that reflect the needs of the developing world.
● Balanced Approach: Strike a balance between safeguarding national interests and promoting trade
liberalization.
● Accelerate Bilateral Trade Negotiations: Intensify efforts in bilateral trade negotiations to secure beneficial
agreements outside the WTO framework.
Conclusion: India's engagement with the World Trade Organization (WTO) is crucial for shaping global trade
rules and addressing its concerns as a developing nation. While the WTO plays a significant role in promoting
fair and predictable trade, it faces challenges such as limited representation, delays in reaching agreements,
and scepticism towards multilateralism.
WTO's Ministerial Conference (MC12) and the "Geneva Package
Introduction: Recently, the World Trade Organization (WTO) concluded its 12th Ministerial Conference, also
known as the "Geneva Package."
Key Outcomes of the 12th Ministerial Conference

The recent Ministerial Conference witnessed notable achievements in several crucial areas:
1. Curtailing Harmful Fishing Subsidies
2. Global Food Security: In a binding decision, the conference exempted food purchased by the UN's World
Food Programme (WFP) for humanitarian purposes from any export restrictions.
o This commitment underscores the importance of trade in addressing global food security
challenges, while also discouraging bans on food exports.
3. E-commerce Transactions: Discussions revolved around the realm of electronic transactions (ETs),
encompassing online deliveries such as music, e-books, films, software, and video games and foster a
conducive environment for digital trade.
Conclusion
● The 12th Ministerial Conference of the WTO presented both achievements and challenges. While progress
was made in curbing harmful fishing subsidies, ensuring global food security, addressing e-commerce
transactions, and COVID-19 vaccine production, concerns regarding the scope of agreements and the
impact on developing economies remain.
Global Push for De-Dollarization
Introduction: BRICS Collective's Common Currency: BRICS nations aim to establish a common currency,
reducing reliance on the US dollar and challenging its dominance in the global financial system. De-
Dollarization in Response to Western Sanctions: Russia and China advocate for de-dollarization to decrease
vulnerability to Western sanctions and assert economic independence.
Background of the News: Rethinking the Global Currency

● Talks of Creating a New Currency: Diminishing Dollar Influence Discussions about a new global currency
emerge, seeking to reduce the dominance of the US dollar in international trade and financial transactions.
● Urgency Amplified by the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: emphasizing the vulnerability of countries to dollar-
based sanctions.
● Alternative Payment Methods: BRICS nations explore non-dollar and non-euro payment methods, aiming
to establish a diversified and inclusive financial system.
What is De-Dollarisation?
● Dollar's Influence: Disproportionate Control and Sanctions Tool The US dollar grants disproportionate
influence to the US and is used as a tool for imposing economic sanctions.
● Defying Dollar Hegemony: Russia and China's Stand Russia and China resist dollar hegemony, aiming to
reduce dependence on the dollar and explore alternative currencies for international transactions.
● Substituting the Dollar: finding substitutes for its use in trading oil and commodities.
● Impacts of Sanctions: Freezing Reserves and Expulsion from Payment Systems Sanctions imposed on
countries like Russia have led to freezing reserves and exclusion from international payment systems,
prompting the need for de-dollarisation.
● Global Shift: Trading in National Currencies (e.g., Rupee and Yuan) Countries like India and China shift
towards trading in their national currencies, signalling a global shift away from the dollar.
Impact of De-Dollarization
● Decrease in Demand for the US Dollar
● Weakening US Influence in global financial affairs.
● Volatility in Currency Exchange Rates may affect international trade and make it more challenging.
● Potential Benefits for Other Currencies such as the euro and yuan, leading to increased demand and
international usage.
India's Plan: Internationalization of the Rupee

● Increasing Use of Rupee in Cross-Border Transactions: India aims to increase the use of the rupee in cross-
border transactions as part of its internationalisation strategy.
● Reserve Bank of India's Mechanisms: The RBI has implemented mechanisms to facilitate and simplify
rupee-based international trade.
● Growing Interest in Rupee Trade Mechanism: Several nations have shown interest in learning about the
rupee trade mechanism, indicating a potential shift towards trading in rupees.
Advantages
● Reducing Currency Risk
● Resilience to External Shocks
● Reduced Need for Holding Foreign Exchange Reserves
● Increased Bargaining Power Indian businesses can enjoy increased bargaining power, strengthening the
country's global economic standing.
Challenges
● Diminished Role for Convertible Currencies: A reduced role for convertible currencies may result in lower
reserve accretion, posing challenges for countries in managing their reserves.
● Volatility in Domestic Financial Markets: Non-residents' holdings of rupee-denominated assets can
contribute to volatility in domestic financial markets, affecting stability.
Conclusion
● Signing Rupee Trade Agreements: India should sign more rupee trade agreements, particularly with
countries facing deficits, to improve bilateral trade prospects.
● Reducing Reliance on the US Dollar: By reducing reliance on the US dollar and promoting the use of the
rupee, India seeks to reshape trade dynamics and decrease vulnerability to dollar fluctuations.
● Small Steps Towards Change: While the rupee may not become a global reserve currency like the dollar,
increased usage in bilateral trade paves the way for a new trade paradigm.
Global Oil Dynamics: OPEC, OPEC+, and India's Stand for Equitable Pricing
Introduction:
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
● Founded at the Baghdad Conference in Iraq in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela,
OPEC is a permanent, intergovernmental organization.
● OPEC plays a pivotal role in the global oil industry, accounting for about 44% of worldwide oil production
and 81.5% of the world's "proven" oil reserves.
● 13 member countries with Qatar and Ecuador withdrawing in 2019 and 2020, respectively.
The OPEC+ Alliance

● Includes OPEC and non-OPEC countries, such as Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico,
Oman, Russia, South Sudan, and Sudan.
● These countries, together with OPEC, work to control the global oil supply, with Russia being particularly
influential as the third-largest oil supplier globally.
● Formed in 2017 to decrease production and boost prices in response to low oil prices.
The Functions and Impacts of OPEC+
OPEC+ oversees several key functions that significantly impact the global oil market:
● Oil Production Regulation:
● Price Control:.
● Market Monitoring: .
● Coordination: Member countries collaborate on
decisions regarding oil production, pricing policies,
and other factors influencing the global oil market.
Recent Developments and Market Dynamics

● The global oil market faced fluctuations due to the
COVID-19 pandemic.
● OPEC+ has been instrumental in managing these changes, adjusting production and prices to maintain
stability.
Impact on India and Possible Alternatives

• Impact on India: As a significant oil importer, OPEC+ decisions greatly impact India's economy. Production
cuts by OPEC+ can increase the import bill and potentially trigger inflation.
Possible Alternatives for India

● Increasing crude imports from other countries, like Russia.
● Investing more in alternative energy sources.
● Integrating petroleum products into the goods and services tax
structure.
● Promoting energy-efficient use of vehicles.
Global Oil Politics and India's Role
Global Oil Politics

● The global oil market is characterized by a complex interplay of geopolitics and economic interests.
● Agreements such as the 2020 production cut agreement between OPEC and Russia significantly affect the
global oil market.
India's Role
● India is a major consumer of OPEC oil. Notably, any production cut by OPEC and its allies affects India's
energy security efforts.
● However, countries like Saudi Arabia have agreed to supply crude oil at lower rates to refiners in India,
offering some respite.
● India has consistently advocated for responsible pricing in global oil markets.
● Proposes ending the "Asian Premium," a surcharge that OPEC countries impose on Asian countries. India's
position reflects the shifting dynamics of the global oil market, especially the increased demand for crude
oil in Asia.
The Asian Premium and Its Implications
Understanding the Asian Premium

● The "Asian Premium" is an extra charge imposed on Asian countries for oil sales.
● Typically, around $1-$2 per barrel higher than prices for Europe and the U.S.
Implications of the Asian Premium

● India, which sources 85% of its crude oil supplies from OPEC member countries, has been vocal about
opposing this premium.
● India has sought cooperation with China and other Asian countries to challenge the Asian Premium,
reflecting the shifting dynamics of the global oil market.
The Shale Revolution and Shift in Oil Flow
Shift in Crude Flow

● Traditionally, the flow of crude was from West Asia to North America.
● With the shale revolution, the flow has shifted to Asia.
Impact of the Shale Revolution
● The shale revolution refers to the significant increase in the production ofshale oil and gas in the U.S.
● The boom led to the U.S. becoming one of the world's largest oil producers.
● It has reduced U.S. dependence on West Asian oil, shifting the market focus towards Asia.
The Role of Benchmarks in Global Oil Pricing

A. Major Benchmarks in the Global Market
● There are three significant benchmarks in the global oil market:
1. Brent: Representing the European market
2. West Texas Intermediate (WTI): Representing the U.S. market
3. Dubai/Oman: Representing the Middle East and Asian market
B. Impact of Benchmarks on Oil Pricing

● Benchmarks play a crucial role in determining oil prices.
● However, prices based on the Dubai/Oman benchmark lack the flexibility of the Brent and WTI, due to the
absence of derivative trading, leading to higher prices for Asia (Asian Premium).
Conclusion
● OPEC and OPEC+ play a significant role in global oil production and pricing, significantly impacting
economies like India.
● As the world grapples with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of these organizations remains
crucial in maintaining the stability of the global oil market.
● The issue of the Asian Premium and the shifting dynamics of the global oil market present new challenges
and opportunities for countries like India.
● The drive for responsible pricing and the shift towards more sustainable energy sources could shape the
future .
6. India Diaspora
6. Indian Diaspora
Introduction: To mark the contribution of the overseas Indian community in the development of India, the
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated on 9th January every year.
Indian Diaspora: A Background

● The Indian diaspora encompasses individuals who have migrated from India and have made substantial
contributions to the world in various fields.
● The diaspora has played a crucial role in the economic development of India through remittances.
● These financial inflows from Indians working abroad have been instrumental in improving India's balance
of payments position.
Major Sections of Indian Diaspora

● Indians in the Gulf: The Gulf countries have one of the largest concentrations of Indian migrants, with
approximately 8.5 million Indians living and working there. These countries serve as convenient destinations
due to geographical proximity and historical ties.
● Indians in the USA: The Indian immigrant population in the United States has grown significantly in recent
decades, making it the second-largest immigrant group after Mexicans.
Significance of Indian Diaspora

● Contribution in the Freedom Struggle: The Indian diaspora played a significant role in supporting India's
independence movement, spreading awareness, and seeking political support from other countries.
● Cultural Extension: Diaspora communities, such as the Sikh community, have maintained their culture and
ethnic identity in countries like the UK and Canada for decades.
● Remittances: The financial contributions of the diaspora through remittances have bolstered India's
economy, improving its balance of payments position.
● Agents of Change: The diaspora acts as agents of change by facilitating investment, industrial development,
trade, and tourism, supporting India's economic growth.
● Technological Development and Entrepreneurship: The diaspora has contributed to the technological
sector and entrepreneurial activities, fostering innovation and socio-economic development in India.
● Enhancing India's Global Influence: The diaspora can play a vital role in enhancing India's global influence
by supporting its interests, lobbying for key issues, and influencing countries' policies.
● Diaspora Diplomacy: The diaspora serves as a soft power asset for India, spreading its cultural influence,
building positive perceptions, and promoting Indian interests on the global stage.
India's Engagement with the Diaspora: Government Policies

● Evolution of Policies: India's approach to the diaspora has evolved over time, with initial reservations giving
way to recognizing the potential role of the diaspora in national development and strengthening ties with
other countries.
● Recent Initiatives: India has implemented various policies and programs to engage with the diaspora,
including the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, Know India Program, Study India Program, and initiatives to address
grievances and facilitate passport services.
Challenges Faced by the Diaspora

● Racial Antagonism: Indians abroad face racism and hate crimes due to rising xenophobia and nationalism
in some countries.
● Protectionism: Stricter visa rules and protectionist policies in host countries have posed challenges for
Indians seeking jobs and educational opportunities abroad.
● Terrorism and Security: Indians in countries affected by terrorism and sectarian crises, such as the Middle
East, face security risks and vulnerabilities.
● Political Polarization: Political changes in India have led to polarization within the diaspora, resulting in
divisions and challenges in maintaining unity and support for India.
● Anti-National Tendencies: Some segments of the diaspora have supported separatist movements and
negative campaigns against India, posing challenges to India's interests and reputation.
Way Forward
● Leveraging Positive Perceptions: India should capitalize on its positive image and perceptions among the
diaspora to further enhance its global standing.
● Engaging as Ambassadors: The diaspora can act as ambassadors, promoting Indian interests, changing
public opinion, and contributing to India's national development.
● Resource Allocation and Support: India should allocate resources and establish effective systems to support
its citizens abroad, addressing their concerns and grievances.
● Diaspora Diplomacy: Strengthening diaspora diplomacy can leverage the diaspora's influence and
connections to advance India's national interests.
● Unlocking Potential: India must tap into the immense potential of its diaspora to foster greater
collaboration, investment, and innovation for the country's socio-economic development.
Conclusion
Through effective government policies, engagement initiatives, and leveraging the potential of the diaspora,
India can harness its soft power and benefit from the collective efforts of its citizens abroad.
17th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention
Introduction: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 17th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention on
January 9, 2023, in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. With the theme "Diaspora: Reliable partners for India’s progress
in Amrit Kaal”. A commemorative postage stamp called 'Go Safe, Trained' was released to emphasize safe
and legal migration.
About Pravasi Bhartiya Divas

● Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is observed on January 9th in India to honor the contributions of the Indian
community living abroad. Mahatma Gandhi's arrival in Mumbai on January 9th, 1915, is also
commemorated on this day.
● The event is sponsored by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), the
Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).

MK Yadav Sir'S: Mains Booster Series

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MK YADAV Sir's

MAINS BOOSTER SERIES

Current + Static Integrated Series

1. India and it’s Neighborhood- Relations

1. India and its neighbourhood – Relations

Keywords from Aaj Ka Quality Enrichment (http://bit.ly/aaj-ka-enrichment)

Introduction: India-Nepal’s Relation was

Significance of Nepal for India

Defence and Security

Connectivity and Development

Education and Culture

Challenges in India-Nepal Relationship

Issues with Peace and Friendship Treaty

The Demonetization Irritant

Trust and Ethnic Differences

Bangladesh's Remarkable Growth

Irritants in the Relationship

Importance of India-Bangladesh Relationship

Recent Initiatives and Agreements

Border Security - Land Boundary Agreement of 2015

Connectivity - Agreement on the use of Chattogram and Mongla ports

Vaccine Maitri - Donation of 109 ambulances

Youth - Special 'Swarna Jayanti Scholarships' for Bangladeshi youth

Cooperation in S&T - Collaboration in artificial intelligence

India-Pakistan 2003 Ceasefire Agreement

Need for Peace Efforts

Impact of us withdrawal from Afghanistan

Recent Peace Initiatives

India's exports to Pakistan Pakistan's exports to India

Pakistan Political Crisis

Issues for India

Imperatives for India

Indus Water Treaty

Understanding the Indus Water Treaty

Basis of the Treaty: Equitable Water-Sharing

Rights Accorded to India

Significance and Survival of the Treaty

Considerations and Need for a Rethink

India-Sri Lanka Relations

Present Crisis India’s role:

Katchatheevu Island Issue:

The China Factor: Debt trap diplomacy

India’s approach towards the Ethnic Issue:

Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis

What led to the recent Sri Lanka Crisis?

Sudden Move to Organic Farming

Immediate Triggers of the Crisis

A Reality Check: Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis

2. Losses from Ports

3. Repercussions of the Crisis:

2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings

Concerns for India over Sri Lankan economic Crisis

What Opportunities should India look for?

Why should India assist in helping Sri Lanka?

Compensatory Offer to India

India-Sri Lanka Economic Ties

What's next for Sri Lanka?

A quick recap: India-Afghanistan Ties

Importance of Afghanistan for India

India's Engagements with the Taliban: A Shift in Approach

India and Taliban: A Quick Timeline of Engagement

India's Considerations: Counter-intuitive Timing

Afghan Peace Process: Key Dialogues