BEA1063 / AR253

Architecture HISTORY II

BEI1083 / AB243
Interior Architecture HISTORY II

LECTURE 1
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

PREPARED BY SHARON ONG \ 2024

Iskilip, Turkey
40°52′N 34°34′E
Geographical Centre of
Earth, Holger Isenberg
3500BCE - 550BCE

Mesopotamian
Civilisation
Sumerian
Assyrian
Akkadian
Babylonian

Mediterranean Persian
Sea Gulf
Egypt

Red
Sudan Sea

Uganda
River
Nile Kenya
3000BCE - 550BCE

Egyptian
Civilisation

Mediterranean Persian
Sea Gulf
Egypt

Red
Sudan Sea

Uganda
River
Nile Kenya
 1800BCE – 900CE

Mayan
Civilisation

Gulf of Mediterranean Persian

Mexico Sea Gulf
Egypt

Mexico Caribbean Sea Red

Sudan Sea
Guatemala
Uganda
Pacific Ocean River
Nile Kenya
 1600BCE – 200BCE

Chinese
Civilisation

Huang
He

Gulf of Mediterranean Persian

Mexico Sea Gulf East
Egypt Yangtze China
Sea
Mexico Caribbean Sea Red
Sudan Sea
Guatemala
Uganda
Pacific Ocean River
Nile Kenya
 1500BCE – 500BCE

Indus Valley
Civilisation

Huang
He

Gulf of Mediterranean Persian

Mexico Sea Gulf East
Egypt Indus Yangtze China
River Sea
Mexico Caribbean Sea Red
Sudan Sea
Guatemala
Arabian
Uganda Sea
Pacific Ocean River
Nile Kenya
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 500CE)

Mesopotamian
Civilisation
Sumerian Chinese
Assyrian Huang
Civilisation
Akkadian Indus Valley He
Babylonian Civilisation
Mediterranean Persian
Gulf of Sea Gulf East
Mexico Indus Yangtze China
Egypt
Egyptian River Sea
Mexico Civilisation
Caribbean Sea Red
Sudan Sea
Guatemala
Mayan Arabian
Civilisation Uganda Sea
Pacific Ocean River
Nile Kenya
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)
700BCE– 31BCE

Greek
Periods
Archaic
Classical
Hellenistic
Black
Sea
Caspian
Sea
Persian
Gulf

Gulf of Mediterranean
Mexico Sea East
China
Egypt
Sea
Caribbean Sea

Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

559BCE– 330BCE

Persian
Empire

Black
Sea
Caspian
Sea
Persian
Gulf

Gulf of Mediterranean
Mexico Sea East
China
Egypt
Sea
Caribbean Sea

Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)
500BCE– 27CE

Roman
Republic

Gallia
(France,
Black
Switzerland, Sea
Luxemburg, Caspian
Belgium) Sea
Persian
Spain
Gulf

Gulf of Mediterranean
Mexico Sea East
China
Egypt
Sea
Caribbean Sea

Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)
27CE– 393CE

Roman
Empire

Black
Sea
Caspian
England Sea
Persian
Gulf

Gulf of Mediterranean
Mexico Sea East
China
Egypt
Sea
Caribbean Sea

Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)
330CE– 1453CE

Western Roman Empire &

Byzantine Empire

Carolingian Empire Black

Holy Roman Empire Sea
Caspian
England Medieval Period Sea
England
Persian
5th – 15th century Gulf

Gulf of Mediterranean
Mexico Sea East
China
Egypt
Sea
Caribbean Sea

Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

1300-1922

Ottoman
Empire

Elizabeth Age (England) Black

Stuart Rule (England) Sea
Caspian
Hanoverian Rule (England) Sea
Persian
16th – 19th century Gulf Yuan Dynasty
13th – 14th century
Gulf of Mediterranean
Mexico Sea East Ming Dynasty
China
Egypt
Sea 14th – 17th century

Caribbean Sea Qing Dynasty

17th – 19th century
Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)

Elizabeth Age (England) Black

Stuart Rule (England) Sea Russian Empire
Caspian
Hanoverian Rule (England) Sea 16th – 19th century
Viceroyalty of New Spain
16th – 19th century Persian
16th – 19th century Gulf Yuan Dynasty
13th – 14th century
Mediterranean
Sea East Ming Dynasty
China
Egypt
Sea 14th – 17th century
Gulf of Caribbean Sea
Mexico Qing Dynasty
17th – 19th century
Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)

Elizabeth Age (England) Black

Stuart Rule (England) Sea Russian Empire
Caspian
Hanoverian Rule (England) Sea 16th – 19th century
Viceroyalty of New Spain
16th – 19th century Persian
16th – 19th century Gulf Yuan Dynasty
13th – 14th century
Mediterranean
Sea East Ming Dynasty
China
Egypt
Sea 14th – 17th century
Gulf of Caribbean Sea
Mexico Qing Dynasty
17th – 19th century
Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
SILK ROAD
(13th
century \
Marco Polo)
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)

Elizabeth Age (England) Black

Stuart Rule (England) Sea Russian Empire
Caspian
Hanoverian Rule (England) Sea 16th – 19th century
Viceroyalty of New Spain
16th – 19th century Persian
16th – 19th century Gulf Yuan Dynasty
13th – 14th century
Mediterranean
Sea East Ming Dynasty
China
Egypt
Sea 14th – 17th century
Gulf of Caribbean Sea
Mexico Qing Dynasty
17th – 19th century
Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
SILK ROAD
(13th
century \
Marco Polo)

MARITIME
ROUTE
(15th
century \
Age of
Discovery)
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1685 - 1815)
ROMANTICISM (1800 - 1850)
Elizabeth Age (England) Black Victorian & Edwardian Period (1837 – 1910)
Stuart Rule (England) Sea American Civil War & Reconstruction
Caspian
Hanoverian Rule (England) Sea (1850 – 1900)
Viceroyalty of New Spain
16th – 19th century Persian
16th – 19th century Gulf Yuan Dynasty
13th – 14th century
Mediterranean
Sea East Ming Dynasty
China
Egypt
Sea 14th – 17th century
Gulf of Caribbean Sea
Mexico Qing Dynasty
17th – 19th century
Arabian
Sea
Pacific Ocean

Red
Sea
SILK ROAD
(13th
century \
Marco Polo)

MARITIME
ROUTE
(16th
century \
Age of
Discovery)
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1685 - 1815)
ROMANTICISM (1800 - 1850)
Victorian & Edwardian Period (1837 – 1910)
American Civil War & Reconstruction
INDUSTRIAL (1850 – 1900)
REVOLUTION :
The Age of
Mechanical 1760s
Production Great Britain
(The Steam Engine)
1807 Belgium
1760 – 1820 Late-1800s
1848 France
Russia, Hungary,
1870 Germany
The term INDUSTRIAL
Italy, Northern
Europe
REVOLUTION refers to the
process of change in Late-1800s
Ottoman Empire,
modern history from a
Portugal, Spain
farming and handicraft
economy to one
dominated by industry
and machine
manufacturing.
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)
INDUSTRIAL THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1685 - 1815)
REVOLUTION :
ROMANTICISM (1800 - 1850)
The Age of Science
and Mass Production Victorian & Edwardian Period (1837 – 1910)
(The Technology) American Civil War & Reconstruction
(1850 – 1900)
1870 – 1914

The INDUSTRIAL
Great Britain
REVOLUTION lasted from
the mid-19th century until
the early 20th century,
known as 2nd INDUSTRIAL Continental Europe
REVOLUTION, took place
in Britain, continental
Europe, North America,
and Japan. Later in the
20th century, it spread to North America
other parts of the world.

The AMERICAN
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
commonly referred to as
the 2nd INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION.
CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1685 - 1815)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION I (1760 - 1820)
ROMANTICISM (1800 - 1850)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II (1870 - 1914)
Victorian & Edwardian Period (1837 – 1910)
American Civil War & Reconstruction
(1850 – 1900)
WORLD WAR I (1914 - 1918)
CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1685 - 1815)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION I (1760 - 1820)
ROMANTICISM (1800 - 1850)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II (1870 - 1914)
Victorian & Edwardian Period (1837 – 1910)
American Civil War & Reconstruction
(1850 – 1900)
WORLD WAR I (1914 - 1918)
WORLD WAR II (1939 - 1945)
 CIVILISATION (3500BCE – 900CE)

GREEK & ROMAN PERIOD (700BCE – 1453CE)

Gothic Romanesque Byzantine (330–1453)
(800–1200) (800–1200) OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300-1922)
Renaissance Rococo AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 17th century)
(1400–1600) (1650-1790)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1685 - 1815)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION I (1760 - 1820)
ROMANTICISM (1800 - 1850)
Baroque INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II (1870 - 1914)
(1600–1830) Victorian & Edwardian Period (1837 – 1910)
Neoclassicism American Civil War & Reconstruction
(1730-1925) Art Nouveau (1890-1914) (1850 – 1900)
WORLD WAR I (1914 - 1918)
Modernism (1900-1950s)
WORLD WAR II (1939 - 1945)

Postmodernism (1950s-1990s)
LONDON
18th century

1760 – 1820
Industrial Revolution I
As the centre of government,
England's greatest port, and largest
manufacturing centre, London
contained almost every occupation
conceivable.
Merchants and traders, both supplying
the almost unlimited desire of
Londoners for overseas goods and its
equally voracious demand for more
locally produced items, dominated the
occupational structure of the City.
In addition, weavers and dyers,
spinners and cloth finishers were
commonplace.
Below the level of householders and
the middling sort, the largest single
occupational group was servants,
followed by a rag tag collection of
porters and building workers,
chairmen, street vendors and
washerwomen.
By 1715 London was time Britain’s
largest manufacturing centre, its
largest port, and the centre of
governance, the professions, trade,
and finance. A third of the
population was directly involved in
manufacturing, and the capital formed
the centre of many trades (perhaps
most notably the silk industries).
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Roberts looms
in a weaving
shed in 1835.
INVENTIONS
INVENTIONS

The improvement on Watt engine increased

efficiency by a factor of about five, saving
75% on coal costs.
The term INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION By the mid-18th century, Britain
refers to the process of change was the world’s leading

in modern history from a farming commercial nation, controlling a

and handicraft economy to one global trading empire with
dominated by industry and machine colonies in the North America,

manufacturing. Caribbean, and with major

military and political hegemony
The original Industrial in India and South-East Asia,

Revolution began in the Great through the activities of the

Britain with the British textiles East India Company.

business.
The development of trade was
Textiles were the leading among the major causes of the

industry at that time, with Industrial Revolution.

mechanised factories powered by a
central water wheel or steam During the Industrial Revolution

engine. factories were built to house

machines and workers.
The Roberts loom was a cast-iron
power loom introduced by Richard
Roberts in 1830, revolutionising
the production of both the
spinning and weaving industries.
While textile machinery was
developing, progress was being
made in other directions.
In 1760s, James Watt, a Scottish
mechanic, made major improvements
on the inefficient Newcomen steam
engine.
Watt was given a patent for his
steam engine in 1769.
The Watt engine was later
utilised in various types of
mills as well as distilleries and
waterworks.
1760 – 1820
Industrial Revolution I

The most important changes that

brought about the Industrial Revolution
were,

1\ the invention of machines to replace

the hand production methods

2\ the use of steam (& coal)

3\ the adoption of the factory system

4\ the making of iron

1870 – 1914
Industrial Revolution II

The most important changes that brought about the (2nd)

Industrial Revolution were,
1\ rapid standardisation and industrialisation

2\ widespread use of machinery in manufacturing

3\ steam power (automobile)

4\ built-out of railroads

5\ use of petroleum (plastic, automobile, fuel production)

6\ iron & steel production (weapon)

7\ electricity
 “It was a tremendous transformation
of people’s lives,” says Joshua B.
Freeman professor of history at
Queens College and author
of Behemoth: The Making of the
Factory and the Modern World.

It became far easier to get around

on trains, automobiles and bicycles.
At the same time, ideas and news
spread via newspapers, the radio and
telegraph. Life got a whole lot
faster.
LIFE OF THE COMMON
WORKERS

Young boys working in the coal

mines were often referred as
Breaker Boys.
Ewen Breaker in Pittston,
Pennsylvania, January 1911.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION :
The Age of Science and Mass Production
(The Technology)
1870 – 1914
The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION lasted from
the mid-19th century until the early
20th century, known as 2nd INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION, took place in Britain,
continental Europe, North America, and
Japan. Later in the 20th century, it
spread to other parts of the world.
The AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
commonly referred to as the 2nd
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
It was an era when industrial
growth created a class of wealthy
entrepreneurs and a comfortable
middle class supported by workers
who were made up by immigrants
and arrivals from America’s farms
and small towns. For many, the
shift from rural to factory life
was gruelling —especially for
children.
It became far easier to get
around on trains, automobiles and
bicycles. At the same time, ideas
and news spread via newspapers,
the radio and telegraph. Life got
a whole lot faster.
NEW YORK CITY
1870 – 1914
Manhattan’s City Hall
 Construction of the
Brooklyn Bridge began in
1869 and was open to
traffic by 1883

A Hot-dog Festival Took Place

in Greenwich Village
 Newspaper Row, 1905

Street of New York City, 1890

LONDON
1870 – 1914
PARIS
1870 – 1914