GENERAL WAVES

Wave
It is a disturbance in a medium .

Gamma rays X-ray Ultraviolet Visible

,
, ,

OR
light Infrared Microwaves Radio
waves
, ,
.

,
is
* It a mode
of transferring
another
energy from one
point to .
Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves

ÉÑ
'

Classification of waves
•
÷: '

:
1. Mechanical vs
Electromagnetic i. :÷:-. .

Enough
.

Iv
2. Transverse vs
longitudinal crest computes sion rarefaction
3.
Progressive vs
stationary Intent • Waves in which •
Waves in which
't
vibration direction
direction
of ofto vibration
Mechanical Electromagnetic to the
is
perpendicular is
parallel
waves
of direction
of
waves the direction
energy
energy transfer .

transfer .

• Waves which need • No need

of medium *
of source *
of
source

a medium to to travel .
•

Comprises of crests •
Comprises of
travel also travel
They can and troughs compressions and
.
•

Cannot travel in
• in vacuum .
•

Electromagnetic rarefactions .

water Soundwave
vacuum •

Electromagnetic spectrum ,
waves •

•
Sound ,
water waves
spectrum
Characteristics of waves 1 .

Displacement ( K)

"
The distance
of a
point on a wave
from its
mm
A #•
mean
position .

r →•

r >
2 .

Amplitude (a)
tls Maximum
displacement of a
point on a wave

A iii. , , , , , • from its mean

position .

Hmv
3. Time Period ( T )
"
Nm °
The time taken to produce one wave

°
The time taken for one wane to
pass a
point .

> > ÷ I >

dlm :
.

= -

E- 0 t -

- T
÷
,

Hm
- s
,,

•
4.
Frequency If )
Particles vibrate about The produced unit time
only no
of waves
per
°
.

their position the The passing point per unit time

of
-

mean on °
no .
waves a .

"
wave .
 in 20s Ld NX )
100 Waves were
produced D= 10cm
example
dy g.
:
.
v. =
e.

Frequency : ? N t -2cm
-

"
20s -
100 waves " = 100 V= NX 4=5,1
1s -

ye
To ← t t

v -
-

ft
N: no .

of waves in time t
f- -
I
t
t : time
t

if 14=1 so t=T hence

f- = 1

SI Unit : Hertz ( H2 ) T

5. Waves peed In
the distance travelled waveform
by a

per unit time .

t :-O
d
Ét;t
=
,

I
,
 Intensity of wave II )
Energy
' '

6. a
\ ,

I
1
'

Energy delivered per unit

'
area
per i ,
,

unit time .
'
Area
OR

Power per unit area .

I =
I 117=41174
• I A
,

I I 1-
I=¢¥p
I = E or
= I ✗ a

A- ✗ t A A '
" ' "
'
"
'
" '

IP constant )
'
'

•
:

{ Az } soiree
Intensity ✗
frequency content I ✗
1
✓
.

1 For electromagnetic radiation ) ra

'
•

Energy spread out

Intensity ( Amplitude ) all directions

equally
-
✗ in
'
I It
Ia,
✗ a
=

ai Amplitude
✓ ✗ 1-

distance
'

Intensity 1 I I a' square

✓
a ✗
1- ✗ a ✗
1- ax
,
I distance /
2
d
'
I } '
root
,

ay
✗ d d

Iidi = Izdi ,
aid , = azdz
 23 A sound wave consists of a series of moving pressure variations from the normal, constant air
pressure.

The graph shows these pressure variations for two waves at one instant in time.

pressure
variation wave 2 ✓

/ 10–2 Pa wave 1 KID

3.0

2.0

1.0

0 distance
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 /m
–1.0

–2.0

–3.0 '

I ✗ a
Wave 1 has an intensity of 1.6 × 10–6 W m–2.
Ratio method /
'
What is the intensity of wave 2? "
1. 6×10 - (2)
2
A 2.4 × 10–6 W m–2
I -
(3)
B 3.0 × 10–6 W m–2

C 3.6 × 10–6 W m–2 I = (1.6×106)×9

4
D 4.5 × 10–6 W m–2 b -2
I Wm
-

=
3.6×10
'

II. a

1212 -
I
1312 -

a-
a×÷
-

✗
94-1
=

2 in
intensity of wave

terms I.
of
¥ MJ/ 1983/12110.4

iii. = -7
-

-
.

1m

5m

d, = 1m A) IN 1 b) AAI
Ii = 1.0×10-5 Wm
-
z
D= d

a, =
70µm Iidi =
Izdi aid , =
azdz
11×10 5) (1) Iz / 55 170111 ) (5)
'
Az
-

=
=

dz =
5m Iz = 4.0×10-7 Wm-2 a, =

14µm .

Iz = ?

Az = ?
 7 . Phase 101
"
It is used to tell about the state PHASE ANGLE IS DETERMINED
"

of motion of a
point on a wave .
USING RATIO METHOD

to radian
"
degree
It is
represented in angles ? 180 -
Trad 1- 360°
360° -251rad t 01
am 90 1rad 360° ( in )
10 t
degree
-

^ ✗
B 13190 ) 2
T
@ •

µ
Go
•

° A
,
H t.it 10 = t
✗
21T ( in radians )
É É
•

# Ola TT T
. . >

I
• .

☐ G. O Ot 4 tls
101 11801 13601
•E E X 360° D= 360°

•
•

•
d 0 dy ✗

1=12701
0=0×1×217
F
r

Mm

0/0=0 0c= 160° Of = 270°

IOA 60°
=
0/1 180°
>
=
0/9=360 or 0°

0/13=900 E- - 240° 0/1-1=420 or 60°

Hm Phase
difference between two
points
•

T -
360° A
• •

¥? •
Dt -

DO C. DO
C *
:
:-.
•

Ot DO Dt 360°
⑦
, ta tls = ✗
← >

T
360 DO
-

At
.

@
similarly . . .

v
X -
360°
-

Nm Dd -

DOI
DOI 360°
Agl ✗
=
Hm At leading wave
phase difference between two waves

Ed T
T 360° DO 360

↳
lagging
- =

• ✗

@ @
wave Dt -

Ap
-
-
* *
. • • •
•

difference
0 where it is the time
.
. th
between birth
• .
corresponding points of
•
waves .

ki
v

Dt
-

Nm leading wave has its crest / troughs

than
produced earlier in time
Coherent waves : waves are said to the other .

be coherent
if they wave the
same
phase difference throughout .

"
For to coherent
waves be
they
-

"
must have the same
frequency
 Doppler 's Effect

frequency f
The change observed
f
in The = V
✗
the when the
of wave source
'
o v ± vs r

observer
moves relative to .
observed < "
actual
/ source

frequency speed of speed frequency

wave
of source

I >

✗ < • > ✗
"s
observer B observer A ✗ • . . .
>
.
• > ✗

lfo ) ( fol observer B observer A

{ source recedes } { source approaches }
fit to f
>
r

source Ifl
1
stationary ) fo = v
✗ t to = v
✗ t
v + vs v -

vs
observedfrequency is same as sources ( distance plus in ( distance minus in

recede ) )
frequency as source is
stationary .
so use +
approach so use -
 As the star moves
away ,

there is a red shift in

its color .
This is due to
the Doppler 's Effect .

o
Due to star moving away ,

the observed
frequency
is less than the actual .

•
As Red color has a lower

frequency hence the

light coming from

the star has a red
swift .

in it .

This also that

explains
•

the universe is
expanding .
 -

Approach lfo f) > Recede lfocf ) 2201340 vsl= 1801340+41

-

340 340

to = V
✗ f fo= V
✗ t Vs = 34m51
v vs ✓ + vs
-

180 340
3yo+vs×f
220 340
f
= =
✗

340 -

us
M J I 20 I 3 / P l l /d .
24

oI=I
A →

t
2A
°I⑦
P x 4 X 3
T
Alea

µ = suit
size Eff xt