“CRI 029/INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION “
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
(Institution based correction)
-The rehabilitation takes place inside the institution or
correction facilities.
- Refers to those persons housed in secure.
NON- INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION
(Community based correction)
-The rehabilitation takes place within the
community. That means the convicted person
will not be release from the jail.
● CORRECTION – is that branch of the
administration of criminal justice system
charged with the responsibility for the
custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of
the convicted offender.
- The supervision of persons arrested
for, convicted of, or sentenced for
criminal offenses.
- Study of jail/prison management &
administration as well rehabilitation
& reformation of criminals.
● PENOLOGY( PENAL SCIENCE) - from the
Greek words “Poine” which means
Punishment and “Logus” – course or study
of crime prevention, prison, reformatory
management and correction of criminals.
- Is the branch of criminology which deals with the
management and administration of inmates.
- The study of punishment for crime or of Criminal
offenders. It includes the study of control &
prevention of crime through punishment.
- The term derived from the Latin word “POENA” w/c
means “PAIN or SUFFERING “
-> PENITENTIARY SCIENCE- limited only to the study
of penalties dealing with deprivation of
liberty(withholding the freedom of a person)
-> PENAL MANAGEMENT - refers to the manner or
practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement jails/prison.
-> CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION – the study
and practice of a systematic management of jail or
prison & other institutions concerned w/ the custody,
treatment & rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
- We change the criminal to become a law abiding
citizen.
****After serving his sentence then he commit
another crime it is called RECIDIVIST
5 PILLARS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
*Law Enforcement
*Prosecution
*Court
*Correction- weakest Pillar
-Because of it’s failure to deter individual in
committing crimes as well as reformation of inmates.
*Community
● PUNISHMENT
- defined as the redress that the
state takes against an offending
member. It is inflicted by the group
incorporate capacity in one who is
regarded as a member of the same
group. It involves pain or suffering
produced by design and justified by
some value that the suffering is
assumed to have. It is a means of
social control, a device to cause
people to become cohesive and
induce conformity thus it is
necessary to restore moral
equilibrium and for grounds of
social utility.
Origin and History of Punishment
The oldest written penal law that stopped the ancient
practice of retribution of personal vengeance, and
punishment become the responsibility of the state.
This law is known as the “Code of Hammurabi”,
which King Hammurabi of Babylon promulgated. This
Code of Laws was compilation of the laws of the
Semitic tribes, and is written on stone. It instituted the
law of the talons, meaning that the State will meet out
punishment equally, “as an eye for an aye” or “a tooth
for a tooth”.
Punishment in Primitive Society The most common
punishment are death, physical torture, mutilation,
branding, public humiliation, fines, forfeiture of
property, banishment, and later on transportation and
imprisonment; but each of these punishment has had
forms. Thus, death has been accomplished by flaying,
crucifixion, beheading, impaling , drowning and
burning; physical torture are executed by flogging,
dismemberment, and starvation; public humiliation,
stocks, pillory, docking, stools, branding, and branks;
and later imprisonment by confinement in dungeons,
galleys, “hulks”, jails, house of corrections,
workhouses, and penitentiaries.
*(floating prison ships called hulks)abandoned
merchant ships or broken-down warships. Hulks were
unsanitary, rat infested, and unventilated, and the
keepers flogged the inmates to force them to work.
HISTORY OF PUNISHMENTIMPRISONMENT
● Ancient Greece – described stoning &
condemned to death, throwing them from
high cliff, binding them to stakes (similar to
crucifixion), & cursing them ritually. Dead
bodies of executed criminals regarded as
dishonoured & prevented from being buried.
Their bodies were left to scavengers and the
1
 elements, included civil penalties, such as
loss of the ability to transfer property, to vote,
and to marry.
● Ancient Athens - included “confiscation of
property, fines, and the destruction of the
condemned offenders’ house.” Public
denunciation, shaming, imprisonment, and
public display of the offender were also used.
● Ancient Israel -Punishment used by the
Hebrews mentioned in the Old Testament
included banishment, beating, beheading,
blinding, branding and burning, casting down
from a high place, crushing, confiscation of
property, crucifixion, cursing, cutting,
asunder, drowning, exile, exposure to wild
beast, fining, flaying, hanging, imprisonment,
mutilation, plucking of the hair, sawing
asunder, scourging with thorns, slavery,
slaying by spear of sword, use of the stocks,
stoning, strangulation, stripes, and
suffocation.
● Early Rome - The Twelve Tables, the first
written laws of Rome, were issued in 451 B.C.
Conviction of some offenses required
payment of compensation, but the most
frequent penalty was death. Among the
forms of capital punishment were burning
(for arson), throwing from a cliff (for perjury),
clubbing to death (for writing insulting songs
about a citizen), hanging (for stealing other’s
crops), and decapitation. For killing a close
relative, the offender is subjected to the
culleus, which consists of confining the
offender in a sack with an ape, a dog, and a
serpent and throwing the sack into the sea.
Vestal virgins who had violated their vows of
chastity were buried alive. Offenders who
went into exile lost their citizenship, freedom,
and immovable property.
Types of Capital Punishment
“Death” is the only thing that the offender really
“deserves”.
Garrote was used in Spain for hundreds of years, it is
an efficient means of execution by asphyxiation. In an
earlier version, the victim was tied to a stake and a
loop of rope was placed around his/her neck. A rod in
the loop was turned until the rope tightened, choking
the victim
Guillotine conceived in the late 1700’s this was one of
the first methods of execution created under the
assumption that capital punishment was intended to
end life rather than inflict pain.
Premature Burial this technique has been used by
governments throughout history to execute
condemned prisoners. Latest documented cases was
during the Nanking Massacre in 1937 when Japanese
troops buried Chinese civilians alive.
Hanged, Drawn, and Quartered used mainly in
England, it is widely considered to be one of the most
brutal forms of execution ever devised. First, the
victim is tied in a wooden frame and dragged to the
location of their execution (drawn). They were then
hung until nearly dead (hanged). Immediately after
being taken down their abdomen was opened and
their entrails were removed. As the victim watched
they were then burned before his or her eyes. This
punishment was only used on men for any convicted
woman would generally be burnt at the stake as a
matter of decency.
Electric Chair It is an execution method originating in
the United States in which the condemned person is
strapped to a specially built wooden chair and
electrocuted through electrodes placed on the head
and leg. This execution method has been used in the
United States and, for a period of several decades, in
the Philippines
Firing Squad It is sometimes called fusillading (from
the French fusil, rifle). This method is particularly
common in the military and in times of war. Execution
by shooting is a fairly old practice.
Types of Corporal Punishment
(Physical Torture)
Flogging - most common physical punishment
through the ages. The construction of flogging whips
varied greatly, from simple leather straps or willow
branches to heavy, complicated instruments designed
to inflict maximum pain. A traditional form of whip
was a cat-o-nine-tails, consisting of nine knotted
cords fastened to a wooden handle. The “cat” got its
name from the marks it left on the body, which were
like the scratches of a cat. One especially cruel form
of the whip, the Russian knout, was made of leather
strips fitted with fishhooks. When a prisoner is
whipped, the hooks would dig into the body, ripping
away a proverbial “pound of flesh” with each stroke.
The Brazen Bull- It was a hollow brass statue crafted
to resemble a real bull. Victims were placed inside,
usually with their tongues cut out first. The door was
shut, sealing them in. fires would then be lit around
the bull. As the victim succumbed to the searing heat
inside, he would thrash about and scream in agony.
Wheels - adapted to many torturous uses. The victim
would be tied to the wheel, and then swung across
some undesirable thing below – fire was always a
good choice, but dragging the victim’s flesh across
metal spikes also worked well.
Branding- A type of mutilation that was practiced in
Roman society. Criminals were branded with a mark
or letter signifying their crimes. Brands, which were
often placed on the forehead or another part of the
face, served to warn others of an offender’s criminal
history. French branded criminals on the shoulder
with the royal emblem.
2
Mutilation -used in ancient and medieval societies. In
ancient Rome offenders were mutilated according to
the law of retaliation, or lex talionis
Public Humiliation - included the stocks and the
pillory. Stocks held a prisoner in a sitting position,
with feet and hands locked in a frame. A prisoner in
the pillory was made to stand with his or her head and
hands locked in place. Both devices exposed the
prisoner to public scorn. While confined in place,
prisoners were frequently pelted with eggs and rotten
fruit. Sometimes they are whipped or branded.
Banishment, Exile or Transportation. In early
societies, this method sometimes took the place of
corporal and capital punishment. Exile was regarded
as akin to a death sentence, since the banished
person could no longer depend on his or her former
community for support and protection.
Redress ( Compensation ) of a wrong act
● Retaliation ( Personal Vengeance) – the
earliest remedy for wrong act to any one ( in
the primitive society ). The concept of
personal revenge by the victim’s family or
tribe against the family or tribe of the
offender, hence “ blood feuds” was accepted
in the early primitive societies.
● Fines and Punishment – Customs has
exerted effort and great force among
primitive societies. The acceptance of
vengeance in the form of payment ( cattle,
food, personal services, etc.) became
accepted as dictated by tribal traditions. As
tribal leaders, elders and later kings became
into power, they begun to exert their
authority on the negotiations. Wrongdoers
could choose to stay away from the
proceedings ( Trial by ordeal ) but if they
refuse to abide by law imposed, they will be
declared to be an outlaw.
ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
● Death Penalty – this was effected by burning,
boiling in oil, breaking at the wheel, drowning,
hanging, etc.
● Physical Torture – this was the so-called
corporal punishment, which was effected by
mutilation, maiming, whipping, etc.
● Social Degradation - the purpose of this was
to put the offender to shame or humiliation.
This was affected by branding, use of
ducking stool, stocks, pillory, etc
● Banishment – this the sending or putting
away of an offender which was carried out
either by a prohibition against coming into a
specified territory, or a prohibition against
going outside a specified territory, such as
an island to where the offender has been
removed. Also known as transportation.
● Community Service – like payment of fines,
this is commonly imposed to those simple
infractions of laws.
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
● Imprisonment – putting offenders in
a prison for the purpose of protecting
the public and at the same time
rehabilitating them by undergoing
institutional treatment programs.
● Parole – is defined as a procedure by
which prisoners are selected for
release on the basis of individual
response and progress within the
correctional institution and a service
by which they are provided with
necessary guidance as they serve the
remainder of their sentence in the free
community.
● Probation – it is a procedure under
which a defendant found guilty of a
crime is release by the court without
imprisonment subject to the condition
imposed by the court and subject to
the supervision of the probation
officer.
● Fine – an amount given as a
compensation for a criminal act.
● Destierro – the penalty of banishing a
person from the place where he
committed a crime, prohibiting him to
get near or enter the 25- kilometer
perimeter.
● Conditional Pardon – it is an
executive clemency to be exercised
by the president. It is a mercy given
but with conditions upon the release
of the grantee.
JUSTIFICATIONS OF PUNISHMENT
● Retribution – punishment of an offender was
carried out in the form of personal
vengeance. Since retaliatory acts result in
the infliction of greater injury, the retaliation
was later limited to the degree of injury
inflicted, giving rise to “An Eye for and Eye”
It literally means “paying back” the offender
for what he or she has done.(Revenge)
● Expiation or Atonement – this was in the
form of group vengeance, as distinguished
from retribution, where punishment is
exacted publicly for the purpose of
appeasing the social group. Punishing the
offender gives the community a sense of its
moral superiority, assurance that virtue is
regar5ded after all.
3
 ● Deterrence or Exemplarity – punishment
gives lesson to the offender by showing to
others what would happen to them if they
violate the law.
- Discouragement or prevention of
crimes
- It is future oriented that seeks to
prevent crimes from occurring.
- the State punishes the criminal to
set as a warning and dissuade
others from committing crimes
Two types of Deterrence
*Specific deterrence – individual being punished from
committing additional crimes. Example of this is
imposing punishment to offenders in order that they
may not repeat the same offense/crime again.
*General deterrence – occurs when the punishment
of an individual serves as an example to others who
might be thinking of committing a crime --- thereby
dissuading(advise/discouraging) them from their
planned course of action. For example giving harsh
punishment for offenders so that would be criminals
will not do it anymore.
● Protection – by placing offenders in prison
society is protected from the further criminal
depredation of criminals.
● Reformation – society’s interest can be best
served by helping the prisoner become a law-
abiding citizen and productive upon his
return to the community by requiring him to
undergo an intensive program of reformation.
- To change criminal lifestyle into law
-abiding ones
- It focuses on medical and
psychological treatments
Theories justifying imposition of Penalty
(Punishment)
Prevention Theory – the state must punish
the criminal to prevent or suppress the
danger to the state arising from the criminal
acts of the offender.
Self Defense Theory – the state has the right
to punish the criminal as a measure of self-
defense so as to protect society from the
threat and wrong inflicted(caused/to give by)
by the criminal.
Reformation theory – the object of
punishment is to correct and reform the
offenders.
Exemplary theory – the criminal is punished
to serve as an example to deter(discourage)
others from committing crimes.
Justice theory – the crime must be punished
by the state as an act of retributive justice, a
vindication of absolute right and moral law
violated by the criminal.
Exemptions from Punishment
Not everyone found violated penal laws will be
subjected to punishment. Under Article 12 of the
Revised Penal Code as amended, the following are
the enumerated circumstances which exempt a
person from criminal liability:
1. An imbecile or an insane person, unless the
insane person has acted during lucid(Clear
to it’s understanding)interval
2. A minor under 15 years of age
3. A minor over 15 years of age but under 18
unless he acted with discernment(Being able
to understand )
4. Any person who, while performing a lawful
act with due care, causes an injury by mere
accident without fault or intention of causing
it
5. Any person who acts under the compulsion
of an irresistible force. (Impossible to resist,
overpowering)
6. Any person who acts under the impulse of
uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater
injury
7. Any person who fails to perform an act
required by law, when prevented by some
lawful or insuperable cause.
There are also persons exempt from the operation of
our criminal law by virtue of the principles of public
international law. These persons are Sovereigns and
other Heads of States, Ambassadors, Ministers
plenipotentiary, Ministers resident and Charges d’
Affaires.
Constitutional provisions for the imposition of
Punishment
Section 1, Article III of the 1987 Constitution.
“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property
without DUE PROCESS OF LAW, nor shall be denied
the EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS”
Considering that by imposition of punishment, a
person may be deprived of life, liberty or property, the
Constitution requires the observance of two
Constitutional guarantees” 1). Due process of law;
and 2). Equal Protection of the laws.
“Constitutional Restrictions on Penalties”
The Constitutional directs that “excessive fines shall
not be imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment
inflicted”. (Sec. 21 Art. IV, 1973 Constitutions of the
Philippines).
4
“SCHOOLS OF PENOLOGY “ School of Thought in
Correction
● Classical School- believes that criminal
behavior is a matter of freewill and that
punishment is the most effective way to
deter(prevent from acting) criminal behavior.
- Explains crime as a Freewill
decision to make a criminal choice.
This choice is made by applying the
pain-pleasure principle: People act
in ways to maximize pleasure and
minimize pain.
- Beccaria, Rousseau , Montesquieu
& Voltaire maintained the Doctrine
of Psychological hedonism: That
individual calculates pleasures and
pains in advance of action &
regulates his conduct by results of
his calculations
Hedonistic Calculus formulated by Bentham,
a great reformer of criminal law who worked
out on precise mathematical laws for the
infliction of punishment.
**Father of Classical School -> Cesare Bonesana,
Marchese di Beccaria (On Crimes & Punishment)
Beccaria’s protest was directed against the following:
*Arbitrary penalties given by judges
*Uncertainty and obscurity of the laws
*Defects in criminal procedure in admission of
testimonies
*Secret accusations
*Torture
*Incrimination of witnesses
*Long pending cases
*Abuse of power by rich against the poor
● Neo-Classical School – arose at the time of
the French Revolution, maintained that while
the Classical Doctrine was correct in general,
it should be modified in certain details; since
children and lunatics cannot calculate
pleasures and pain, they should not be
regarded as criminals or be punished.
Neo Classical School - challenges the proposition
that man has absolute free will to choose between
good and evil and states that it is not absolute as
presumed to be because free will can be diminished
by pathology, mental disorders and other conditions
that may instigate personal responsibility
Significant contributions of Neo-Classical
School
*Exempting circumstances
*Reduction of punishment for partial
freedom of the will only partial punishment
*Punishment mitigating for lack of full
responsibility
*It represents the reaction against the
severity of the classical theory of equal
punishment irrespective of circumstances
- Jeremy Bentham believed that
Becarria’s unwavering
accountability of all offenders was
too harsh.
- Considered as physical & social
environment where the individual
was placed.
● Positive School (The Italian School)– denied
individual responsibility and reflected an
essentially non-punitive reaction to crime
and criminality. Since the criminal was held
to be not responsible for his acts, he was not
be punished.
- Believes that criminal behavior is
caused by biological and
psychological factors and that
should be addressed through
treatment.
- Considered anthropological or the
personality traits.
( The study of the physical traits of Criminal was
called Atavistic stigmata)
According to Cesare Lombroso there are three great
classes of criminals: 1) Born criminals (atavism); 2)
Insane Criminals (idiot, imbecile, dementia, paralysis,
etc.); and 3) Criminaloids (not born with physical
stigma.
Published in 1878 “The Theory of Imputability and
Denial of Freewill”, and Criminal Sociology in 1884.
Enrico Ferri contributed to emphasis on the social
factors: 1). Physical factors, including geographical
climate and temperature; 2). Anthropological,
including psychological; and 3). Social, including
economic and political factors as well as gender,
education and religion. According to him, crime can
be understood only as it is studied by scientific
methods. The criminal is not a free moral agent, but is
the product of circumstances. He traced roots of
criminal behaviour to psychological equivalents to
stigma called “moral anomalies”.
These are among the beliefs of Raffaele Garofalo
regarding natural crime and peculiarities of offender:
Peculiarities: particular characteristics that place
offenders at risk for criminal behaviour
Extreme criminals: execution for punishment
Impulsive criminals: Imprisonment for punishment
Professional criminals: Punishment is “elimination,
“either by life imprisonment or transportation to a
penal colony overseas
Endemic criminals: Controlled through changes in the
5
law
● Modern Criminology – the reason for
criminal conduct is not by choice but by
circumstances, personal defect & the notion
that the person is not completely responsible
for their actions.
- Adhere to reason, rationality &
scientific process as a means to
understand crime.
**Father of Modern Criminology -> Cesare Lombroso
● PRE-CLASSICAL THEORIES
Secular Theory of Punishment – the first person who
attempted to explain crime is Aristotle, an Athenian
philosopher. In his book entitled “Nicomedean Ethics”,
he discussed the philosophy of corrective justice.
According to him, punishment is a means of restoring
the balance between pleasure and pain, whereby the
loss suffered by the victim is compensated by the
suffering of the offender hence, restoring the balance
between the injured and the transgressor.
Judean-Christian Theory – this theory adhered that
punishment has a redemptive(relating to) purpose of
repelling sin advocated by the devil. This theory was
at its fullest development during the death of Christ in
30 A.D.
The Rise of Canonical Courts (Church’ Court) – in
history, a system of trial and punishment was
established in the 4th Century A.D. The rivalry existed
between church and state in trying offense. In the
early Christian era, the church forbade its adherence
to resort to state court and later in the medieval
period the power of state courts declined and the
power of Canonical court was mainly reformatory in
purpose.
Individualization of Punishment – the lawmakers and
judges had the practical task of making and
administering law not only in the light of such theories
of free will and responsibility, but also face to face
with the indignation of the community at a particular
offense.
Abuse of Judicial Individualization – the law gave
judges wide discretion to impose additional penalties
in view of the circumstances. This theory gave the
judges tyrannical power which led to abuses. Class
discrimination in the administration of justice arose.
● Modern Clinical School
It studies the criminal rather than the crime.
This school is interested primarily in the personality of
the criminal himself in order to determine the
conditioning circumstances that explain his
criminality
CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
The function of correction serves to rehabilitate and
neutralize the deviant behavior of adult criminals and
juvenile delinquents. This component of the criminal
justice system faces a three-side task in carrying out
the punishment imposed on the convicted offender by
the court, to deter, to inflict retribution, and
rehabilitate.
The components of the correction effectuate their
functions through different programs, probation,
commitment to an institution, and parole. Prisons are
a major stock in the moral order of the society. They
symbolize the ultimate instrument of punishment the
state can wage against those who renege on the
social contract. Besides death, imprisonment remains
society’s most ominous response to the social
disorder. Include among the purposes of a civilized
society are maintenance of law and order and control
of violence. To accomplish this purpose, deviant
individuals are isolated offenders to the colonies.
Lombroso, Beccaria and Betham – their efforts
changes the prison system based on solitary
confinement and hard labor so that by 1779 a
penitentiary act was passed that mandated the
establishment of prison system. Norfolk Prison at
Wymondham, England – after the Penitentiary Act of
1779 this prison was opened. National Penitentiary of
Milkbank – followed in 1821.
Pentonville National Penitentiary – opened in 1842.
Alexander Solshenitsyn – a political prisoner who
popularized banishment is the Gulag Archipelago in a
novel. Penal Code of Russia (1845) – punishes
offenders to hard labor of four years to life. Fortunate
prisoners sentenced to hard labor were destined to
the factories or construction of fortresses. Sentences
to labor in the mines were the unluckiest of the
destinations.
2 Distinct Benefits of Banishment
1. It allowed the transporting country
to colonize distant lands such as Australia,
Canada, Africa and all other far- flung
colonies.
2. It reduced number of criminals and
the concomitant reduction of criminality in
the country of origin.
Aside from banishment and hard labor offenders were
also sentenced to provide hard labor for public works
including the building of military fortifications and as
a result of these developments, Spaniards also built
fortifications in the Philippines and that includes Fort
Santiago in Manila and Fort Del Pilar in Zamboanga.
*Maine State Prison – underground facilities to
incarcerate offenders contained cells in the pits
similar to the underground cistern of long ago Rome
that were used to detain offenders undergoing trial in
some cases and to hold sentenced offenders where
6
they will be starved to death. These pits were entered
through an iron gate in the ceiling during late 1828.
* Connecticut State Prison – used a copper mine at
Simsbury from 1773 to 1827 as prison facilities
wherein prisoners worked in the mines during the day
and then their ankles and necks were shackled during
nighttime to prevent escape.
*Sing Sing Prisons – became famous or rather
infamous all over the world and was plot of many
movies filmed because of the Sing sing bath which
was inflicted aside from the floggings, denial of
reading materials and solitary confinement. The
shower bath was a gadget do constructed as to drop
a volume of water on the head of a locked naked
offender. The force of the icy cold water hitting the
head of the offenders caused so much pain and
extreme shock that prisoners immediately sank into
come due to the shock and hypothermia or sudden
drop of the body temperature. 1847 – Flogging was
declared illegal.
*St. Michael Prisons – first established in 1704
during the reign of Pope Clement XI at the Hospital of
St. Michael was a prototype of the reformatories for
juvenile offenders. This is the seed of Auburn Prison
System of the United States wherein rehabilitative
concept and pioneered segregation of prisoners and
force silence to make prisoners contemplate their
wrongdoings.
Early Prisons
Mamertime Prison – an early place of confinement in
Rome in 64 BC using primitive dungeons built under
the main sewer.
Sanctuary – Asylum that placed the wrongdoer in
seclusion or arrest in cities followed by Christian
Church.
Since the time of Constantine, placing the wrongdoer
in seclusion to create an atmosphere conducive to
penitence is common. This form of imprisonment
was modified into more formalized places of
punishment within the walls of monasteries and
abbeys.
Early Cellular Prison
Maison de Force – A Belgian workhouse for beggars
and miscreants, designed to make profit by an
enforced pattern of hard work with both discipline and
silence. An important rule: “If a man will not work
neither let him eat”.
Hospice of San Michele – A correction facility
designed for incorrigible boys and youth, and included
silence, large work areas, and separate sleeping cells.
Both expiation and reform were intended goals.
Wallnut Street Jail – Originally constructed as a
detention jail in Philadelphia created by the Quakers, it
was converted into a state prison and became the
first American Penitentiary.
Early Workhouses
Bridewell – a workhouse created for the employment
and housing of London’s “riffraff” in 1557 and was
based on the work ethic that followed the breakup of
feudalism and increased immigration of rural
populations to urban areas.
Workhouses was so successful that by 1576,
Parliament required the construction of a Bridewell in
every country in England. The same unsettled social
conditions prevailed in Holland, and the Dutch began
building workhouses in 1596 that were soon to be
copied all over the Europe.
**3 Institutions Built in the State of Pennsylvania
1. The Walnut Street Jail (1790)**
Originally constructed as a detention jail in
Philadelphia, it was converted into a state
prison and became the first American
Penitentiary. It began the penitentiary system
in the United States when legislation was
passed establishing the principle of solitary
confinement, strict discipline, productive
work and segregation of the more dangerous
offenders. **2. The Western Penitentiary
(1826)
2. The Eastern Penitentiary (1830)**
Jail Penitentiary Concept
The term penitentiary came from the Latin word
“Paenitentia” meaning penitence, and was coined by
an English prison reformer, John Howard. It referred
to a place where crime and sin may be stoned for and
penitence produced.
Two Rival Prison Systems in the Early History of
imprisonment
a. Auburn Prison – among its features were the
confinement of the prisoners in a single cells at night
and congregate work in shops during the day.
Complete silence was enforced.
b. Pennsylvania Prison – it features consisted in
solitary confinement of the prisoners in their own
cells day and night, where they lived, slept, received
religious instructions and read and the bible, and
given the work. Silence was also enforced.
“Sentenced to Solitary Confinement at Hard Labor”
The Reformatory Movement This consisted in the
introduction of certain reforms in correctional field by
certain persons, gradually changing the old punitive
philosophy of punishment (Mass treatment, enforced
silence, idleness, regimented rules and severe
punishment) to a more humane treatment of
prisoners with innovative institutional programs.
AUBURN AND PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEMS
Auburn Prison System
Established in 1819, and the main feature of this
prison system is the confinement of the prisoners in a
single cell at night and congregate work in shops
during the day.
7
A prison model consisting of small individual cells,
large work area for group labor, and enforced silence.
Later innovations at Auburn were the lockstep
(marching in single file, placing the right hand on the
shoulder of the man ahead, and facing toward the
guard), the striped suit, two-foot extensions of the
walls between cells, and special seating
arrangements at meals—all designed to insure strict
silence. The Auburn and Pennsylvania systems were
both based on a belief that criminal habits were
learned from and reinforced by other criminals.
Pennsylvania Prison System
Established in 1829 and this prison system requires
solitary confinement of the prisoners in their own
cells day and night, where they lived, slept, received
religious instructions and read the bible, and were
given work.
An early prison system requiring inmate’s silence,
individual cells, and inmate labor in those cells.
Although this prison system aroused great
international interest, it was adopted by only two other
states, the New Jersey and Rhode Island, but later on
abandoned the system. In contrast, many European
countries wholeheartedly adopted the Pennsylvania
model.
William Penn- the founder of Pennsylvania and a
system of justice that required compensation of
victims and repentance to restore the offender to
God’s grace. Penn is also the leader of the Quakers
who brought the concept of more humanitarian
treatment of offenders to America, but lase in Italy
and England through its influence on such advocates
as Beccaria and Howard.
Notes:
The Great Law – Body of laws of the
Quakers that saw hard labor as a more effective
punishment that death penalty for crimes and one
that demanded compensation to victims. Compared
with the other harsh colonial codes in force at that
time, the Great Laws of Quakers was quite humane.
This body of laws envisioned hard labor as a more
effective punishment that death for serious crimes,
and capital punishment was eliminated from the
original codes.
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
The 18th Century is a century of change. It is
the period of recognizing human dignity. It is the
movement of reformation, the period of introduction
of certain reforms in the correctional field by certain
people, gradually changing the old positive philosophy
of punishment to a more humane treatment of
prisoners with innovative programs.
The Pioneers:
1. William Penn (1614-1718)
He fought for religious freedom and individual rights.
He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as
correctional treatment for major offenders.
He is also responsible for the abolition of death
penalty and torture as a form of punishment.
2. Charles Montesiquieu (Charles Louis
Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de
Montesiquieu)
(1689- 1755) A French historian and philosopher who
analyzed law as an expression of justice. He believes
that harsh punishment would undermine morality and
that appealing to moral sentiments as a better means
of preventing crime.
3. VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet)
(1694- 1778) He was the most versatile of all
philosophers during this period. He believes that fear
of shame was a deterrent to crime. He fought the
legality-sanctioned practice of torture.
4. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
The greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal
law. He believes that whatever punishment designed
to negate whatever pleasure or gain the criminal
derives from crime, the crime rate would go down.
Bentham was the one who devised the ultimate
PANOPTICAN PRISON – a prison that consists of a
large circular building containing multi cells around
the periphery. It was never built.
5. John Howard (1726 – 1790)
The sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who devoted his
life and fortune to prison reform. After his findings on
English Prisons, he recommended the following:
single cells for sleeping – segregation of women –
segregation of youth – provision of sanitation
facilities – abolition of the fee system by which jailers
obtained money from prisoners.
In England, Alexander Maconochie, superintendent of
penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia, introduced
a progressive humane system to substitute for
corporal punishment – the Mark System. When a
prisoner earned a required number of marks, he was
given his ticket of leave, which is the equivalent of
parole. Maconochie introduced several other
progressive measures, which aimed at rehabilitating
prisoners. He introduced fair disciplinary trials, built
churches, distributed books, allowed plays to be
staged, and permitted prisoners to tend small gardens.
For his progressive administration of prisoners,
Maconochie should be considered one of the fathers
of modern penology. Maconochie is considered the
“Father of the Parole System”.
One of the most famous contributors to the
reformatory movement was Sir Walter Crofton,
Chairman of the Directors of Irish prisons. In 1856,
Crofton introduced the Irish System, similar to that of
Maconochie’s Mark System, latter on called the
progressive stage system.
8
The first stage of the Irish system was solitary
confinement for nine months at a certain prison. The
prisoners at this stage were given reduced diet and
allowed monotonous work. The prisoners progress to
a more interesting work, some education, and better
treatment toward the end of the first stage.
In 1876, the New York State Reformatory at Elmira
opened with Zebulon Reed Brockway as
superintendent. Brockway introduced in Elmira a new
institutional program for boys from 16 to 30 years of
age.
The Elmira system was based on the indeterminate
sentence and parole. Elmira had all the elements of
the modern correctional system, so that this
institution is often referred to as the forerunner of
modern penology.
Jail Defined
This are institutions for the confinement of
persons who are awaiting final disposition of their
criminal cases and also the service of those convicted
and punished with shorter sentences, usually up to
three (3) years
Origin of Jail
When the first crude system of community
organization began to emerge in the Stone Age, a
small cave was undoubtedly designated as a holding
cell for the detention of those who violated the tribal
code until the elders could gather at the side of some
nearby mountain to decide upon punishment. But
when punishment had been determined, a restraining
boulder was rolled aside from the mouth of the cave,
the guilty were brought and punishment promptly
meted, until about 200 years ago, the jail was used
exclusively for the detention of the accused pending
trial and imposition of punishment. The punishment
imposed were torture, banishment, exile, death,
branding, Mutilation, but never imprisonment
The jail Is said to have originated in Medieval England.
When Henry II ordered that the sheriff in each of the
institutions spread through England in 1166 originally
conceived as a place for detaining suspected
offenders until they could be tried, jails eventually
came to serve the dual purposes of detention and
punishment.
Jail Structure
First-Generation Jails. Jails were built in a
linear design that dates back to the 18 century. In this
type of jail, inmates live in multiple-occupancy cells or
dormitories. The cells line corridors that are arranged
like spokes. Inmate supervision is sporadic or
intermittent; staff must patrol the corridors to observe
inmates in their cells. Contact between jailers and
inmates is minimal unless there is an incident to
which jailers must react.
Second-Generation Jails. This emerged in the 1960’s
to replace old, rundown linear jails and provide
officers the opportunity to observe as much of the
housing area as possible from a single vantage point.
In this type, the staff remain in a secure control booth
overlooking inmate housing areas called pods.
Surveillance is remote and verbal interaction with
inmates is even less frequent than in first-generations
jails. Property destruction is minimized because steel
and cement continue to define the living areas.
Third-Generation Jails. Also known as direct-
supervision jails, emerged in the 1970s. The housing
unit design of such jails is podular. Inmates’ cells are
arranged around a common area, or day-room. There
is no secure control booth for the supervising officer,
and there are no physical barriers between the officer
and the inmates. The officer may have a desk or table
for paperwork, but it is in the open day-room area. In
this jail, the inmate style is direct supervision. An
officer is stationed in the pod with the inmates. The
officers move about the pod and interact with the
inmates to manage their behavior. The pods contain
sleeping areas, dayroom space, all necessary
personal hygiene fixtures, and sufficient tables and
seats to accommodate unit capacity.
Types of Jails – the modern jail system falls into
three general classes:
The lock-up – This is a security facility, usually
operated by the police department, for the temporary
detention of persons for preliminary hearing. Usually
the period of detention does not exceed 48 hours.
Persons who must be held longer are transferred to
the city or provincial jails.
The Ordinary Jail - In most instances this institution
houses both offenders awaiting court action and
those serving short sentences, usually up to three
years. Frequently, it is the only facility available for the
detention of the juvenile offender and for the care of
the non-criminal insane pending commitment to the
state psychopathic hospital.
The Workhouse, Jail-Farm or Camp – These
institutions house minimum custody offenders
serving short sentences, usually not more than three
years. Like the ordinary jail, they may be operated by
the city police department or by the provincial jail
administration.
Types of Jail based on inmate population
Type A – with population of 100 inmates or more
Type B – with population of 21 – 90 inmates
Type C – with population of 20 inmates or less
Types of Jail based on its Jurisdiction
9
  Municipal Jail – this jail is under the
supervision of the BJMP. Inmates or
prisoners here are those sentenced to a term
of one to six months.
 City Jail – this jail is also under the
supervision of the BJMP. Inmates or
prisoners here are those sentenced to a term
of one day to three years.
 District Jail – a cluster of small jails, each
having a monthly average population of ten
or less inmates, and is located in the vicinity
of the court.
 Provincial Jail – this jail is under the Office
of the Governor. It is a facility for those who
are sentenced to a prison term of six
months and one day to three years.
1870 – National Prison Association (now the
American Correctional Association) held its first
national congress in Cincinatti, Ohio/. Leading
practitioners in the field of corrections and prison
reformers from across the land came to this congress
fully prepared to present their expert views on how to
best approach and humanize the handling of people
sentenced to suffer imprisonment.
1876 – Young female prisoners began to be admitted
to the Houses of Refuge wherein they underwent
similar regimen to that of the boys but limited to
sewing, cleaning, washing, ironing, cooking and many
other activities peculiarly done by women.
1878 – State of Massachusetts passed the First
Probation Law.
1899 – first juvenile court was established in Cook
Country, Illinois.
1925 – 48 states had juvenile courts and some of
these states also have probation services catering
solely to juvenile offenders.
Japanese Correctional Development Kangokusoku
Prison Rules in 1872 – first law establishing a
modern criminal justice administration in Japan.
1908 – the present Prison Law and Prison Law
Enforcement Regulations in Japan were both enacted
and enforced when old prison regulations were
abolished.
1884 – Professionalization of Japanese Correction
Officers started when a training program for prison
officers was devised and implemented in Yokohama
Prison.
1890 – National Training Institute for Prison Officers
was established in Tokyo seeded by a Russian
penologist Dr. Kurt von Seebach.
1912 and 1914 – general pardons were promulgated
on two occasions of bereavement of the Imperial
Family members such as amnesty and commutation
to a total of 36,731 prisoners
. 1923 - community-based treatment system for
juvenile offenders was implemented, with the
promulgation of the Juvenile Law and Reformatory
Law.
May 1932 – the country was administratively divided
into three regions effect a more efficient productivity
management of prison industries, by August 1945, the
three regions were increased into eight and in July
1952, Regional Corrections Headquarters was
established in each of these regions to serve as
intermediate supervisory organ to closely supervise
and coordinate corrections work among the different
corrections institutions and facilities.
1933 – Ordinance for Prisoner Progressive Treatment
was promulgated which started the classification of
prisoners, a step towards the use of scientific
approach in coming up with treatment programs for
prisoners.
1939 – Judicial Rehabilitation Service Law was
enacted.
1947 – after the World War II, the Amnesty Law was
passed which defined two types of amnesty, general
and individual.
1947 – National Training Institute for Prison Officers
stopped operating.
1969 – Training institute for Correctional Personnel
was operational.
and extensive use of parole based on the
indeterminate sentence. This was the first penal
institution to remodel its penal philosophy away from
punitive and retributive practices and veered them
towards reformation and treatment. Educational and
vocational were imparted to the prisoner as a way to
treat his lack of life skills to survive according to the
rules of outside society.
*** Parole also started in Elmira Reformatory, after
12-month of good conduct prisoner, he was eligible
for parole. ( f )
* Sir Evelyn RugglesBrise – was the Director of
English Prisons who opened the Borstal
Institution after visiting Elmira Reformatory in 1897,
such as Borstal Institutions are today considered as
the best reform institutions for young offenders. This
system was based entirelty on the individualized
treatment. ( g )
**John Howard – known as the Father of
Penitentiary/ FATHER OF MODERN CORRECTIONS.
Sheriff from Bedfordshire, England who exercised the
traditional but neglected responsibility of visiting the
local prisons and institutions. He was shocked by
what he saw, especially when he learned that the
keepers were paid no regular salary but depended
upon extracting a living from the prisoners; secondly,
that large number of persons who had been
discharged by the grand jury or acquitted at their trials
were still detained owing to the fact that they had
been unable to pay their discharge fees. For every
10
prison inspected, he put into records important details phased out of use.
he observed, wrote and published a book that started **1916 – proposed Correctional Code was enacted
the interest of reformers in English society. Many of and introduced leniency for convicted prisoners.
his landmark recommendations were incorporated **1924 – Commonwealth Act No. 3203 established
into the Penitentiary Act of 1779 and adopted as the Reformatory for Boys and Girls.
standard procedure in the first modern prison **November 27, 1929 – Correctional Institution for
constructed in 1785 on Norfolk, England. It was not Women in Mandaluyong, Rizal was established by
until 1842 that Howard’s idea of penitentiary was authority of Act No. 3579
given recognition. ( h ) ** January 21, 1932 – Davao Penal Colony was
**Father Cook (1870) – he identified youthful established in accordance with Act No. 3732 and
offenders being tried in the courts and whose cases Proclamation 414 Series of 1931.
were committed by force of circumstance and not **1941 – prisoners from the Old Bilibid Prison was
due to criminal nature of the accused. After finding transferred to its present site in Muntinlupa and
that the offender was not a hardcore felon and can renamed the New Bilibid Prison which was later
still be reformed, Father Cook presented himself became the main Insular Prison.
before the court as adviser of the offender. ( i ) Under the Philippine Republic after World War II, two
**Edward N. Savage (1887) – Chief of Police in (2) more prisons were created to decongest the over-
Boston who was appointed as the first government crowded condition of the New Bilibid Prison. These
probation officer after the first Probation Law in are:
Massachusetts was passed in 1878 1. Sablayan Penal Colony in Mindoro
Occidental which was established on
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PENAL SYSTEM September 27, 1954;
IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte
The establishment of prisons in the Philippines was which was established on January 16, 1973.
formally started during the Spanish regime when
Spanish penal laws contained in royal decrees,
ordinances, rules and regulations were extended to
the country.
 1847 – the Old Bilibid Prison has been
operational, main insular penitentiary was
constructed and formally opened by a Royal
Decree in 1865.
**CARCEL Y PRESIDIO CORRECTIONAL was formed
erected at Mayhaligi St., in Sta. Cruz, Manila now the
present site of Manila City Jail. Insular prisoners were
subjected to all forms of punishment and many
prisoners died after few months of detention. 1869
–San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga
City which was named after the patron Saint of its
founder Ramon Blanco was established primarily to
confine political offenders. 1898 - San Ramon Prison
was closed during the Spanish-American War.
**American tried to correct the system by introducing
some techniques of handling offenders humanely.
November 16, 1904 – Iwahig Penal Colony in
Palawan was established with 16 prisoners sailed for
Palawan to start building the colony thereat on orders
of Governor Forbes, then the incumbent Secretary of
Commerce and Police.
**1904 - The San Ramon Prison was reopened. The
Reorganization Act of 1905 created the Bureau of
Prisons under the Department of Commerce and
Police, then transferred to the Department of Public
Instruction and finally placed under the Department of
Justice. The three (3) prisons and penal colonies, Old
Bilibid, San Ramon, and Iwahig were placed under the
Bureau of Prisons jurisdiction including the Corregidor
Stockade and the Bontoc Prison, which was later,

11
 PENALTY AND THE MODERN PERIOD OF
CORRECTION
Penalty – is defined as the suffering inflicted by the
State against an offending member for the
transgression of law.
Juridical Condition of Penalty
Punishment must be:
1. Productive of suffering – without however
affecting the integrity of the human personality.
2. Commensurate with the offense – different
crimes must be punished with different penalties ( Art,
RPC)
3. Personal – the guilty must be the one to punished,
no proxy.
4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance
with law.
5. Equal – equal for all person
6. Certain – no one must escape its effect.

12
7. Correctional – changes the attitude of offenders
and become law abiding citizens.
Duration of Penalties
1. Death Penalty – Capital punishment
2. Reclusion Perpetua – life imprisonment, a term of
20 – 40 years imprisonment
3. Reclusion Temporal – 12 years and 1 day to 20
years imprisonment
4. Prision Mayor – 6 years and 1 day to 12 years
5. Prision Correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6
years
6. Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1day to 6 months
7. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days
8. Bond to keep the peace – discretionary on the part
of the court
The Modern Period of Correction Modern Penal
Management incorporates general principles of
treating offenders that are based on humane
practices such as the following:
1 Jail or Prison rules shall be applied
impartially without Discrimination on ground
of race, color, language, religion or other
opinion, national or social origin, property,
birth or other status.
2 The religious belief and moral precepts not
contrary to law, which the prisoner holds
must be respected. 3. Prison or Jail rules
and regulations shall be applied with
firmness but tempered with understanding. 4.
Custodial force shall, at all times, conduct
themselves as a good examples
3 Abuse or indecent language to prisoners
shall not be used.
4 Special care towards inmates shall be
practiced preventing humiliation or
degredation. 7. No use of force must be
made by any of the custodial force, except in
self defense or attempt to escape or incase
of passive physical resistance to a lawful
order.
5 Custodial force shall bear in mind that
prisoner are sick people who need treatment.
JAILS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS FOR DETENTION
MISSION STATEMENT
The BJMP ensure public safety by providing quality
jail management services in all district, city and
municipal jails through efficient and humane
mechanism for the safekeeping and development of
inmates.
VISION
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
envisions a dynamic and responsive institution, which
upholds professional jail services to promote public
safety.
OBJECTIVES: The broad objectives of the Bureau are
the following:
1. To improve the living conditions of
inmates in accordance with the accepted
standards set by the United Nations;
2. To enhance the rehabilitation and
reformation of inmates in preparation for
their eventual reintegration into the
mainstream of society upon their release;
and
3. To professionalize jail services.
POWERS: The Bureau shall exercise supervision and
control over all district, city and municipal jail to
ensure ‘ a secured, clean, sanitary and adequately
equipped jail for the custody and safekeeping of city
and municipal prisoners, any fugitive from justice or
persons detained awaiting investigation or trial and/or
transfer to national penitentiary, and any violent,
mentally-ill person who endangers himself or safety
of others.
FUNCTIONS: In line with its mission, the Bureau
endeavors to perform the following:
a) Formulate policies and guidelines on the
administration of all district, city and municipal jails
nationwide;
b) Formulate and implement policies for the
programs of correction, rehabilitation and treatment
of inmates;
c) Plan and program funds for the subsistence
allowance of inmates; and
d) Conduct researches, develop and implement plans
and programs for the improvement of jail services
throughout the country.
Principles of the BJMP:
1. It is the obligation of the jail
authorities to confine offenders safely and
provide rehabilitative programs that will
negate criminal tendencies and restore their
positive values to make them productive and
law abiding citizens.
2. No procedure or system of
correction shall deprive any offender of hope
for his ultimate return to the fold of the law
and full membership in society.
3. Unless provided otherwise, any
person accused of a criminal offense shall
be presumed innocent and his rights, as a
free citizen shall be restricted, except for
such indispensable restraints during his
confinement in the interest of justice and
public safety.
4. Offenders are human being entitled
to the same basic rights and privileges
enjoyed by citizens in a free society, except
that the exercise of these rights are limited
or controlled for security reasons.
5. Health preservation and prompt
13
 treatment of illness or injury is a basic right
of every person confined in jail and it is the
duty of jail facilities to arrange for their
treatment subject to the security measures.
6. Members of the custodial force
shall set themselves as examples by
performing their duties in accordance with
the rules and respect the laws duly
constituted autorities.
7. No jail personnel shall be abusive,
insulting, indecent languages on the
offenders.
8. No jail personnel shall use
unnecessary force on offenders except for
legitimate self-defense or in cases of
attempted active and passive physical
resistance to a lawful order.
9. No penalty shall be imposed upon
any offender for violation of
rules/regulations unless in accordance in
duly approved disciplinary procedures.
10. Penalties to be imposed shall not
be cruel, inhuman, or degrading, and no
physical punishment shall be employed as a
correctional measure.
11. Members of the custodial force
must be understand that the offenders need
treatment and counseling and the primary
purpose of the confinement is for
safekeeping and rehabilitation.
12. When conducting routinely
custodial guarding, the ratio of 1:7, or one
guard for every 7 offenders shall be
observed.
13. When the offender is in transit, the
ratio 1:1+1 for every offender shall be
observed. In case of high risk offender that
demands extra precaution additional guards
shall be employed. This manning level shall
be national in
scope for effective jail administration.
ORGANIZATION AND KEY POSITIONS,
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISTRICT, CITY AND
MUNICIPAL JAILS:
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, also
referred to as the jail Bureau, was created pursuant to
Section 60, RA 6975, and initially consisting of
uniformed officers and members of the Jail
Management and Penology Service as constituted
under Presidential decree 765. The Bureau shall be
headed by a Chief with the rank of Director, and
assisted by a Deputy Chief with the rank of Chief
Superintendent.
The Central Office is the Command and Staff HQ of
the Jail Bureau composed of 3 Command Groups, 6
Coordinating Staff Divisions, 6 Special Staff Groups
and 6 Personal Staff Groups namely:
1. Command Group - Chief BJMP - Deputy
C/BJMP - Chief of Staff
2. Coordinating Staff Group
• Administrative Division
• Operation Division
• Logistic Division
• Finance Management Division
• Research Plans and Program
Division
• Inspection and Investigation
Division
3. Special Staff Groups
• General Service Unit
• Health Services Unit
• Chaplain Services Unit
• Community Services Unit
• Finance Services Unit
• Hearing Office
4. Personal Staff Groups
● Aide-de-Camp
● Intelligence Office
● Public Information Office
● Legal Office
● Adjudication Office
● Internal Audit
Regional Office: At the Regional Level, each Region
shall have a designated Assistant regional Director for
Jail Management and Penology.
Provincial Level: In the Provincial Level, there shall be
designated a Provincial Jail Administrator to perform
the same functions as the ARDs province wide.
District Office: In the District Level, where there are
large cities and Municipalities, a district jail with
subordinate jails, headed by a Warden may be
established as necessary.
City and Municipal Office: cleanliness and
beautification of jail compound.
Mittimus Computing Branch
● Tasked to receive court decisions
and compute the date of the full completion
of the service of sentence of inmates.
● Mittimus – Is a warrant issued by
the court directing the jail or prison
authorities to receive the convicted offender
for service of sentence imposed or for
detention.
D. SECURITY GROUPS:
- The security groups provides a system of sound
custody, security and control of inmates and their
movements and also responsible to enforce prison or
jail discipline.
1. Escort Platoon
a. Escort Section – to escort the inmate upon
order of any judicial body; upon the summon
of a court; or transfer to other penal
institutions.
14
 b. Subpoena Section – receives and distribute
court summons, notices, subpoenas, etc.
2.Security Platoon – a three 3 working platoon shifts
responsible for over all security of the jail compound
including gates, guard post and towers. They are also
responsible for the admitting and releasing unit.
E. REHABILITATION PURPOSES GROUPS:
- This group provides services and assistance to
prisoners and their families to enable them to solve
their individual needs and problems arising from the
prisoner’s confinement.
1. Medical and Health Service Branch - Provides
medical and physical examinations of inmates upon
confinement, treatment of sick inmates and conduct
medical and physical examinations and provide
medicines or recommends for hospitalization of
seriously ill prisoners or inmates. It also conducts
psychiatric or psychological examinations.
2. Work and Education Therapy Services - It charge of
the job and educational programs needed for
rehabilitation of inmates by providing them job
incentives so they can earn and provide support for
their families while in jail.
3. Socio- Cultural Services - It takes care of the social
case work study of the individual prisoners by making
interviews, home visits, referral to community
resources, free legal services, and laison works for
the inmates.
4. Chaplaincy Services - It takes charge for the
religious and moral upliftment of the inmates through
religious services. These branch caters to all religious
sects.
5. Guidance and Counseling Services - Responsible
for the individual and group counseling activities to
help inmates solve their individual problems to help
them lead a wholesome and constructive life.
THE RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER (RDC)
This is a special unit of prison ( Camp Sampaguita -
Medium Security Prisoners) where new prisoners
undergo diagnostic examination, study and
observation for the purpose of determining the
programs of treatment and training best suited to
their needs and the institution to which they should be
transferred.
It is composed of the following staff members:
1. The Psychiatric – responsible in the
examination of the prisoner’s mental and
emotional make- up.
2. The psychologist – responsible to
conduct study on the character and behavior
of the prisoners.
3. The Sociologist – study the social
case situation of the individual prisoner.
4. The Educational Counselor –
conducts orientation classes to in order to
change inmates attitudes towards education
and recommends educational program for
the prisoners.
5. The Chaplain – encourage the
prisoner to participate in religious activities.
6. The Medical Officer – conducts
physical examination and recommends
medical treatment of the prisoners.
7. Custodial – Correctional Officer-
recommends the transfer and type of
custody of inmates.
THE QUARANTINE CELL OR UNIT
This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the
RDC where the prisoner is given through physical
examination including blood test, x-ray, vaccinations
and immunity. This is for the purpose of insuring the
prisoner is not suffering from any contagious disease,
which might be transferred to the prison population.
DEFINITION OF TERMS As used in the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Manual, the following
terms are defined:
a) Commitment Order – A written order of the
court or any other competent authority
consigning an offender to a jail or prison for
confinement.
b) Contraband – Any article, item, or thing
prohibited by law and/or forbidden by jail
rules.
c) Escape – an act of getting out unlawfully
from confinement or custody by an inmate.
d) Instrument of Restraint – A device,
contrivance, tool or instrument used to hold
back, keep in, check or control an inmate; ex
handcuffs, leg irons.
e) Jail – A place of confinement for inmates
under investigation, awaiting or undergoing
trial, or serving sentence.
f) Mittimus – A warrant issued by a court
bearing its seal and signature of the judge,
directing the jail or prison authorities to
receive inmates for custody or service of
sentence imposed therein.
g) Penology – A branch of criminology, which
deals with management and administration
of inmates.
h) Rehabilitation – A program of activity
directed to restore an inmate’s self-respect
thereby making a law-abiding citizen after
serving his sentence.
i) Safekeeping – The temporary custody of a
person for his own protection, safety or care;
and/or his security from harm, in jury or
danger for the liability he has committed.
j) Inmate - Either a prisoner or detainee
confined in jail.
k) Detainee – A person accused before a court
or competent authority who temporarily
15
 confined in jail while undergoing
investigation, awaiting final judgment.
l) Prisoner – An inmate who is convicted by
final judgment and classified as insular,
provincial, city or municipal prisoner.
m) Instrument of restraint - An instrument used
to hold back, keep in, check or control an
offender.
n) Classification – refers to the assigning or
grouping of inmates according to their
sentence, gender, age, nationality, health,
criminal record and others.
Composition of Jail Classification Board
1. Assistant Warden – Chairman
2. Security Officer – Member
3. Medical Officer
4. Jail Chaplain
5. Social Worker
The classification board shall be tasked with the
gathering of information and other data of every
inmate into a case study to determine the work
assignment, type of supervision and degree of
custody and restrictions.
The disciplinary board is tasked to investigate the
facts of the alleged misconduct referred by the
warden.
The board is authorized to impose any of the
following disciplinary punishment :
a. Reprimand
b. Temporary or permanent cancellation of some or
all recreational privileges.
**Maximum Security Prisoners
● The group of prisoners whose escape could
be dangerous to the public or the security of
the state.
● It consist of the constant troublemakers but
not as dangerous as the super maximum-
security prisoners. Their movements are
restricted and they are not allowed to work
outside the institution but rather assigned to
industrial shops with in the prison compound.
● They are confined at the Maximum Security
Prison ( NBP Main Building ), they wear
orange color of uniform.
● Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve
sentence 20 years or more, or those whose
sentenced are under the review of the
Supreme Court, and offender who are fellow
offenders or staff members. (high degree of
control and supervision, those sentenced to
death, or those whose minimum sentence is
twenty (20) years imprisonment.)
**Medium Security Prisoners
● Those who cannot be trusted in open
conditions and pose lesser danger than
maximum- security prisoners in case they
escape.
● It consist of groups of prisoners who may be
allowed to work outside the fence or walls of
the penal institution under guards or with
escorts.
● They occupy the medium security prisoner
(camp Sampaguita) and they wear blue
color of uniform. Generally, they are
employed as agricultural workers.
● It includes prisoners whose minimum
sentence is less than 20 years and life-
sentence prisoners who served at least 10
years inside a maximum security prison.
**Minimum Security Prisoners
● A group of prisoners who can be reasonably
trusted to serve sentence under open
condition. - This groups includes prisoners
who can be trusted to report to their work
assignment without the presence of guard.
● They occupy the minimum security prison
(Camp Bukang Liwayway) and wear brown
color uniforms.
● minimum security institution, the purpose of
fencing the surrounding is: to keep away the
civilian entering the institution
CLASSIFICATION OF DETAINEES – The three (3)
types of detainees are those a) Undergoing
investigation; b) Awaiting or undergoing trial ; and c)
Awaiting final judgment.
RECEPTION PROCEDURES
The following procedures should be observed:
a. The Jail Desk Officer shall carefully check
the credentials of the person bringing in the
inmate to determine his identity and
authority.
b. He shall examine carefully the arrest report
and the authenticity of the commitment
order or Mittimus in due form to determine
whether the inmate has been committed
under legal authority as provided for by
Section 3 Rule XIII, Rules of Court.
c. The admitting officer or jailer shall search
carefully the inmate for weapons and other
contraband.
d. The admitting officer or jailer shall take all
cash and other personal property from the
inmate or detainee. Properly receipt the
property of inmates in duplicate.
e. All cash and valuables of inmate must be
turned over to Property Custodian or Trust
Officer for safekeeping.
f. The inmate shall then be fingerprinted and
his photograph taken.
16
g. The admitting officer or jailer shall
accomplish a jail booking report in four (4)
copies.
h. The newly admitted inmate shall be
thoroughly strip search followed by a careful
examination of his clothing for contraband.
He shall be checked for body vermin, cuts,
bruises and other injuries.
i. The Jail Physician or the Local Health
Officer shall immediately conduct a thorough
medical examination of the inmate.
j. When it is not possible for the Jail Physician
to be in attendance during the admission of
the inmate, the receiving officer shall
observe the mental alertness, overall
appearance and physical abnormalities or
appearance of rashes or other identifying
marks of the individual and note them in the
inmate’s booking report.
k. A medical record shall be accomplished by
the jail physician or Local Health Officer
showing the condition of the inmate at the
time of admission, and, to include, if possible,
his medical history.
l. A social case study shall be made by a social
worker as a basis for the inmate’s
classification and proper segregation.
m. The sentenced prisoner shall be provided
with clothing. The detainee, for his own
safety, may be allowed to wear civilian
clothes.
n. As soon as possible, the inmate should be
briefed or oriented on the jail rules and
regulations.
o. The Jail Warden shall establish and maintain
prison record of all inmates.
p. Upon completion of the reception
procedures, the inmate shall be assigned to
his quarters.
q. If available, the inmate should be issued all
the materials that he will be using during his
confinement.
r. Detainee is presumed innocent and shall be
treated as such. If possible, he shall be
segregated from convicted prisoners.
s. If the inmate agrees to abide by the same
disciplinary rules imposed upon convicted
prisoners, he shall be asked to manifest his
“Agreement” in writing.
t. Any violation, failure or neglect to perform
his assigned work shall be considered
sufficient cause for the cancellation of the
“Agreement” and shall not be treated as
sentenced prisoner and cease to earn the
privilege granted.
u. An inmate who is covered by a “Certification”
shall not be required to work but he may be
made to polish his cell or perform other work
as may be necessary for hygienic or sanitary
reasons.
v. The Warden shall submit the “Agreement” or
“Certification”, as the case may be, to the
proper court before the date set for the
arraignment of the detainee and same shall
form part of the records of the case.
w. Full time credit for the preventive
imprisonment shall commence from the
date of the “Agreement”.
MANNER OF RELEASING
a. Prisoner may be released by:
1) Service of Sentence;
2) Order of the Court;
3) Parole;
4) Pardon;
5)Amnesty;
a. Any lawful order of competent authority.
b. If feasible, an inmate shall be notified of his release
at least one week before the date of such discharge;
c. Before the inmate is released he shall be properly
identified to ensure that he is the same person
received and to be released. His marks and
fingerprints shall be verified with those taken when he
was received.
d. No inmate shall be released on a mere verbal order
or by telephone.
e. An inmate shall be released promptly and without
unreasonable delay.
f. Under proper receipt, all money earned and other
valuables held in trust when first admitted, shall be
returned to the inmate upon release.
g. The released inmate shall be issued a Certificate of
Discharge from jail by the Warden or Jailer.
CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL,
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFER OF PRISONERS AND
DETAINEES
CONCEPT: The overall concept of jail security
operations encompasses both prevention and
rehabilitation. These two efforts are inseparable as
neither can be accomplished without the other. Jail
security is necessary to safeguard the lives of people
residing within the vicinity, those managing the jails,
and inmates whose lives are to be rehabilitated to
become constructive members of the society.
DUTIES OF THE CUSTODIAL FORCE
Members of the custodial force shall have the
following duties and responsibilities:
a. Supervise and maintain order and discipline of
inmates in housing units, those assembled for
religious services, entertainment and athletics, during
meals, classes, work details, baths and visits;
b. Censor offender’s mail;
that no utensils are brought out of the dining room.
c. Forks, spoons and other kitchen utensils should be
checked and accounted for after every meal.
17
MAIL CENSORSHIP
Communication with relatives, friends and lawyers are
encouraged among inmates through correspondence.
However, this privilege will be extended to inmates
subject to following regulations:
a. Duly designated censor, a member of the custodial
force will maintain and record all incoming and
outgoing mails of inmates;
b. The inmate’s mail shall be opened and searched
only by qualified, trained and authorized jail personnel;
c. Letters containing currency, checks or money
should be marked with the amount enclosed and
deposited with the Trust Officer or Property Custodian.
d. All greeting cards should be carefully examined and
fillers of any kind found therein should be collected
for laboratory examination;
e. Photographs clearly within the scope of the jail
regulations should be marked on the reversed side
and placed in the envelop;
f. Prison slang, unusual nicknames and sentences
with double meaning should be carefully studied and
analyzed to determine the real meanings;
g. All letters containing statements concerning the
security or reputation of the jail, like attempts of
escape, smuggling of contraband and statement that
may affect the rules and regulations etc., shall be
forwarded to the Officer-in-Charge of mail censorship;
h. All letters passed by censors should bear the
stamp at the top of each page and on the envelope.
i. Contents of inmate’s mail should not be discussed
with other jail personnel, except for official purposes;
MOVEMENT/TRANSFER OF INMATES
a. Maximum security measures shall be observed at
all times in proving escort to non-bailable inmates
following the ration of one is to one plus one (1:1+1)
security.
b. Inmates in transit should always be handcuffed.
c. Regard all non-bailable inmates being transferred
as extremely dangerous to avoid being careless.
d. Always escort an inmate in going to a toilet or
washroom.
e. Escort personnel must have issued firearm and at
least one (1) basic load of ammunition.
f. Guards/escorts must follow the most direct route
from jail to court and back.
g. Escort should provide their own drinks to avoid
being drugged that would affect their sensorium.
h. High-risk inmates should have back-up vehicle and
personnel to preempt rescue and/or abduction.
i. A guard must be extra careful not to sit, stand or
walk next to an inmate while carrying a gun as it can
be easily grabbed from him.
j. Movement or transfer of inmates shall be treated
confidentially.
k. Transporting prisoners by hired vehicle should
proceed uninterrupted while passing along the
highway.
LEAVES FROM JAIL
Leaves from jail shall be allowed only on very
meritorious cases, like the following:
a. Death or serious illness of spouse, father, mother,
brother or sister, or children; and
b. Inmates who are seriously ill/injured may be given
leave for hospitalization or medical attendance under
proper escort.
REHABILITATION SERVICES
PURPOSE – To change inmates’ pattern of criminal
behavior and reform them into a law-abiding and
productive citizens through the implementation of
rehabilitation programs in jails.
TREATMENT PROGRAMS – The treatment of
inmates shall be focused on the provision of services
designed to encourage them to return to the fold of
justice and enhance their self-respect, dignity and
sense of responsibility as follows:
a. Provisions for basic needs of inmates;
b. Health services
c. Education and skills training;
d. Religious services, guidance and counseling
services;
e. Recreation, sports, and entertainment;
f. Work programs, such as livelihood projects;
g. Visitation services; and
h. Mail Services.
THE TREATMENT PROGRAMS
A. The institutionalized Treatment Programs
1. Prison Education – the cornerstone of
rehabilitation. It is the process or result of the formal
training in School or classrooms intended to shape
the mind and attitude of prisoners toward good living
upon their release.
2. Work Programs – these are programs conducive to
change behavior in morale by training prisoners for
useful occupation. It is purposely to eliminate
idleness on the part of the prisoners, which may
contribute to “ Prison Stupor” , and it affects the
incidence of prison riot.
3. Religious Service in Prison – the purpose of this
program is to change the attitude of the inmates by
inculcating religious values and belief.
4. Recreational Programs – the only program that is
conducted during free time schedule.
5. Medical and Health Service – medical and health
services includes: Mental and Physical examination
Diagnostic and Treatment – Immunization – Sanitary
– Inspection – Participation in training
6. Counseling and Casework
PROVINCIAL AND SUB-PROVINCIAL JAILS Provincial
Jail System was first established in 1910 under
American Regime. Each of the seventy-six (76)
provincial jails supervised and control by their
respective provincial government.
18
Sub-Provincial Jails. There are twenty-one (21) sub-
provincial jails and it was also established and
constructed by the Provincial Government to house
prisoners whose prison term ranges from six (6)
months and one (1) day to three (3) years and other
inmates undergoing court proceedings.
NATIONAL PENITENTIARIES
(Bureau of Corrections) ORGANIZATION The Bureau
of Corrections is under the Department of Justice. It
is headed by the Director of Corrections, who is
authorized to exercise command, control and
direction of the following prison facilities and staff
offices:
Sub Colonies of Sablayan Prison (Central, Pasugui,
Pusog, Yapang)
Color Uniform for Detainees (Gray)
Mode of confinement for Child in-conflict with law is
in BAHAY PAG ASA
**Nuisance Contraband - an items not classified as
illegal under the Philippine laws but are forbidden by
jail rules.
** Construction strategy
An approach in Correctional Administration focuses
on building new facilities to meet the demand for
prison space for an advantageous prison
management.
** Those person who has met a penalty of 4 years to
8 years of imprisonment will serve their sentence on
PENAL COLONY.
** Search/Searching - mandatory upon admission of
a person deprived of liberty during which the items
found considered as contraband. (involves the
frisking of the prisoner)
** Corporal Punishment
- is any punishment in which physical force is used
and intended to cause some degree of pain or
discomfort.
**Directorate for Reception and Diagnostics
- is responsible for receive, study and classification of
inmates and detainees committed to the Bureau.
- Scheme of DRD is to ensure that an inmate will not
acquire other criminal’s skills brought about by his
exposure.
*** 5 Days is the ideal number of days for an inmate
to be placed in the quarantine unit at the Directorate
for Reception and Diagnostics
**Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
-An agency directs, supervise and control the
administration and operation of all district, city, and
municipal jails to implement a better system of jail
management nationwide
**Inmates shall be served three (3) meals a day and
breakfast shall be serve after the previous day’s
dinner for not more than 14 hours.
**Minimum of 5 times in counting the inmates on a
daily basis
**The duration of viewing the deceased relative shall
be for a period of three (3) hours, provided that the
place is within the radius of 30 km.
**Prison labor for female inmates shall be supervised
only by women officers and shall be assigned to work
only in these situations: (Suitable to her age and
physical condition)
**Commitment - the entrusting for confinement of an
inmate to jail by a competent court or authority, for
purpose of investigating the individual’s offense or
transgression of the law.
** 30 days that an inmate be transferred to the
separation and placement center to prepare him for
re-entry into free society before his scheduled date of
release.
** Inmate who has been six months permanently
assigned to work in prison may receive
compensation credits at rate prescribed by the
director. He can use the credit of his trust and can
purchase of 1/2 portion of his needs from such
earnings
** Assistant warden - chairman of the classification
and disciplinary board for jails.
** Operation Greyhound - An operation conducted by
the BJMP and Bureau of Corrections wherein a
prisoner maybe checked at any time his beddings,
lockers and personal belongings may also be opened
at any time, in his presence, whenever possible.
** Cost Economy Measure Award - award is given to
BJMP personnel whose contribution resulting savings
in terms of man hours or benefit the agency or
government.
** Main objective of segregation of prisoner:
Prevention of physical and moral contamination
** A prisoner having served 1-2 years of his sentence
is given a reward for good conduct, diligence and
loyalty of 20 days of GCTA
19

Section 2. Deductible Good Conduct Time Allowance.
(GCTA)- A qualified prisoner, whether detained or
convicted by final judgment, shall be entitled to the
following deductions from his sentence for good
conduct;
1. During the first two (2) years of
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of (20) twenty days for each
month of good behavior during detention;
2. During the (3rd)third to the (5th)fifth year,
inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall be
allowed a reduction of (23) twenty-three
days for each month of good behavior
during detention;
3. During the following years until the
(10nth)tenth years, inclusive of his
imprisonment he shall be allowed a
reduction of twenty-three days for each
month of good behavior during detention;
4. During the (11th)eleventh and successive
years of his imprisonment, he shall be
allowed a deduction of thirty (30) days for
each month of good behavior during
detention.
** PRISON - A type of institution for the confinement
of convicted offenders sentenced to more than three
(3) years.
** Disciplinary Board- they are charged for the hearing
of a disciplinary case in prison.
** DSWD - an agency has the right to interfere for
infant’s care if the mother fails to place the baby in a
home of her own
**Chief of BJMP - has authority to appoints a Jail
Inspector to Jail Superintendent (Jail Officer I to Jail
Officer IV)
**
SECTION 1. Definition of Terms.- As used herein, the
following terms shall mean:
"Act" - shall refer to Act No. 3815, otherwise known as
the Revised Penal Code, as amended;
"Accused" - an offender who is under detention and
against whom a Criminal Complaint or Prosecutor's
Information has been filed in a court law;
"BJMP" - Bureau of Jail Management and Penology;
"BUCOR" - Bureau of Corrections (Position -Director
with the rank of Undersecretary & it has 3 deputies)
"Chief" - Chief of BJMP; It has 2 deputies
"Commitment Order" - a written order of a court of
law or any other competent authority committing a
person to jail or prison for confinement;
"Convicted Prisoner" - a person who has undergone
trial and who has been convicted by a final judgment
by a court of law or tribunal, for the felony or offense
he committed;
"Correctional Facility" - a prison or jail;
"Counsel" - a lawyer tasked or requested to assist a
detention prisoner in explaining the provisions of
Article 29 of the Revised Penal Code regarding the
benefit of credit for preventive imprisonment;
"Destierro" - a penalty in which a person shall not be
permitted to enter the place or places designated in
the sentence, or within the radius therein specified,
which shall not be more than 250 and not less than 25
kilometers from the place designated;
"Detainee" - an offender who is accused before a
court of law or competent authority who is under
preventive imprisonment or temporarily confined in
jail or prison will undergoing investigation or trial or
awaiting final judgment;
"Detainee's Manifestation" - a written declaration of a
detained prisoner, with the assistance of a counsel, to
abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed upon a
prisoner for the purpose of availing the full credit of
the period of his preventive imprisonment;
"Detainee's Waiver" - a written declaration of a
detained prisoner, with the assistance of a counsel,
stating his refusal to abide by the same disciplinary
rules imposed upon a convicted by final judgment and
thus be entitled to a credit of four-fifths (4/5) of the
time during his preventive imprisonment;
"Director - Director of the BUCOR;
"Felony" - an act or omssion defined and penalized
under the provisions of the Revised Penal Code, as
ameded;
"Reprimand" - the least punishment for any infraction
of the rules/regulation of a Penitentiary.
20
"Good Conduct" - refers to the conspicuous and
satisfactory behaviour of a detention or convicted
prisoner consisting of active involvement in
rehabilitation programs, productive participation in
authorized work activities or accomplishment of
exemplary deeds coupled with faithful obedience to
all prison/jail rules and regulations;
"Good Conduct Time Allowance" (GCTA) - a
priviledge granted to a prisoner, whether detained or
convicted by final judgment, entitling him to a
reduction of his jail or prison term for every month of
actual detention or service of sentence as a reward
for good conduct and exemplary behavior;
"Habitual Delinquent" - a person who, within a period
of ten (10) years from the date of release from prison
or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less
serious physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa, and
falsification, is found guilty of any of said crimes a
third time or oftener;
"Jail" - a detention or correctional facility managed by
the BJMP or the local government unit mandated by
law to safekeep and rehabilitate a prisoner who is
under preventive imprisonment or who is sentenced
to not more than three (3) years of imprisonment by
order of a court of law or competent authority;
"Offense" - a criminal act defined and penalized by
special law;
"Operations Manual" - also referred to as "Manual of
Operations", a document of all pertinent issuances
and laws which deal with the adminsration and
management of jail or prison and the treatment and
discipline of a prisoner in a detention or correctional
facility;
Preventive Imprisonment" - is a tempory confinement
in jail or prison while undergoing investigation or trial
awaiting final judgment;
"Prison" - any correctional facility managed by the
BUCOR to safekeep and rehabilitate a prisoner
convicted by the final judgment, whose sentence
exeeeds three (3) years, or who is sentenced to serve
two (2) or more prison, terms and whose aggregated
sentences exceed three (3) years; or more than 3 yrs.
"Proper Authority" - shall refer either to:
The Secretary of the Department of Justice (for the
BUCOR),
The Secretary of the Department of the Interior and
Local Government (for the BJMP),
The Provincial Governor (for the Provincial Jails).
"Recidivist" - a person who, at the time of his trial for
one crime, shall have been previously convicted by
final judgment of another crime embraced the same
title of the Revised Penal Code, as amended.
"Special Time Allowance for Loyalty" (STAL) - a
privilege granted to a prioner, whether detained or
convicted by final judgment, who has evaded
preventive imprisonment or service of sentence under
the circumstances cited in Article 158 of the Revised
Penal Code, as amended, and surrendered to the
authorities within forty-eight (48) hours following the
proclamation announcing the passing away of the
calamity or catastrophe referred to in the said article
in the form of a deduction of
aa.
"Time Allowance for Study, Teaching and Mentoring -
a privilege granted to a prisoner, whether detained or
convicted by final judgment, as a reward for having
earned a post-graduate degree or college degree, a
certificate of completion of a vocational or technical
skills or values development course, a high school or
elementary diploma or to one serving his fellow
prisoner as teacher or mentor while incarcerated,
equivalent to a deduction of a maximum of fifteen (15)
days for every month of study or mentoring services;
and
"Warden" - the head of the district, municipal and city
jails under the BJMP or of the provincial and sub-
provincial jails under the Office of the Provincial
Governor
---responsible for the direction, coordination, and
control, this includes the security, safety, discipline
and well-being of the inmates
**Imprisonment - offender is incarcerated for the
purpose of protecting the public against criminal
activities and at the same time rehabilitating the
prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional
treatment programs.
** Conjugal visits - visit by the wife for a short period,
usually an hour, more or less, to her incarcerated
husband during whom they are allowed privacy and
are generally understood to have sexual contact.
** Diversification by Sex - a women prisoners should
be placed in a special building on the same site with
the men’s prison.
** Diagnosis - prisoners are examined and tests are
administered to check on the physical and mental
condition of the prisoners.
21
** The primary objective of the Custodial and
Security Division: Implement Discipline

**Things you should know before releasing of

prisoners: PROPERLY IDENTIFY the prisoner.

**Prison work assignments are usually given to

prisoners at early morning hours

** CLASSIFICATION - determinines the needs and

requirements of prisoners for assigning them to
programs according to their needs and existing
resources.

**DIVERSIFICATION - Proper Segregation of

Prisoners.
- principle of separating homogenous type of
prisoners that requires special treatment and custody.

** Contagion- A condition in which prison inmates

kept together without any attempt to divide them the
involvement of crime, would transmit to each other
means and techniques to commit further crimes once
outside of prison.

**Child in Conflict with the Law - A person under

eighteen (18) years old who is alleged as, accused of
or adjudged as having committed an offense.

**Infant born inside the prison may be allowed to

stay with the mother for a period of 1 year.

**Insular/National Prisoners classification of

sentenced prisoner who are penalized to suffer
imprisonment of 3 years and 1 day to life
imprisonment

**Upon arrival and before admission, an inmate is

given a “shakedown”- examination for contraband.

****The following are authorized under R.A 10592,

whenever lawfully justified to grant allowances for
good conduct.

1. Director of the Bureau of Correction

2. The Chief of the BJMP
3. Warden City, Provincial, District or Municipal
Jail

**Correctional Officer is responsible to escort an

inmate & keep a distance of not less than 10 paces
steps from the inmates.

**Costudial Force - responsible for the maintenance

of discipline as well as ensuring safety of the inmates
and preventing escapes and riots.

22