INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND COLONIALIZATION

OF BRITISH EMPIRE

Organised by:

LORENA LARISSA E. A. F0412331059

AZIIZAH ALI MUBARAK F041231067
GABRIEL EMMANUEL JOSHUA L. F041231070
SIFA MARDIYA AQILA F041231078
STEVE RIMON FERREL M. F041231081

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCE
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
2024
 PREFACE

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and Merciful,

All praises be to Allah for His abundant blessings and guidance. May peace and
blessings be upon the Prophet Muhammad SAW, who has guided humanity towards
glory and truth.

This paper is compiled as part of an assignment for the course titled "Industrial
Revolution and Colonialization of British Empire". We acknowledge that this theme
holds a significant role in understanding the major changes that have occurred in world
history, particularly in terms of industrial advancement and its impact on the colonial
expansion by the British Empire.

We hope that this paper can contribute to a better understanding of the

interconnectedness between the Industrial Revolution and Colonialization of the British
Empire.

May this paper provide deeper insights and be beneficial to the readers. We
acknowledge that perfection belongs only to Allah SWT, therefore we seek forgiveness
for any shortcomings that may exist in this paper.

Peace be upon you, and may the mercy of Allah and His blessings be upon you.

March 19, 2024

Makassar

Organiser
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 4
1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 5
1. Historical Context ............................................................................................................. 5
A. Britain’s Economic and Political Landscape pre-Industrial Revolution ...................... 5
B. Factors Leading to The Industrial Revolution ............................................................... 7
C. Motives for British Expansion and Colonization ......................................................... 8
2. The Industrial Revolution.................................................................................................. 9
A. Definition and Characteristics ....................................................................................... 9
B. Key Technological Innovations ..................................................................................... 9
C. Social and Economic Impacts ...................................................................................... 11
3. British Colonization ........................................................................................................ 13
A. Expansion of Colonies .................................................................................................. 13
B. Methods and Strategies of Colonization ....................................................................... 18
C. Impacts on Colonized Regions ..................................................................................... 20
4. Interconnection between Industrial Revolution and Colonization .................................. 21
A. How Industrialization Facilitated Colonialism............................................................ 21
B. Role of Colonies in Supporting Britain’s Industrial Economy ................................... 22
5. Global Impact .................................................................................................................. 23
A. Effects of Britis Colonization on Global Trade and Geopolitics ................................ 23
B. Spread of Industrializationn and its ConsequencesWorldwide ................................... 24
6. Legacy ............................................................................................................................. 24
A. Lasting Legacies of the Industrial Revolution and British Colonization .................... 25
CHAPTER 3: CLOSURE ........................................................................................................... 27
1. Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 27
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 28
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1. Background
The Industrial Revolution was a pivotal time, transforming economies
and societies with machinery and mass production. At the same time, the British
Empire expanded its reach, reshaping global politics and trade. This paper
explores how these two forces, the Industrial Revolution and British
colonialism, intertwined to shape the modern world. The Industrial Revolution
first began in Britain around 1750 after a series of changes in farming practices
paved the way for the country to increase Its population and improve its
production and manufacturing methods. These changes in farming methods -
now referred to as the Agricultural Revolution were gradual. They began in the
middle of the 17th century and continued through the 19th century. Meanwhile,
the British Empire grew through trade, conquest, and colonization, using its
power to control resources and markets around the world.

This paper dives into how the Industrial Revolution fueled British
colonial ambitions. The need for resources to power industries drove Britain to
colonize distant lands, creating complex trade networks and captive markets for
British goods. This expansion reshaped geopolitics and economics, but it also
brought social upheaval and inequality. By examining this historical connection,
we aim to understand how industrialization and colonialism continue to impact
our world today. This exploration sheds light on the complexities of our shared
history and its lasting effects on contemporary global dynamics.
 CHAPTER 2: DISCUSSION

1. Historical Context
Historical context is the setting in which a historical event, idea, or object
takes place, it helps us understand how and why they happen, and what key
influences are there that affect said event, idea, or object.

A. Britain’s Economic and Political Landscape pre-Industrial Revolution

To understand why and how the Industrial revolution occurs, it is
necessary that we look into Britain’s history prior to the event. In the case of the
Industrial Revolution, the economic and political status of Britain at the time
became the biggest factor in pushing said event to happen.

Britain did not experience continuous economic growth until

approximately the year 1650. It was not until the onset of the Industrial
Revolution around 1760 that rapid economic expansion occurred. Before that
however, the economic source of the people of Britain, which was agriculture,
was currently at a stagnant period because of feudalism. The forced labor that
serfs or peasant farmers have to go through for their livelihood became one of
the main reasons for the immobile economy. Serfs are expected to pay their dues
or quota in portions of the crops they harvest to the lords that own the land,
while the rest of it is used for their own consumption, meaning no room for
personal businesses, doing work was simply an attempt at living.

In the pre-industrial period, Britain’s economy experienced an increase

in sustained growth, despite going at a slow rate, for the first time around the
year 1650. A recent analysis showed an increase in productivity in agriculture,
industry, and service from the 1630s to the early 1700s. This period was also
known to be the start of the agricultural revolution, where significant changes in
agriculture practice, technology, and productivity happened, leaving excess
labor power. The migration of workers out of agriculture occurred in the first
half of the 17th century because of this. This period of growth marks the
foundation of Britain’s economy: productive and organized agriculture,
accompanied by the commercialization and processing of foods for the purpose
of transport throughout the country (like cheese and bread), and the rural-based
proto-industry.

In 1688 Britain experienced the Glorious Revolution, the exile of King

James the II, marking significant changes in constitution development and
especially of the role of parliament. In 1689, the monarch's absolute authority
was limited by Parliament, together as the ruling authority. Consequently, this
separation of powers severed the ties between landowners and peasant workers,
as well as national control from the monarchy, dismantling monopolistic control
over land, labor, and society. After 1689, British economic institutions emerged
to safeguard property rights, marking the period known as the English Financial
Revolution. The establishment of property rights plays a vital role in dismantling
feudalism, paving the way for societal and economic advancements. In 1694 The
Bank of England was formed. By the latter half of the 17th century, Britain
established functional markets, financial institutions, and new property rights.
However by the early 18th century, diminishing returns were seen, a sign that
the agriculture and small proto-industry model had reached its productivity limit.

Despite reaching its limit in growth with agriculture and small proto-
industry, Agricultural mechanization rose and continued, alongside the
development of industrial production in new urban areas. Rapid technological
advancements with its widespread adoption and the migration of workers to
urban factories marked the beginning of sustained economic growth, leading
Britain into becoming the first nation that went through Industrialization
beginning around 1760.

Then what about the political climate of Britain before the Industrial
Revolution? As mentioned before, in the year 1689, Parliament became one of
the ruling authorities alongside monarchs. The longstanding monarchy that
oversees Britain finally finds its match. Continuing this, The act of settlement
was passed in 1701, with the main purpose to ensure a Protestant succession to
the English Throne. This act was also extended to Scotland when it united with
the kingdom of England through the Acts of Union, which were passed by the
English and Scottish Parliament in 1707.

According to the official website of the British Royal Family, The

Hanoverian period, lasting from 1714 to 1901, was remarkably stable. One of
the factors that may cause this is due to the long reigns of its kings. For a long
time in the 18th century, there was significant political stability and the
establishment of constitutional monarchy.

B. Factors Leading to The Industrial Revolution

After Understanding the history of Britain before the Industrial
Revolution, we can now move to the start of the Industrial Revolution. Here are
a couple of key factors that lead britain towards the Industrial Revolution:
1) The secure and stable condition of Britain in the 18th century in many
aspects of life (such as economy and politics) led the people of Britain to
expand their economic gains and means
2) The development of the mercantile model and manufacture. Before the
Industrial Revolution, the people of Britain traded using the barter
method, especially in rural areas. But the events leading up to the
revolution (such as rapid economic growth)
3) The abundance of coal and iron resources in Britain. Britain’s resources
provided the necessary fuel and raw materials for industrialization.
4) The many British colonies. Britain’s huge colonial empire provided raw
materials, markets, and investment opportunities that fueled industrial
expansion.
5) The Agricultural Revolution. This revolution changed agricultural
practices and productivity for the better, releasing labor from rural areas
and increasing food supplies.
6) The arrival of Liberal Economy. John Smith’s work The Wealth of
Nations (1776) are one of the examples of liberal economy’s emergence.
In it, Smith promoted free-market principles in which government
interference is absent.
 7) The development of science and technology. The discoveries and
advances in science and technology became the foundation of industrial
innovation. Discoveries in physics, chemistry, and mechanics provided
the basis for inventions and improvements.

C. Motives for British Expansion and Colonization

The motives of British colonization are diverse and many-sided, and
those include:
1.) Economic gain: Colonization gives opportunities for economic
exploitation, such as raw materials and establishing trade routes.
Colonies become the source of wealth through export of products and the
purchase of cheaper sources of food.
2.) Strategic and Military Considerations: Colonies allowed Britain to
control strategic locations around the world, like ports and naval bases
that can support British military power and made exploration and trade
easier.
3.) Ideological factors: The ideological beliefs that British civilization is
superior influenced the desire to spread British values, institutions, and
culture to the other parts of the world. Colonists were seen as agents who
brought British tastes and values.
4.) Population and social factors: Colonization became a way to deal with
the excessive population in Britain, reducing the social and economic
pressure at home. Emigration also provided opportunities for
employment, land ownership, and social advancement.
5.) Political and diplomatic factors: British colonization was also pushed by
political aspects, including the want to assert dominance on the world
and rival other European powers. Colonies were seen as symbols of
greatness, proving global influence and power.
2. The Industrial Revolution
A. Definition and Characteristics
Industrial revolution comes from two words, Industry and revolution.
Industry meaning an economic activity that processes raw or raw materials,
semi-finished goods or finished goods, into quality goods with high selling
value. Revolution is a rapid social and cultural change concerning the primary
points of people’s lives. In a sense, we could conclude that the Industrial
Revolution is a rapid change in the fields of economics, specifically the ones
concerning the production of goods.

The Industrial Revolution happened in two phases. The first phase of the
industrial revolution (1760-c.1830) focused on urbanization and the production
of textiles. During this time, a lot of workers still lived in rural areas, agriculture
was still significant, and factory work was evolving towards mass production.
Innovations primarily aimed at developing productivity by refining existing
techniques using new technologies.

In the second phase, industrial growth happens rapidly. While there is

some debate about the exact dates of the second phase, it was characterized by
the revival of rapid growth after a brief slowdown in the mid-19th century. The
second phase witnessed an abundance of revolutionary advancements, with
more new innovations in technology and usage of existing technologies. This era
was characterized by significant developments in steel, chemicals, and
electricity, reshaping industries and societal norms.

B. Key Technological Innovations

At its highs, the British Industrial Revolution created many innovations
that would proceed to change the world at its current time. The Industrial
Revolution saw a multitude of technological innovations that transformed
industries and societies. Some key technological advancement include:
1.) The Steam Engine: The Industrial revolution sees the potential for water,
wind, and human power for machinery, marking a shift from cottage
industries to factory systems. The invention of the steam engine, which
was initially made for mine drainage, was a trigger for an even greater
change. Thomas Savery patented the first steam pump in 1698, improved
by Thomas Newcomen in 1710. James Watt and Matthew Boulton
further advanced the steam engine’s design in 1769, causing its
widespread adoption in Britain by 1800, mostly in mines and factories.
 This technological advancement laid the foundation for steam-powered
transportation like trains and steamships by the 1830’s.
2.) Textile Machinery: Steam-powered machines, starting from the 1790s,
transformed the textile industry, with approximately 75% of cotton mills
using steam power by 1835. Various inventions such as the flying
shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule, power loom, cotton
gin, and Robert’s loom revolutionized the processes of cleaning,
spinning, and weaving cotton. The mechanized factory system made
British cotton mills so efficient by 1836 that they could outperform hand
spinning worldwide.
3.) Iron and Steel Production: Invented by Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) in
1856, the Bessemer converter allowed for a much cheaper production of
steel that is sturdier and lighter than iron.
4.) Telegraph: William Fothergill Cook (1806-1879) and Charles
Wheatstone (1802-1875) invented the telegraph machine, and it
revolutionized communication.
5.) Electricity: Frederick Albert Winsor’s demonstration of street lights
using coal gas in London in 1807 emphasizes the invention’s
contribution to the utilization of electricity for lighting purposes.
6.) Chemical Industry: Joseph Aspdin (1778-1859) invented Portland
cement, a fast-setting cement in 1824.
7.) Transportation: The introduction of steam-powered railways transformed
travel and transportation in Britain during the 19th century. In 1825,
George Stephenson’s Locomotion 1 train carried the first railway
passengers from Stockton to Darlington. Following that, Robert
Stephenson’s (George’s son) Rocket and the Rainhill Trials, led to the
development of efficient locomotives for various railway lines. By 1845,
a wide range of railway networks connected major cities, significantly
reducing travel times. The railway industry rapidly grow, with over
15,000 miles of rail lines by the 1870s, helping transportation for
millions of passengers and goods annually. Steam-powered shipping,
exemplified by Isambard Kingdom Brunel's innovative ships like the SS
 Great Western and SS Great Britain, revolutionized long-distance travel,
enabling faster transatlantic voyages and the establishment of new
maritime routes to destinations such as India and Australia.
8.) Machine Tools: In 1818 the milling machine was invented, but because
like many inventions where ideas were shared, borrowed, and stolen, it is
difficult to find out who exactly invented it. The machine cut metals into
bolts and nuts, in ways that are near-impossible for manual hand work to
accomplish.

C. Social and Economic Impacts

1) Impacts on the Economy
In the industrial revolution, capitalism became the dominant
economic ideology. Its impact is felt in many aspects, as the
economy grows in many ways, entrepreneurs seek high profits, as
raw materials become abundant, production grows rapidly, with the
latest technology growing in all areas. Capitalists desire free
competition without government intervention. They strive to achieve
wealth quickly through various means. Goods are abundant and
cheap, fulfilling the needs of society, But the impact is significant,
with major changes in international trade.
Shipping and international trade are rapidly expanding without
pause. A swift transition from local trade to vigorous international
production, The industrial revolution brings significant impacts on
the economy, Making capitalism the main pillar, with astonishing
effects. Trade networks expand, covering various parts of the world.
Goods from different places are now easily accessible,But behind the
prosperity achieved, there are also significant changes occurring. The
industrial revolution brings change, in an economy that continues to
rotate and develop into more advanced states.
However, the many goods it brings also comes with negative
consequences. Traditional industries like handweaving and
stagecoaches, were replace by the birth of steam power, leading to
job losses and economic disorder. The neverending demand for
cheap labor resulted in the exploitation of children, who worked in
hazardous environments for long hours on inadequate payment,
causing a cycle of poverty and suffering.
Moreover, the factory system introduced unskilled and
monotonous work, with workers having to follow strict rules,
inadequate pay, and the constant threat of getting fired. The bad
 working environment also leads to frequent accidents and health
issues. Despite all this, workers have limited rights and face
opposition when they attempt to form labor unions, pointing out the
significant difference between labor and capital during this period.

2) Social Impacts
The Industrial Revolution in Britain caused significant social
transformations. Between 1750 and 1851, the population exploded
from 6 million to a whopping 21 million, marking an important shift
towards urban living. Towns and cities like Manchester, Liverpool,
Sheffield, and Halifax experienced a startling tenfold increase in
population during the 19th century. This rapid urbanization led to
congested living conditions, especially in areas surrounding factories
and coalfields. Families often found themselves sharing cramped
homes, with alarming examples like 40,000 people living in cellars in
1840s Liverpool alone. Additionally, pollution became a serious
concern, with poor sanitation contributing to the spread of diseases.
Typhus and cholera epidemics in 1837, 1839, 1847, and 1831 and
1849 respectively emphasized the health hazards of urbanization.
Moreover, urbanization gave rise to an increase in petty crime as
the anonymity of city life provided cover for criminals. At the same
time, the education landscape underwent significant changes. Many
children gave up formal education in favor of joining the workforce
to supplement family income. While some elementary schools
existed, compulsory education for 5-to-12-year-olds and the
necessary institutions to provide it did not materialize until the 1870s.
Despite that, literacy rates improved thanks to the availability of
affordable books enabled by the developments in papermaking
machines and printing presses.
As the Industrial Revolution progressed, consumerism gained
momentum among the exploding urban population. With increased
wages, workers could afford mass-produced goods, fostering the
growth of a developing urban middle class. However, the significant
social differences widened, highlighting disparities in opportunities
and wealth. Factory workers, for example, faced limited prospects for
upward mobility due to their lack of transferable skills. Unlike the
past, where individuals might have saved to start their own
businesses, the industrial era presented significant barriers to
climbing the social ladder. While capital replaced land as a key
indicator of wealth, for many, the Industrial Revolution urged a
different way of life, one that was not necessarily better for all.
3. British Colonization
A. Expansion of Colonies
It is believed that there are four main causes of British colonial
expansion .
1) Economic Causes
In the 19th century, the British empire developed a group trade.
Therefore, settlements had to transmit much of their products to Britain and
buy manufactured goods. For instance, colonies sent wheat and timber from
Canada and Australia, and cotton, tea and wool from India. Those products
could be found in British markets also, for Britain India was one of the most
important places for British manufactured goods because between 1850 to
1870 20% of British imports were transferred to Britain. In the same century,
the nature and motives for colonialism changed dramatically. As with the
industrial revolution, Britain also led the way in the late 19th century in a
new wave of expansion that would put European civilization in control of
85% of the globe. The standard idea clarifying this phenomenon emphasized
the rise of industrial revolutions an essential for new resources and markets.
Indeed, three unified causes motivated Europeans to go overseas and almost
defeat the world: rising economic rivalry as the industrial revolution
disseminates, inside political pressures produced by industrialization, and
increasing international competitions. Therefore, Benjamin Disraeli, who
was the British Prime Minister in the 1870s, motivated the opinion of
rehabilitated colonial expansion to preserve British foreign markets,
resources and jobs, in addition, he was increasing Britain's power against
other European colonists.
Furthermore, competition for invading strategic places was another
considerable point between the European Empires. One instance of this was
building the Maritime web by Britain. This kind of naval extension was
constructed to preserve trading and factories. For example, the expansion of
British authority in India from Calcutta, Bombay and Madras before 1820
was an example. The aim for that was securing trade hegemony for two main
purposes, firstly, to link with the Maritime Empire of the republic of Genoa
 in the Mediterranean and secondly, to design better-organized commerce
Empires of the ports.
One of the main reasons which motivated the colonial expansion was the
lack of a comfortable life and economic crises in their home countries.
Europeans had some economic problems at home such as; low wages and
levels of old commerce and unemployment which were also the main factors
for emigration. This meant the majority of migrants were not rich. For
example, when people from Britain moved to America, New Zealand, and
Australia they could have a good job and earn wages. Moreover, there was
considerable labour mobility from Britain to the New World from 1630 to
1780, 50-60% of ownership of lands in America and west India by Britain
people. Also, Scottish migrants from 1700 to 1760 went to America and
participated in trade, as Burmsted claims that the high price and
unemployment were the fundamental reasons for moving.
Overpopulation was another reason to leave their homes since having a
huge population in some places did not lead to changes in life and also
causes overpopulation, therefore it was a pressure to extending
neighborhoods. Moreover, religious and ethnic persecution also contributes
to migration in most parts of the world. In addition, the second stage in
migration of the emigration process changed the political and economic
structure, as there was a type of personal migration which was called classic
emigration, which consisted of individuals and families whose economic
factors influenced them to leave their regions. This type of emigrant did not
make new colonies but they mixed with other ethnic groups and societies, an
obvious example of this was in the American Chinatown.

2) Political and National Causes

The political informal empire was another type of political control in
colonial domination abroad. According to Robinson and Gallagher, the
expansion of the informal empire, was a distinguishing characteristic
concerning Britain Foreign policy after 1815, because they had a relationship
concerning Britain's necessity for new markets and raw materials to provide
the industrialization process. According to the idea, the informal Empire
chose formal authority since these types of the empire were cheap whereas
before 1870 the relationship between the formal and informal empire was the
method of economic evolution and in particular for industrialization.
Moreover, Empires tried preserving occupied areas that other European
powers had ambitions to invade. For example, in 1828 when Russia
expanded its forces in central Asia and the Caucasus, this became an
immediate impedance to British areas in India. Also it could post a great
threaten to Britain's domination in the borders of Northwestern India and
post a threat in the Middle East. While European authorities had no
particular negative effect on British colonies in the 19th century, it was
distributing thought the French empire aimed to control some parts of the
colonies, although no European countries were active maritime powers
British Empire at sea.
There is much debate about the role of nationality in colonial
domination. Some scholars support the idea that nationality was motivation
but others disagree with this idea. The empire supported the concepts of
enormity, and the British empire operated over the huge territory on the
maps of Asia, Africa, also, colony saw national popularity. It can be seen
that the weaker colony's authority, was overpowered by the stronger. For
example, the zone of nations of Turkey was managed by the power of the
European nations. It can see that the colonial extension after 1870 was
competing with nationalism but in different ways which were called new
colonialism.
On the other hand, it is said that there is no relationship between
nationality and empire and they are different from each other's because
nations have the same languages, culture, religion but empires had different
languages and people. For example, the British empire contained a huge
number of different people and customs, consequently, it cannot be said that
the British empire was emphasized for a particular nation, as it was a system
of political domination of forces of British power, either directly with the
informal empire. Finally, a crucial example of a political and dominant
 nation of colonialism can be found in Egypt invasion by Napoleon. When
this French leader in his speech on July, 2, 1798 in Alexandra city claimed
that they are the real Muslims to take Egyptian's support against Mamluk.
This means Napoleon speech was a tactic of French in fashion and counts
political, and national colonial expansions.

3) Cultural Causes
European people considered the principles and morals when they were
disseminated to all parts of the world by the colonialist system could not
impact everybody but the small number of people who were native elites
were influenced by British culture. For example, they sent their sons to
Britain to educate them and these young people changed to Westerners,
because they learnt British culture.
Religion aims to spread in the world, which was another major point in
colonialist motivation. Europeans considered it was their responsibility to
introduce Christianity among these people who had different religions in
other countries of the globe. To change people to Christianity, both Roman
catholic and protestant missionaries went to specific places. Moreover,
missionaries presented the native people with western education and medical
care as they thought their system was better than the native traditional
organization. These missionaries considered that they did Gods work to
assist and civilize all parts of the world.
There was a different style regarding how missionaries contributed to
spreading Christianity. Protestant missionaries in the 19th century intervened
to give ideological assistance for the new colonialism, particularly, in Asia
and Africa. The biblical knowledge "go, ye into all the world', and preach the
gospel to every creature" was used by protestant men and women who went
to other countries to change people's view of Christianity. Therefore,
missionaries participated in medical jobs, teaching and building hospitals,
and in the late 19th century, they contributed to voluntary work in different
countries. Some missionaries felt the challenge of whom they faced to
convert to Christianity in different countries and cultures, and as a result,
 they spend much time recording, custom, history and language and
translating languages texts from other languages. Then they attempted to
convert them as well as giving fundamental information necessary for
occupation and they offered good communication to distant places at the
center of empire. Their delegation was a vital factor for the transmission of
European industrial belongings. The missionary's purposes united with the
political and economic aims of European and American nation powers.

4) Racial Causes
Racial and nationality purposes were the other most significant points in
colonial expansion, which was represented by social Darwinism theory. This
idea formed the answer to the evolution theories of Charles Darwin, which
were developed by Herbert Spencer, and other scholars who used this ethnic
idea on the fundamental important skin, colour and other physical features
like head size and shape to validate colonialism. According to this opinion,
power was divided into different races. Human color was measured, and the
expected result of dominant of the white men. Then all Europeans adopted
this knowledge, and it had a great impact around the world. Social
Darwinism powered colonialism by creating colonialist nations which think
that colonial projects were ordinary activities and nations, customs aimed to
eradicate weaker races in the world. When the weaker nations were invaded
by developed states, they were brainwashed, believe that this occupation
were a consequence of nature. As social Darwinism claimed, only the most
powerful live. Therefore, the colonialist state would live. According to this
attitude, the British military thought that their nations were the top nations in
the world.
In both the 19th and 20th century European nation's power such as Great
Britain, Germany, France and Italy extended their authority worldwide with
dominating military forces over underdeveloped countries. They thought that
it was their responsibility to dominate ethnics to civilized and christianize
them. This idea was utilized by Europeans to validate their intervention. The
'white man's burden' was a fundamental of the opinion of social Darwinism,
 which says "only strong survive." In addition, colonialism was affected by
racism because of the difference between black and yellow races from the
second half of the 19th century, of course, British authority contributed in
British supremacy. In addition, the British empire benefited from racial
differences between people, customs, cultures and ideas. Moreover, some
scholars claimed that colonialism was the fate of the Anglo-Saxon race. In
1877 Cecil Rhodes, attitude about the rights of extending the Anglo-Saxon
ethnic was "We are the finest raised in the world, and the more of the world
we live the better it is for the human race."
From the European view, many ideas demonstrate is was a collapsed and
underdeveloped location. Those opinions belong to European scholars that
are based on biological bases of racial inequality. Therefore, in the late 19th
century, imperialism concentrates on the manifest of developed an
underdeveloped races. This means that even those who were involved with
orientalism were racist, imperialist, and almost completely ethnocentric
towards the orient. As a result, orientalists made a difference feeling among
European regarding the east that led to racism.

B. Methods and Strategies of Colonization

The colonialists used a number of methods and strategies to submit to
colonialism and colonial administration. These included the use of conquest,
forced labour, taxation, monetization of the economy and payment of low
wage. These are the examples of strategies or methods to maintain effective
occupation administration of their territories during the period of colonial rule
in the continent.
The first method or strategy used by the colonialist to colonize and
maintain effective occupation and administration of their territories was by
conquest. The various states or territories were conquered, politically
economically, culturally, socially and enslaved. Conquest made it possible for
the European powers who were the colonizers to take direct control, and
effective occupation of the territories, according to Chinweizu (1978, p. 36) in
response to pressure from their traders, the European powers began
systematically to interfere with the sovereignty of the states, and to intrude
upon their internal affairs. The Europeans begin to help one faction to depose a
ruler and install another, and to bestow honours, titles, and recognition upon
those whose rule they found it in the interest to support. The officially
trumpeted goals of such interference were to suppress the slave trade and to
promote "legitimate" trade.
Another effective strategy, which the colonial is used to maintain direct
control and domination of the territories was taxation. Taxation in the form
introduced by the European colonizers was alien to most people. The colonial
authority insisted that slaves should pay their tax in colonial currency. The
implication of this was that slaves would be compelled to work, either in the
colonial civil service, or in the industries and plantations, in order to earn the
colonial currency to pay their tax. Since they were not allowed to pay their tax
in kind such as using yams, cocoa-yams, livestock, palm oil, etc., they were
indirectly compelled to make their labor services available for the colonialist in
order to earn the money to meet up with their civic colonial obligation. The
colonialist imposed taxes on them for two reasons. The first was that it was a
search of labor for their industries and plantations. The second reason was
because they wanted the colonies to bear the cost of the personnel and the
administration. The colonialists were not interested in using their own funds to
run the colonial territories and administration. Their policy was whatever was
spent for running the colonial administration must be raised and generated
locally. Taxation was a very good effective instrument for mobilizing.
The last strategy used by the colonialist to maintain direct control and
administration of their territories was the payment of low wages to slaves
employed in the colonial service. The payment of low wages to them was seen
by the colonialists as a method or strategy to compel more slaves to make their
labor services available to the colonial plantations and industries. For example,
if a man was married, and working for the colonialist, what he receives as wage
could not keep him and his wife, family and relatives alive. The implication of
the low wage paid to the man was that his wife, children, relatives, etc. would
be compelled to join the colonial service in order to make ends meet. This was
to the advantage of the colonialists because more labor force was made
available for use in the plantations and industries. If the man had been initially
well paid or rewarded, there would be no need for his wife, children and
relatives to join the colonial service. Instead, they would have worked in his
farms or enter into trading. The low wage payment was as effective as other
strategies earlier discussed, used by the colonialist to maintain effective
control, domination and administration of their territories.

C. Impacts on Colonized Regions

Many former colonised nations continued with British institutions for
governance after regaining independence.
Power dynamics also continue to influence former colonies due to the
nexus of power still sitting with the global north (through capitalism, mining
natural resources, exploitative supply chains, restrictive immigration policy,
controlling trade and tariffs, etc.) and the global north continues to mass
manufacture, while the global south suffers the greatest impacts of
environmental damage, through pollution, rising sea levels, rising
temperatures, and health implications.
Meanwhile, many former colonies are still trying to pull themselves out
of the disastrous economic legacy, created by colonization and descendants of
enslaved and indigenous people continue to face economic and social
inequality.
Fair reparations have not yet been made to those who have lost culture,
community, land and resources, and who continue to be marginalized (with
some countries nearly losing their entire indigenous populations, example
Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas).
This results in generational trauma and impacts, meaning that people
today don't have access to the same opportunities and living standards they
would have had colonization not been imposed.
Once a country has regained independence, it is only the beginning of
repairing damage left behind by colonization.
4. Interconnection between Industrial Revolution and Colonization
The Industrial Revolution and colonization were closely related. While
industrialization fuelled colonization by creating a need for labor and resources,
colonization gave industrialized nations access to resources and markets. Colonies
served as sources of raw materials, markets for manufactured goods, and pools of
cheap labor, contributing to the growth of industrial economies. Additionally,
colonization led to technological transfer and infrastructure development, further
supporting industrial expansion.

A. How Industrialization Facilitated Colonialism

The industrial revolution created the need for Europe to take over
colonies around the world. An empire always wants to add colonies as a
measure of national greatness, but now there was an additional push to conquer
new territories. Because the Industrial Revolution increased theproduction
capacity of Western states astronomically, there was an enormous hunger for
raw materials to satisfy demands. Thus, the Western powers sought colonies
where raw materials were abundant and where they could be appropriated at
little to no cost. Of course, their eyes were on Africa, which was rich in oil,
ivory, rubber, wood, cotton, cocoa beans, copper, gold, iron, cobalt, diamonds,
etc.
The Industrial Revolution increased production capacity drastically. A
bigger demand for these products had to be generated. Controlling the rest of the
world gave the option to suppress their capability of producing goods and
created a market outlet for their own products. The industrial revolution gave
Europe the capability to take over so much of the world very quickly. The
Western powers used their superior weapons and powerful iron warships to
conquer much of the world, especially lands in Africa and Asia. Thanks to the
Industrial Revolution, Europeans had an advantage in the quality of their
weapons and military training, and took advantage of the decline of the great
empires in Asia and Africa.
B. Role of Colonies in Supporting Britain’s Industrial Economy
An increase in the production of industrial output, such as that started in
the late eighteenth century Britain needs an equally great increase in the input of
industrial raw materials required for the process of production. In relation to
access to raw materials, the colonies were very important in feeding the growing
need of resources in British industries.A typical example for this could be cotton
required for textile industry which is deemed to be groundbreaking in the
Industrial Revolution. Colonies supplied not only cotton but also cheap sugar,
tobacco, timber and other goods for European consumption. Labor is another
important resource required to produce the raw material in the plantations. So as
to fulfill its demand for labor, British needed to exploit the work-force of other
parts of the world.

With regard to the relation between the colonies and Industries in

Britain, the backward and forward linkage created between them had a
facilitating role to the Industrial Revolution. For instance, the development of
textile industry which was closely linked with the Industrial Revolution in the
18th century Britain was spurred by the export of textile goods which was used
to purchase slaves from Africa and clothing for slaves on the plantations. Hence,
the relation created between the British industries, especially the textile
industries in the early period of industrialization, and colonies played its part in
the expansion of industries in Britain.
5. Global Impact
A. Effects of Britis Colonization on Global Trade and Geopolitics
The consequences of the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)
were many, varied, and long-lasting. Working life in rural and urban settings
was changed forever by the inventions of new machines, the spread of
factories, and the decline of traditional occupations. Developments in
transportation and communications meant life in the post-industrial world
was more exciting and faster, with people more connected than ever before.
Consumer goods became more affordable to more people, and there were
more jobs for a booming population. The price to pay for progress was often
a working life that was noisy, repetitive, and dangerous, while cities grew to
become overcrowded, polluted, and crime-ridden.

The impact of the Industrial Revolution included:

1) Steam power was cheaper, more reliable, and faster than more traditional
power sources.
2) Large factories were established, creating jobs and a boom in cotton
textile production, in particular.
3) The cost of food and consumer goods was reduced as items were mass-
produced and transportation costs decreased.
4) The coal, iron, and steel industries boomed to provide fuel and raw
materials for machines to work.
5) Demand for skilled labour, especially in textiles, decreased.
6) Demand for unskilled labour to operate machines and work on the
railways increased.
7) The use of child and women labour increased.
8) The success of mechanisation led to other countries experiencing their
own industrial revolutions.

The population of Britain increased from 6 million in 1750 to 21

million in 1851, with cities like Manchester, Liverpool, Sheffield, and
Halifax experiencing ten times the population growth in the 19th century.
This led to increased marriages and birth rates. However, life became
cramped in cities, with many families sharing homes and pollution becoming
a serious issue. Urbanisation also increased petty crime, as criminals were
more confident in escaping detection. Education was replaced by working
days, with compulsory education for 5-to-12-year-olds not until the 1870s.
Literacy rates improved in the period, a development helped by the
availability of cheap books made possible by economies of scale from
papermaking machines and printing presses
B. Spread of Industrializationn and its Consequences Worldwide
As industrialization spread, countries specialized in different sectors,
leading to a complex web of international trade. Developing countries now
export manufactured goods to industrialized nations, and vice versa. This
intraindustry trade reflects the interdependence of global production. Several
factors contributed to the Industrial Revolution, including the Agricultural
Revolution, population growth, the availability of natural resources (such as
coal and iron), and advancements in technology and machinery.

The Industrial Revolution initially began in Britain and then spread

to other European countries, North America, and eventually the rest of the
world. Technological advancements, trade networks, and colonialism played
significant roles in its global diffusion.

Consequences,

1) Urbanization: Rapid migration from rural areas to cities led to

overcrowding, poor living conditions, and the emergence of slums.
2) Factory Conditions: Long working hours, low wages, and hazardous
environments led to the rise of labor movements and trade unions.
3) Child Labor: The exploitation of children in factories spurred socia
reform movements to protect their rights.
4) Economic Transformations
a. Capitalism and Free Market Economy: The Industrial Revolution laid
the foundation for modern capitalism and the concept of private
ownership.
b. Economic Growth and Wealth Creation: Industrialization spurred
economic prosperity, increased productivity, and the accumulation of
wealth.
5) Social and Cultural Changes
a. Urbanization and Social Stratification: Industrial cities gave rise to
social classes, with the wealthy bourgeoisie and a burgeoning working
class.
b. Technological Advancements: Innovations in transportation,
communication, and manufacturing revolutionized daily life.
6) Environmental Impact
a. Pollution and Environmental Degradation: Rapid industrialization led
to air and water pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion
6. Legacy
A. Lasting Legacies of the Industrial Revolution and British
Colonization
The lasting legacies of both industrialization and British colonialism
have profoundly shaped the modern world in various ways:
1) Industrialization: Industrialization, driven by the British Empire's
economic ventures, led to the establishment of trading laws that
decimated industries in colonies like India, fueling the British
Industrial Revolution with raw materials from the colonies. This
process of extracting resources and labor from colonies allowed
Britain to amass wealth and power, shaping world history.
2) British Colonialism: British colonialism introduced a common
language (English), nurtured the idea of democracy, and laid the
groundwork for industrialization. However, it also fostered a harmful
notion of racial superiority, leaving deep socio-cultural, economic,
and political scars. The erasure of native cultures, the promotion of
European patriarchy, and the establishment of a white supremacist
hierarchy of race continue to have severe impacts on many countries
and people today.
3) Political and Economic Systems: The British Empire established
political and economic systems that are still in use today, such as the
English language as the predominant language for business and
science, and the English rule of law as the standard across much of
the globe. These systems have allowed for social stability and
economic growth in many countries.
4) Cultural Influence: The British Empire also had a significant impact
on culture, including the development of a more diversified
population through the creation of a fashion for Indian architecture
and artefacts, and the introduction of Indian food through the creation
of the first curry house in London.
5) Commonwealth: The Commonwealth, an intergovernmental
organization consisting of 54 member states, promotes shared values
 such as the rule of law, individual liberty, free trade, human rights,
democracy, and world peace.

In conclusion, both industrialization and British colonialism have shaped

the modern world in profound ways, leaving a complex and lasting impact that
continues to be felt today. It is essential to acknowledge and reflect on these
legacies to understand and address their present and future impacts on people
and societies.
 CHAPTER 3: CLOSURE

1. Conclusion
In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution and the British Empire's colonial
expansion were closely linked and had a significant impact on the development of
modern history. The Industrial Revolution fueled Britain's economic and
technological advancement, providing opportunity for colonization to secure
resources, markets, and strategic advantages. In turn, colonization made it easier to
extract raw materials and create captive markets, which fueled the expansion of the
industrial sector even more. But there were drawbacks to this symbiotic
arrangement as well. In colonial areas, the exploitation of colonies resulted in social
unrest, cultural deterioration, and economic inequality. Furthermore, British
colonization had a worldwide impact that changed commerce routes, geopolitical
alliances, and cross-cultural interactions.
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