Name: Muskan Patel

Class: BTech R&A

Roll No.: PA05
PRN: 1032200264

PDD Assignment-1
1. Explain various phases of Product Design.
The phases of product design can be widely distributed in two groups: Primary
Design Phases and Phases related to Production Consumption Cycle.
a) Primary Design Phases:
i) Phase I: Feasibility study
Evaluate technical requirements: Assess whether the proposed product can
be realistically developed with available technology and resources. Market
analysis: Conduct market research to understand the demand for the
product, target audience, and competitive landscape. Competitive analysis:
Analyse existing products or solutions in the market to identify strengths,
weaknesses, and opportunities for differentiation. Cost estimation:
Estimate the costs associated with product design, development,
manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. Assess operational
requirements: Evaluate the operational processes and resources needed to
manufacture, distribute, and support the product. Compliance assessment:
Identify regulatory requirements and standards that the product must meet
in terms of safety, quality, and environmental impact. Environmental
impact assessment: Evaluate the environmental footprint of the product
throughout its lifecycle, including raw material extraction, manufacturing,
use, and disposal.
ii) Phase II: Preliminary Design
The primary goal of the preliminary design phase is to explore and define
the high-level concept and features of the product. It involves
conceptualizing various ideas and narrowing down options to identify the
most promising design direction. Brainstorming and ideation: Generate a
wide range of ideas to address the design problem or opportunity.
Conceptual sketches and renderings: Create rough sketches, diagrams, or
digital renderings to visualize potential design concepts. Prototyping:
Develop low-fidelity prototypes or mock-ups to explore the feasibility of
different design ideas. Feasibility assessment: Evaluate the technical,
market, financial, and operational feasibility of each concept to determine
its viability. Concept selection: Analyse and compare different design
concepts based on predefined criteria and select the most promising one
for further development.
iii) Phase III: Detailed Design
The detailed design phase focuses on refining the selected design concept
into a comprehensive and detailed blueprint that can be translated into a
manufacturable product. It involves specifying all aspects of the product's
design, including dimensions, materials, components, and manufacturing
 processes. Design refinement: Develop detailed specifications and
drawings based on the selected concept, considering factors such as
aesthetics, ergonomics, functionality, and manufacturability. Material
selection: Identify appropriate materials for each component based on
performance requirements, cost considerations, and sustainability goals.
Component sourcing: Specify and source individual components or parts
needed for the product assembly, considering factors such as quality,
availability, and cost. Design validation: Conduct simulations, testing, and
analysis to verify the performance, durability, and safety of the design.
Documentation: Create comprehensive documentation, including technical
drawings, bill of materials (BOM), assembly instructions, and quality
control guidelines.

b) Phases related to Production Consumption Cycle:

i) Phase IV: Planning for production
Evaluate different manufacturing processes (e.g., injection molding,
machining, 3D printing) based on factors such as cost, speed, complexity,
and quality requirements. Estimate the production capacity required to
meet demand forecasts and sales targets. Assess current production
capabilities and identify any bottlenecks or constraints that may limit
capacity. Identify and qualify suppliers for raw materials, components, and
sub-assemblies. Negotiate contracts and establish relationships with
suppliers to ensure reliable and timely delivery of materials. Determine
optimal inventory levels to balance production efficiency with cost
considerations and customer demand variability. Develop a production
schedule that allocates resources and assigns tasks to meet production
targets while minimizing downtime and idle capacity. Establish quality
control processes and standards to ensure that manufactured products meet
specifications and customer expectations. Identify potential risks and
vulnerabilities in the production process, such as supply chain disruptions,
equipment failures, or quality issues. Ensure compliance with relevant
regulations and standards governing product safety, environmental
protection, and labor practices. Foster a culture of continuous
improvement by encouraging feedback, implementing performance
metrics, and conducting regular reviews of production processes.
ii) Phase V: Planning for distribution
Understand Your Target Market: Before planning distribution, you need to
have a clear understanding of your target market. This includes
demographics, preferences, behaviors, and distribution channels they
prefer. Set Distribution Objectives: Define what you want to achieve with
your distribution strategy. This could include reaching a certain market
share, maximizing sales, minimizing costs, or expanding into new
territories. Choose Distribution Channels: Identify the most appropriate
distribution channels for your product. This could include direct sales,
retailers, wholesalers, distributors, online marketplaces, or a combination
of these. Channel Selection Criteria: Evaluate potential distribution
 channels based on factors such as reach, cost, control, brand fit, and
customer experience. Develop Distribution Network: Once you've chosen
your distribution channels, develop relationships with the necessary
partners such as wholesalers, retailers, or distributors. Negotiate terms and
agreements that are mutually beneficial. Logistics and Supply Chain
Management: Establish efficient logistics and supply chain processes to
ensure that your product can be manufactured, stored, and transported to
distribution points in a timely manner. Inventory Management: Implement
inventory management systems to track stock levels, forecast demand, and
prevent stockouts or overstock situations. Marketing and Promotion: Work
with your distribution partners to develop marketing and promotion
strategies that will help drive sales. This could include advertising,
promotions, point-of-sale displays, and incentives for retailers. Training
and Support: Provide training and support to your distribution partners to
ensure that they understand your product, its features, and how to sell it
effectively. Monitor and Evaluate: Continuously monitor and evaluate the
performance of your distribution channels against your objectives. Use
metrics such as sales data, market share, customer feedback, and channel
performance to identify areas for improvement. Adapt and Optimize:
Based on your evaluation, adapt your distribution strategy as needed to
optimize performance and achieve your objectives. This could involve
adjusting channel mix, refining logistics processes, or refining marketing
tactics. Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that your distribution
practices comply with all relevant laws and regulations in the regions
where you operate. This includes issues such as product safety, labelling
requirements, and distribution agreements.
iii) Phase VI: Planning for consumption
Planning for the consumption phase of product design involves ensuring
that customers have a positive experience with your product after
purchase. Here's a concise overview:
User Experience Design: Prioritize intuitive design and user-friendly
interfaces to enhance the product's usability and satisfaction. Customer
Support: Establish accessible customer support channels to address
inquiries, troubleshoot issues, and provide assistance promptly. Feedback
Mechanisms: Implement feedback mechanisms to gather insights from
customers, enabling continuous improvement and innovation. Quality
Assurance: Maintain high product quality standards through rigorous
testing and quality control measures to uphold customer satisfaction and
loyalty. After-Sales Service: Offer after-sales services such as warranties,
repairs, and maintenance to ensure ongoing customer satisfaction and
product performance. Community Building: Foster a sense of community
among customers through forums, social media, or events to encourage
engagement and brand advocacy. Upselling and Cross-Selling: Identify
opportunities to upsell or cross-sell complementary products or services to
enhance the overall customer experience and maximize revenue.
Personalization: Tailor product recommendations, content, and
 experiences based on customer preferences and behavior to deepen
engagement and loyalty. Accessibility and Inclusivity: Ensure that your
product is accessible to a diverse range of users, including those with
disabilities, to promote inclusivity and broaden your customer base.
Continuous Improvement: Continuously monitor and analyze customer
feedback, usage data, and market trends to identify areas for improvement
and innovation in future product iterations.
iv) Phase VII: Planning for retirement
Planning for the retirement phase in product design involves considering
the end-of-life of the product and ensuring responsible disposal or
recycling. Here's a concise overview:
Design for Durability: Prioritize durability and longevity during the design
phase to extend the product's lifespan and reduce the frequency of
replacements. Materials Selection: Choose materials that are recyclable,
biodegradable, or have minimal environmental impact to facilitate eco-
friendly disposal or recycling at the end of the product's life. Modularity
and Repairability: Design products with modular components and easily
replaceable parts to simplify repairs and extend usability, reducing the
need for premature disposal. Take-Back Programs: Implement take-back
programs or recycling initiatives to encourage customers to return their
products at the end of their lifecycle for proper disposal or recycling. End-
of-Life Planning: Develop a comprehensive end-of-life plan that outlines
responsible disposal practices, recycling methods, and compliance with
relevant regulations and standards. Communication and Education:
Educate customers about the importance of responsible disposal and
recycling practices through product packaging, user manuals, and online
resources. Collaboration with Partners: Collaborate with recycling
facilities, waste management companies, and other stakeholders to
establish efficient processes for product disposal and recycling. Circular
Economy Practices: Embrace circular economy principles by exploring
opportunities for refurbishment, remanufacturing, or repurposing of
returned products to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency.
Compliance and Regulations: Ensure compliance with local and
international regulations regarding waste disposal, recycling, and
environmental protection throughout the product's lifecycle. Continuous
Improvement: Continuously evaluate and refine retirement phase
processes based on feedback, performance metrics, and emerging
sustainability trends to enhance environmental stewardship and minimize
environmental impact.

2. What is Specification of product?

A product specification is a detailed description of the characteristics, features, and
requirements of a product. It serves as a blueprint for design, production, quality
assurance, and marketing. Here are some common elements included in a product
specification:
 • Product Description: A brief overview of the product, including its name,
purpose, and intended use.
• Dimensions and Size: Measurements and dimensions of the product, including
length, width, height, and weight.
• Materials and Components: Description of the materials used in manufacturing
the product, including any specific components or parts.
• Functional Requirements: Detailed explanation of how the product should
perform and function, including any specific features or capabilities.
• Performance Criteria: Quantifiable performance metrics or criteria that the
product must meet, such as speed, efficiency, or durability.
• Technical Specifications: Detailed technical information about the product,
including engineering drawings, schematics, and diagrams.
• Quality Standards: Standards and requirements for quality assurance and
control, including certifications and compliance with industry regulations.
• Packaging: Specifications for packaging materials, design, labeling, and any
special handling instructions.
• Safety and Compliance: Requirements for product safety, including any
regulatory compliance standards, warnings, or precautions.
• Environmental Impact: Considerations for the environmental impact of the
product, such as recyclability, energy efficiency, and eco-friendly materials.
• Testing and Inspection: Procedures and protocols for testing, inspection, and
quality control throughout the manufacturing process.
• Warranty and Support: Terms and conditions of any warranties or guarantees
provided with the product, as well as customer support options.
• Assembly and Installation: Instructions for assembly, installation, and use of the
product, including any tools or equipment required.
• Maintenance and Care: Guidelines for product maintenance, care, and cleaning
to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
• Revision History: Record of any revisions or updates to the product
specification document.
Product specifications vary depending on the nature of the product, industry standards,
and specific requirements of the manufacturer or customer. They are typically
developed collaboratively by cross-functional teams, including product designers,
engineers, marketers, and quality assurance specialists, to ensure that the final product
meets all necessary criteria and expectations.

3. Differentiate between Product Design and Product Development?

Basis of
Product Development Product Design
Comparison
Product development refers to
the complete life cycle. This Product design is only a part
Definition starts from market analysis to of the cycle where the design
goes up to the final product of the product is created.
launch.

The product developer
Supervision supervises each stage of
development
All the decisions of
marketing, finance, sales and
Decision making
logistics are taken in the
development stages.
In the development phase, it
is evaluated by the developer,
Prototype
that forms the basis of the
produce.
The product development
team includes designers,
Team manufacturers, marketing
staff, engineers and sales
staff.
The product designer has to
report to the developer for
approval. But he cannot
supervise anything beyond
his design aspects.
The design decisions are
taken during product design
after consultation with other
officials.
The prototype is designed in
the product design phase.
The design team consists of
technical staff consisting of
illustrators, UX designers and
interaction designers.

4. Explain Quality Function Deployment in brief?

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a structured approach used in product
development to ensure that customer needs and requirements are effectively translated
into design specifications and process plans. It originated in Japan in the 1960s and has
since been widely adopted in various industries worldwide. Here's a brief explanation
of QFD:
• Customer Needs Identification: QFD begins with the identification of customer
needs and requirements through various sources such as market research,
customer feedback, and surveys. These needs are typically categorized and
prioritized based on their importance to the customer.
• House of Quality: The central tool in QFD is the House of Quality, which is a
matrix that correlates customer requirements with the technical features and
characteristics of the product. It helps visualize the relationships between
customer needs and design parameters, facilitating decision-making and trade-
offs during the design process.
• Relationship Matrix: The House of Quality includes a series of interrelated
matrices, including the Relationship Matrix, which shows the degree of
correlation between customer requirements and design features. This matrix
helps prioritize design features based on their impact on customer satisfaction.
• Technical Requirements Generation: Once customer needs are identified and
prioritized, the next step is to determine the technical requirements necessary to
meet those needs. This involves brainstorming and evaluating potential design
solutions and features that can address customer requirements.
• Deployment Matrix: The Deployment Matrix is used to link technical
requirements to specific design elements, processes, or components. It ensures
that each customer requirement is addressed by one or more design features,
providing a systematic approach to design implementation.
 • Cross-Functional Collaboration: QFD encourages cross-functional
collaboration among different departments and stakeholders involved in product
development, including marketing, engineering, manufacturing, and quality
assurance. This collaboration ensures that diverse perspectives are considered
and integrated into the design process.
• Continuous Improvement: QFD is not a one-time activity but rather a
continuous improvement process. It allows for feedback loops and iteration
throughout the product development lifecycle, enabling organizations to refine
and enhance their products based on evolving customer needs and market
trends.
Overall, Quality Function Deployment is a powerful methodology for aligning product
design with customer requirements, improving product quality, and enhancing
customer satisfaction. It provides a structured approach to product development that
emphasizes customer-centricity, collaboration, and continuous improvement.

5. What is Design Procedure?

A design procedure refers to a systematic and organized approach used to guide the
process of designing a product, system, or solution to a problem. It encompasses the
steps, methods, and techniques employed by designers to conceptualize, develop, and
refine their ideas into tangible outcomes. While specific design procedures may vary
depending on the context, goals, and constraints of a project, they generally follow a
similar structure. Here's an outline of a typical design procedure:
• Problem Definition: Clearly define the problem or opportunity that the design
aims to address. This involves understanding the needs and requirements of
stakeholders, identifying constraints, and establishing project objectives.
• Research and Analysis: Conduct research and analysis to gather relevant
information and insights related to the problem domain. This may include
market research, user studies, competitor analysis, and technical investigations.
• Idea Generation: Generate a variety of ideas, concepts, and potential solutions
through brainstorming, ideation sessions, sketches, prototypes, or other creative
methods. Encourage divergent thinking to explore multiple possibilities.
• Concept Development: Evaluate and refine the generated ideas to develop more
detailed concepts or design proposals. Consider factors such as feasibility,
usability, aesthetics, and alignment with project goals.
• Prototyping and Testing: Create prototypes or mock-ups to represent the
proposed designs in a tangible form. Test these prototypes through user
feedback, usability testing, or technical validation to identify strengths,
weaknesses, and areas for improvement.
• Iteration and Refinement: Based on the feedback received during testing, iterate
on the designs to refine and improve them iteratively. Iterate through multiple
design cycles as necessary to achieve the desired outcomes.
• Finalization: Finalize the design by integrating feedback, resolving any
remaining issues, and making decisions on the final specifications, materials,
and features.
 • Documentation: Document the design process, decisions, and rationale to create
a record for future reference and communication. This may include design
documents, specifications, drawings, and other relevant documentation.
• Implementation and Production: Prepare the design for implementation or
production by developing detailed plans, coordinating with stakeholders, and
ensuring that all necessary resources and materials are available.
• Evaluation and Feedback: Evaluate the implemented design against the original
objectives and requirements to assess its effectiveness and performance. Gather
feedback from users, stakeholders, and other relevant parties to inform future
iterations and improvements.
• Maintenance and Support: Provide ongoing maintenance, support, and updates
to the design as needed to ensure its continued relevance, functionality, and
usability over time.
By following a structured design procedure, designers can navigate the complexity of
the design process more effectively, maintain focus on the desired outcomes, and
increase the likelihood of producing successful and impactful designs.

6. Explain technology forecasting with the help of S curve.

Technology forecasting is a systematic process used to predict the future development,
adoption, and impact of emerging technologies. It involves analyzing trends, historical
data, market dynamics, and other relevant factors to anticipate how technology will
evolve over time. One common method used in technology forecasting is the S-curve
model.
The S-curve, also known as the technology adoption curve, is a graphical representation
that illustrates the typical pattern of technology diffusion and adoption over time. It is
called the S-curve because of its characteristic shape resembling the letter "S". Here's
how the S-curve model works in technology forecasting:
• Introduction Stage: The S-curve starts with a slow initial phase where a new
technology is introduced. At this stage, adoption is limited, and growth is
relatively slow as the technology undergoes development, refinement, and
validation.
• Acceleration Stage: As the technology matures and gains acceptance, it enters
a phase of rapid growth and adoption. This acceleration phase is characterized
by exponential increases in adoption rates as more users begin to adopt the
technology and realize its benefits.
• Saturation Stage: Eventually, the rate of growth starts to slow down as the
technology reaches saturation in the market. At this stage, most potential users
have already adopted the technology, and further growth is limited to
replacement or upgrade cycles.
• Plateau Stage: The S-curve levels off as the technology reaches widespread
adoption and market saturation. Growth stabilizes, and the technology becomes
a standard or commodity within its industry or market.
The S-curve model can be used in technology forecasting to predict the trajectory of a
particular technology's development and adoption over time. By analyzing historical
 data, market trends, and other relevant factors, analysts can identify where a technology
currently lies on the S-curve and make informed predictions about its future evolution.
Additionally, the S-curve model can help stakeholders understand the timing and
dynamics of technology disruptions, identify opportunities for investment or
innovation, and develop strategies to navigate technological transitions effectively.
Overall, the S-curve model provides a valuable framework for technology forecasting
by illustrating the typical pattern of technology adoption and diffusion, helping
stakeholders anticipate future trends and developments in the technological landscape.

7. Elaborate various types of customer needs.

Customer needs can be broadly categorized into several types, each representing
different aspects of what customers seek and value in a product or service. Here are
some of the various types of customer needs:
• Functional Needs: These are the basic, essential requirements that a product or
service must fulfill to solve a specific problem or meet a functional purpose. For
example, a smartphone must have calling and messaging capabilities to fulfill
the functional needs of communication.
• Physical Needs: Physical needs relate to tangible attributes of a product or
service, such as size, weight, color, shape, and design. These factors can
influence a customer's perception of the product's usability, aesthetics, and
suitability for their preferences or environment.
• Social Needs: Social needs refer to the desire for social interaction, connection,
and recognition. Customers may seek products or services that enable them to
socialize, network, or express their identity and status within social groups or
communities.
• Emotional Needs: Emotional needs involve the desire for experiences, feelings,
and emotional outcomes that fulfill psychological or subjective desires.
Customers may seek products or services that evoke positive emotions such as
joy, excitement, satisfaction, or nostalgia.
• Convenience Needs: Convenience needs relate to the ease, accessibility, and
efficiency of obtaining and using a product or service. Customers value
solutions that save time, effort, and hassle, such as fast delivery, easy-to-use
interfaces, or hassle-free returns.
• Reliability and Performance Needs: These needs pertain to the reliability,
performance, and quality of a product or service. Customers expect products to
perform as promised, deliver consistent results, and meet their performance
expectations without defects or failures.
• Psychological Needs: Psychological needs encompass deeper, intrinsic
motivations and desires that influence customer behavior and decision-making.
This includes factors such as autonomy, competence, autonomy, and self-
expression, which may drive customers to seek products or services that fulfill
these underlying psychological needs.
• Financial Needs: Financial needs involve considerations related to cost,
affordability, and value for money. Customers may seek products or services
 that offer competitive pricing, discounts, or cost-saving benefits that align with
their budgetary constraints and financial goals.
• Safety and Security Needs: Safety and security needs relate to concerns about
personal safety, health, and protection from harm or risk. Customers prioritize
products or services that offer reliable safety features, quality assurance, and
compliance with regulatory standards to mitigate potential risks or hazards.
• Environmental and Ethical Needs: Environmental and ethical needs reflect
customers' concerns about sustainability, social responsibility, and ethical
business practices. Customers may prefer products or services that are
environmentally friendly, ethically sourced, or produced in a socially
responsible manner.
Understanding and addressing these various types of customer needs is essential for
businesses to design products, services, and experiences that resonate with their target
audience, drive customer satisfaction, and build long-term loyalty and success.

8. Explain Mission Statement and Technical Questioning.

a) Mission Statement:
A mission statement is a concise declaration of an organization's purpose, values, goals,
and objectives. It serves as a guiding framework that communicates the fundamental
reason for an organization's existence and its intended direction. Here are the key
components of a mission statement:
• Purpose: The primary reason for the organization's existence, describing what
it aims to accomplish or contribute to society.
• Values: Core beliefs and principles that guide the organization's behavior,
decision-making, and interactions with stakeholders.
• Goals/Objectives: Desired outcomes or achievements that the organization
strives to attain in pursuit of its mission.
• Target Audience/Stakeholders: The specific groups or individuals that the
organization seeks to serve, benefit, or engage with through its activities.
• Differentiation: How the organization distinguishes itself from others in its
industry or sector, highlighting its unique strengths, capabilities, or value
proposition.
A well-crafted mission statement provides clarity, direction, and alignment for
employees, customers, investors, and other stakeholders. It serves as a foundation for
strategic planning, decision-making, and organizational culture, guiding actions and
initiatives that support the organization's overarching mission and values.

b) Technical Questioning:
Technical questioning refers to the process of asking targeted, probing questions to
gather information, clarify understanding, solve problems, or make decisions in a
technical or engineering context. It involves systematically exploring relevant technical
aspects, challenges, constraints, and requirements to inform decision-making and
problem-solving. Here are some key aspects of technical questioning:
 • Problem Identification: Asking questions to understand the specific technical
problem or challenge at hand, including its scope, context, and underlying
causes.
• Requirement Analysis: Inquiring about the technical requirements,
specifications, constraints, and criteria that need to be met in designing or
implementing a solution.
• Feasibility Assessment: Exploring the technical feasibility of proposed
solutions or approaches by asking questions about their technical viability,
scalability, resource requirements, and potential risks or limitations.
• Solution Evaluation: Asking questions to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency,
and suitability of different solutions or alternatives based on technical criteria,
performance metrics, and stakeholder needs.
• Risk Management: Probing for potential technical risks, uncertainties, or
dependencies that could impact the success or viability of a project, and
exploring mitigation strategies or contingency plans.
• Continuous Improvement: Using questioning to identify opportunities for
optimization, innovation, or refinement in technical processes, methodologies,
tools, or systems.
Effective technical questioning requires active listening, critical thinking, domain
expertise, and a systematic approach to inquiry. It helps to uncover insights, challenge
assumptions, and drive informed decision-making and problem-solving in technical
fields such as engineering, technology, science, and research.

9. What do you understand by Market Segmentation? Elaborate its various types.

Market segmentation is the process of dividing a heterogeneous market into distinct
groups of consumers who have similar needs, preferences, behaviors, or characteristics.
The goal of market segmentation is to identify and understand different segments within
a market so that businesses can tailor their marketing strategies, products, and services
to better meet the needs of each segment. Here's an elaboration on the various types of
market segmentation:
A) Demographic Segmentation:
• Segments based on demographic factors such as age, gender, income, education,
occupation, marital status, family size, and ethnicity.
• Example: A clothing retailer might target different age groups with specific
clothing lines for teenagers, young adults, and middle-aged professionals.
B) Geographic Segmentation:
• Segments based on geographic factors such as location, region, climate,
population density, urban or rural areas, and cultural differences.
• Example: A beverage company might adjust its product offerings based on
regional preferences, such as offering hot drinks in colder climates and cold
drinks in warmer climates.
C) Psychographic Segmentation:
• Segments based on psychographic factors such as lifestyle, values, personality
traits, attitudes, interests, hobbies, and social class.
 • Example: An outdoor gear company might target adventure enthusiasts who
value outdoor experiences and environmental sustainability.
D) Behavioral Segmentation:
• Segments based on consumer behaviors, usage patterns, purchasing habits,
brand loyalty, benefits sought, product usage frequency, and buying occasions.
• Example: An airline might offer different loyalty programs for frequent flyers,
business travelers, and leisure travelers based on their travel behaviors and
preferences.
E) Benefit Segmentation:
• Segments based on the specific benefits or solutions that customers seek from a
product or service.
• Example: A skincare brand might offer different product lines targeting
customers seeking anti-aging benefits, acne treatment, or hydration.
F) Occasion Segmentation:
• Segments based on the specific occasions or situations in which customers use
a product or service.
• Example: A greeting card company might offer different cards for birthdays,
holidays, weddings, and other special occasions.
G) Usage Rate Segmentation:
• Segments based on the frequency or volume of product usage by customers.
• Example: A telecommunications company might offer different service plans
based on usage levels, such as light users, moderate users, and heavy users of
data and minutes.
H) Loyalty Segmentation:
• Segments based on customer loyalty levels, including loyal customers,
occasional customers, switchers, and brand enthusiasts.
• Example: A coffee chain might offer loyalty rewards programs to incentivize
repeat purchases and retain loyal customers.
By understanding and segmenting the market into distinct groups, businesses can
develop more targeted marketing strategies, tailor their product offerings, improve
customer satisfaction, and enhance overall business performance.