Thomas Calculus For The Jee 13Th Edition George B Thomas JR All Chapter

Thomas' Calculus for the JEE 13th
Edition George B. Thomas Jr

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/thomas-calculus-for-the-jee-13th-edition-george-b-tho
mas-jr/
THOMAS’
CALCULUS for the JEE
Thirteenth Edition
Based on the original work by

George B. Thomas, Jr.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
as revised by
Maurice D. Weir
Naval Postgraduate School
Joel Hass
University of California, Davis
with the assistance of

Christopher Heil
Georgia Institute of Technology
Adapted by
Amarnath Anand
Delhi Chennai
Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd
Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128,

formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.
No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the
publisher’s prior written consent.
This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.
ISBN: 978-93-325-4727-8
eISBN 978-93-325-8567-6
Head Office: A-8 (A), 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, Sector 62, Noida 201 309,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS 140, Block2 & 9,
Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060
www.pearson.co.in, Email: companysecretary.india@pearson.com
Contents
Preface to the Adaptation vii
Acknowledgments ix
About the Adaptor xi
1 Functions 1
1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 1
1.2 Classification of Functions and Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs 28
1.3 Trigonometric Functions 46
1.4 Miscellaneous 54
Questions to Guide Your Review 70
Practice Exercises 71
Single Choice Questions 72
Multiple Choice Questions 75
Passage Type Questions 77
Matrix Match Type Questions 79
Integer Type Questions 80
Additional and Advanced Exercises 80
2 Limits and Continuity 82

2.1 Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves 82
2.2 Limit of a Function and Limit Laws 88
2.3 The Precise Definition of a Limit 99
2.4 One-Sided Limits 104
2.5 Continuity 116
2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs 130
3 Derivatives 156
3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point 156
3.2 The Derivative as a Function 160
3.3 Differentiation Rules 172
3.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 180
3.5 The Chain Rule 186
iii
iv Contents
3.6 Method of Differentiation 192

3.7 Implicit Differentiation 199
3.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions and their Derivatives 204
3.9 Derivative of Inverse Function 212
3.10 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule 215
4 Applications of Derivatives 236

4.1 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 236
4.2 Related Rates 245
4.3 Linearization and Differentials 254
4.4 Extreme Values of Functions 265
4.5 The Mean Value Theorem 272
4.6 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test 279
4.7 Concavity and Curve Sketching 283
4.8 Applied Optimization 294
5 Integrals 322
5.1 Antiderivatives 322
5.2 Area and Estimating with Finite Sums 332
5.3 Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums 341
5.4 The Definite Integral 348
5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method 351
5.6 Techniques of Integration 359
5.7 Integration by Parts 365
5.8 Trigonometric Integrals 374
5.9 Trigonometric Substitutions 380
5.10 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 386
5.11 Reduction Formulas 395
5.12 Improper Integrals 397
5.13 Properties of Definite Integrals 402
5.14 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 408
5.15 Definite Integral Substitutions 416
Contents v
Single Choice Questions (Indefinite) 434

Multiple Choice Questions (Indefinite) 438
Passage Type Questions (Indefinite) 439
Matrix Match Type Questions (Indefinite) 441
Integer Type Questions (Indefinite) 441
Single Choice Questions (Definite) 442
Multiple Choice Questions (Definite) 446
Passage Type Questions (Definite) 448
Matrix Match Type Questions (Definite) 449
Integer Type Questions (Definite) 450
6 First-Order Differential Equations and Area Under Curve 458

6.1 Solutions, Slope Fields, and Euler’s Method 458
6.2 First-Order Linear Equations 472
6.3 Applications 477
6.4 Area Under the Graph of a Nonnegative Function 483
Answers Keys A-1

This page is intentionally left blank
Preface to the Adaptation
Calculus is a branch of mathematics in which we study how things change and the rate at which things change. Calculus,
as we know today, was developed in the later half of the 17th century by two great mathematicians, Gottfried Leibniz and
Isaac Newton. It provides a framework for modeling a system in which there are variations, and it also provides different
tools to predict such models. Calculus introduces concepts and tools to describe and analyse different functions. There are
two main branches of calculus: differential calculus and integral calculus. This book presents a complete study of calculus
to the readers. This book is meant for theory as well as practice and clarifies difficult concepts for the readers.
Sometimes, students only memorise how to solve problems without knowing its basics. This book helps students to
gain knowledge and understand the concepts with clarity; thus, this book is mainly targeted for students who are prepar-
ing for IIT-JEE. For cracking such a prestigious exam, we need a very good and sound knowledge of calculus. The con-
tent of this book is as per the IIT-JEE syllabus. After every section, a rich collection of questions based on the concepts
are provided. A student must attempt all the questions to master the concepts. At the end of every chapter, exercises have
been added that are in accordance with the latest pattern of IIT-JEE examinations. These include single choice questions,
multiple choice questions, passage type questions, matrix match type questions and integer type questions.
The quality of questions in these exercises is planned keeping in mind the level and requirement of IIT-JEE exam. This
book also contains numerous solved examples which will help students in applying the concepts learned. The content of the
book is well organized and user friendly. All suggestions for improvement are welcome. All the best to students for their
bright future.
Amarnath Anand
vii
Acknowledgments
I am thankful to Pearson Education for the efforts put in publishing this book on Calculus. My mother, Smt. Bhawani Anand,
has always been a source of inspiration for me and a blessing in my life. I am indebted to my family members for their love
and support.
I would like to thank all my colleagues for their advice and my students for their feedback and faith in me. I am also
grateful and fortunate for being part of a highly prestigious institution for JEE preparation in India, wherein I have had an
opportunity to interact with some of the finest minds in the industry.
Finally, I would like to thank my wife. This work would not have been possible without her support and sacrifice.
Amarnath Anand
ix
About the Adaptor
Amarnath Anand, a B.Tech., from IIT Delhi, has extensive experience in teaching
mathematics at Apex JEE training institutions at Kota. With more than 11 years of
experience in teaching mathematics, he has helped and guided a large pool of students
to succeed in various premier engineering entrance examinations like IIT-JEE, AIEEE’s
and BITSAT. His unique method of teaching and intuitive solutions to even the most
complex problems has established him as a popular faculty among his students.
xi
1
Functions
OVERVIEW Functions are fundamental to the study of calculus. In this chapter we review
what functions are and how they are pictured as graphs, how they are combined and
transformed, and ways they can be classified. We review the trigonometric functions.
1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

Functions are a tool for describing the real world in mathematical terms. A function can be
represented by an equation, a graph, a numerical table, or a verbal description; we will use
all four representations throughout this book. This section reviews these function ideas.
Functions: Domain, Codomain and Range

The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level (the boiling
point drops as you ascend). The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of
time the investment is held. The area of a circle depends on the radius of the circle. The dis-
tance an object travels at constant speed along a straight-line path depends on the elapsed time.
In each case, the value of one variable quantity, say y, depends on the value of another
variable quantity, which we might call x. We say that “y is a function of x” and write this
symbolically as
y = ƒ(x) (“y equals ƒ of x”).
In this notation, the symbol ƒ represents the function, the letter x is the independent variable
representing the input value of ƒ, and y is the dependent variable or output value of ƒ at x.
DEFINITION A function ƒ from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique

(single) element ƒ(x)∊Y to each element x∊D.
The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of the function. The set of
all output values of ƒ(x) as x varies throughout D is called the range of the function. The
range may not include every element in the set Y. The domain and range of a function can
be any sets of objects, but often in calculus they are sets of real numbers interpreted as
points of a coordinate line.
1
2 Chapter 1: Functions
The set Y is called as codomain and the function is generally denoted as f: X → Y or

X ⎯⎯ → Y, which is read as f is a function from set X to set Y. Here, the definition empha-
f
sizes on two things:

1. No element in set X is left in the process.
2. Every element in set X is assigned a single element in set Y.
Image and Pre-image

If an element x ∈ X is associated with an element y ∈ Y under the rule f, then y is called as
image or functional image of x and x is called as pre-image of y under the rule f. We can
symbolically write it as y = f(x).
Often a function is given by a formula that describes how to calculate the output value
from the input variable. For instance, the equation A = pr 2 is a rule that calculates the
area A of a circle from its radius r (so r, interpreted as a length, can only be positive in this
formula). When we define a function y = ƒ(x) with a formula and the domain is not stated
explicitly or restricted by context, the domain is assumed to be the largest set of real
x-values for which the formula gives real y-values, which is called the natural domain. If
x f f (x)
Input Output we want to restrict the domain in some way, we must say so. The domain of y = x2 is the
(domain) (range) entire set of real numbers. To restrict the domain of the function to, say, positive values of
FIGURE 1.1 A diagram showing a
x, we would write “y = x2, x 7 0.”
function as a kind of machine.
When the range of a function is a set of real numbers, the function is said to be real-
valued. The domains and ranges of most real-valued functions of a real variable we con-
sider are intervals or combinations of intervals. The intervals may be open, closed, or half
open, and may be finite or infinite.
A function ƒ is like a machine that produces an output value ƒ(x) in its range whenever we
x feed it an input value x from its domain (Figure 1.1). The function keys on a calculator give an
a f (a) f(x) example of a function as a machine. For instance, the 2x key on a calculator gives an output
value (the square root) whenever you enter a nonnegative number x and press the 2x key.
D = domain set Y = set containing A function can also be pictured as an arrow diagram (Figure 1.2). Each arrow asso-
the range
ciates an element of the domain D with a unique or single element in the set Y. In
FIGURE 1.2 A function from a set D Figure 1.2, the arrows indicate that ƒ(a) is associated with a, ƒ(x) is associated with x, and
to a set Y assigns a unique element of Y so on. Notice that a function can have the same value at two different input elements in the
to each element in D. domain (as occurs with ƒ(a) in Figure 1.2), but each input element x is assigned a single
output value ƒ(x).
EXAMPLE 1 Let’s verify the natural domains and associated ranges of some simple
functions. The domains in each case are the values of x for which the formula makes sense.
Function Domain (x) Range ( y)

y = x 2
(- q, q) 3 0, q)
y = 1>x (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q) (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q)
y = 2x 3 0, q) 3 0, q)
y = 24 - x (- q, 44 3 0, q)
y = 21 - x2 3 -1, 14 3 0, 14
Solution The formula y = x2 gives a real y-value for any real number x, so the domain
is (- q, q). The range of y = x2 is 3 0, q) because the square of any real number is non-
negative and every nonnegative number y is the square of its own square root, y = 1 2y 2
2
for y Ú 0.
The formula y = 1>x gives a real y-value for every x except x = 0. For consistency
in the rules of arithmetic, we cannot divide any number by zero. The range of y = 1>x, the
set of reciprocals of all nonzero real numbers, is the set of all nonzero real numbers, since
y = 1>(1>y). That is, for y ≠ 0 the number x = 1>y is the input assigned to the output
value y.
The formula y = 2x gives a real y-value only if x Ú 0. The range of y = 2x is
3 0, q) because every nonnegative number is some number’s square root (namely, it is the
square root of its own square).
In y = 24 - x, the quantity 4 - x cannot be negative. That is, 4 - x Ú 0, or
x … 4. The formula gives real y-values for all x … 4. The range of 24 - x is 3 0, q),
the set of all nonnegative numbers.
The formula y = 21 - x2 gives a real y-value for every x in the closed interval from
-1 to 1. Outside this domain, 1 - x2 is negative and its square root is not a real number.
The values of 1 - x2 vary from 0 to 1 on the given domain, and the square roots of these
values do the same. The range of 21 - x2 is 3 0, 14 .
Graphs of Functions
If ƒ is a function with domain D, its graph consists of the points in the Cartesian plane
whose coordinates are the input-output pairs for ƒ. In set notation, the graph is
5(x, ƒ(x)) x∊D6 .
The graph of the function ƒ(x) = x + 2 is the set of points with coordinates (x, y) for
which y = x + 2. Its graph is the straight line sketched in Figure 1.3.
The graph of a function ƒ is a useful picture of its behavior. If (x, y) is a point on the
graph, then y = ƒ(x) is the height of the graph above (or below) the point x. The height
may be positive or negative, depending on the sign of ƒ(x) (Figure 1.4).
x y = x2
-2 4 y
-1 1
0 0
1 1
3 9 y f (1)
2 4 f (2)
2 4
x
y=x+2 x
0 1 2
2 f(x)
y (x, y)
x
−2 0
(−2, 4) (2, 4)
4
y = x2 FIGURE 1.3 The graph of ƒ(x) = x + 2 FIGURE 1.4 If (x, y) lies on the graph of
3 is the set of points (x, y) for which y has the ƒ, then the value y = ƒ(x) is the height of
3 9 value x + 2. the graph above the point x (or below x if
2 a2 , 4b
ƒ(x) is negative).
(−1, 1) 1 (1, 1)
EXAMPLE 2 Graph the function y = x2 over the interval 3 -2, 24 .

x
−2 −1 0 1 2
Solution Make a table of xy-pairs that satisfy the equation y = x2 . Plot the points (x, y)
FIGURE 1.5 Graph of the function whose coordinates appear in the table, and draw a smooth curve (labeled with its equation)
in Example 2. through the plotted points (see Figure 1.5).
How do we know that the graph of y = x2 doesn’t look like one of these curves?
y y
y = x 2? y = x 2?
x x
To find out, we could plot more points. But how would we then connect them? The
basic question still remains: How do we know for sure what the graph looks like between
the points we plot? Calculus answers this question, as we will see in Chapter 4. Meanwhile,
we will have to settle for plotting points and connecting them as best we can.
The Vertical Line Test for a Function

Not every curve in the coordinate plane can be the graph of a function. A function ƒ can
have only one value ƒ(x) for each x in its domain, so no vertical line can intersect the
graph of a function more than once. If a is in the domain of the function ƒ, then the vertical
line x = a will intersect the graph of ƒ at the single point (a, ƒ(a)).
A circle cannot be the graph of a function, since some vertical lines intersect the circle
twice. The circle graphed in Figure 1.6a, however, does contain the graphs of functions of
x, such as the upper semicircle defined by the function ƒ(x) = 21 - x2 and the lower
semicircle defined by the function g (x) = - 21 - x2 (Figures 1.6b and 1.6c).
y y y
−1 1
x x x
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 0
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 1 (b) y = "1 − x 2 (c) y = −"1 − x 2
FIGURE 1.6 (a) The circle is not the graph of a function; it fails the vertical line test. (b) The
upper semicircle is the graph of a function ƒ(x) = 21 - x2. (c) The lower semicircle is the graph
of a function g (x) = - 21 - x2.
Increasing and Decreasing Functions

If the graph of a function climbs or rises as you move from left to right, we say that the
function is increasing. If the graph descends or falls as you move from left to right, the
function is decreasing.
DEFINITIONS Let ƒ be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 and x2 be

any two points in I.
1. If ƒ(x2) 7 ƒ(x1) whenever x1 6 x2, then ƒ is said to be increasing on I.
2. If ƒ(x2) 6 ƒ(x1) whenever x1 6 x2, then ƒ is said to be decreasing on I.
y It is important to realize that the definitions of increasing and decreasing functions

y = f (x) must be satisfied for every pair of points x1 and x2 in I with x1 6 x2. Because we use the
y = −x
2 inequality 6 to compare the function values, instead of … , it is sometimes said that ƒ is
y=1
strictly increasing or decreasing on I. The interval I may be finite (also called bounded) or
1 infinite (unbounded) and by definition never consists of a single point (Appendix 1).
y = x2
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 EXAMPLE 3 The function graphed in Figure 1.7 is decreasing on (- q, 04 and
increasing on 3 0, 14 . The function is neither increasing nor decreasing on the interval 3 1, q)
FIGURE 1.7 To graph the because of the strict inequalities used to compare the function values in the definitions.
function y = ƒ(x) shown here,
we apply different formulas to
different parts of its domain
Important Functions
(Example 3). A variety of important types of functions are frequently encountered in calculus. We iden-
tify and briefly describe them here.
Linear Functions A function of the form ƒ(x) = mx + b, for constants m and b, is called
a linear function. Figure 1.8a shows an array of lines ƒ(x) = mx where b = 0, so these
lines pass through the origin. The function ƒ(x) = x where m = 1 and b = 0 is called the
identity function. Constant functions result when the slope m = 0 (Figure 1.8b).
A linear function with positive slope whose graph passes through the origin is called a
proportionality relationship.
y
m = −3 m=2
y = −3x y = 2x
m = −1 m=1 y
y=x
1
y = −x m= y=3
2 2
1 2
y= x
0 2 1
x
x
0 1 2
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1.8 (a) Lines through the origin with slope m. (b) A constant function
with slope m = 0.
DEFINITION Two variables y and x are proportional (to one another) if one
is always a constant multiple of the other; that is, if y = kx for some nonzero
constant k.
If the variable y is proportional to the reciprocal 1>x, then sometimes it is said that y is
inversely proportional to x (because 1>x is the multiplicative inverse of x).
Power Functions A function ƒ(x) = xa, where a is a constant, is called a power function.
There are several important cases to consider.
(a) a = n, a positive integer.
The graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, are displayed in Figure 1.9. These functions
are defined for all real values of x. Notice that as the power n gets larger, the curves tend to
flatten toward the x-axis on the interval (-1, 1), and to rise more steeply for 0 x 0 7 1.
Each curve passes through the point (1, 1) and through the origin. The graphs of functions
with even powers are symmetric about the y-axis; those with odd powers are symmetric
y y=x y y y y y = x5
y = x2 y = x3 y = x4
1 1 1 1 1
x x x x x
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
FIGURE 1.9 Graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, defined for - q 6 x 6 q.
about the origin. The even-powered functions are decreasing on the interval (- q, 04 and
increasing on 3 0, q); the odd-powered functions are increasing over the entire real line
(- q, q).
(b) a = -1 or a = -2.
The graphs of the functions ƒ(x) = x-1 = 1>x and g(x) = x-2 = 1>x2 are shown in
Figure 1.10. Both functions are defined for all x ≠ 0 (you can never divide by zero). The
graph of y = 1>x is the hyperbola xy = 1, which approaches the coordinate axes far from
the origin. The graph of y = 1>x2 also approaches the coordinate axes. The graph of the
function ƒ is symmetric about the origin; ƒ is decreasing on the intervals (- q, 0) and
(0, q). The graph of the function g is symmetric about the y-axis; g is increasing on
(- q, 0) and decreasing on (0, q).
y
y
y = 1x y = 12
x
1
x
0 1 1
Domain: x ≠ 0 x
Range: y ≠ 0 0 1
Domain: x ≠ 0
Range: y > 0
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1.10 Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for part (a) a = -1
and for part (b) a = -2.
1 1 3 2
(c) a = , , , and .
2 3 2 3
3
The functions ƒ(x) = x1>2 = 2x and g(x) = x1>3 = 2 x are the square root and cube
root functions, respectively. The domain of the square root function is 3 0, q), but the
cube root function is defined for all real x. Their graphs are displayed in Figure 1.11, along
with the graphs of y = x3>2 and y = x2>3. (Recall that x3>2 = (x1>2)3 and x2>3 = (x1>3)2.)
Polynomials A function p is a polynomial if
p(x) = an xn + an - 1xn - 1 + g + a1 x + a0
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, a2, c, an are real constants
(called the coefficients of the polynomial). All polynomials have domain (- q, q). If the
leading coefficient an ≠ 0 and n 7 0, then n is called the degree of the polynomial.
Linear functions with m ≠ 0 are polynomials of degree 1. Polynomials of degree 2,
y
y y
y = !x y=x 32
y = !x
3 y = x 23
1
1 1 1
x x x x
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞ Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞
Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: −∞ < y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞
1 1 3 2
FIGURE 1.11 Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for a = , , , and .
2 3 2 3
usually written as p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, are called quadratic functions. Likewise, cubic
functions are polynomials p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d of degree 3. Figure 1.12 shows
the graphs of three polynomials. Techniques to graph polynomials are studied in Chapter 4.
3 2
y = x − x − 2x + 1
3 2 3
y
4 y
y y = (x − 2)4(x + 1)3(x − 1)
y = 8x 4 − 14x 3 − 9x 2 + 11x − 1
16
2 2
x
−1 1 2
x −2
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 x
−1 0 1 2
−6
−2
−8
−10
−16
−4 −12
(a) (b) (c)
FIGURE 1.12 Graphs of three polynomial functions.
Rational Functions A rational function is a quotient or ratio ƒ(x) = p(x)>q(x), where

p and q are polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set of all real x for which
q(x) ≠ 0. The graphs of several rational functions are shown in Figure 1.13.
y
y 8
y = 11x3 + 2
y = 5x +2 8x − 3
y 2
4 6 2x − 1
3x + 2
2
4
y = 2x − 3 2
2
7x + 4 1 Line y = 5
3 2
x x x
−4 −2 2 4 −5 0 5 10 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−1 −2
−2
−4
−2
NOT TO SCALE
−4 −6
−8
(a) (b) (c)
FIGURE 1.13 Graphs of three rational functions. The straight red lines approached by the graphs are called
asymptotes and are not part of the graphs. We discuss asymptotes in Section 2.6.
Algebraic Functions Any function constructed from polynomials using algebraic oper-
ations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking roots) lies within the
class of algebraic functions. All rational functions are algebraic, but also included are
more complicated functions (such as those satisfying an equation like y3 - 9xy + x3 = 0,
studied in Section 3.7). Figure 1.14 displays the graphs of three algebraic functions.
y y = x 13(x − 4)
y y = x(1 − x)25
4 y = 3 (x 2 − 1) 23
4
3 y
2 1
1
x x x
−1 4 −1 0 1 0 5 1
−1 7
−2 −1
−3
(a) (b) (c)
FIGURE 1.14 Graphs of three algebraic functions.
Trigonometric Functions The six basic trigonometric functions are reviewed in Section 1.3.
The graphs of the sine and cosine functions are shown in Figure 1.15.
y y
1 1 3p 5p
3p − p2 2 2
x x
−p 0 p 2p 0 p
−1 −1 2
(a) f (x) = sin x (b) f (x) = cos x
FIGURE 1.15 Graphs of the sine and cosine functions.
Exponential Functions Functions of the form ƒ(x) = ax, where the base a 7 0 is a
positive constant and a ≠ 1, are called exponential functions. All exponential functions
have domain (- q, q) and range (0, q), so an exponential function never assumes the
value 0. The graphs of some exponential functions are shown in Figure 1.16.
y y
y = 10 x y = 10 –x
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 y = 3 –x 6
y = 3x
4 4
2 2
y = 2x y = 2 –x
x x
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1.16 Graphs of exponential functions.

Logarithmic Functions These are the functions ƒ(x) = loga x, where the base a ≠ 1 is
a positive constant. They are the inverse functions of the exponential functions. Figure 1.17
shows the graphs of four logarithmic functions with various bases. In each case the
domain is (0, q) and the range is (- q, q).
y y = log 2 x
y = log 3 x
x
0 1
y = log5 x 1
−1 y = log10 x
x
−1 0 1
FIGURE 1.17 Graphs of four logarithmic FIGURE 1.18 Graph of a catenary or

functions. hanging cable. (The Latin word catena
means “chain.”)
Transcendental Functions These are functions that are not algebraic. They include the
trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, and many
other functions as well. A particular example of a transcendental function is a catenary.
Its graph has the shape of a cable, like a telephone line or electric cable, strung from one
support to another and hanging freely under its own weight (Figure 1.18).
y
Piecewise-Defined Functions
y = 0x0 Sometimes a function is described in pieces by using different formulas on different parts
y = −x 3 of its domain. One example is the absolute value function
y=x
2
0x0 = e
x, x Ú 0 First formula
1
-x, x 6 0, Second formula
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
whose graph is given in Figure 1.19. The right-hand side of the equation means that the
FIGURE 1.19 The absolute function equals x if x Ú 0, and equals -x if x 6 0. Piecewise-defined functions often
value function has domain arise when real-world data are modeled.
(- q, q) and range 30, q). Clearly from Figure 1.19, domain of |x| is R and range is [0, ∞)
EXAMPLE 4 Sketch the graph of f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 3| when we are given more than
one modulus as in this problem. First we can frame cases such that we can easily open
modulus clearly we can see |x –2| changes its definition about x = 2 and |x – 3| changes its
definition about x = 3. Hence, the complete function |x – 2| + |x – 3| can be opened as
⎧ ( x + 2) + ( x − 3) = 2 x − 5 x ≥ 3
⎪
|x – 2| + |x – 3| = ⎨ ( x − 2) + (3 − x ) = 1 2≤x <3
⎪ (2 − x ) + (3 − x ) = 5 − 2 x x < 2
⎩
Hence is can be seen that this piecewise-defined function has three different definitions
for different values of x.
y = 2x – 5
x = 2x + 5
1 2 3 4
Signum function
A function y = f(x) = sgn(x) is defined as follows:
⎧ 1 x>0
⎪
Sgn(x) = ⎨ 0 x = 0
⎪ −1 x < 0
⎩
It can be also written as
⎧ |x|
⎪ x≠0
Sgn(x) = ⎨ x
⎪ 0 x=0
⎩
Graph of the function is shown in the following figure.
Hence, the domain of f(x) is x ∈ R and range includes three values –1, 0, and 1.
EXAMPLE 5 Sketch the graph of y = Sgn(x2 – 9)
Solution Since sgn (x) depends upon the sign of x
⎧ 1 x2 − 9 > 0
⎪
Hence, Sgn(x2 – 9) ⎨ 0 x 2 − 9 = 0
⎪ −1 x 2 − 9 < 0
⎩
We need to check the sign of x2 – 9 which is shown below.
(x2 – 9) = (x – 3) (x + 3)
–3 3
⎧ 1 x ∈(−∞, −3) ∪ (3, ∞)

⎪
∴ Sgn(x2 – 9) ⎨ 0 x = ±3
⎪ −1 x ∈(−3, 3)
⎩
y
y=x
3
2 –3 3
y = :x;
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
Greatest Integer Function
The function whose value at any number x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x is
called the greatest integer function or the integer floor function. It is denoted : x ; .
−2
FIGURE 1.20 The graph of the Figure 1.20 shows the graph. Observe that
greatest integer function y = : x ; : 2.4 ; = 2, : 1.9 ; = 1, : 0 ; = 0, : -1.2 ; = -2,
lies on or below the line y = x, so
: 2 ; = 2, : 0.2 ; = 0, : -0.3 ; = -1, : -2 ; = -2.
it provides an integer floor for x
(Example 5). Hence, domain of [x] is x ∈ R and range is a set of integers.
Properties of Greatest Integer Function

1. [[x]] = [x]
Proof: It is clear [x] is some integer say “I” so [I] = I
2. [x + m] = [x] + m (where “m” is an integer)
Proof: Let x = I + f (where I is an integer and f ∈ [0, 1))
Now [x + m] = [I + m + f ] = I + m = [x] + m
⎧⎪
3. [x] + [– x] = ⎨ −1 x ∉ I
⎩⎪ 0 x ∈ I
Proof: Let x ∉ I
∴ x = I + f (where I is an integer and f ∈ [0, 1))
∴ [x] = I
Now – x = – I – f
⇒ – x = (–I – 1) + (1 – f)
Now 1 – f ∈ (0, 1)
∴ [– x] = –I – 1
Hence [x] + [– x] = I + (–I – 1) = –1
Now, if x = I ⇒ [x] = I
and – x = – I ⇒ [–x] = –I
∴ [x] + [– x] = 0
4. x – 1 < [x] ≤ x
Proof: x = I + f (where I is an integer and f ∈ [0, 1))
∴ [x] = I
∴ I ≤ I + f ⇒ [x] ≤ x (equality holds if f = 0)
Now, I + f – 1 > I (as f – 1 is a negative quantity)
∴ x – 1 < [x]
x + 1⎤
[x] = ⎡ ⎤ + ⎡
x
5. ∀x∈R
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
Proof:
Case I: Let x = 2I + f (where I is an integer and f ∈ [0, 1))
∴ L.H.S = 2I
⎡ x + 1⎤ = ⎡I + f ⎤ + ⎡I + f + 1⎤
R.H.S. = ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ + ⎢
x
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎛ f +1 ⎡ 1 , 1⎞ ⎞
= I + I ⎜∵ and ⎢⎣ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝ 2
= 2I
Case II: Let x = (2I + 1) + f (where I is an integer and f ∈ [0, 1))
L.H.S. = 2I + 1
x + 1⎤ ⎡ f + 1⎤ ⎡
R.H.S. = ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ + ⎢ I + 1 + ⎤⎥
x f
⎥ = ⎢I + ⎥
⎣2⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
I + I + 1 = 2I + 1
which completes the proof.
Fractional Part Function

Every real number x can be expressed as sum of its integral part denoted by [x] and its
fractional part denoted by {x}.
∴ x = [x] + {x} ⇒ {x} = x – [x]
Now,
⎧ x + 2 x ∈[−2, −1)
⎪
⎪ x + 1 x ∈[−1, 0)
⎪ x ∈[0,1)
y = {x} = x – [x] = ⎨ x
⎪ x −1 x ∈[1, 2)
⎪
⎪ x−2 x ∈[2,3)
⎩
Hence, its graph is
2 1
x+ x+ x 1 2
x– x–
–2 –1 0 1 2
From the above graph it is clear that function repeats itself after a length of 1. Hence, it is
a periodic function with period 1. Also, domain of function is real number set and range is
[0, 1). Properties of fractional part function:
1. {x + n} = {x} (where n ∈ I)
Proof: x = I + f (where I is an integer and f ∈ [0, 1))
∴ x + n = I + n + f ⇒ {x + n} = {I + n + f } = { f } = {x}
2. [{x}] = 0 (where [⋅] denotes greatest integer function and {⋅} denotes fractional part
function.)
Proof: Let x = I + f (where I is an integer and f ∈ [0, 1))
Now {x} = {I + f } = f
y
∴ [{x}] = [ f ] = 0 (As f ∈ [0, 1))
3
y=x 3. {[x]} = 0
Proof: Clearly fractional part of an integer is 0.
2
y = <x= ⎧⎪
1
4. {x} + {–x} = ⎨1 x ∉ I
x ⎪⎩0 x ∈ I
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1 Proof: Since [x] + [–x] = – 1 ∀ x ∉ I ⇒ x – {x} – x – {–x} = –1 ⇒ {x} + {– x} = 1
−2
Least Integer Function
FIGURE 1.21 The graph
The function whose value at any number x is the smallest integer greater than or equal to
x is called the least integer function or the integer ceiling function. It is denoted < x = .
of the least integer function
y = < x = lies on or above the line
Figure 1.21 shows the graph. For positive values of x, this function might represent, for
y = x, so it provides an integer
example, the cost of parking x hours in a parking lot that charges $1 for each hour or part
ceiling for x (Example 5).
of an hour.
Example of Domain and Range

log2 ( x 3)
EXAMPLE 6 The domain of definition of f(x) = is
x 2 3x 2
(a) R – {–1, –2} (b) (–2, –∞)
(c) R – {–1, –2, –3} (d) (–3, ∞) – {–1, – 2}
Solution Since logarithm is involved, so (x + 3) must be positive as well as denominator

must be nonzero.
Hence, x + 3 > 0 ⇒ x > –3
and x2 + 3x + 2 ≠ 0
⇒ (x + 1) (x + 2) ≠ 0
⇒ x ≠ –1 and –2
∴ Domain of f(x) is (–3, ∞) – {–2, –1}
∴ (d) is correct answer
EXAMPLE 7 Number of integers in the domain of function

⎧ 3 ⎫
f(x) = log ⎨log|cos x| ( x 2 − 8 x + 23) − ⎬ is
⎩ log2 | cos x | ⎭
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) More than two
Solution f(x) = log {log| cos x | (x2 – 8x + 23) – 3 log| cos x |2}
⎧ ⎛ x 2 − 8 x + 23 ⎞ ⎫
= log ⎨log|cos x| ⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎝ 8 ⎪⎭
Now, for f(x) to be defined.

⎛ x 2 − 8 x + 23 ⎞
1. log|cos x| ⎜
⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ > 0
x 2 − 8 x + 23
2. >0
8
3. | cos x | ≠ 0 and 1
Now, solving condition (1)
x 2 − 8 x + 23
<1 (∵ |cos x|, i.e., base is less than 1)
8
⇒ x2 – 8x + 23 < 8
⇒ x2 – 8x + 15 < 0
⇒ (x – 3) (x – 5) < 0
⇒ x ∈ (3, 5)
Solving condition (2), we get

x 2 − 8 x + 23
>0
8
⇒ (x – 4)2 + 7 > 0
⇒ x∈R
Solving condition (3), we get
|cos x| ≠ 0 and 1 ⇒ cos x ≠ 0 and ±1

U
∴ x ≠ (2n + 1) and nπ (n ∈ I)
2
Taking intersection of all three conditions, we get
x ∈ (3, 5) – π , { } 3π
2
∴ No. of integers in domain of f(x) is 1.
∴ Correct answer is (b)
EXAMPLE 8 The domain of definition of the function y (x) is given by the equation
2x + 2y = 2, is
(a) 0 < x ≤ 1 (b) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (c) –∞ < x ≤ 0 (d) –∞ < x < 1
Solution Clearly the function is expressed implicitly

Now 2y = 2 – 2x
As left-hand side is always positive. Hence, right-hand side is also positive.
∴ 2 – 2x > 0
⇒ 2x < 2
⇒ x<1
∴ x ∈ (–∞, 1)
∴ (d) is correct answer.
x2 x 2
EXAMPLE 9 Range of the function f(x) = ; (x ∈ R) is
x2 x 1
(b) ⎛⎜ 1, ⎞⎟ (c) ⎛⎜ 1, ⎤ (d) ⎛⎜ 1, ⎞⎟

11 7 7
(a) (1, ∞)
⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 5⎠
x2 x 2
Solution f(x) =
x2 x 1
Method 1:
We can first sketch the graph
∵ Domain of f(x) is R. To check the monotonicity
( x 2 + x + 1)(2 x + 1) − ( x 2 + x + 2)(2 x + 1)
f ′(x) =
( x 2 + x + 1)2
−(2 x + 1)
⇒ f ′(x) = 2
( x + x + 1)2
1
∴ for x > ⇒ f ′(x) < 0 ⇒ f(x) is decreasing
2
1
and for x < ⇒ f ′(x) > 0 ⇒ f(x) is increasing
2
Clearly as x → ±∞ ⇒ f(x) → 1
1 7 y
− ,
2 3
y=1
x
1
− , 0
2
Range of f(x) is ⎛⎜ 1, ⎤⎥
7
∴
⎝ 3⎦
Method 2:
x2 x 2
y=
x2 x 1
⇒ x2y + xy + y = x2 + x + 2 (after cross multiplication)
⇒ (y – 1) x2 + (y – 1)x + (y – 2) = 0
Clearly x ∈ R and let y – 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1; we can see a quadratic with real roots.
∴ D≥0
⇒ (y – 1)2 – 4(y – 1) (y – 2) ≥ 0
(y – 1) (y – 1 – 4y + 8) ≥ 0
∴ (y – 1) (–3y + 7) ≥ 0
⇒ (y – 1) (3y – 7) ≤ 0
+ – +
1 7/3
y ∈ ⎡1, ⎤
7
∴
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
∵ y≠1
y ∈ ⎛⎜ 1, ⎤
7
∴
⎝ 3 ⎥⎦
Now, we have assumed y ≠ 1 for our convenience so that theory of equation can be
applied. So, we must check corresponding to y = 1, there exists any x or not
x2 x 2
∴ 1=
x2 x 1
⇒ 2 = 1 (which is absurd)
So, there is no x for which y = 1.

⎛ 7
∴ Range of f(x) is ⎜ 1, ⎤⎥
⎝ 3⎦
Method 3:
x2 x 2 1
f(x) = which can be simplified as f(x) = 1 + 2
x x 1
2
x x 1
1
Now, we need to calculate the range of
x2 x 1
2
x2 + x + 1 = ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟ + ≥
1 3 3
Now,
⎝ 2⎠ 4 4
x2 + x + 1 ∈ ⎡ , ∞ ⎞⎟ ⎛ 4
∈⎜ 0, ⎤
3 1
∴
⎣⎢ 4 ⎠ x 2 + x + 1 ⎝ 3 ⎥⎦
Range of f(x) is ⎛⎜ 1, ⎤
7
∴
⎝ 3 ⎥⎦
∴ Correct answer is (c)

1
EXAMPLE 10 The number of integers not in domain of f(x) =
(where [⋅] denotes greatest integer function) [| x − 1 |] + [| 7 − x |] − 6
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
Solution For f(x) to be defined, only denominator should be nonzero, i.e., [|x – 1|] +
[|7 – x|] – 6 ≠ 0. So we can first find out for what values of x the above expression becomes
zero and can exclude it from real number set. So, let us solve the following equation.
[|x – 1|] + [|x – 7|] = 6 (As |x – 7| = |7 – x| ∀ x ∈ R)
Since the equation contains modulus, we can frame “3” cases.
Case I: x ≥ 7
[x – 1] + [ x – 7] = 6
⇒ [x] – 1 + [x] – 7 = 6 (∵ [x + n] = [x] + n ∀ n ∈ I)
⇒ 2[x] = 14
⇒ [x] = 7
⇒ x ∈ [7, 8) which satisfies the above condition.
Case II: x ∈ (1, 7)
∴ [x – 1] + [7 – x] = 6
⇒ [x] – 1 + 7 + [– x] = 6
⇒ [x] + [–x] = 0
⇒ x∈I
Since x∈ (1, 7). Hence possible values of x are 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Case III: x ≤ 1
∴ [1 – x] + [7 – x] = 6
⇒ 8 + 2 [– x] = 6
⇒ [– x] = – 1
⇒ –x ∈[–1, 0)
⇒ x ∈ (0, 1]
which satisfies the above condition.
∴ Domain of (x) is x ∈ R – (0, 1] ∪ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ [7, 8)
Hence, no. of integers not in domain of (x) is 7.
∴ (C) is correct answer.
EXAMPLE 11 In which of the following cases there does not exist any function:
(a) f 2(x2) + f(2x) + 1 = 0 ∀ x ∈ R
(b) f 2(x2 – x) – 4f(2x – 2) + x2 + x = 0 ∀ x ∈ R
(c) f(x) + f(1/x) = 2x ∀ x ∈ R – {0}
(d) f(sin x) + f(cos x) = ∀ x ∈ R
Solution Checking option wise

(a) f 2(x)2 + f (2x) + 1 = 0
Put x = 2 ⇒ f 2(4) + f(4) + 1 = 0, so there exist no value of f(4) which will satisfy the
equation. Hence not valid for x ∈ R
(b) f 2(x2 – x) – 4f (2x – 2) + x2 + x = 0

Put x = 1
f 2(0) – 4f(0) + 2 = 0
⇒ f(0) has two values. Hence cannot be a function.

(c) f(x) + f(1/x) = 2x
Put x → 1/x
∴ f(1/x) + f(x) = 2/x.
∴ 2x = 2/x
⇒ x=±1
i.e., function is not defined for x ∈ R – {0}

(d) f(sin x) + f(cos x) = x
U
Put x as –x
2
U
∴ f(cos x) + f(sin x) = –x
2
U
i.e., x= –x
2
U
⇒ x= .
4
Hence not defined for x ∈ R.
∴ Correct answers are (a), (b), (c), and (d).
EXAMPLE 12 Let A = sin2θ + cos4θ, then for all real values of θ

3 13 3 13
(a) 1 ≤ A ≤ 2 (b) ≤A≤1 (c) ≤A≤1 (d) ≤A≤
4 16 4 16
Solution A = 1 – cos2θ + cos4θ
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ 1 3 ⎛ 1⎞
= 1 + ⎜ cos 2 θ − ⎟ − = + ⎜ cos 2 θ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 4 4 ⎝ 2⎠
2
1
Amax can be achieved when ⎛⎜ cos 2 θ − ⎞⎟ is minimum, i.e., cos2 θ =
1
⎝ 2⎠ 2
3 3
∴ Amin = ⇒ ≤A≤1
4 4
∴ correct answer is (b)
EXAMPLE 13 Range of the function f(x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) + 3 ∀ x ∈ [–4, 2] is

(a) [0, 363] (b) [2, 363] (c) [–2, 363] (d) (–∞, 363]
Solution f(x) = (x2 + 5x + 4) (x2 + 5x + 6) + 3

Put x2 + 5x + 4 = t
(x2 + 5x + 4) (x2 + 5x + 6) + 3 = t (t + 2) + 3 = (t + 1)2 + 2
∴ Minimum value of f(x) = 2 when t = –1
i.e., x2 + 5x + 5 = 0
−5 ± 5
x=
2
Clearly f(x) will achieve maximum for x = 2
∴ f(x)|max = 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 + 3 = 363
∴ Correct answer is (b).
EXAMPLE 14 For each real x, let f(x) = max{x, x2, x3, x4}, then which of the follow-
ing options is/are correct ?
(a) f(x) = x4 ∀ x ≤ – 1 (b) f(x) = x2 ∀ –1 < x ≤ 0
(c) f ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = (d) f ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ =
1 1 1 1
⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
Solution Give, f(x) = max {x, x2, x3, x4}
This function is defined by sketching all the functions involved in the comparison on
same scale and then selecting the maximum.
y = x4 y = x3
y = x4
y = x2
y = x2
(1, 0)
(–1, 0)
From the graph, it is clear that

⎧ x4 x ≤ −1
⎪
⎪ x2 −<x≤0
f(x) = ⎨
⎪ x 0 ≤ x ≤1
⎪⎩ x4 1≤ x
∴ Correct answers are (a), (b) and (c).
EXAMPLE 15 Let f(x) = |x – p| + |x – 15| + |x – p – 15|, where p ∈ (0,15), then the

minimum value of f(x) ∀ x ∈ [p, 15] is
(a) 0 (b) 15 (c) 30 (d) does not exist
Solution Clearly this is related with defining f(x) under the given circumstances:
|x – p| = x – p (as x ≥ p)
|x – 15| = 15 – x (as x ≤ 15|
|x – p – 15| = 15 + p – x (as p is positive and x – 15 ≤ 0
∴ f(x) = 30 – x
∴ for f(x)|min = 15 when x = 15
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry

The graphs of even and odd functions have characteristic symmetry properties.
DEFINITIONS A function y = ƒ(x) defined in a symmetrical interval about

origin is an
even function of x if ƒ(-x) = ƒ(x),
odd function of x if ƒ(-x) = -ƒ(x),
for every x in the function’s domain.
y The names even and odd come from powers of x. If y is an even power of x, as in
y = x2 or y = x4, it is an even function of x because (-x)2 = x2 and (-x)4 = x4. If y is an
y = x2 odd power of x, as in y = x or y = x3, it is an odd function of x because (-x)1 = -x and
(−x, y) (x, y) (-x)3 = -x3.
The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis. Since ƒ(-x) = ƒ(x),
x
0 a point (x, y) lies on the graph if and only if the point (-x, y) lies on the graph
(a) (Figure 1.22a). A reflection across the y-axis leaves the graph unchanged.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. Since ƒ(-x) = -ƒ(x),
y a point (x, y) lies on the graph if and only if the point (-x, -y) lies on the graph
y = x3 (Figure 1.22b). Equivalently, a graph is symmetric about the origin if a rotation of 180°
(x, y)
about the origin leaves the graph unchanged. Notice that the definitions imply that both
x and -x must be in the domain of ƒ.
x
0
(−x, −y) (1 2 x )2
EXAMPLE 16 Prove that f(x) = is an even function.
2x
(b)
2
FIGURE 1.22 (a) The graph of y = x2 ⎛1 + 1 ⎞
−x 2 ⎜⎝ ⎟
f(–x) =
(1 + 2 ) 2x ⎠ (2 x + 1)2 (2 x + 1)2
(an even function) is symmetric about the Solution = = = = f(x)
y-axis. (b) The graph of y = x3 (an odd 2− x 2− x 22 x ⋅ 2− x 2x
function) is symmetric about the origin. ∴ f(x) is even as it is also defined in symmetrical interval.
EXAMPLE 17 Prove that f(x) = ln (x + 1 x 2 ) is an odd function.
Solution f(–x) = ln (–x + 1 x ) = ln ⎜

2
(
⎛ −x + 1 + x2 x + 1 + x2
)( ) ⎞⎟ = ln ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
⎝ x + 1 + x2 ⎠ x + 1+ x ⎠
= – ln(x + 1 x 2 ) = – f(x)
Aliter:
Also, f(–x) + f(x) = ln (–x + 1 x 2 ) + ln (x + 1 x2 )
= ln (1 – x2 – x2) = 0
⇒ f(–x) = – f(x)
∴ f(x) is an odd function
Properties of Odd and Even Function

1. A function may be neither odd nor even, for example, f(x) = sin x + cos x. f(–x) =
–sin x + cos x. Hence it is neither even nor odd.
2. Inverse of an even function is not defined and an even function cannot be monotonic.
3. Every function defined on a symmetric interval can be uniquely expressed as sum of
odd and even function.
For example,
f ( x ) + f (− x ) f ( x ) − f (− x )
f(x) = +
2 2
Even Odd
f ( x ) + f (− x )
Suppose h(x) =
2
f (− x ) + f ( x )
⇒ h(–x) =
2
∴ h(–x) = h(x); Hence it is an even part.
f ( x ) f ( x )
Now, let g(x) =
2
f ( x ) f ( x )
⇒ g(–x) = = –g(x)
2
∴ g(x) is an odd part.
4. A function defined for x ∈ R and which is odd as well as even at the same time is
f(x) = 0. As it is satisfying f(–x) = –f(x) ∀ x ∈ R as well as f(–x) = f(x) ∀ x ∈ R.
5. Any nonzero constant function is even. For example, f(x) = 2 ∀ x ∈ R is even as
f(–x) = 2. Hence f(–x) = f(x) ∀ x ∈ R.
6. If f(x) and g(x) are functions defined on symmetric interval, then we have
f(x) g(x) f(x) + g(x) f(x) − g(x) f(x) × g(x) f(x)/g(x) f(g(x)) g(f(x))
Odd Odd Odd Odd Even Even Odd Odd

Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even
Odd Even N.O.N.E N.O.N.E Odd Odd Even Even
Even Odd N.O.N.E N.O.N.E Odd Odd Even Even
where N.O.N.E. denotes neither odd nor even.

Few of the proofs are done here and remaining can be worked out in the same manner.
If f(x) is odd and g(x) is odd (where f(x) and g(x) are defined in symmetric interval),
then.
1. h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
⇒ h(–x) = f(–x) + g(–x) = – ( f(x) + g(x)) = –h(x)
Hence f(x) + g(x) is odd.
2. h(x) = f(x) – g(x)
⇒ h(–x) = f(–x) – g(–x) = – f(x) + g(x) = –( f(x) –g(x)) = –h(x)
Hence f(x) – g(x) is an odd function.
3. h(x) = f(x) × g(x)
⇒ h(–x) = f(–x) × g(–x) = (–f(x)) × (–g(x)) = f(x) × g(x) = h(x)
Hence, f(x) × g(x) is an even function.
f (x)
4. h(x) =
g( x )
f (− x ) (− f (− x )) f ( x )
⇒ h(–x) = = =
g(− x ) (− g(− x )) g( x )
f (x)
Hence, is an even function.
g( x )
5. h(x) = f(g(x))
⇒ h(–x) = f(g(–x)) = f(–g(x)) = –f(g(x)) = – h(x).
Hence, f(g(x)) is an odd function
Similarly other proofs can be worked out.
EXAMPLE 18 Which of the following function(s) is/are odd function(s)?

x x
(a) f(x) = x +
2 −1 2
⎛π ⎞ π
(b) f(x) = cos2x + cos2 ⎜⎝ + x ⎟⎠ – cos x cos ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟
3 ⎝ 3⎠
sin 2 x
(c) f(x) = (where [⋅] denotes greatest integer function)
⎡x +π ⎤− 1
⎣⎢ π ⎦⎥ 2
⎧ x | x |, x ≤ −1
⎪
(d) f(x) ⎨ [1 + x ] + [1 − x ], −1 < x < 1 (where [⋅] denotes greatest integer function.)
⎪ −x | x | x ≥1
⎩
Solution
−x x
(a) f (− x ) = −x
−
2 −1 2
x ⋅ 2x x
= −
2x − 1 2
Now, in cases when we cannot directly conclude whether f(–x) = –f(x) or f(–x) = f(x)
then it is better clearly,
x x x ⋅ 2 x x x ⋅ (1 + 2) x
f(–x) + f(x) = + + x − = ≠0
2 −1 2 2 −1 2
x
2x − 1
x ⋅ 2x x x x x (2 x − 1)
Also, f(–x) – f(x) = − − − − x –x=x–x=0
2x − 1 2 2x − 1 2 2 −1
⇒ f(–x) = f(x)
⇒ f(x) is even function.
⎛π ⎞ π
(b) f(x) = cos2x + cos2 ⎜⎝ + x ⎟⎠ – cos x cos ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟
3 ⎝ 3⎠
⎛π ⎞ 2 π
= 1 – sin2x + cos2 ⎜⎝ + x ⎟⎠ – cos x cos ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟
3 2 ⎝ 3⎠
π π π
= 1 + ⎛⎜ cos 2 ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟ − sin 2 x ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ cos ⎛⎜ 2 x + ⎞⎟ + cos ⎞⎟
1
⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎠ 2⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ 3⎠
π π 1 π
= 1 + cos ⎛⎜ 2 x + ⎞⎟ ⋅ cos − cos ⎛⎜ 2 x + ⎞⎟ −
1
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 4
(as cos2A – sin2B = cos(A + B) cos(A – B)

3 1 π π
cos ⎛⎜ 2 x + ⎞⎟ − cos ⎛⎜ 2 x + ⎞⎟ =
1 3
=
4 2 ⎝ 3⎠ 2 ⎝ 3⎠ 4
Hence f(x) is an even function.
sin 2 x sin 2 x ⎡ ⎡x ⎤ ⎡x⎤ ⎤

(c) f(x) = = ⎢⎣ As ⎢⎣ π + 1⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ + 1⎥⎦
⎡x +π ⎤− 1 ⎡ x ⎤+ 1
⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ 2
Now, f(–x) = sin 2 x

⎡− x ⎤ + 1
⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ 2
Case I: If ⎡ − ⎤ = − ⎡ ⎤
x x
and x = π.I
⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦
sin 2 x
∴ f(–x) =
− ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ +
x 1
⎣π ⎦ 2
∵ x = π.I
∴ f(–x) = 0 and f(x) = 0
x
∀ =I
π
x
Case II: If ≠I (where I denotes integer)
U
⎡ − x ⎤ + ⎡ x ⎤ = –1 (as
x
is not integer)
⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ U
⇒ ⎡⎢ − ⎤⎥ = −1 − ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥
x x
∴
⎣ π⎦ ⎣π ⎦
sin 2 x sin 2 x ⎛ sin 2 x ⎞
Now, f(–x) = = = −⎜ = − f (x)
⎡ − x ⎤ + 1 −1 − ⎡ x ⎤ + 1 ⎡x ⎤+ 1⎟
⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎢⎣ π ⎥⎦ 2 ⎠
∴ f(–x) = –f(x) ∀ x ∉ π⋅I
= –f(x) = 0 ∀ x ∈ π⋅I
∴ f(–x) = –f(x) ∀ x ∈ R
∴ f(x) is an odd function.

⎧ ⎧
⎪⎪ x|x| x ≤ −1 ⎪⎪ x2 x ≤ −1
(d) f(x) ⎨[1 + x ] + [1 − x ] −1 < x < 1 ⇒ f ( x ) ⎨2 + [ x ] + [ − x ] −1 < x < 1
⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ −x | x | x ≥1 ⎪⎩ − x2 x ≥1
⎧ −x2 x ≤ −1
⎪
∴ f(x) ⎨ 1 −1 < x < 1
⎪ −x2 x ≥1
⎩
∴ Graph of function y = f(x) is
–1 1
∴ Graph is symmetric about y-axis which suggests f(–x) = f(x). Hence function is even.
∴ Correct answer is (c).
EXAMPLE 19 The absolute value of sum of all possible values of α for which the
equation |2x + 2| x | + 2α| + |2x – 2 | x | –2α| = 2016 has exactly three solutions is
(a) –504 (b) 0 (c) 504 (d) 1008
Solution f(x) = |2x + 2| x | + 2α | + |2x – 2 | x | – 2α|

We can first sketch the graph of function f(x)
Case I: Suppose α ≥ 0
⎧⎪ ⎧⎪
Now, f(x) = ⎨| 4 x + 2α | + | 2α | x ≥ 0 ⇒ f ( x ) = ⎨ 4 x + 4α x≥0
⎪⎩| 2α | + | 4 x − 2α | x < 0 ⎪⎩2α − 4 x + 2α x<0
⎪⎧ 4( x + α ) x ≥ 0
∴ f(x) = ⎨
⎪⎩ 4(α − x ) x < 0
Case for 2 solutions

4(α – x) 4(x + α )
(0, 4α)
Clearly the number of real solutions of f(x) = g(x) is the point of intersection y = f(x) and
y = g(x). Now, the solution of |2x + |2x| + 2α| + |2x – 2| x | – 2α| = 2016 is 2 or 1 or 0 for
α ≥ 0. As, if we draw g(x) = 2016. This will be a straight line parallel to x-axis and hence it
will intersect the graph at atmost two points. Therefore, three solutions are not possible.
Case II: If α < 0
⎧ | 4 x + 2α | + | 2α | x ≥ 0
f (x) ⎨
⎩ | 2α | + | 4 x − 2α | x < 0
⎧ α
⎪ 4 x + 2α − 2α x≥−
⎪ 2
⎪ α
⎪⎪ −4 x − 2α − 2α 0≤x<−
2
⇒ f (x) ⎨
⎪ α
−2α + 4 x − 2α ≤x<0
⎪ 2
⎪ α
⎪ −2α − 4 x + 2α x<
⎪⎩ 2
∴ Graph of f(x) = |2x + 2| x |+ 2α| + |2x – 2| x |– 2α| is
(0, 4α ) y = 4x
y = – 4x
y= α
α
, − 2α – 4 (x + α) − , − 2α
y = 4 (x – α ) 2
2
α (0, 0) α
,0 − , 0
2 2
∴ |2x + 2 | x | + 2α | + |2x – 2| x | – 2α| = 2016 has three solutions if – 4α = 2016

⇒ α = – 504
∴ Sum of absolute values of possible values of α is 504.
∴ Correct answer is (c).
Aliter:
Let f(x) = |2x + 2 | x | + 2α| + |2x – 2| x | –2α |
At f(–x) = |–2x + 2| x | + 2α | + | –2x – 2| x | –2α|
= |2x – 2| x | –2α| + |2x + 2 | x | + 2α| = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function. As we need three solutions for f(x) = 2016 of the solutions
graph of f(x) is symmetrical about x-axis. Also y = 2016 is parallel to x-axis and they must
intersect at three points. Also number of point of intersection of y = f(x) and y = 2016 on the
left and right of y-axis must be same. Hence number of solutions will be three only when
x = 0 is a solutions of equation; hence it will satisfy the equation. But x = 0 will not guaran-
tee the number of solutions to be 3 as it is only the necessary condition. If x = 0 is a solution
of the above equation, it means number of solutions of the equation can be 1, 3, 5, …
Now, putting x = 0, gives
| 2α | + | –2α | = 2016
⇒ | α | = 504
⇒ α = ± 504
For α = 504, the equation becomes
|2x + 2| x | + 1008| + |2x – 2| x | – 1008 | = 2016
⇒ |x + | x | + 504| + |x – |x| – 504| = 1008
For x ≥ 0 |2x + 504| + |504| = 1008
⇒ 2x + 504 = 504
⇒ x=0
Now for x < 0 |504| + |2x – 504| = 1008.
⇒ 504 – 2x + 504 = 1008
⇒ x=0 (rejected as we have considered x < 0)
Hence the only solution of the equation is x = 0.
So, the equation does not possess three solutions for α = 504.
Now, for α = – 504, the equation becomes
|2x + 2| x | – 1008 | + |2x – 2| x | + 1008 = 2016
when x ≥ 0
⇒ |4x – 1008| + 1008 = 2016
⇒ |4x – 1008| = 1008
⇒ 4x – 1008 = ±(1008)
⇒ 4x = 2016 or 4x = 0
⇒ x = 504 or x=0
∴ Both are acceptable as x ≥ 0
| –1008 | + | 4x + 1008 | = 2016
⇒ 4x + 1008 = ±(1008)
⇒ 4x = 0 or 4x = – 2016
⇒ x = 0 (Rejected as x < 0) or x = – 504 (accepted)
Hence the solutions are x = – 504, 0 and 504. Therefore α = – 504 is the only solution.
∴ Absolute value of sum of all possible values of α is 504.
⎡ x2 ⎤
EXAMPLE 20 If f: [–25, 25] → R defined by f(x) = ⎢ ⎥ sinx + x4 (where [⋅] denotes
⎣a⎦
greatest integer function) is an even function then complete set of values of a is:
(a) (–∞, ∞) (b) [625, ∞) (c) (625, ∞) (d) None of these
⎡ x2 ⎤
Solution ∵ f(x) = ⎢ ⎥ sin x + x4 is an even function
⎣a⎦
∴ f(–x) = f(x) ∀ x ∈[–25, 25]
⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
⇒ ⎢ a ⎥ sin (–x) + x = ⎢ a ⎥ sin x + x
4 4
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ x2 ⎤
⇒ 2 ⎢ ⎥ sin x = 0 ∀ x ∈[–25, 25]
⎣a⎦
Now, sin x cannot be identically 0 ∀ x ∈ [–25, 25]
⎡ x2 ⎤ x2
Hence ⎢ ⎥ = 0 ∀ x ∈ [–25, 25], which is possible if 0 ≤ < 1 ∀ x ∈[–25, 25]
⎣a⎦ a
∴ a > 625
⇒ a ∈ (625, ∞)
Hence, correct answer is (c).
EXAMPLE 21 If “f ” is an even function, find the real value of x satisfying the

⎛ x +1⎞
equation f(x) = f ⎜
⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠
.
⎛ x +1⎞
Clearly is function is even then f(x) = f ⎜ = f(–x)
⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠
Solution
( x 1)
⇒ x=
( x 2)
x 1
and = –x
x2
⇒ x2 + 2x = x + 1
⇒ x + 1 = – x2 – 2x
⇒ x2 + x – 1 = 0
⇒ x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
−1 ± 5
⇒ x=
2
−3 ± 5
⇒ x=
2
3 5 1 5 5 3 5 1
∴ Possible values of x are , , ,
2 2 2 2
Exercises 1.1
Functions 17. F(t) = t> 0 t 0 18. G(t) = 1> 0 t 0
In Exercises 1–4, find the domain and range of each function.
x + 3
19. Find the domain of y = .
1. ƒ(x) = 1 - 2x 2. g(x) = 2x2 - 3x 4 - 2x2 - 9
4 2 x2
3. ƒ(t) = 4. G(t) = 20. Find the range of y = 2 + .
3 - t t 2 - 16 x2 + 4
In Exercises 5 and 6, which of the graphs are graphs of functions of x, 21. Graph the following equations and explain why they are not
and which are not? Give reasons for your answers. graphs of functions of x.
a. 0 y 0 = x b. y2 = x2
5. a. y b. y
22. Graph the following equations and explain why they are not
graphs of functions of x.
a. 0 x 0 + 0 y 0 = 1 b. 0 x + y 0 = 1
Piecewise-Defined Functions
Graph the functions in Exercises 23–26.
23. ƒ(x) = e
x, 0 … x … 1
x x
0 0 2 - x, 1 6 x … 2
24. g(x) = e
1 - x, 0 … x … 1
6. a. y b. y 2 - x, 1 6 x … 2
25. F(x) = e
4 - x 2, x … 1
x2 + 2x, x 7 1
26. G(x) = e
1>x, x 6 0
x, 0 … x
Find a formula for each function graphed in Exercises 27–30.
x x
0 0
27. a. b. y
y
Finding Formulas for Functions
7. Express the area and perimeter of an equilateral triangle as a (1, 1) 2
1
function of the triangle’s side length x.
8. Express the side length of a square as a function of the length d of t
x 0 1 2 3 4
the square’s diagonal. Then express the area as a function of the 0 2
diagonal length.
28. a. y b. y
9. Express the edge length of a cube as a function of the cube’s
diagonal length d. Then express the surface area and volume of 2 3
the cube as a function of the diagonal length. (2, 1)
2
10. A point P in the first quadrant lies on the graph of the function x
2 5 1
ƒ(x) = 2x. Express the coordinates of P as functions of the x
slope of the line joining P to the origin. −1 1 2
−1
11. Consider the point (x, y) lying on the graph of the line (2, −1)
−2
2x + 4y = 5. Let L be the distance from the point (x, y) to the
origin (0, 0). Write L as a function of x. −3
12. Consider the point (x, y) lying on the graph of y = 2x - 3. Let

L be the distance between the points (x, y) and (4, 0). Write L as a
function of y. 29. a. y b. y
Functions and Graphs (−1, 1) (1, 1) 2

1
Find the natural domain and graph the functions in Exercises 13–18.
x
13. ƒ(x) = 5 - 2x 14. ƒ(x) = 1 - 2x - x2 3 x
15. g(x) = 2 0 x 0
1
16. g(x) = 2- x (−2, −1) (1, −1) (3, −1)
30. a. y b. y 60. Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law says that the volume V of a gas at
constant temperature increases whenever the pressure P decreases,
(T, 1)
1 so that V and P are inversely proportional. If P = 14.7 lb>in2
A when V = 1000 in3, then what is V when P = 23.4 lb>in2?
t
61. A box with an open top is to be constructed from a rectangular
0 T T 3T 2T piece of cardboard with dimensions 14 in. by 22 in. by cutting out
2 2 equal squares of side x at each corner and then folding up the
x −A
0 T T sides as in the figure. Express the volume V of the box as a func-
2
tion of x.
The Greatest and Least Integer Functions

31. For what values of x is 22
a. : x ; = 0? b. < x = = 0?
x x
x x
32. What real numbers x satisfy the equation : x ; = < x = ? 14
33. Does < - x = = - : x ; for all real x? Give reasons for your answer.
x x
x x
34. Graph the function
: x ;, 62. The accompanying figure shows a rectangle inscribed in an isos-
ƒ(x) = e
x Ú 0
<x= ,
celes right triangle whose hypotenuse is 2 units long.
x 6 0.
a. Express the y-coordinate of P in terms of x. (You might start
Why is ƒ(x) called the integer part of x? by writing an equation for the line AB.)
Increasing and Decreasing Functions b. Express the area of the rectangle in terms of x.
Graph the functions in Exercises 35–44. What symmetries, if any, do y
the graphs have? Specify the intervals over which the function is
increasing and the intervals where it is decreasing.
B
1
35. y = -x3 36. y = -
x2
1 1
0x0
37. y = - x 38. y = P(x, ?)
39. y = 2 0 x 0 40. y = 2- x A x
41. y = x >8 3
42. y = - 4 2x −1 0 x 1
43. y = - x3>2 44. y = (- x)2>3
Even and Odd Functions In Exercises 63 and 64, match each equation with its graph. Do not
In Exercises 45–56, say whether the function is even, odd, or neither. use a graphing device, and give reasons for your answer.
Give reasons for your answer. 63. a. y = x4 b. y = x7 c. y = x10
45. ƒ(x) = 3 46. ƒ(x) = x -5
47. ƒ(x) = x + 1 2
48. ƒ(x) = x2 + x y
3 4 2
49. g(x) = x + x 50. g(x) = x + 3x - 1 g
1 x h
51. g(x) = 2 52. g(x) = 2
x - 1 x - 1
1
53. h(t) = 54. h(t) = t 3
t - 1
55. h(t) = 2t + 1 56. h(t) = 2 t + 1 0
x
Theory and Examples f

57. The variable s is proportional to t, and s = 25 when t = 75.
Determine t when s = 60.
58. Kinetic energy The kinetic energy K of a mass is proportional
to the square of its velocity y. If K = 12,960 joules when
y = 18 m>sec, what is K when y = 10 m>sec?
59. The variables r and s are inversely proportional, and r = 6 when
s = 4. Determine s when r = 10.
64. a. y = 5x b. y = 5x c. y = x5 67. Three hundred books sell for $40 each, resulting in a revenue of
(300)($40) = $12,000. For each $5 increase in the price, 25
y fewer books are sold. Write the revenue R as a function of the
g number x of $5 increases.
68. A pen in the shape of an isosceles right triangle with legs of
length x ft and hypotenuse of length h ft is to be built. If fencing
costs $5/ft for the legs and $10/ft for the hypotenuse, write the
h total cost C of construction as a function of h.
x
69. Industrial costs A power plant sits next to a river where the
0 river is 800 ft wide. To lay a new cable from the plant to a loca-
tion in the city 2 mi downstream on the opposite side costs $180
per foot across the river and $100 per foot along the land.
f
2 mi
P x Q City
T 65. a. Graph the functions ƒ(x) = x>2 and g(x) = 1 + (4>x) 800 ft
together to identify the values of x for which
x 4 Power plant
7 1 + x.
2 NOT TO SCALE
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) algebraically. a. Suppose that the cable goes from the plant to a point Q on the
T 66. a. Graph the functions ƒ(x) = 3>(x - 1) and g(x) = 2>(x + 1) opposite side that is x ft from the point P directly opposite the
together to identify the values of x for which plant. Write a function C(x) that gives the cost of laying the
cable in terms of the distance x.
3 2 b. Generate a table of values to determine if the least expensive
6 .
x - 1 x + 1 location for point Q is less than 2000 ft or greater than 2000 ft
from point P.
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) algebraically.
1.2 Classification of Functions and Combining Functions;

Shifting and Scaling Graphs
In this section we look at the main ways functions are classified as well as combined or
transformed to form new functions.
Classification of Function
One-one function Let f: A → B be a function such that every element in set A has
distinct image in set B, then f is called as one-one function; they can be also called as
injective mapping. Diagrammatically, it can be shown as:
f f
A B A B
or
Different ways of testing for function to be one-one function:

1. for x1, x2 ∈A and f(x1), f(x2) ∈B, symbolically we can write
f(x1) = f(x2) ⇔ x1 = x2
or f(x1) ≠ f(x2) ⇔ x1 ≠ x2
EXAMPLE 1 Prove that f(x) = x3 + 2 is one-one function.
Solution Let x1, x2 ∈ A
f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x13 + 2 = x 23 + 2
⇒ (x1 – x2) ( x12 + x1x2 + x 22 ) = 0
⇒ x1 = x2
Hence a unique solution x1 = x2
∴ f(x) is one-one function.
2. Graphically, we can say if any line parallel to x-axis intersects the graph of function
atmost once then it is called one-one function.
EXAMPLE 2 Check graphically whether the function f(x) = ex is one-one or not?
Solution It can be seen if a line y = R is drawn for different values of R, the line intersects
the graph at 1 point or O point. Hence one-one function
Method of Monotonicity If a function f = f(x) is continuous and monotonic on an

interval I, i.e., increasing or decreasing then f(x) is one-one function monotonicity will
discussed later in this book.
Many-one Function A function f: A → B is said to be many-one function if two or more
element in A have same image in B. A function is said to be many-one if it is not one-one
diagrammatically, a many-one function can be shown as:
f f
A B A B
Onto Function
If the function f: A → B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the image of at least
one element in A, then f is said to be onto function. Onto functions are also known as
surjective functions.
Diagrammatically surjective mapping can be shown as:
f f
A B A B
Into Function
If f: A → B is such that there exists at least one element in co-domain which is not the
image of any element in domain, then f is said to be an into function. Diagrammatically
into function can be shown as:
f f
Working rule for a function to check onto and into function:

If range of a function = co-domain of a function then it is said to be onto function.
EXAMPLE 5 If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x4 − x + 1. Is f(x) onto or into?
Solution Clearly f(x) an even degree polynomial so range of the function is subset of
real number set
∴ Range ≠ co-domain. Hence function is into.
Clearly, a function can be any of these four types.
(i) One-one onto function

(ii) One-one into function
(iii) Many-many onto function
(iii) Many-many into function
Note: A one-one onto function is also known as bijective mapping. It is also named as
invertible, nonsingular, or biuniform function.
Example on Classification of Function

x
EXAMPLE 6 The function f: [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) defined by f(x) = is
1 x
(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-one nor onto
x x +1−1 1
Solution Given f(x) = = = 1−
1+ x x +1 x +1
1
∵ f ′(x) = > 0. Hence function is increasing ∀ x ≥ 0
( x 1)2
∴ Function is one-one as function is increasing on [0, ∞). Hence range is

1
f(0) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = lim1 − =1
x →∞ x →∞ x +1
∴ Range of function is [0, 1) which is not co-domain. Hence function is into.
EXAMPLE 7 Let the function f: R → R be defined by f(x) = 2x + sinx for x ∈ R.

Then f is
(a) one-to-one and onto (b) one-to-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-to-one nor onto.
Solution Given f(x) = 2x + sinx

f ′(x) = 2 + cos x > 0 (As –1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 ∀ x ∈ R)
Hence function is increasing ∀ x ∈ R and therefore one-one.
Now the range of the function is (–∞, ∞) as
When x → –∞, f(x) → –∞ as well as for x → ∞, f(x) → ∞
∴ Function is one-one as well as onto
∴ Correct answer is (a)
⎧⎪ 0 if x is rational
EXAMPLE 8 Consider f: R → R and g: R → R defined as f(x) = ⎨ ,
x , if x is irrational
⎩⎪
⎧⎪ 0 if x is irrational
g(x) = ⎨ then ( f(x) – g(x)) is
⎪⎩ x , if x is rational
(a) one-one and onto (b) neither one-one nor onto

(c) many one and onto (d) one-one and onto
⎧⎪ − x , if x is rational
Solution f(x) – g(x) = ⎨
x , if x is irrational
⎩⎪
Clearly, the function is onto as it can be seen as x varies over real number set the func-
tion f(x) − g(x) takes values – x for x ∈ rational and x for x ∈ irrational so the range is R.
Similarly ∀ x1, x2 ∈ R; f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2
Hence function is one-one and onto
∴ Correct answer is (a).
EXAMPLE 9 The function f: [0, 3] → [1, 29] defined by f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is
(a) one-one and onto (b) onto but not one-one
(c) one-one but not onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
Solution f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1

f ′(x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 6(x2 – 5x + 6) = 6 (x – 2) (x – 3)
+ – +
2 3
Clearly f(x) increases in [0, 2) and decreases in (2, 3]. Hence the function is many-one Now,
clear x = 2 is point of maximum and minimum in [0, 3] will be attained at x = 0 or x = 3
∴ f(x)|max = f(2) = 16 – 60 + 72 + 1 = 29
Now f(0) = 1 and f(3) = 54 – 135 + 108 + 1 = 28
∴ Range of f(x) is [1, 29]. Hence onto function.

EXAMPLE 10 Which of the following function(s) would represent a bijective

mapping?
(a) f: R → R f(x) = | x | sgn x (where sgn(x) denotes signum function)
(b) g: R → R g(x) = x3/5
(c) h: R → R h(x) = x4 + 3x2 + 1
3x 2 − 7 x + 6
(d) K: R → R K(x) =
x − x2 − 2
Solution
⎧ x x>0
⎪
(a) f(x) = | x | sgn(x) = ⎨ 0 x=0
⎪ x x<0
⎩
i.e., f(x) = x
Hence function is bijective.

3 –2/3
(b) g(x) = x3/5 ⇒ g′(x) = x > 0. Hence increasing and one-one
5
Also range is (–∞, ∞). Hence bijective.
(c) h(x) = x4 + 3x2 + 1
Clearly h(–x) = h(x) which suggest many-one and range of function is [1, ∞). Hence
function is not bijective.
3x 2 + 7 x + 6
(d) K(x) =
x − x2 − 2
Clearly 3x2 – 9x + 6 > 0 (As D = 49 – 72 = –23 < 0) ∀ x ∈ R
and x – x – 2 < 0 ∀ x ∈ R (As D = 1 – 8 = −7 < 0)
2
∴ k(x) cannot take positive values. Hence the function is into as codomain is R.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“Yes. We’d better rouse the men and get right up there. There may
be danger if the valley gets flooded.”
Tug did not wait for the others. His words had expressed only palely
the alarm he felt. If the break in the dam was a serious one—and it
must be to have reached the mesa so quickly—the Quarter Circle
must inevitably be flooded. He knew Betty was at her ranch. One of
the men had mentioned in his hearing that he had seen her and Ruth
going up the afternoon before. He was worried—very greatly
worried.
His long strides carried him over the ground fast, but his fears moved
faster. Presently he quickened his pace to a run. Dawn was at hand.
He was splashing through water five or six inches deep.
Swinging round a bend in the road, he pulled up for a moment in
dismay. Through the gap in the hogback, beyond which was the
Quarter Circle D E ranch, a solid stream of water was pouring. Its
flow was as steady and as constant as that of a river.
Cut off from the road, he splashed through a deepening stream to
the foot of the hogback. It was a stiff quarter of an hour’s climb to
reach the rock-rim below the ridge. He grudged the two or three
minutes’ delay in finding a practicable ascent up the twenty-five-foot
rim, for he was in a desperate hurry. Hand over hand he went up the
face of the rock, clinging to projecting knobs, to faults in the surface,
and to shrubbery rooted in narrow crevices. Over the edge of the
sandstone he drew himself to the level surface above.
One glance from the summit showed him a valley submerged. Most
of the cattle had evidently escaped to the higher ground, warned by
the first of the flood as it poured down. He could see the upper
hillside dotted with them. The barn, the bunkhouse, the ranch house
itself, were all gone. Fragments of them might be made out on the
surface of the lake that had formed—if one could call a pent-up,
raging torrent by such a name.
His eyes swept the valley in search of the ranch house. He found
one of the eaves sticking out of the current. All the rest of the
overturned building was under water.
The strength oozed from his body. He was terribly shaken. If Betty
was in the house—and he had no reason to suppose that she was
not—she must have gone down in the flood. He could not, he would
not believe it. And yet—
Again his glance moved down the valley. His gaze stopped at some
rock spires known as the “Steeples.” Some part of a building, much
battered by the waves, was caught there. Even as he looked, his
heart leaped. For from a window a white flag was streaming. He
could see now that some one was leaning out and waving a sheet or
a tablecloth.
He hurried down the hogback, every nerve of him quivering with
desire to answer that appeal for help. He must get to her—at once—
before the smashing current tore down and devoured her precarious
and doubtful haven. Even as he went leaping down the hillside to the
shore, his mind was considering ways and means.
A swimmer could not make it straight through the tumbling waters to
the Steeples. He would be swept down and miss his goal. From what
point should he start? He tried to decide this as he ran up the valley
close to the edge of the water.
Opposite the point where the pasture-wire fence ran up the hill, a spit
of higher land extended into the flooded area. He found a cedar post
flung up by the waves.
Tug took off his shoes and his coat. He waded out, pushing the post
before him. Presently he was in deep water. The swift current was
sweeping him before it. He fought to get farther out in the stream, but
he saw that the fencepost was impeding him. It came to him that he
would be carried past the Steeples if he could not make more
headway across the valley.
He let the fencepost go and struck straight across with a strong, long
stroke. The drag of the rushing water was very powerful, and he had
continually to watch out for floating planks and timbers racing toward
the gap between the hogbacks.
The cold from the melted snow in the uplands chilled him to the
marrow. He had not fully rebuilt his blood from the illness he had
been through. Before he had been in the stream many minutes, he
knew that the force in him was failing. The velocity of the flow was
too mighty for him to resist. Tossed here and there by conflicting sets
of the current, he drifted as helplessly as a chip in a rough sea. His
arms moved feebly. His legs were as though weighted. Soon now, he
had no doubt, his head would sink and the waters close above it.
Then, out of a clear sky, a miracle occurred. It took the form of a
rope that dropped from heaven, descended in a loop over his head
and one arm, tightened, and dragged him from the racing channel
into an eddy.
Three men were at the other end of the rope. They were standing on
the roof of a one-story building that had stranded on a submerged
island. A group of three cottonwoods had caught the floating building
and held it against the pressure of the flood.
The exhausted swimmer was dragged to the roof. He lay there,
completely done, conscious, but no more than that.
“Where in Mexico you haided for, anyhow?” a voice drawled.
Hollister looked up. The speaker was the cowboy Dusty, who had
once dragged him back to the Diamond Bar K ranch at the end of a
rope. One of the others he recognized as the lank rider Burt, who
also had been present on that occasion.
“Lucky you were here,” the rescued man said. “I was all in.”
“Tha’s twice I done roped you,” Dusty reminded him. “I sure got
bawled out proper last time. Say, howcome you in this Arctic Ocean,
anyhow?”
“I was trying to reach Betty Reed. She’s in a broken bit of the house
at the Steeples. At least some one is.”
“It’s her all right. We drifted down here ’bout an hour ago. She’s been
singin’.”
“Singing?”
“Hymns. ‘How Firm a Foundation,’ an’ like that. Her an’ the kid an’
Mandy. Say, fellow, it’s been one heluva night if any one asks you.”
Burt spoke. “Was you tryin’ to swim to where Miss Betty’s at? You’ve
got guts. You didn’t hardly have a chanct with all the water in the hills
a-b’ilin’ down.”
“She can’t be far from here if you heard her sing.”
“Not fur. Mebbe a hundred yards. Mebbe twice that fur. But I wouldn’t
tackle that swim for a million dollars. I never claimed to be no fish,”
Dusty explained.
“Downstream from here?”
“Yep. Over thataway. See the Steeples through the trees?” The
cowboy asked for information: “How much longer do you reckon the
water from yore dam is gonna keep on comin’?”
“Not much longer now.”
“Well, I’ve sure had a plenty. An’ they call this a dry country.”
“Wish you’d rub my arms and legs. I’m cold,” the engineer said.
They massaged him till he glowed.
Tug stepped to the edge of the roof and studied the current.
Presently he spoke to the others. “Much obliged for your help, boys.
I’ll be going now.”
“Going where?” asked Dusty, mouth open from astonishment.
“To the Steeples.”
“You darned son of a gun! What’s got into you, fellow? You been
drowned once to-day—’most. Ain’t that enough?”
“I can make it there now.”
“Never in the world.” The puncher was emphatic. “We come through
by the skin of our teeth, with a roof under us. This ain’t no swimmin’-
pool. If you know when you’re well off, you’ll stay where you’re at.”
Tug did not wait to argue the matter. His business would not wait. He
waved a hand and dived from the roof.
The problem before him was a simple one. Whether it could be
solved, he did not know. While being carried down, he must fight his
way as far across the valley as possible. He might be swept close to
the Steeples and yet not be able to make a landing. If he failed to do
this, he was lost.
He did not stop to see what headway he was making. All his energy
went into the strokes with which he cleft the water. With every ounce
he had he fought to gain distance. Within a minute or two he would
know whether he had won.
A log careened down. He stopped swimming, in order not to be
struck. The current flung him round. Just below him were the spires
of rock for which he was making.
In another moment the current was driving him past. A long pole
stuck out into the water from the wreck of the house and rose and
fell with the swell. He caught hold of this and flung his body across it.
Precariously he clung, several times almost losing his hold. He
edged along it, carefully, until he had worked into the shell of the
house. One wall was gone entirely. Another had been partially ripped
out. Through these openings the river raced.
Tug let go the telephone pole to which he had been clinging and
swam to the stairway. Here he found a foothold and sank down, half
in the water and half out. Again the strength had gone out of him.
Then, marvelously, as he lay there panting, the icy chill clutching at
his heart, there came to him a clear, warm voice raised in a hymn.
Betty’s voice! His heart exulted. He listened to the brave words,
gallantly sung.
She was singing, “Hold the Fort.”
CHAPTER XXXVIII
BEYOND A SHADOW OF A DOUBT
“Do you fink Jesus will come, Betty?” a small voice inquired
anxiously.
“I think he’ll send some one, dear—Dad or Lon or—some one.”
Ruth considered. “Do you fink he’ll send him in time for bweakfast?
I’m offul hungwy.”
Betty did not know about breakfast, but aloud she quite confidently
thought so. Hope was resurgent in her heart. The worst of the flood
was over. Its level had already receded two or three inches. She had
just discovered that. Within the past hour its fury had beaten in and
torn away one wall of the house. Another had been partially
destroyed. The shell of a building that was left could not much longer
endure. But she did not believe that much time would pass before a
rescue was attempted. A few minutes since she had heard Dusty’s
cheerful shout, and, though he was probably marooned himself, it
was a comfort to know that her party was not the only one in the
devastated valley.
“My fry-pans an’ my cook-stove an’ my kitchen are plumb scattered
every which way. I reckon I nevah will see them no mo’,” Mandy
mourned. “An’ las’ week I done bought dem luminous dishes frum
dat peddler.”
“Aluminum, Mandy.”
“Das all right. Luminous or luminum, I ain’ carin’ which. What I wuz
sayin’ is—”
Mandy stopped, to let out a yell of fright. A dripping figure, hatless,
coatless, shoeless, was standing at the head of the stairs. The face
was white and haggard. The body drooped against the door jamb for
support.
Straight from Betty’s heart a cry of joy leaped. He had come to her.
Through all the peril of the flood he had come to her.
“Tug!” she cried, irradiate, and moved to him with hands
outstretched.
He was profoundly touched, but his words reflected the
commonplace of the surface mind. “I’m wet,” he warned.
She laughed that to scorn, a little hysterically, and went blindly into
his arms, a smirr of mist in her eyes. All night she had been under a
strain, had carried the responsibility of facing peril for all of them.
Now she cast that burden, without a moment’s hesitation, on broader
shoulders.
His lip trembled. “I was afraid,” he whispered, as his arms went
round her. “Horribly afraid till Dusty told me he’d heard you singing.”
“Oh, I’m glad you’ve come! I’m glad!” she wailed softly.
He held her close, as though he were afraid that even yet malign fate
might try to snatch her from him. Beyond a shadow of a doubt he
knew now that if they lived nothing could keep them apart. She had
been right. The sin that had held him from her was a dead and
shriveled thing. It was no more a part of him than are discarded
horns part of a living stag.
Tug murmured, with emotion, “Thank God! Thank God!”
Into this stress of feeling Ruth interjected herself. She saw no reason
for being out of the picture.
“Did Jesus send you?” she asked, tugging at his shirt-sleeve.
He did not quite understand.
Ruth explained, with the impatience of superiority. “Why, don’chu
know? ‘Hold the fort, f’r I am comin’, Jesus signals still.’ Betty said ’f
he didn’t come he’d send some one.”
“I’m sure God sent him,” Betty said, her voice unsteady.
“Bress de Lawd,” Mandy chimed in. “Now you git us off’n this yere
busted house, Mr. Man, fer I don’ like no rampagin’ roun’ thisaway on
no ocean v’yages.”
Betty explained that he could not get them off just yet. They would
have to wait to be rescued.
“Whaffor he come ’f he ain’ gwine rescue us?” Mandy sniffed.
The girl smiled into the eyes of her lover. She knew why he had
come, and in his presence by some magic the fear had dropped from
her heart. The current dragging at their tottering place of refuge
could not shake her sure confidence that all was well with them.
Hollister looked the situation over with the trained eye of an
engineer. He must get them to the rocks before what was left of the
house collapsed. But how? He could not take them with him through
the waves beating against the sandstone. It was not certain that he
could make a safe landing himself.
But if he could reach the flat ledge above, he might contrive some
kind of bridge out of the dead and down trees lying there. It would be
a hazardous affair, but he was in no position to be choice about ways
and means.
Briefly he explained to Betty his plan. She clung to him, tremulously,
reluctant to let him go.
“Must you?” she murmured, and shuddered at the black waters
rushing past. “Must you go in again? Couldn’t we just wait here?”
“’Fraid not, dear. You feel how the house is shaking. It can’t last long.
We’ve got to reach the rocks.”
“It’s been pretty awful, Tug. When the wall was swept out, I thought
—” She shook that appalling memory out of her mind and smiled at
him, shyly, adorably. “I’m not afraid as long as you’re here.”
“Don’t be afraid,” he reassured. “I think I can do it, Betty.”
“Can’t I help?”
“Yes. Knot together two sheets to make a rope. I’ll need it later.”
He dropped from a window, found himself caught in an irresistible
tide that swept him away like a chip. It was all over in a moment. He
was whirled round and dashed into the rocks. The impact knocked
the breath out of him. He clung, desperately, to a jutting spar of
sandstone, hardly conscious of what he was doing.
The life went out of him. When he came to consciousness, he lay on
the shelf, feet and legs still in the water. He noticed that his head
was bleeding and for an instant wondered what it was all about.
Betty’s voice reached him. “Tug! Tug!”
She was leaning out of the window of the tossing house.
He rose and waved a hand. Strength flowed back to him in waves.
The haze lifted from his brain. He visualized the problem of the
bridge and set about meeting it.
The dead trees on the ledge were young pines. They had been
broken off from the roots, probably blown from the crevices because
they were insufficiently rooted. He dragged one to the edge of the
sloping surface of the boulder and raised it till it was upright.
“Back from the window, Betty,” he shouted.
Her head and shoulders disappeared. He balanced the tree-trunk
carefully, measured the distance again with his eye, and let it fall
toward the house. The end of it crashed through the window panes
and landed on the casing.
Tug dragged forward a second pole, shouted a warning to Betty
once more, and balanced the pine carefully. A second later it toppled
forward, urged by a slight push, and the butt dropped into the casing
beside the others.
On this frail bridge Tug crept on hands and knees toward the
building. The house tilted down and back. The end of the logs
slipped. Betty clung to them, desperately, while Hollister edged
forward.
“I’ll take that rope,” he told the girl.
Mandy handed out the sheets. As the bridge swayed and dipped, he
knotted the linen round the logs, tying them together in two places. It
was a hazardous business, but he got through with it safely.
A few seconds later he was in the bedroom.
“Ruth first,” said Betty.
Tug nodded. “Tie her to my back. She might get frightened and let
loose.”
The child whimpered as he crept out upon the logs.
“Betty’s coming too in a minute,” her sister called cheerfully. “Just
shut your eyes, Ruthie, and hang tight.”
The narrow suspension bridge swung dizzily with every lift of the
racing flood. Tug inched along, his feet locked together beneath the
water that reached for him. Once he lost his balance from a lurch of
the logs, but he managed to recover himself. Ruth screamed.
“All right, dear,” he told her, and presently was pulling himself upon
the rocks.
Hollister left the little girl there and recrossed to the building. Betty
crawled out on the bridge, the man close behind her.
She looked down, and was appalled. The pour of the stream that
was so close carried the power of a mountain river in flood. Her body
swayed. She could never get across—never in the world.
The voice of her lover came, strong and comforting. “Steady, Bess.
We’re all right.”
His assurance went through her veins like wine. Tug was behind her.
Of course, they would reach the rocks.
The logs dipped almost to the water at the middle. A monster that
seemed to be alive dragged at her feet.
“Oh, Tug!” she cried.
“Keep going. We’re almost across.”
And presently they were, safe on the slanting sandstone shelf.
He returned for Mandy.
“I cayn’t nevah git acrost on that there rickety rack,” she moaned. “I’d
bust dem poles spang in two.”
Hollister was not sure himself that they would hold her weight, but he
knew that before many minutes the house was going to break up. He
coaxed and urged her to the attempt, and after she began the
crossing he clung to the end of the bridge with all his weight.
How Mandy got across none of them ever knew. She stopped twice
to announce that she could not do it, but after more exhortation
continued edging along. To the very moment when Betty reached a
hand to her, she insisted that she was going to be drownded.
Not three minutes after Tug had crossed to the rock shelf, the shell
of the house shivered and collapsed. It went out with a rush, and
presently was nothing but a lot of floating planks.
Betty watched it go, with trembling lips. “If you hadn’t come,” she
murmured.
His soul went out to her in swift response. “I had to come. It wasn’t
chance. That’s how it was meant to be. Why not? Why wouldn’t I be
near enough to come when you needed me?”
She caught his hand. “You dear boy,” she breathed.
“There’s nobody like you—nobody I ever met,” he cried in a whisper,
as lovers have done since Adam first wooed Eve. “Could any one
have done more for me than you? Your faith rebuilt my life. If I’m
ever anything, I owe it to you. And now—the greatest gift of all. Why
to me? Why not to Merrick, far more worthy of you?”
In her smile was the world-old wisdom Leonardo has expressed in
his Mona Lisa.
“Love doesn’t go by merit, does it? I wonder if Justin isn’t too worthy.
He’s perfect in himself—complete. He doesn’t need me.”
“God knows I need you, if that’s a reason,” he said humbly. “But it’s
not fair to you.”
“Was it Justin who swam through the flood to save me?” she asked
softly, her face aglow.
“He’s doing a much more sensible thing—building a raft to get you
ashore.”
“Who wants her lover to do the sensible thing?” She turned to him
impulsively, warm, tender, luminous, a rapt young thing caught in a
surge of generous emotion. “I’d want mine to do just what you did—
come through water or through fire instantly when I needed you. I’d
love you now, if I never had before.”
“And if Merrick had come?”
“He couldn’t come. It wouldn’t be Justin to do that—to fling his life
away on a thousandth chance. Don’t you see, Tug? He doesn’t tread
the mountain-tops—and you do.”
“I see you’re always giving. If I could only wipe the slate out, Betty—
begin my life over again to-day,” he said wistfully.
In her deep, soft eyes a dream lingered. “That’s just what I want—to
begin everything with you. It’s silly, but I’m jealous of all those years
when I didn’t have you—of all the sorrows and joys you’ve had, of
the girls and the men you’ve known—because I can’t share them
with you. I’ve got to know all you think and share all your hopes. If
you ever think, ‘She’s just my wife—’”
“Never that. Always, ‘She’s my wife,’” he promised.
“As long as you say it that way, Tug,” she murmured, and clung to
him with a little feminine savagery of possession.
Ruth, impatient at being ignored, again claimed attention.
“Talk to me, too,” she ordered.
Tug caught her small hand in his. “Of course, we’ll talk to little sister.”
“Are you my big brother?” she asked.
Betty stooped and snatched the child to her. “He’s going to be,” she
whispered.
Upon this Ruth set the seal of her approval. “Goody, I like him. An’
he’ll get me heaps ’n’ heaps of tandy. More’n anybody.”
CHAPTER XXXIX
THE TURN OF A CROOKED TRAIL
Jake Prowers had intended, while the work of destruction was

under way, to return to his ranch and let it take its course. The body
of Cig would be found, and the tramp would be blamed for the
disaster. It would be remembered that he had already tried once to
blow up the workers in the tunnel.
The cowman knew that public opinion would not hold him blameless.
He would be suspected of instigating the crime, but, with Cig out of
the way, nothing could be proved. There would not be the least
evidence that could touch him. He had done a good job in getting rid
of the New York crook. Moreover, he had not lifted a hand against
the man. Was he to blame because a drunken loafer lay down and
deliberately went to sleep where a charge of dynamite would shortly
blow him up?
The wise course, Prowers knew, was to retire for a time to the
background and to be greatly surprised when he was told that the
dam had gone out. But there was in him a desire stronger than
prudence. He wanted to see the flood racing through the Quarter
Circle D E and its waters being wasted on the Flat Tops which they
were to have reclaimed. Half his pleasure in the evil thing he had
done would be lost if he could not be on the ground to gloat over
Clint Reed and Merrick.
Before the night had fully spent itself, he was on his way to the
Quarter Circle D E. The sun was almost up over the hilltops by the
time he looked down from the rim of the little valley upon the havoc
he had wrought. The ranch buildings were all gone, though he could
see battered remnants of them in the swirling stream. Fences had
been rooted out. A young orchard below the house was completely
submerged.
The destruction was even greater than he had anticipated. It had not
occurred to him that any lives would be lost, but he judged now that
the men at the ranch had probably been drowned.
His interest drew him closer, to a point from which he could see the
lower part of the valley. He made here two discoveries. Three men
were out in the flooded district on the roof of a low building. Another
group, on the shore line below him, were building two rafts, evidently
with a rescue in mind.
One of the workmen caught sight of Prowers and called to him. Jake
decided it was better to go down, since he had been recognized.
He glanced at the dam engineer and subdued a cackle. It might
easily be possible to go too far just now.
“You move yore reservoir down here last night, Merrick?” he asked
maliciously. “Wisht I’d ’a’ known. I’d kinda liked to ’a’ seen you
bringin’ it down.”
Merrick said nothing. He continued to trim an edge from a plank with
a hatchet. But though he did not look at Prowers his mind was full of
him. He had been thinking about him all morning. Why had the dam
gone out? Had it been dynamited? Was this the work of him and his
hangers-on?
“’Seems like you might ’a’ let a fellow know,” the cowman
complained in his high, thin voice.
Black appeared, dragging a plank he had salvaged. He looked at
Prowers, and instantly his mind was full of suspicion. He had known
the old man thirty years.
“’Lo, Don,” continued Jake with an amiable edge of irony. “Always
doing some neighborly good deed, ain’t you? You’ll be a Boy Scout
by an’ by if you don’t watch out.”
Black looked at him with level eyes. “Howcome you here so early,
Jake?”
“Me! On my way to Wild Horse. Come to that, I’m some surprised to
see you, Don.”
“I been workin’ for Mr. Merrick,” the range rider said curtly. “That’s
why I’m here. But mostly when you go to Wild Horse you don’t
ramble round by the Quarter Circle, Jake. I’m kinda wonderin’ how
you happened round this way.”
“Huntin’ for a two-year-old reported strayed over thisaway. Lucky I
came. I’ll be able to help.” He turned to Merrick unctuously, his
bleached eyes mildly solicitous. “If the’s a thing on earth I can do,
why I’m here to go to it.”
The men were carrying one of the rafts to the edge of the water.
Merrick gave his whole attention to the business of manning and
equipping it.
“This raft heads for the Steeples,” he announced. “Two volunteers
wanted to steer it.”
Black stopped chewing tobacco. “How about you ’n’ me, Jake?” he
asked quietly.
For once Prowers was taken at disadvantage. “I ain’t any sailor,
Don.”
“None of us are. But you offered to help. ’Course, if you’re scared.”
The cattleman’s head moved forward, his eyes narrowed. “Did you
say scared?”
“Sure. Last time I seen you, Jake, you was guessin’ I had a yellow
streak. I’m wonderin’ that about you now. I’m aimin’ to go on this
boat. Are you?” The range rider’s gaze bored into the eyes of the
man he had served so long. It was chill and relentless as steel.
Prowers was no coward, but he had not the least intention of
voyaging across the flood in so frail a craft.
“Too old, Don. I ain’t strong as some o’ these young bucks. You go
on, an’ when you come back we’ll settle about that yellow streak for
good an’ all.”
The raft set out on its perilous journey. A young surveyor had offered
to go as the second member of the crew.
Pegs had been driven into the edges of the raft for rowlocks. The
oars had been hastily fashioned out of planking.
The float drifted into the rapid water and was caught by the current.
Black and his companion pulled lustily to make headway across
stream. There was a minute of desperate struggle before the craft
swung round, driven by the force of water tumbling pell-mell down.
A rowlock snapped. Black’s oar was dragged from his hand. A log
crashed into the raft and buckled it up. Caught by a cross-tide, the
two who had been flung into the water were swept into an eddy.
They swam and clambered ashore.
It had not been five minutes since Black had embarked on this
adventure, but, as he moved up the shore toward the little group of
men he had left, he saw that something unexpected had developed.
Prowers was in the saddle and he had his gun out. It was
threatening Merrick’s group of rescuers. The cattleman’s thin, high
voice came clear to the range rider.
“Don’t you touch me! Don’t you! I’ll fill you full of lead sure’s you
move an inch, Merrick.”
Then, swiftly, he swung his horse round and galloped away.
Out of the hubbub of explanation Black gathered the facts. The man
whom Prowers had lured from the dam with a message that his wife
was worse had stopped for later information at a ranch house on the
way down. He had telephoned his house and talked with his wife. He
was perplexed, but relieved. After an hour’s chat at the ranch, he
had headed for the dam and reached the scene in time to identify
Prowers as he left.
A minute ago he had arrived and told what he knew. The engineer
had accused Prowers point-blank of the crime. His men had talked of
lynching, and Prowers had fled.
Black did not discuss the situation. He returned to camp, saddled a
horse, and took from his roll of bedding a revolver. Five minutes later
he was jogging into the hills. A day of settlement had come between
him and the man who had deflected him from the straight and well-
worn trails of life.
He knew the size of his job. Jake was a bad man with a gun, swift as
chain lightning, deadly accurate in aim. It was not likely that he would
let himself be taken alive. The chances were that any man who
engaged in a duel with him would stay on the field of battle. Don
accepted this likelihood quietly, grimly. He meant to get Jake
Prowers, to bring him in alive if possible, dead, if he must.
The range rider had no qualms of conscience. Prowers had probably
drowned several innocent people, very likely Betty and her little
sister among them. The fellow was dangerous as a mad wolf. The
time had come to blot him out. He, Don Black, was the man that
ought to do it. If Jake surrendered, good enough; he would take him
to Wild Horse. If not—
So his simple mind reasoned foggily. He was essentially a deputy
sheriff, though, of course, he had not had time to get Daniels to
appoint him. That was merely a formality, anyhow.
Don rode straight to the Circle J P ranch. He swung from the saddle
and dropped the lines in front of the house. As he did so, he noticed
two buzzards circling high in the sky.
Prowers must have seen him coming, for when Don turned toward
the porch the little man was standing there watching him. Black
moved forward, spurs jingling.
His eyes did not lift from those of Prowers. At the foot of the steps he
stopped. “I’ve come after you, Jake,” he said evenly.
The skim-milk eyes in the leathery face narrowed. They were hard
and shining pin-points of wary challenge.
“What for, Don?”
“For blowin’ up the dam, you yellow wolf.”
“Then come a-shootin’.”
The forty-fives blazed. The roar of them filled the air. Across the
narrow range between the two men bullets stabbed with deadly
precision.
Black swayed on his feet. He knew he was shot through and through
in several places, that he could count his life in minutes, perhaps in
seconds. Through the smoke rifts he could see the crouching figure
flinging death at him. Still firing, he sank to his knees. He could no
longer lift the revolver, and as his body plunged to the ground the
last cartridge was exploded into the sod.
Down the steps toward him rolled the shrunken form of his foe,
slowly, without volition, every muscle lax. They lay close to each
other, only their eyes alive to glare defiance till the film of dissolution
shadowed them.
They must have passed out within a few seconds of each other.
CHAPTER XL
BETTY DISCOVERS WHY SHE IS YOUNG
From the house Tug had brought matches with him. He gathered
pine boughs and lit a fire upon the rock slab. The warmth of it went
through them and restored their diminished vitality.
“The water’s going down fast,” Betty said. “See the rock. It’s several
inches lower.”
“Yes. Merrick will be here soon.”
Except for Ruth and Mandy, the girl did not care how long he was.
She was young, and in love. Beside her sat the man who was to be
her mate. A flash of the eye brought happiness. A touch of the hand
thrilled.
Even when she did not look at him, she was acutely conscious of his
presence. Without turning her head she saw the line of the razor
stroke where the golden down ceased on his tanned cheek, was
aware of the gallant set of the fine head on strong shoulders. Oh, it
was good to be near him, to know that out of all the millions of men
in the world she had found her mate. There was in her a strange, a
primitive, instinct to accept his leadership, a desire to be subject to
his wishes and commands.
She smiled. This was not like her. Perhaps it was a merely
temporary aberration.
“Are we really all alike?” she asked herself, trying to understand this
love-complex that already was changing her point of view. “We want
to be free, want to express ourselves. We’re thinking of nothing else.
And then—enter a man. Our house of cards comes toppling down,
and we don’t care a bit. Sometimes, of course, he isn’t the right man.
Then—tragedy, I suppose.”
The young philosopher, looking at her hero, was very sure he was
the right man. Her certainty went beyond evidence, beyond faith.
Merrick’s raft reached them about noon. He was admirable in the
rôle of rescuer. Efficiency showed in everything he did, even to the
sandwiches, and coffee in a thermos bottle, which he had not
forgotten to bring.
“Where’s Dad?” asked Betty, between bites.
“He and Forbes were at First View last night.”
“Does he know we’re safe?”
“Yes. He’s headed for home now.”
Within the hour they were back at the Diamond Bar K. Clint drove up
a few minutes later, Forbes beside him.
The cattleman took his children in his arms and held them close. He
could not talk without breaking down. He dared not put his feeling
into words. They had come back to him from the dead—these two.
Inside of him a river of unshed tears flowed.
Betty left him making over Ruth and slipped into the next room
where some one was waiting for her. Lon Forbes was telling Hollister
some news.
“... Jake’s men found ’em there dead, not three feet apart. Both guns
empty. Four bullets in Jake’s body, five in Don’s—an’ most any one
of ’em a fatal wound. They were that game they wouldn’t quit. It
takes a heap o’ killin’ to finish an old-timer, I’ll say.”
Tremulously, Betty moved forward. “Who?” she asked.
Lon told her. “I’m sorry about Black, but Jake sure had it comin’,” he
finished.
The foreman passed into the other room to tell Clint the news.
In a hushed voice Betty talked the tragedy over with Tug. The
swiftness with which Nemesis had overtaken and obliterated
Prowers was appalling to her. She had a momentary vision, vivid and
amazingly sure, of God in the shadows passing judgment on the sins

Thomas Calculus For The Jee 13Th Edition George B Thomas JR All Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Thomas Calculus For The Jee 13Th Edition George B Thomas JR All Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thomas Calculus For The Jee 13Th Edition George B Thomas JR All Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thomas' Calculus for the JEE 13th

Edition George B. Thomas Jr

Based on the original work by

with the assistance of

Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128,

About the Adaptor xi

2 Limits and Continuity 82

3.6 Method of Differentiation 192

4 Applications of Derivatives 236

Single Choice Questions (Indefinite) 434

6 First-Order Differential Equations and Area Under Curve 458

Answers Keys A-1

1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

Functions: Domain, Codomain and Range

DEFINITION A function ƒ from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique

The set Y is called as codomain and the function is generally denoted as f: X → Y or

sizes on two things:

Image and Pre-image

Function Domain (x) Range ( y)

EXAMPLE 2 Graph the function y = x2 over the interval 3 -2, 24 .

The Vertical Line Test for a Function

(a) x 2 + y 2 = 1 (b) y = "1 − x 2 (c) y = −"1 − x 2

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

DEFINITIONS Let ƒ be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 and x2 be

y It is important to realize that the definitions of increasing and decreasing functions

FIGURE 1.9 Graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, defined for - q 6 x 6 q.

FIGURE 1.12 Graphs of three polynomial functions.

Rational Functions A rational function is a quotient or ratio ƒ(x) = p(x)>q(x), where

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 1.14 Graphs of three algebraic functions.

(a) f (x) = sin x (b) f (x) = cos x

FIGURE 1.15 Graphs of the sine and cosine functions.

FIGURE 1.16 Graphs of exponential functions.

FIGURE 1.17 Graphs of four logarithmic FIGURE 1.18 Graph of a catenary or

EXAMPLE 5 Sketch the graph of y = Sgn(x2 – 9)

Solution Since sgn (x) depends upon the sign of x

⎧ 1 x ∈(−∞, −3) ∪ (3, ∞)

Properties of Greatest Integer Function

Fractional Part Function

Example of Domain and Range

Solution Since logarithm is involved, so (x + 3) must be positive as well as denominator

EXAMPLE 7 Number of integers in the domain of function

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) More than two

Now, for f(x) to be defined.

Solving condition (2), we get

Solving condition (3), we get

|cos x| ≠ 0 and 1 ⇒ cos x ≠ 0 and ±1

Taking intersection of all three conditions, we get

Solution Clearly the function is expressed implicitly

(b) ⎛⎜ 1, ⎞⎟ (c) ⎛⎜ 1, ⎤ (d) ⎛⎜ 1, ⎞⎟

So, there is no x for which y = 1.

∴ Correct answer is (c)

Solution Checking option wise

(b) f 2(x2 – x) – 4f (2x – 2) + x2 + x = 0

⇒ f(0) has two values. Hence cannot be a function.

i.e., function is not defined for x ∈ R – {0}

EXAMPLE 12 Let A = sin2θ + cos4θ, then for all real values of θ

EXAMPLE 13 Range of the function f(x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) + 3 ∀ x ∈ [–4, 2] is

EXAMPLE 17 Prove that f(x) = ln (x + 1 x 2 ) is an odd function.

Solution f(–x) = ln (–x + 1 x ) = ln ⎜