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Topic 1 Introduction To Civil Engineering Materials and Their Effective Use
Topic 1 Introduction To Civil Engineering Materials and Their Effective Use
Topic 1 Introduction To Civil Engineering Materials and Their Effective Use
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING MATERIAL
AND THEIR EFFECTIVE USE
OBE- [CO1- PO2]
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COURSE OUTCOMES & PROGRAM OUTCOMES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
CONTENTS
WOOD
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Course Outcomes
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PROGRAMME Outcomes
PO Programme Outcome Description
PO2 Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using codified methods of
analysis specific to their field of activity.
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Learning Outcomes
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Introduction to Civil Engineering
Materials & Their Effective Use
BITUMEN &
WOOD
BITUMINIOUS
MATERIALS
Cement &
TYPE OF Concrete
ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
REINFORCING STRUCTURAL
& STRUCTURAL CLAY &
STEELS CONCRETE
UNITS
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INTRODUCTION
Basically, materials are the substance or substances out
of which a thing is or can be made.
In civil engineering, materials are employed to design
and build structures such as:
a) Road
b) Bridge
c) Housing
d) Dam
e) High –rise building
f) Retaining walls
g) foundations
h) waterfront construction
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Example of Civil Engineering Structures
Retaining structures
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Great Pyramid of Giza, the tallest building in the
world for over 3800 years
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CEMENT & CONCRETE
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CEMENT &&CONCRETE
CEMENT CONCRETE(CONT)
Concrete is a mixing of
cement, aggregates, sand and
water.
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Aggregates contribute 70% of total strength of concrete.
The mixing of water in concrete mix is important to generate heat when
react with cement to perform hydration process (Cement + Water =
Hydration process)
All aggregates component will be bind together by hydration process
Admixture is an additional substance to concrete mix. The uses of
admixture in concrete are to change the properties of concrete
according to construction needs.
+ + +
Concrete
cement Course aggregate Fine aggregate (sand) water
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TYPES OF CEMENT
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CONCRETE MIX
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CONCRETE
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Concrete as a Construction Material
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CONCRETE FAILURES
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STEEL
Rebar (short for reinforcing
bar) is a common steel bar
or mesh of steel wires
commonly used as a tension
device in reinforced
concrete (RC) and
reinforced masonry
structures, to strengthen
and hold the concrete in
compression.
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The unique of steel
a) High stiffness
b) High tensile strength
c) Ability to be formed into plate, sections and wire
d) Weldability
e) Electrical conductivity and thermal
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Application of Steel in Construction
Advantages:
1. Very strong in tension
2. Ductility. steel can undergo large plastic deformation before failure,
thus providing a large reserve strength.
3. Steel is highly suitable for prefabrication and mass production.
4. Steel can be reused after a structure is disassembled.
Disadvantage
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TIMBER & WOOD
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Anatomy Of Wood
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TIMBER AND WOOD (CONT)
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Wooden House
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
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STRUCTURAL CLAY BRICKS
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W14
STRUCTURAL CLAY BRICKS (CONT)
b) Hollow
The examples of solid section is brick and for hollow section is concrete block.
Normally block is bigger than brick.
Several types of bricks – clay bricks, sand bricks and calcium silicate bricks.
The size of unit bricks is small, normally 4 inches wide and twice as long.
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STRUCTURAL CLAY BRICKS (CONT)
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Applications of clay bricks
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Applications of clay bricks (Cont.)
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FACTORS CHOOSING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
# A highly durable materials may provide the most sustainable solutions if it reduces
maintenance or replacement requirements but materials should also be appropriate to
DURABILITY
the expected life of the building
# Cost considerations must include the initial cost of purchase and the life cycle
Cost costs of materials.
# Life cycle costs include maintenance, replacement, demolition and disposal
Material # Important in order to ensure each material chosen has fulfilled the entire
Properties
requirement in terms of physical, chemical & mechanical properties.
Availability # Long delivery lead-in-times must be allowed for as delays may cause project hold-
ups and cost and energy losses.
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Properties of engineering materials
• Material for engineering applications are selected so as to perform satisfactorily during service,
e.g.:
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Propertiesof
Properties of engineering
engineering materials
materials
specific
moisture gravity Density
content
Physical
void Properties permeability
content
/ratio
Structure
porosity (micro or
macro)
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Density
ρ = m/v
Where : ρ = density
m = mass
v = volume
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Porosity
It is property of being porous, void fraction, empty spaces in materials.
Able to absorb fluids.
Porosity in soil, porosity of surface soil typically decreases as particle size
increases.
Porosity in aggregate, if aggregate with high porosity will tend to produce a
less durability of concrete.
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Void Ratio
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Moisture content
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Specific Gravity
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Permeability
It is a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to
transmit fluids. It is also refer to quality of material that allow
liquid or gases to pass through it.
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Hardness
Property of being rigid, resistant to pressure and not easily
scratched. Defined by Mohs scale (ability to resist scratch).
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Soundness
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Mechanical properties
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Strength
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Tension
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Compression
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Shear
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Flexure
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Torsion
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Ductility & Brittleness
Stress-strain relations of a material shall reveal how the material deforms
when subjected to applied force.
Materials that do not undergo plastic deformation prior to failure, such as
concrete, are said to be brittle.
Materials that display appreciable plastic deformation, such as mild steel,
are ductile.
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Toughness
The area under a force-deformation curve is the work done on the specimen.
This concept is useful, for it tells us the energy that is required to deform or
fracture the material.
Resilience: the capacity of a material to absorb energy within the elastic range.
Toughness: the ability of a material to absorb energy until fracture.
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Chemicals properties
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DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE
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Causes of deterioration of concrete
structure
Deterioration defects and/or failure of concrete structures could occur due to
many causes such as due to physical, mechanical and chemical actions.
Physical actions:
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Causes of deterioration of concrete
structure (cont.)
Mechanical actions: Chemical actions :
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Materials Performances and Its
Measurement
Structural safety
• The ability to withstand stresses resulting from gravity, wind, thermal
or moisture movement or other sources.
Toughness
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Materials Performances and Its
Measurement
There should be no risk to health due to chemical or physical
Health/Safety effects of the material both during and after construction.
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Specification & Standards
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British Standard
• began to produced from the early 20th century
• a committee representing manufacturers, researchers,
users and government organization.
• now operate only on a care & maintenance basic
• eventually be replaced by their European Codes
European Codes & Standards
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